ES3001908T3 - Process for treating plastic pyrolysis oil including hydrocracking in two steps - Google Patents
Process for treating plastic pyrolysis oil including hydrocracking in two steps Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- ES3001908T3 ES3001908T3 ES21751787T ES21751787T ES3001908T3 ES 3001908 T3 ES3001908 T3 ES 3001908T3 ES 21751787 T ES21751787 T ES 21751787T ES 21751787 T ES21751787 T ES 21751787T ES 3001908 T3 ES3001908 T3 ES 3001908T3
- Authority
- ES
- Spain
- Prior art keywords
- effluent
- hydrocracking
- compounds
- catalyst
- stage
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- 238000004517 catalytic hydrocracking Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 120
- 238000000197 pyrolysis Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 91
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 86
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 73
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 title claims abstract description 73
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 title claims description 66
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 74
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 71
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims abstract description 66
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 62
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 148
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 99
- 238000004230 steam cracking Methods 0.000 claims description 96
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 93
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 87
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 87
- 238000005984 hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 72
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 claims description 65
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 60
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 46
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 41
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 36
- 238000005194 fractionation Methods 0.000 claims description 35
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 33
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 31
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 claims description 27
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 claims description 26
- FGUUSXIOTUKUDN-IBGZPJMESA-N C1(=CC=CC=C1)N1C2=C(NC([C@H](C1)NC=1OC(=NN=1)C1=CC=CC=C1)=O)C=CC=C2 Chemical compound C1(=CC=CC=C1)N1C2=C(NC([C@H](C1)NC=1OC(=NN=1)C1=CC=CC=C1)=O)C=CC=C2 FGUUSXIOTUKUDN-IBGZPJMESA-N 0.000 claims description 19
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 18
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium oxide Chemical compound [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910021536 Zeolite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- -1 silica-aluminas Chemical compound 0.000 claims description 13
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000395 magnesium oxide Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052810 boron oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ruthenium Chemical compound [Ru] KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000002407 reforming Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 79
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 25
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 20
- 150000001993 dienes Chemical class 0.000 description 19
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
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- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 16
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 13
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 13
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 239000013502 plastic waste Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000003463 adsorbent Substances 0.000 description 10
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 10
- JKWMSGQKBLHBQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N diboron trioxide Chemical compound O=BOB=O JKWMSGQKBLHBQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 10
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 9
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 9
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 8
- DLYUQMMRRRQYAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetraphosphorus decaoxide Chemical compound O1P(O2)(=O)OP3(=O)OP1(=O)OP2(=O)O3 DLYUQMMRRRQYAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 description 6
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propane Chemical compound CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000002250 absorbent Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000002745 absorbent Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000000571 coke Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 6
- JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N olefin Natural products CCCCCCCC=C JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 6
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene Natural products CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 125000004805 propylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 6
- 238000010992 reflux Methods 0.000 description 6
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 5
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 5
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000010926 purge Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 5
- NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia chloride Chemical class [NH4+].[Cl-] NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000002028 Biomass Substances 0.000 description 4
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 4
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000014509 gene expression Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000003350 kerosene Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910000480 nickel oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- GNRSAWUEBMWBQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxonickel Chemical compound [Ni]=O GNRSAWUEBMWBQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 4
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethane Chemical compound CC OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910003294 NiMo Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000003863 ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 150000001491 aromatic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000001273 butane Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000004939 coking Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003502 gasoline Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910000476 molybdenum oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-butane Chemical compound CCCC IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-pentane Natural products CCCCC OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910017464 nitrogen compound Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 150000002830 nitrogen compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- PQQKPALAQIIWST-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxomolybdenum Chemical compound [Mo]=O PQQKPALAQIIWST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000005201 scrubbing Methods 0.000 description 3
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- JGRDPVUWSFRGMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[4-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl]guanidine Chemical compound NC(N)=NCCCC(=O)C1=CC=C(F)C=C1 JGRDPVUWSFRGMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Furan Chemical group C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000001299 aldehydes Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000001408 amides Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000008346 aqueous phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 description 2
- CETPSERCERDGAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N ceric oxide Chemical compound O=[Ce]=O CETPSERCERDGAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000422 cerium(IV) oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000009849 deactivation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000003949 imides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000003446 ligand Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000005673 monoalkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000002923 oximes Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
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- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 235000000346 sugar Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 150000008163 sugars Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000003457 sulfones Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000003462 sulfoxides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000003464 sulfur compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000003568 thioethers Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000003573 thiols Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- HZAXFHJVJLSVMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Aminoethan-1-ol Chemical compound NCCO HZAXFHJVJLSVMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GNFTZDOKVXKIBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-(2-methoxyethoxy)benzohydrazide Chemical compound COCCOC1=CC=CC(C(=O)NN)=C1 GNFTZDOKVXKIBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004438 BET method Methods 0.000 description 1
- YZCKVEUIGOORGS-OUBTZVSYSA-N Deuterium Chemical compound [2H] YZCKVEUIGOORGS-OUBTZVSYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dihydrogen sulfide Chemical compound S RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine Chemical compound FF PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000004645 aluminates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012223 aqueous fraction Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003637 basic solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001588 bifunctional effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007233 catalytic pyrolysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052729 chemical element Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052570 clay Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005235 decoking Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 239000002283 diesel fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZBCBWPMODOFKDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethanolamine Chemical compound OCCNCCO ZBCBWPMODOFKDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 239000007792 gaseous phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000037 hydrogen sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002736 metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052752 metalloid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002738 metalloids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 description 1
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012188 paraffin wax Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004014 plasticizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000572 poisoning Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000000607 poisoning effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005020 polyethylene terephthalate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000139 polyethylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002685 polymerization catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000915 polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 description 1
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- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 125000000383 tetramethylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G1/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal
- C10G1/002—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal in combination with oil conversion- or refining processes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G1/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal
- C10G1/10—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal from rubber or rubber waste
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G45/00—Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds
- C10G45/32—Selective hydrogenation of the diolefin or acetylene compounds
- C10G45/34—Selective hydrogenation of the diolefin or acetylene compounds characterised by the catalyst used
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G65/00—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils by two or more hydrotreatment processes only
- C10G65/02—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils by two or more hydrotreatment processes only plural serial stages only
- C10G65/12—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils by two or more hydrotreatment processes only plural serial stages only including cracking steps and other hydrotreatment steps
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
- C10G2300/10—Feedstock materials
- C10G2300/1003—Waste materials
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
- C10G2300/40—Characteristics of the process deviating from typical ways of processing
- C10G2300/4006—Temperature
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
- C10G2300/40—Characteristics of the process deviating from typical ways of processing
- C10G2300/4012—Pressure
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
- C10G2300/40—Characteristics of the process deviating from typical ways of processing
- C10G2300/4018—Spatial velocity, e.g. LHSV, WHSV
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
- C10G2300/40—Characteristics of the process deviating from typical ways of processing
- C10G2300/4081—Recycling aspects
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
- C10G2300/70—Catalyst aspects
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture For Refining Petroleum (AREA)
- Catalysts (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR2008108A FR3113060B1 (fr) | 2020-07-30 | 2020-07-30 | Procede de traitement d’huiles de pyrolyse de plastiques incluant un hydrocraquage en deux etapes |
| PCT/EP2021/070850 WO2022023263A1 (fr) | 2020-07-30 | 2021-07-26 | Procede de traitement d'huiles de pyrolyse de plastiques incluant un hydrocraquage en deux etapes |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| ES3001908T3 true ES3001908T3 (en) | 2025-03-06 |
Family
ID=73038177
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| ES21751787T Active ES3001908T3 (en) | 2020-07-30 | 2021-07-26 | Process for treating plastic pyrolysis oil including hydrocracking in two steps |
Country Status (14)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20230287283A1 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP4189038B1 (fr) |
| JP (1) | JP7805349B2 (fr) |
| KR (1) | KR20230044444A (fr) |
| CN (1) | CN116194555B (fr) |
| AU (1) | AU2021318798A1 (fr) |
| CA (1) | CA3185358A1 (fr) |
| DK (1) | DK4189038T3 (fr) |
| ES (1) | ES3001908T3 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR3113060B1 (fr) |
| SA (1) | SA523442370B1 (fr) |
| TW (1) | TWI906332B (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2022023263A1 (fr) |
| ZA (1) | ZA202300315B (fr) |
Families Citing this family (15)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US12305126B2 (en) * | 2020-06-18 | 2025-05-20 | University Of Delaware | Hydrocracking catalysts and uses thereof |
| KR20230037842A (ko) * | 2021-09-10 | 2023-03-17 | 에스케이이노베이션 주식회사 | 폐플라스틱 열분해유로부터 고부가 가치 오일을 생산하는 방법과 장치 |
| US12281263B2 (en) * | 2022-02-10 | 2025-04-22 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Plastic pyrolysis oil pretreatment |
| FR3133618B1 (fr) | 2022-03-17 | 2025-03-21 | Ifp Energies Now | Hydroconversion en lit bouillonnant ou hybride bouillonnant-entraîné d’une charge comportant une fraction d’huile de pyrolyse de plastiques et/ou de combustibles solides de recuperation |
| FR3135090B1 (fr) * | 2022-04-29 | 2025-11-28 | Ifp Energies Now | Procede de traitement d’huile de pyrolyse de plastiques incluant une etape de recyclage d’h2s |
| GB2630256B (en) * | 2022-06-08 | 2025-05-21 | Abundia Plastics Europe Ltd | Process for producing naphtha and diesel from pyrolysis of plastics |
| FR3141185A1 (fr) * | 2022-10-25 | 2024-04-26 | Totalenergies Onetech | Procédé de traitement d’une composition comprenant une huile issue de déchets plastiques |
| FR3141470B1 (fr) | 2022-10-28 | 2025-07-25 | Ifp Energies Now | Procede de traitement en lit fixe d’une charge lourde d’origine fossile comportant une fraction d’huile de pyrolyse de plastiques |
| KR20240083186A (ko) * | 2022-12-01 | 2024-06-12 | 에스케이이노베이션 주식회사 | 폐플라스틱 열분해유의 경질 올레핀 고수율 전환 방법 및 전환 장치 |
| AU2023429402A1 (en) | 2023-02-08 | 2025-07-10 | Topsoe A/S | Low temperature stabilization of liquid oils |
| FR3149018A1 (fr) | 2023-05-26 | 2024-11-29 | IFP Energies Nouvelles | Procede de production de distillats moyens et de naphta d’une charge comportant une fraction d’huile de pyrolyse paraffinique et olefiniques |
| FR3149017A1 (fr) | 2023-05-26 | 2024-11-29 | IFP Energies Nouvelles | Procede de production de distillats moyens et de naphta d’une charge comportant une fraction d’huile de pyrolyse aromatique |
| CN121794347A (zh) * | 2023-09-06 | 2026-04-03 | Sabic环球技术有限责任公司 | 通过加氢裂化回收塑料 |
| US20250197738A1 (en) * | 2023-12-13 | 2025-06-19 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Methods for producing liquid organic hydrogen carriers from plastic oil |
| EP4644510A1 (fr) * | 2024-04-29 | 2025-11-05 | Technip Energies France | Traitement chimique à l'environnement de la vapeur pour purifier une huile à base de pyrolyse |
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| US3492220A (en) * | 1962-06-27 | 1970-01-27 | Pullman Inc | Hydrotreating pyrolysis gasoline |
| DE1984786U (de) | 1968-02-12 | 1968-05-02 | Ullrich G Messwerkzeug Kg | Wasserwaage. |
| FR2538814B1 (fr) | 1982-12-30 | 1986-06-27 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | Procede de traitement d'une huile lourde ou d'une fraction d'huile lourde pour les convertir en fractions plus legeres |
| FR2538813A1 (fr) | 1982-12-31 | 1984-07-06 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | Procede d'hydrotraitement convertissant en au moins deux etapes une fraction lourde d'hydrocarbures contenant des impuretes soufrees et des impuretes metalliques |
| US4818743A (en) | 1983-04-07 | 1989-04-04 | Union Oil Company Of California | Desulfurization catalyst and the catalyst prepared by a method |
| US5089463A (en) | 1988-10-04 | 1992-02-18 | Chevron Research And Technology Company | Hydrodemetalation and hydrodesulfurization catalyst of specified macroporosity |
| US5007998A (en) * | 1990-03-26 | 1991-04-16 | Uop | Process for refractory compound conversion in a hydrocracker recycle liquid |
| US5622616A (en) | 1991-05-02 | 1997-04-22 | Texaco Development Corporation | Hydroconversion process and catalyst |
| FR2681871B1 (fr) | 1991-09-26 | 1993-12-24 | Institut Francais Petrole | Procede d'hydrotraitement d'une fraction lourde d'hydrocarbures en vue de la raffiner et de la convertir en fractions plus legeres. |
| US5221656A (en) | 1992-03-25 | 1993-06-22 | Amoco Corporation | Hydroprocessing catalyst |
| US5827421A (en) | 1992-04-20 | 1998-10-27 | Texaco Inc | Hydroconversion process employing catalyst with specified pore size distribution and no added silica |
| US6332976B1 (en) | 1996-11-13 | 2001-12-25 | Institut Francais Du Petrole | Catalyst containing phosphorous and a process hydrotreatment of petroleum feeds using the catalyst |
| US5969201A (en) * | 1997-06-23 | 1999-10-19 | Uop Llc | Process for the conversion of plastic to produce a synthetic crude oil |
| US5904838A (en) * | 1998-04-17 | 1999-05-18 | Uop Llc | Process for the simultaneous conversion of waste lubricating oil and pyrolysis oil derived from organic waste to produce a synthetic crude oil |
| US6589908B1 (en) | 2000-11-28 | 2003-07-08 | Shell Oil Company | Method of making alumina having bimodal pore structure, and catalysts made therefrom |
| FR2839902B1 (fr) | 2002-05-24 | 2007-06-29 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | Catalyseur d'hydroraffinage et/ou d'hydroconversion et son utilisation dans des procedes d'hydrotraitement de charges hydrocarbonees |
| FR2852019B1 (fr) * | 2003-03-07 | 2007-04-27 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | Procede de desulfuration, de deazotation et/ou de desaromatisation d'une charge hydrocarbonee par adsorption par un solide adsorbant use |
| EP1627027A1 (fr) | 2003-05-16 | 2006-02-22 | Albemarle Netherlands B.V. | Procede et catalyseur pour l'elimination de l'arsenic et d'autres metaux contenus dans une charge d'hydrocarbures |
| WO2007126121A1 (fr) * | 2006-04-27 | 2007-11-08 | Jfe Chemical Corporation | Procédé et dispositif servant à traiter du plastique |
| CN102051202B (zh) | 2009-10-27 | 2015-01-14 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | 一种焦化石脑油捕硅剂及其应用 |
| FI126813B (en) * | 2012-06-25 | 2017-05-31 | Upm Kymmene Corp | The process of converting biomass into liquid fuels |
| JP6283561B2 (ja) * | 2014-04-23 | 2018-02-21 | 出光興産株式会社 | 燃料油基材の製造方法 |
| WO2016142808A1 (fr) * | 2015-03-10 | 2016-09-15 | Sabic Global Technologies, B.V. | Processus intégré de conversion de déchets plastiques en produits pétrochimiques finaux |
| FR3051375B1 (fr) | 2016-05-18 | 2018-06-01 | IFP Energies Nouvelles | Dispositif de filtration et de distribution pour reacteur catalytique. |
| JP6824981B2 (ja) * | 2015-11-13 | 2021-02-03 | サビック グローバル テクノロジーズ ベスローテン フェンノートシャップ | 炭化水素供給物流の塩化物含有量を減少させるための触媒プロセス |
| FR3050735B1 (fr) * | 2016-04-27 | 2020-11-06 | Ifp Energies Now | Procede de conversion comprenant des lits de garde permutables d'hydrodemetallation, une etape d'hydrotraitement en lit fixe et une etape d'hydrocraquage en reacteurs permutables |
| WO2017196501A1 (fr) * | 2016-05-11 | 2017-11-16 | Uop Llc | Isomérisation de configuration de flux dans l'unité de reformage |
| EP3516012B1 (fr) | 2016-09-22 | 2021-01-06 | SABIC Global Technologies B.V. | Configuration de procédé intégrée et dispositif impliquant les étapes de pyrolyse, d'hydrocraquage, d'hydrodésalkylation et de craquage à la vapeur |
| US10472580B2 (en) * | 2016-11-21 | 2019-11-12 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Process and system for conversion of crude oil to petrochemicals and fuel products integrating steam cracking and conversion of naphtha into chemical rich reformate |
| FR3076296A1 (fr) * | 2018-01-02 | 2019-07-05 | IFP Energies Nouvelles | Procede d’hydrocraquage deux etapes comprenant au moins une etape de separation haute pression a chaud |
| FR3089518B1 (fr) * | 2018-12-10 | 2020-11-20 | Ifp Energies Now | Procede ameliore de conversion d’une charge lourde en distillats moyens faisant appel a un enchainement d’unites d’hydrocraquage, de vapocraquage et d’oligomerisation |
| US12065616B2 (en) * | 2019-06-13 | 2024-08-20 | Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. | Light olefin recovery from plastic waste pyrolysis |
| CN110777382A (zh) * | 2019-10-18 | 2020-02-11 | 上海霖动环保科技有限公司 | 中和成膜缓蚀阻垢剂及其制备方法 |
| FR3103822B1 (fr) | 2019-12-02 | 2022-07-01 | Ifp Energies Now | Procede de traitement d’huiles de pyrolyse de plastiques en vue de leur valorisation dans une unite de vapocraquage |
| FR3107530B1 (fr) | 2020-02-21 | 2022-02-11 | Ifp Energies Now | Procede optimise de traitement d’huiles de pyrolyse de plastiques en vue de leur valorisation |
-
2020
- 2020-07-30 FR FR2008108A patent/FR3113060B1/fr active Active
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2021
- 2021-07-26 WO PCT/EP2021/070850 patent/WO2022023263A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2021-07-26 DK DK21751787.9T patent/DK4189038T3/da active
- 2021-07-26 US US18/018,494 patent/US20230287283A1/en active Pending
- 2021-07-26 CN CN202180059087.8A patent/CN116194555B/zh active Active
- 2021-07-26 ES ES21751787T patent/ES3001908T3/es active Active
- 2021-07-26 AU AU2021318798A patent/AU2021318798A1/en active Pending
- 2021-07-26 EP EP21751787.9A patent/EP4189038B1/fr active Active
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- 2021-07-26 CA CA3185358A patent/CA3185358A1/fr active Pending
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2023
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| TWI906332B (zh) | 2025-12-01 |
| EP4189038A1 (fr) | 2023-06-07 |
| WO2022023263A1 (fr) | 2022-02-03 |
| ZA202300315B (en) | 2025-02-26 |
| EP4189038B1 (fr) | 2024-09-18 |
| JP2023535638A (ja) | 2023-08-18 |
| CA3185358A1 (fr) | 2022-02-03 |
| DK4189038T3 (da) | 2024-12-09 |
| KR20230044444A (ko) | 2023-04-04 |
| JP7805349B2 (ja) | 2026-01-23 |
| CN116194555A (zh) | 2023-05-30 |
| SA523442370B1 (ar) | 2025-04-26 |
| BR112023001482A2 (pt) | 2023-04-11 |
| US20230287283A1 (en) | 2023-09-14 |
| CN116194555B (zh) | 2025-05-13 |
| TW202216968A (zh) | 2022-05-01 |
| FR3113060B1 (fr) | 2023-04-28 |
| FR3113060A1 (fr) | 2022-02-04 |
| AU2021318798A1 (en) | 2023-02-09 |
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