FR2172606A5 - - Google Patents
Info
- Publication number
- FR2172606A5 FR2172606A5 FR7205998A FR7205998A FR2172606A5 FR 2172606 A5 FR2172606 A5 FR 2172606A5 FR 7205998 A FR7205998 A FR 7205998A FR 7205998 A FR7205998 A FR 7205998A FR 2172606 A5 FR2172606 A5 FR 2172606A5
- Authority
- FR
- France
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
- B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
- B29C65/18—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated tools
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B25—HAND TOOLS; PORTABLE POWER-DRIVEN TOOLS; MANIPULATORS
- B25B—TOOLS OR BENCH DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR, FOR FASTENING, CONNECTING, DISENGAGING OR HOLDING
- B25B5/00—Clamps
- B25B5/06—Arrangements for positively actuating jaws
- B25B5/061—Arrangements for positively actuating jaws with fluid drive
- B25B5/065—Arrangements for positively actuating jaws with fluid drive involving the use of flexible pressure bags or diaphragms
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
- B29C65/48—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/01—General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
- B29C66/05—Particular design of joint configurations
- B29C66/10—Particular design of joint configurations particular design of the joint cross-sections
- B29C66/11—Joint cross-sections comprising a single joint-segment, i.e. one of the parts to be joined comprising a single joint-segment in the joint cross-section
- B29C66/116—Single bevelled joints, i.e. one of the parts to be joined being bevelled in the joint area
- B29C66/1162—Single bevel to bevel joints, e.g. mitre joints
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/01—General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
- B29C66/05—Particular design of joint configurations
- B29C66/10—Particular design of joint configurations particular design of the joint cross-sections
- B29C66/14—Particular design of joint configurations particular design of the joint cross-sections the joint having the same thickness as the thickness of the parts to be joined
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/40—General aspects of joining substantially flat articles, e.g. plates, sheets or web-like materials; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles; Joining single elements to substantially flat surfaces
- B29C66/41—Joining substantially flat articles ; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles
- B29C66/43—Joining a relatively small portion of the surface of said articles
- B29C66/432—Joining a relatively small portion of the surface of said articles for making tubular articles or closed loops, e.g. by joining several sheets ; for making hollow articles or hollow preforms
- B29C66/4322—Joining a relatively small portion of the surface of said articles for making tubular articles or closed loops, e.g. by joining several sheets ; for making hollow articles or hollow preforms by joining a single sheet to itself
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/40—General aspects of joining substantially flat articles, e.g. plates, sheets or web-like materials; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles; Joining single elements to substantially flat surfaces
- B29C66/41—Joining substantially flat articles ; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles
- B29C66/43—Joining a relatively small portion of the surface of said articles
- B29C66/432—Joining a relatively small portion of the surface of said articles for making tubular articles or closed loops, e.g. by joining several sheets ; for making hollow articles or hollow preforms
- B29C66/4324—Joining a relatively small portion of the surface of said articles for making tubular articles or closed loops, e.g. by joining several sheets ; for making hollow articles or hollow preforms for making closed loops, e.g. belts
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/40—General aspects of joining substantially flat articles, e.g. plates, sheets or web-like materials; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles; Joining single elements to substantially flat surfaces
- B29C66/49—Internally supporting the, e.g. tubular, article during joining
- B29C66/494—Internally supporting the, e.g. tubular, article during joining using an inflatable core
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/80—General aspects of machine operations or constructions and parts thereof
- B29C66/81—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps
- B29C66/814—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the design of the pressing elements, e.g. of the welding jaws or clamps
- B29C66/8145—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the design of the pressing elements, e.g. of the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the constructional aspects of the pressing elements, e.g. of the welding jaws or clamps
- B29C66/81463—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the design of the pressing elements, e.g. of the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the constructional aspects of the pressing elements, e.g. of the welding jaws or clamps comprising a plurality of single pressing elements, e.g. a plurality of sonotrodes, or comprising a plurality of single counter-pressing elements, e.g. a plurality of anvils, said plurality of said single elements being suitable for making a single joint
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/80—General aspects of machine operations or constructions and parts thereof
- B29C66/82—Pressure application arrangements, e.g. transmission or actuating mechanisms for joining tools or clamps
- B29C66/824—Actuating mechanisms
- B29C66/8242—Pneumatic or hydraulic drives
- B29C66/82421—Pneumatic or hydraulic drives using an inflatable element positioned between the joining tool and a backing-up part
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/80—General aspects of machine operations or constructions and parts thereof
- B29C66/82—Pressure application arrangements, e.g. transmission or actuating mechanisms for joining tools or clamps
- B29C66/828—Other pressure application arrangements
- B29C66/8286—Hand placed clamps
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/80—General aspects of machine operations or constructions and parts thereof
- B29C66/84—Specific machine types or machines suitable for specific applications
- B29C66/855—Belt splicing machines
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/80—General aspects of machine operations or constructions and parts thereof
- B29C66/84—Specific machine types or machines suitable for specific applications
- B29C66/861—Hand-held tools
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B30—PRESSES
- B30B—PRESSES IN GENERAL
- B30B1/00—Presses, using a press ram, characterised by the features of the drive therefor, pressure being transmitted directly, or through simple thrust or tension members only, to the press ram or platen
- B30B1/003—Presses, using a press ram, characterised by the features of the drive therefor, pressure being transmitted directly, or through simple thrust or tension members only, to the press ram or platen by an elastic bag or diaphragm expanded by fluid pressure
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
- B29C66/71—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the composition of the plastics material of the parts to be joined
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29L—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS B29C, RELATING TO PARTICULAR ARTICLES
- B29L2031/00—Other particular articles
- B29L2031/709—Articles shaped in a closed loop, e.g. conveyor belts
- B29L2031/7092—Conveyor belts
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
- Tents Or Canopies (AREA)
- Belt Conveyors (AREA)
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR7205998A FR2172606A5 (bs) | 1972-02-17 | 1972-02-17 | |
US32408273 US3808968A (en) | 1972-02-17 | 1973-01-16 | Press-devices |
DE19732307750 DE2307750A1 (de) | 1972-02-17 | 1973-02-16 | Vorrichtung zum verbinden von flachen gegenstaenden |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR7205998A FR2172606A5 (bs) | 1972-02-17 | 1972-02-17 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
FR2172606A5 true FR2172606A5 (bs) | 1973-09-28 |
Family
ID=9093942
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
FR7205998A Expired FR2172606A5 (bs) | 1972-02-17 | 1972-02-17 |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US3808968A (bs) |
DE (1) | DE2307750A1 (bs) |
FR (1) | FR2172606A5 (bs) |
Cited By (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2220701A1 (bs) * | 1973-03-09 | 1974-10-04 | Repapress Ag | |
FR2315386A1 (fr) * | 1975-06-24 | 1977-01-21 | Asea Ab | Presse hydraulique comprenant des cellules de compression et un tampon de formage |
FR2369927A1 (fr) * | 1976-11-05 | 1978-06-02 | Modern Precision Eng & Ass | Plateau pour presse, par exemple de vulcanisation |
FR2487251A1 (fr) * | 1980-07-26 | 1982-01-29 | Wagener Schwelm Gmbh & Co | Dispositif pour reparer et fermer des courroies transporteuses |
EP0151416A2 (en) * | 1984-01-19 | 1985-08-14 | Hitachi Chemical Co., Ltd. | Device for manufacturing laminated material |
FR2576535A1 (fr) * | 1985-01-26 | 1986-08-01 | Festo Maschf Stoll G | Element de serrage |
FR2601612A1 (fr) * | 1986-07-15 | 1988-01-22 | Epigril | Dispositif de prehension destine a la manipulation automatisee d'objets notamment de pains de mie frais et chauds. |
EP0732176A1 (de) * | 1995-03-14 | 1996-09-18 | Goro S.A. | Vorrichtung zum Einspannen von Bändern, insbesondere Gurtbändern |
WO2009015823A1 (de) * | 2007-07-27 | 2009-02-05 | Künneth & Knöchel KG | Pressvorrichtung |
CN104309041A (zh) * | 2014-10-20 | 2015-01-28 | 四川氟迪新能源有限公司 | 用于异位压制的双螺旋压力设备 |
Families Citing this family (23)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3969051A (en) * | 1975-06-13 | 1976-07-13 | D.G. Rung Industries, Inc. | Vulcanizing apparatus |
US4081120A (en) * | 1976-05-17 | 1978-03-28 | Epes Archie C | Building press |
DE2734025C3 (de) * | 1977-07-28 | 1982-01-07 | Wagener Schwelm GmbH & Co, 5830 Schwelm | Vorrichtung für die Reparatur und für das Endlosmachen von Fördergurten |
US4193341A (en) * | 1977-11-03 | 1980-03-18 | Modern Precision Engineers & Associates Limited | Presses |
DE8032251U1 (de) * | 1980-12-04 | 1981-07-02 | Wagener Schwelm GmbH & Co, 5830 Schwelm | Presstraverse fuer vorrichtungen zur reperatur und zum endlosmachen von foerdergurten |
DE3028400C2 (de) * | 1980-07-26 | 1982-09-23 | Wagener Schwelm GmbH & Co, 5830 Schwelm | Vorrichtung für die Reparatur und zum Endlosmachen von Fördergurten aus Gummi oder Kunststoff |
US4640734A (en) * | 1984-05-24 | 1987-02-03 | Atlantic Richfield Company | Method and apparatus for assembling large panels |
DE3525121A1 (de) * | 1985-07-13 | 1987-01-15 | Michael Heer | Plattenpresse insbesondere furnierpresse |
US5085029A (en) * | 1990-12-04 | 1992-02-04 | Elopak Systems A.G. | Carton top sealing mechanism |
FR2672541B1 (fr) * | 1991-02-11 | 1995-08-11 | Aerospatiale | Dispositif a conduction thermique variable, prevu pour etre intercale entre un plateau de chauffage et un plateau de refroidissement sur une machine telle qu'une presse. |
DE4127053C2 (de) * | 1991-08-16 | 1994-04-21 | Wemhoener Heinrich Gmbh Co | Plattenpresse |
DE4236061A1 (de) * | 1992-10-26 | 1994-04-28 | Kuhne Anlagenbau Gmbh | Formwerkzeugträger |
US5562796A (en) * | 1994-05-24 | 1996-10-08 | Dorner Mfg. Corp. | Heat press for joining the spliced ends of a conveyor belt |
IT1295721B1 (it) * | 1997-10-17 | 1999-05-27 | Borgotec Tecnologie Autom Spa | Attrezzatura di allineamento e bloccaggio di un pezzo da lavorare su una macchina utensile, in particolare di un pacco di piastre di |
EP1338411A1 (en) * | 2002-02-22 | 2003-08-27 | Antonio Foncilla Abizanda | Vulcanizing press for conveyor belts |
JP2004244081A (ja) * | 2003-02-17 | 2004-09-02 | Toyo Jidoki Co Ltd | 袋のシール装置 |
DE102004049266A1 (de) * | 2004-10-09 | 2006-04-13 | Uhlmann Pac-Systeme Gmbh & Co Kg | Siegelstation |
US7325580B2 (en) * | 2005-03-23 | 2008-02-05 | Shaw-Almex Industries Ltd. | Safety system for constraining crossbeams in a belt splicer |
CA2550778A1 (en) * | 2006-06-20 | 2007-12-20 | Daniel G. Kowalski | Pneumatic press with hose actuator |
CL2008002214A1 (es) * | 2008-07-29 | 2009-01-02 | William Valenzuela Urrea Ricardo | Prensa portatil empalmadora para unir extremos de banda transportadoras de pvc o pu,operable en terreno por ser desmontable, comprende una estructura superior e inferior con perfiles livianos y medios de calentamiento; colchon de aire como mecanismo de presion y medios de apriete. |
GB2474256B (en) * | 2009-10-08 | 2011-09-14 | Rolls Royce Plc | Fixture for supporting a workpiece |
GB201105764D0 (en) * | 2011-04-04 | 2011-05-18 | Shaw Almex Ind Ltd | Link connector for belt-splicer |
US11279464B2 (en) * | 2019-09-18 | 2022-03-22 | Textron Innovations Inc. | Stowed blade pneumatic clamp |
Family Cites Families (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2737998A (en) * | 1952-11-03 | 1956-03-13 | Narmco Inc | Apparatus for manufacturing rods, tubes, and the like |
FR1174451A (fr) * | 1957-04-30 | 1959-03-11 | Kleber Colombes | Presse démontable à plateaux déformables |
FR1275488A (fr) * | 1960-09-29 | 1961-11-10 | Procédé et dispositif pour le pressage des gruyères |
-
1972
- 1972-02-17 FR FR7205998A patent/FR2172606A5/fr not_active Expired
-
1973
- 1973-01-16 US US32408273 patent/US3808968A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1973-02-16 DE DE19732307750 patent/DE2307750A1/de active Pending
Cited By (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2220701A1 (bs) * | 1973-03-09 | 1974-10-04 | Repapress Ag | |
FR2315386A1 (fr) * | 1975-06-24 | 1977-01-21 | Asea Ab | Presse hydraulique comprenant des cellules de compression et un tampon de formage |
FR2369927A1 (fr) * | 1976-11-05 | 1978-06-02 | Modern Precision Eng & Ass | Plateau pour presse, par exemple de vulcanisation |
FR2487251A1 (fr) * | 1980-07-26 | 1982-01-29 | Wagener Schwelm Gmbh & Co | Dispositif pour reparer et fermer des courroies transporteuses |
EP0151416A2 (en) * | 1984-01-19 | 1985-08-14 | Hitachi Chemical Co., Ltd. | Device for manufacturing laminated material |
EP0151416A3 (en) * | 1984-01-19 | 1988-01-13 | Hitachi Chemical Co., Ltd. | Method and device for manufacturing laminated material |
FR2576535A1 (fr) * | 1985-01-26 | 1986-08-01 | Festo Maschf Stoll G | Element de serrage |
FR2601612A1 (fr) * | 1986-07-15 | 1988-01-22 | Epigril | Dispositif de prehension destine a la manipulation automatisee d'objets notamment de pains de mie frais et chauds. |
EP0732176A1 (de) * | 1995-03-14 | 1996-09-18 | Goro S.A. | Vorrichtung zum Einspannen von Bändern, insbesondere Gurtbändern |
WO2009015823A1 (de) * | 2007-07-27 | 2009-02-05 | Künneth & Knöchel KG | Pressvorrichtung |
CN104309041A (zh) * | 2014-10-20 | 2015-01-28 | 四川氟迪新能源有限公司 | 用于异位压制的双螺旋压力设备 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE2307750A1 (de) | 1973-08-23 |
US3808968A (en) | 1974-05-07 |
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Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
ST | Notification of lapse |