EP4662728A1 - Festelektrolyt mit verbesserter dendritenstabilität - Google Patents
Festelektrolyt mit verbesserter dendritenstabilitätInfo
- Publication number
- EP4662728A1 EP4662728A1 EP24701131.5A EP24701131A EP4662728A1 EP 4662728 A1 EP4662728 A1 EP 4662728A1 EP 24701131 A EP24701131 A EP 24701131A EP 4662728 A1 EP4662728 A1 EP 4662728A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- solid electrolyte
- lithium ion
- amorphous phase
- electrolyte according
- phase
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0561—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of inorganic materials only
- H01M10/0562—Solid materials
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
- H01M50/431—Inorganic material
- H01M50/434—Ceramics
- H01M50/437—Glass
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0065—Solid electrolytes
- H01M2300/0068—Solid electrolytes inorganic
- H01M2300/0071—Oxides
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a solid electrolyte comprising a lithium ion-conducting material, in particular a glass ceramic, with improved dendrite stability (stability against the formation of dendrites) as well as the use and a method for production.
- All-solid-state batteries are considered the future of energy storage technology/electromobility due to their high energy density and safety.
- the core of this innovation is the replacement of the liquid electrolyte with a solid ion-conducting separator, which also allows the use of Li metal as an anode material if the separator itself is stable to lithium (e.g. when using lithium lanthanum zirconate (LLZO)).
- LLZO lithium lanthanum zirconate
- Solid ion-conducting separators comprise an ion-conducting solid, also referred to as a "solid electrolyte", “solid-state electrolyte” or “solid electrolyte”.
- solid-state batteries lithium ion-conducting materials are used.
- organic solid electrolytes usually based on polymers
- inorganic solid electrolytes There are also composites with organic and inorganic components. In such composites, LLZO particles are often embedded in a lithium ion-conducting polymer matrix.
- Inorganic solid electrolytes are usually used as separators in solid-state batteries in sintered form. The lithium ion-conducting material is ground, then pressed into pellets and these are sintered at a certain sintering temperature. Alternatively, the ground lithium ion-conducting material can also be mixed with binders and solvents and processed into a green film in the "tape-casting" process.
- This green film is then sintered and the separator is produced in this way. Sintering results in compaction.
- a relative density of at least 90% is aimed for.
- One of the reasons for this is that the growth of dendrites predominantly takes place in the cavities at the grain boundaries of the sintered body.
- the known inorganic solid electrolytes have relatively high Sintering temperatures are required to achieve sufficient densification.
- these high sintering temperatures lead to excessive grain growth.
- a large grain size is also associated with poor dendrite stability.
- the very measure that is supposed to improve dendrite stability is in turn associated with a deterioration in dendrite stability.
- Solid electrolytes with a high relative density and a low grain size can increase dendrite stability.
- high density and low grain size in sintered solid electrolytes are a contradiction in that both are determined by temperature and time, but act in opposite directions: high temperatures/long times lead to high density but also promote grain growth; low temperatures/short times prevent grain growth, but sufficiently high densities are not achieved.
- the present invention provides such materials.
- the lithium ion-conducting material can in particular be a glass ceramic.
- a glass ceramic in the sense of the present invention is a material that is produced starting from a homogeneous melt of the components by cooling and spontaneous crystallization or by cooling and subsequent controlled ceramization process.
- a shaping step or comminution process can be carried out before, during or after cooling.
- the invention relates to a solid electrolyte comprising or consisting of a lithium ion-conducting material, wherein the lithium ion-conducting material comprises a crystalline phase and an amorphous phase, wherein the crystalline phase comprises a main crystal phase, wherein the main crystal phase has a proportion of the crystalline phase of at least 50 wt. %, wherein the relative density of the solid electrolyte is at least 90% and wherein the solid electrolyte has a microstructure such that less than 10% of the cross-sectional area of the solid electrolyte is accounted for by grains with a diameter of more than 30 pm.
- Such a solid electrolyte can be produced in a simple, short sintering step at relatively low temperatures from a lithium ion-conducting material whose amorphous phase has a softening point in a range of 850 °C to 1100 °C.
- the amorphous phase can also be referred to as the residual glass phase.
- the diameter of a grain in the cross-sectional area of the solid electrolyte is determined as the maximum Feret diameter (Feret-Max), i.e. as the maximum distance between two parallel tangents to the contour of the grain in the cross-sectional area of the solid electrolyte under investigation.
- Feret-Max the maximum Feret diameter
- the softening point of the amorphous phase in the context of the lithium ion-conducting material is not identical to the softening point that a corresponding glass as such (without the crystalline phase) would have. Therefore, the softening point of the amorphous phase in the context of the lithium ion-conducting material must be determined. According to the invention, this is done by means of dynamic differential calorimetry (differential scanning calorimetry, DSC).
- DSC dynamic differential calorimetry
- the measurement is carried out at a heating rate of 10 K/min under argon from room temperature to at least 1100°C.
- the softening point of the amorphous phase in the context of the lithium ion-conducting material is also referred to as the “densification point” in the present disclosure.
- An endothermic DSC signal in the range of 850°C to 1100°C indicates a softening of the amorphous phase of the lithium ion-conducting material, in particular the residual glass phase in the glass ceramic. If this occurs at sufficiently low temperatures (850-1100°C), the material can be densified and any cavities can be filled with the residual glass phase. If the material does not show such a DSC signal or only shows one at temperatures > 1100°C, correspondingly higher sintering temperatures are necessary for densification, which then also result in undesirable grain growth and thus reduced dendrite stability.
- the DSC signal can be determined in particular with a heat flow DSC, for example with the DSC 404 F1 Pegasus® measuring device from NETZSCH-Gerätebau GmbH. The signal is a positive (endothermic) or negative (exothermic) deviation from the baseline.
- the endothermic DSC signal in the range from 850 °C to 1100 °C should preferably have a value of at least 10 J/g. If the endothermic DSC signal in the range from 850 °C to 1100 °C has a value of at least 10 J/g, the amorphous phase has a compression point that lies in a range from 850 °C to 1100 °C.
- the amorphous phase has a densification point that lies in a range of 850 °C to 1100 °C. If the densification point is too low, the amorphous phase is too liquid at the sintering temperature and therefore "flows" out of the compact before sintering activity begins. If the densification point is too high, however, sintering temperatures that are too high are necessary for densification, which is accompanied by undesirable grain growth and correspondingly reduced dendrite stability.
- the densification point of the amorphous phase is preferably in a range of 900 °C to 1050 °C.
- the proportion of the amorphous phase in the lithium ion-conducting material is large enough to ensure sufficient compaction when the amorphous phase softens.
- the proportion of the amorphous phase in the lithium ion-conducting material is therefore preferably at least 0.1% by weight, more preferably at least 0.3% by weight.
- the proportion of the amorphous phase is preferably at most 5.0% by weight. If the proportion of the amorphous phase is too high, the Li-ion conductivity is reduced.
- the proportion of the amorphous phase in the lithium ion-conducting material can, for example, be in a range from 0.1 to 5.0% by weight or from 0.3 to 5.0% by weight.
- the amorphous phase preferably comprises U2O and at least one glass former selected from AI2O3, SiO2, P2O5, B2O3 and combinations of two or more thereof.
- the amorphous phase preferably consists of U2O and at least one glass former selected from AI2O3, SiO2, P2O5, B2O3 and combinations of two or more thereof.
- Li 2 O is required for Li ion conductivity.
- the glass former stabilizes the amorphous phase.
- B2O3 is the least preferred of the glass formers. Therefore, B2O3 is preferably not present or is only present in small proportions.
- SiO2 and P2O5 are more preferred than B2O3.
- the most preferred glass former is AI2O3.
- AI2O3 can be the sole glass former in the lithium ion conductive material. However, one or more additional glass formers can also be provided, in particular SiO2 and/or P2O5.
- the glass former content of the amorphous phase corresponds to the glass former content of the lithium ion-conducting material (based on the total mass of the lithium ion-conducting material).
- An exception to this is AI2O3, which can also be present in the crystalline phase if the crystalline phase has a garnet structure, particularly if it is lithium lanthanum zirconate (LLZO).
- LLZO lithium lanthanum zirconate
- the solubility of AI2O3 in a crystalline phase with a garnet structure is limited.
- the amorphous phase can be produced by the manufacturing process via the melt, whereby during solidification, in addition to the crystalline phase (in particular crystalline LLZO), the amorphous phase, comprising, in particular consisting of, the excess U2O and the glass formers, is also formed.
- the glass formers mentioned do not "fit" into the crystal structure, in particular the LLZO crystal structure, due to their small ionic radius.
- the amorphous phase can also be produced separately, for example via a melting process, and then added to the crystalline phase and mixed with it. This can be achieved, for example, by grinding the crystalline and amorphous phases. Other manufacturing processes and mixing processes are also conceivable.
- the dendrite stability can be increased.
- the amorphous phase contains, for example, Li 2 O (for the Li ion conductivity) and SiO 2 (as a glass former) and optionally one or more additional glass formers (in particular selected from the group consisting of Al 2 O 3, P 2 O 5, B 2 O 3 and combinations thereof).
- the proportions of the crystalline phase and the amorphous phase in the lithium ion-conducting material are determined based on the composition of the lithium ion-conducting material.
- the molecular formula of the crystalline phase is used and the composition is converted from wt.% to at.%.
- the elements that form the crystalline phase according to the molecular formula are then added to it (the same procedure is used if there are several crystalline phases). An excess of Li, O and the glass formers is added to the amorphous phase.
- This composition is divided into the crystal-forming components and the components that are not incorporated into the stoichiometric crystal: excess Li and O as well as Si, P, B, AI (up to an amount of 0.2 pfu AI is counted as a crystal-forming component due to its limited solubility in the garnet structure. If more AI is present, the difference to 0.2 pfu is attributed to the amorphous phase). The amorphous phase in pfu is then converted back into wt.% of the oxides contained using the respective atomic masses. The weight fraction of the amorphous phase in the lithium ion conductive material is the sum of the weight fractions of the oxides in the amorphous phase (based on the total mass of the lithium ion conductive material) in wt.%.
- the composition of the amorphous phase can be selected so that no undesirable interaction with crystals, in particular LLZO crystals (e.g. conversion into the less conductive tetragonal modification of LLZO) occurs.
- the cubic modification can be converted into the less conductive tetragonal modification LLZO if the Li2O content of the amorphous phase is too high.
- the Li2O content of the amorphous phase can, for example, be limited to a maximum of 5.00 wt.%, a maximum of 4.50 wt.%, a maximum of 4.00 wt.%, or a maximum of 3.50 wt.% based on the total mass of the lithium ion-conducting material.
- the Li2O content of the amorphous phase can, for example, be at least 0.05 wt.%, at least 0.20 wt.%, at least 0.40 wt.%, or at least 0.60 wt.% based on the total mass of the lithium ion-conducting material.
- the Li 2 O content of the amorphous phase can, based on the total mass of the lithium ion-conducting material, be, for example, in a range from 0.05 to 5.00 wt.%, from 0.20 to 4.50 wt.%, from 0.40 to 4.00 wt.%, or from 0.60 to 3.50 wt.%.
- the proportion of Li 2 O in the lithium ion-conducting material of the invention can be, for example, at least 10.0 wt. %, at least 10.5 wt. %, or at least 11.0 wt. %.
- the proportion of U 2 O in the lithium ion-conducting material of the invention can be, for example, at most 15.0 wt. %, at most 14.5 wt. %, or at most 14.0 wt. %.
- the proportion of U 2 O in the lithium ion-conducting material of the invention can, for example, be in a range from 10.0 to 15.0 wt. %, from 10.5 to 14.5 wt. %, or from 11.0 to 14.0 wt. %.
- the proportion of the sum of ZrO2 and HfO2 in the lithium ion-conducting material of the invention can be, for example, at least 17% by weight, at least 18% by weight, or at least 19% by weight.
- the proportion of the sum of ZrO2 and HfO2 in the lithium ion-conducting material of the invention can be, for example, at most 35% by weight, at most 33% by weight, or at most 31% by weight.
- the proportion of the sum of ZrO2 and HfO2 in the lithium ion-conducting material of the invention can, for example, be in a range from 17 to 35% by weight, from 18 to 33% by weight, or from 19 to 31% by weight.
- the proportion of the sum of Ta 2 O5, Nb 2 O5 and AI2O3 in the lithium ion conductive material of the invention can, for example, be at least 0.5 wt. %, at least 0.75 wt. %, or at least 1 wt. %.
- the proportion of the sum of Ta 2 O5, Nb 2 O5 and AI2O3 in the lithium ion conductive material of the invention can, for example, be at most 15 wt. %, at most 13.5 wt. %, or at most 12 wt. %.
- the proportion of the sum of Ta 2 O5, Nb 2 O5 and AI2O3 in the lithium ion conductive material of the invention can, for example, be in a range from 0.5 to 15 wt. %, from 0.75 to 13.5 wt. %, or from 1 to 12 wt. %.
- SiO2 has been found to be an advantageous component for obtaining the desired amorphous phase.
- the weight proportion of SiO2 in the lithium ion-conducting material is greater than the weight proportion of B2O3 in the lithium ion-conducting material.
- the ratio of the weight proportion of B2O3 in the lithium ion-conducting material to the weight proportion of SiO2 in the lithium ion-conducting material is at most 0.9, more preferably at most 0.75, more preferably at most 0.5, more preferably at most 0.25, more preferably at most 0.1, more preferably at most 0.05, more preferably at most 0.01.
- the sum of the weight proportions of SiO2 and B2O3, based on the total mass of the lithium ion-conducting material is preferably at least 0.1 wt. %, more preferably at least 0.2 wt. %, more preferably at least 0.3 wt. %, more preferably at least 0.4 wt. %, more preferably at least 0.5 wt. %, more preferably at least 0.6 wt. %, more preferably at least 0.7 wt.
- the sum of the weight proportions of SiO2 and B2O3, based on the total mass of the lithium ion-conducting material is, for example, at most 5.0 wt. %, in particular at most 4.5 wt.
- the sum of the weight proportions of SiO2 and B2O3, based on the total mass of the lithium ion-conducting material, is, for example, 0.1 to 5.0 wt.%, in particular 0.2 to 4.5 wt.%, 0.3 to 4.0 wt.%, 0.4 to 3.5 wt.%, 0.5 to 3.0 wt.%, 0.6 to 2.5 wt.% or 0.7 to 2.0 wt.%.
- the weight fraction of SiO2 based on the total mass of the lithium ion conductive Material preferably at least 0.1 wt.%, more preferably at least 0.2 wt.%, more preferably at least 0.3 wt.%, more preferably at least 0.4 wt.%, more preferably at least 0.5 wt.%, more preferably at least 0.6 wt.%, more preferably at least 0.7 wt.%.
- the weight fraction of SiO2 based on the total mass of the lithium ion-conducting material is, for example, at most 5.0 wt.%, in particular at most 4.5 wt.%, at most 4.0 wt.%, at most 3.5 wt.%, at most 3.0 wt.%, at most 2.5 wt.%, or at most 2.0 wt.%.
- the weight fraction of SiO2 based on the total mass of the lithium ion-conducting material is, for example, 0.1 to 5.0 wt.%, in particular 0.2 to 4.5 wt.%, 0.3 to 4.0 wt.%, 0.4 to 3.5 wt.%, 0.5 to 3.0 wt.%, 0.6 to 2.5 wt.% or 0.7 to 2.0 wt.%.
- SiO2 is attributed as a glass former to the amorphous phase. If the lithium ion-conducting material contains, for example, 0.5% by weight of SiO2, this 0.5% by weight is attributed to the amorphous phase. As also described above, excess U2O is attributed to the amorphous phase.
- the proportion of the amorphous phase in the lithium ion-conducting material corresponds in particular to the sum of the proportion of U2O in the amorphous phase (based on the total mass of the lithium ion-conducting material) and the proportion of the at least one glass former in the amorphous phase (based on the total mass of the lithium ion-conducting material).
- the amorphous phase could, for example, consist of 2.0 wt.% U2O (based on the total mass of the lithium ion-containing material) and 0.5 wt.% SiO2 (based on the total mass of the lithium ion-containing material).
- the proportion of the amorphous phase in the lithium ion-conducting material would in this case be 2.5 wt.% (2.0 wt.% U2O + 0.5 wt.% SiO2).
- the weight proportion of SiO2 based on the total weight of the amorphous phase would be 20 wt.% (0.5 wt.% SiO2 divided by the 2.5 wt.% of the total amorphous phase).
- the weight proportion of U2O based on the total weight of the amorphous phase would be 80 wt.%.
- the weight proportion of SiO2 based on the total weight of the amorphous phase is at least 1.0 wt. %, more preferably at least 2.0 wt. %, more preferably at least 5.0 wt. %, more preferably at least 7.5 wt. %, more preferably at least 10.0 wt. %, more preferably at least 12.5 wt. %.
- SiO2 is advantageous for stabilizing the amorphous phase. However, with a view to a particularly high lithium ion conductivity, it is advantageous not to choose an excessively large SiO2 proportion.
- the weight proportion of SiO2 based on the total weight of the amorphous phase is at most 60.0 wt.
- the weight fraction of SiO2 based on the total weight of the amorphous phase is in a range from 1.0 to 60.0 wt.%, more preferably from 2.0 to 55.0 wt.%, more preferably from 5.0 to 50.0 wt.%, more preferably from 7.5 to 45.0 wt.%, more preferably from 10.0 to 40.0 wt.%, more preferably from
- the weight proportion of U2O based on the total weight of the amorphous phase is at least 40.0 wt. %, more preferably at least 45.0 wt. %, more preferably at least 50.0 wt. %, more preferably at least 55.0 wt. %, more preferably at least 60.0 wt. %, more preferably at least 65.0 wt. %.
- Li2O is advantageous for the Li ion conductivity. However, with a view to a particularly stable amorphous phase, it is advantageous not to choose an excessively large Li2O proportion.
- the weight proportion of Li2O based on the total weight of the amorphous phase is at most 99.0 wt.
- the weight proportion of U2O based on the total weight of the amorphous phase is preferably in a range from 40.0 to 99.0% by weight, more preferably from 45.0 to 99.0% by weight, more preferably from 50.0 to 95.0% by weight, more preferably from 55.0 to 92.5% by weight, more preferably from 60.0 to 90.0% by weight, more preferably from 65.0 to 87.5% by weight.
- the lithium ion conductive material preferably contains no or only very small amounts of B2O3. It has been found that B2O3 leads to an increase in the interface resistances.
- the lithium ion conductive material therefore preferably has a B2Os content of less than 0.4% by weight, in particular at most 0.3% by weight, at most 0.2% by weight or at most 0.1% by weight.
- the lithium ion conductive material of the invention is particularly preferably free of B2O3.
- the material is free of a component or does not contain a component, this means that this component may only be present as an impurity. This means that it is not added in significant amounts. Insignificant amounts according to the invention are amounts of at most 0.05% by weight or at most 0.04% by weight.
- the lithium ion-conducting material comprises a crystalline phase and an amorphous phase.
- the crystalline phase can comprise a main crystal phase.
- the main crystal phase is the crystal phase which has the highest proportion of the crystalline phase of the lithium ion-conducting material in weight percent.
- the main crystal phase has in particular a proportion of at least 50 % by weight of the crystalline phase of the lithium ion conductive material, for example more than 50 wt. %, at least 60 wt. %, at least 70 wt. %, at least 80 wt. %, at least 90 wt. %, at least 95 wt. %, or even 100%.
- the crystalline phase of the lithium ion conductive material can therefore consist of the main crystal phase.
- the main crystal phase can in particular have a garnet structure.
- the main crystal phase can also have a rock salt structure, a perovskite structure, an anti-perovskite structure or a NASICON structure.
- the main crystal phase can, for example, be in the cubic crystal system.
- the main crystal phase can, for example, comprise or consist of lithium lanthanum zirconate (LLZO).
- the main crystal phase of the crystalline phase of the lithium ion-conducting material can in particular have the empirical formula Liy-sx+y-zAIxMy" Ms-y 1 " M 2.Z IV M z v OI 2 ⁇ , where M" comprises one or more divalent cations, M IH one or more trivalent cations, M IV one or more tetravalent cations and M v one or more pentavalent cations and where x+z > 0, y ⁇ 1 and ö ⁇ 0.5.
- M IH comprises one or more lanthanides and/or yttrium.
- M IV comprises zirconium or hafnium.
- M v comprises niobium or tantalum.
- M IH comprises one or more lanthanides and/or yttrium
- M IV comprises zirconium or hafnium
- M v comprises niobium or tantalum.
- the lithium ion-conducting material comprises a crystalline phase and an amorphous phase.
- the crystalline phase can be present, for example, in the form of crystallites separated by grain boundaries in the lithium ion-conducting material.
- the amorphous phase can be present in particular in the grain boundaries.
- the amorphous phase can, for example, have a density of at least 1.5 g/cm 3 .
- the present invention relates to a solid electrolyte comprising or consisting of the lithium ion-conducting material.
- the solid electrolyte is in particular a sintered molded body.
- the solid electrolyte is preferably an inorganic solid electrolyte.
- the solid electrolyte has a relative density of at least 90%, more preferably at least 91%, more preferably at least 92%, more preferably at least 93%, more preferably at least 94%, more preferably at least 95%.
- the relative density of the solid electrolyte can be, for example, at most 100%, in particular at most 99.9%, at most 99.5%, at most 99.0%, at most 98.5% or at most 98.0%.
- the relative density of the solid electrolyte is preferably in a range from 90% to 100%, for example 91% to 99.9%, 92% to 99.5%, 93% to 99.0%, 94% to 98.5%, or 95% to 98.0%.
- the solid electrolyte has a microstructure such that less than 10% of the cross-sectional area of the solid electrolyte is made up of grains with a diameter of more than 30 pm.
- the solid electrolyte therefore has a fine-grained microstructure.
- At most 9%, more preferably at most 8%, more preferably at most 7%, more preferably at most 6%, more preferably at most 5% of the cross-sectional area of the solid electrolyte is accounted for by grains with a diameter of more than 30 pm.
- at least 0.01%, for example at least 0.02%, at least 0.05%, at least 0.1%, at least 0.2%, at least 0.5% or at least 1% of the cross-sectional area of the solid electrolyte is accounted for by grains with a diameter of more than 30 pm.
- 0.01% to ⁇ 10%, for example 0.02% to 9%, 0.05% to 8%, 0.1% to 7%, 0.2% to 6%, 0.5% to 5% or 1% to 5% of the cross-sectional area of the solid electrolyte is comprised of grains having a diameter greater than 30 pm.
- less than 10% of the cross-sectional area of the solid electrolyte is accounted for by grains having a diameter of at least 25 pm, more preferably at least 20 pm, more preferably at least 15 pm, more preferably at least 10 pm.
- At least 90% of the cross-sectional area of the solid electrolyte is made up of grains with a diameter of at most 30 pm, more preferably at most 25 pm, more preferably at most 20 pm, more preferably at most 15 pm, more preferably at most 10 pm.
- at least 90% of the cross-sectional area of the solid electrolyte is made up of grains with a diameter in a range from 0.1 to 30 pm, for example from 0.1 to 25 pm, from 0.2 to 20 pm, from 0.2 to 15 pm, or from 0.5 to 10 pm.
- At least 91%, more preferably at least 92%, more preferably at least 93%, more preferably at least 94%, more preferably at least 95% of the cross-sectional area of the solid electrolyte is accounted for by grains having a diameter of at most 30 pm.
- at most 99.99%, for example at most 99.98%, at most 99.95%, at most 99.9%, at most 99.8%, at most 99.5% or at most 99% of the cross-sectional area of the solid electrolyte is accounted for by grains having a diameter of at most 30 pm.
- 90% to 99.99% for example 91% to 99.98%, 92% to 99.95%, 93% to 99.9%, 94% to 99.8%, 95% to 99.5% or 95% to 99% of the cross-sectional area of the solid electrolyte is made up of grains having a diameter of at most 30 pm.
- microstructure is examined as follows:
- Samples of the sintered solid electrolytes with a diameter of 8.5 mm and a height of 1 mm are broken through using a diamond glass cutter.
- the resulting The fracture edge is examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
- SEM scanning electron microscopy
- the SEM images obtained thus represent a top view of the fracture edge.
- the fracture edge is used to examine the cross-sectional area of the solid electrolyte.
- a ZEISS LEO1550 with a field emission source can be used in particular to generate the corresponding SEM images with a secondary electron detector at an accelerating voltage of 10-20 keV.
- the magnification is preferably 500 x or 1000 x.
- the SEM images obtained are used to determine the microstructure of the sintered solid electrolytes. For this purpose, images with an area of at least 0.04 mm 2 are evaluated. For each of the samples, a number of 2 images are evaluated.
- microstructure is coarse-grained if larger particles (> 30 pm) make up at least 10% of the area of the fracture edge.
- a microstructure is fine-grained if larger particles (> 30 pm) make up less than 10% of the area of the fracture edge.
- size means the diameter of the grains, hence the maximum Feret diameter (Feret-Max) described above, i.e. the maximum distance between two parallel tangents to the contour of the grain in the cross-sectional area of the solid electrolyte examined.
- At least 90% of the surface area of the fracture edge of the solid electrolyte consists of particles with a size of no more than 30 pm, in particular with a size in a range of 0.1 pm to 30 pm. Larger particles (> 30 pm) make up less than 10% of the surface area of the fracture edge.
- less than 90% of the surface area of the fracture edge of the solid electrolyte consists of particles with a size of no more than 30 pm, in particular with a size in a range of 0.1 pm to 30 pm. Larger particles (> 30 pm) make up at least 10% of the surface area of the fracture edge.
- the investigation is carried out on the SEM images of the fracture edge. If larger particles (> 30 pm) make up at least 10% of the area of the images examined, this also applies to the area of the fracture edge and thus to the cross-sectional area of the solid electrolyte.
- the microstructure is coarse-grained. If larger particles (> 30 pm) make up less than 10% of the area of the images examined, this also applies to the area of the fracture edge and thus to the cross-sectional area of the solid electrolyte.
- the Microstructure is fine-grained.
- the present invention also relates to a process for producing a solid electrolyte, in particular the solid electrolyte of the present invention.
- the method may in particular comprise the following steps:
- the solid electrolyte is obtained by sintering the intermediate product.
- the production of the intermediate product can, for example, be the pressing of the powder into a pellet.
- the intermediate product can therefore be a pellet.
- the method may in particular comprise the following steps:
- the solid electrolyte is obtained by sintering the compact.
- the process of the present invention may also be a tape casting process.
- the intermediate product is not produced by pressing the powder into a pellet.
- the intermediate product is produced by processing the powder into a tape (also called “film” or “green film”). Processing the powder into a tape preferably includes the following steps:
- the solid electrolyte is then obtained by sintering the tape.
- the intermediate product is therefore a tape.
- the starting materials can be melted, for example, in a skull crucible (especially one that is open at the top).
- the raw materials are preferably mixed and the resulting mixture preheated. Burner heating can be used for this purpose.
- a minimum conductivity can be achieved by preheating.
- the melt can be further heated and homogenized by high-frequency coupling, in particular via an induction coil.
- it can be stirred, in particular with a water-cooled stirrer.
- direct samples can be taken from the melt (rapid cooling), for example. while the rest of the melt can be slowly cooled by switching off the high frequency.
- the material produced in this way can be converted into a lithium ion-conducting, particularly glass-ceramic material with a garnet-like main crystal phase either by direct solidification from the melt or by quenching followed by a temperature treatment (ceramization). If the samples taken directly from the melt show spontaneous crystallization regardless of cooling, a subsequent ceramization treatment can be dispensed with.
- the sintering temperature is preferably at most 1090 °C, more preferably at most 1080 °C, more preferably at most 1070 °C, more preferably at most 1060 °C, more preferably at most 1050 °C, more preferably at most 1040 °C, more preferably at most 1030 °C, more preferably at most 1020 °C, more preferably at most 1010 °C, more preferably at most 1000 °C.
- the sintering temperature can be, for example, at least 850 °C, at least 875 °C, at least 900 °C, at least 925 °C, at least 950 °C, or at least 975 °C.
- the sintering temperature is preferably in a range from 850 °C to 1100 °C, for example from 850 °C to 1090 °C, from 850 °C to 1080 °C, from 850 °C to 1070 °C, from 850 °C to 1060 °C, from 850 °C to 1050 °C, from 875 °C to 1040 °C, from 900 °C to 1030 °C, from 925 °C to 1020 °C, from 950 °C to 1010 °C, or from 975 °C to 1000 °C.
- the sintering time is preferably at most 4 hours, more preferably at most 3 hours, more preferably at most 2 hours, more preferably at most 1 hour, more preferably at most 45 minutes, more preferably at most 40 minutes.
- the sintering time is preferably at least 5 minutes, more preferably at least 10 minutes, more preferably at least 15 minutes, more preferably at least 20 minutes, more preferably at least 25 minutes, more preferably at least 30 minutes.
- the sintering time is preferably in a range from 5 minutes to 4 hours, for example from 10 minutes to 3 hours, from 15 minutes to 2 hours, from 20 minutes to 1 hour, from 25 minutes to 45 minutes, or from 30 minutes to 40 minutes.
- the present invention also relates to a tape casting process for producing a solid electrolyte, in particular the solid electrolyte of the present invention.
- the process may in particular comprise the following steps:
- the present invention also relates to the use of the solid electrolyte of the invention in solid-state lithium ion batteries, in particular in or as a separator.
- the lithium ion-conducting material can also be used in the anode and/or cathode, in particular after co-sintering with the electrode materials.
- the solid electrolyte can be used either alone or together with other battery materials, sintered to form an inorganic, ceramic electrolyte in rechargeable lithium-ion batteries, especially in all-solid-state batteries (ASSB).
- ASSB all-solid-state batteries
- it can be used as a separator: placed between the electrodes, it protects them from an undesirable short circuit and thus ensures the functionality of the entire system.
- the separator according to the invention is characterized in particular by improved dendrite stability, which allows charging with a higher current density without a short circuit (fast charging).
- the solid electrolyte transports the relevant charge carriers (lithium ions) to or from the electrode materials and to the conducting electrodes - depending on whether the battery is being discharged or charged.
- solid electrolyte and “solid-state electrolyte” are used synonymously in the present disclosure unless otherwise stated.
- the present invention also relates to a separator comprising or consisting of a solid electrolyte of the invention.
- the present invention also relates to solid-state lithium-ion batteries containing the solid electrolyte of the invention.
- Figure 1 shows the dependence of the relative density when sintered for 30 minutes at a sintering temperature of 1000°C on the magnitude of the endothermic DSC signal in the range from 850 °C to 1100 °C.
- the magnitude of the endothermic DSC signal is given on the x-axis in J/g.
- the measured value at 0 J/g indicates that there was no endothermic DSC signal in the range from 850 °C to 1100 °C.
- the relative density is given on the y-axis in percent.
- Example V1 The examples explained below relate to three LLZO glass ceramics according to the invention (Examples A, B and C) and a non-inventive LLZO glass ceramic (Comparative Example V1).
- the raw materials were mixed according to their composition and filled into a skull crucible that was open at the top.
- the mixture had to be preheated first to achieve a certain minimum conductivity.
- a burner heater was used for this.
- the melt was further heated and homogenized by high-frequency coupling via an induction coil.
- stirring was carried out using a water-cooled stirrer. After complete homogenization, direct samples were taken from the melt. (rapid cooling), while the rest of the melt was cooled slowly by switching off the high frequency.
- the material produced in this way can be converted into a glass-ceramic material with a garnet-like main crystal phase either by direct solidification from the melt or by quenching followed by a temperature treatment (ceramization).
- the samples taken directly from the melt showed spontaneous crystallization regardless of cooling, so that a subsequent ceramization treatment was not necessary.
- the experiment was carried out as follows: Samples (20-100 mg) of the LLZO glass ceramics obtained under point 1 were placed in a platinum DSC crucible. The DSC measurement was carried out at a heating rate of 10 K/min under argon from room temperature to at least 1100°C. The DSC signal was determined with a heat flow DSC using the DSC 404 F1 Pegasus® measuring device from NETZSCH-Gedorfebau GmbH.
- inventive examples A, B and C therefore differ significantly from the comparative example V1 with regard to the occurrence of an endothermic signal in the range from 850°C to 1100°C.
- the amorphous phase of examples A, B and C has a compression point that lies in a range from 850°C to 1100°C.
- the amorphous phase of the comparative example V1 does not have a compression point in the range from 850°C to 1100°C. 3.
- microstructure was investigated as follows:
- Samples of the LLZO glass ceramics with a diameter of 8.5 mm and a height of 1 mm were broken using a diamond glass cutter.
- the resulting fracture edge was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
- SEM scanning electron microscopy
- the fracture edge was used to examine the cross-sectional area of the solid electrolyte.
- a ZEISS LEO1550 with a field emission source was used to generate the corresponding SEM images with a secondary electron detector at an accelerating voltage of 10-20 keV.
- the magnification was 500 x or 1000 x.
- the SEM images obtained were used to determine the microstructure of the sintered solid electrolytes. For this purpose, images with an area of at least 0.04 mm 2 were evaluated. Two images were evaluated for each of the samples. Based on all four LLZO glass ceramics (A, B, C, V1), sintered solid electrolytes with a fine-grained microstructure were obtained at a sintering temperature of 1000 °C. Larger particles (> 30 pm) each made up less than 10% of the area of the images examined.
- microstructure was coarse-grained at a sintering temperature of 1130 °C in comparative example V1 and even in example A. Larger particles (> 30 pm) each made up at least 10% of the area of the examined images.
- the desired fine-grained microstructure was achieved with a sintering time of 30 minutes and a sintering temperature of 1000 °C, but not with a sintering temperature of 1130 °C.
- the desired fine-grained microstructure was achieved at a sintering temperature of 1000°C and also at 1070°C.
- the sintered solid electrolytes were examined for their relative density.
- the relative density was determined as follows:
- Example A solid electrolytes according to Example A and Comparative Example V1 which were sintered at 1130 °C for 30 minutes, resulted in high relative densities of 96% (Example A) and 91% (Comparative Example V1), respectively.
- Example A solid electrolytes according to Example A and Comparative Example V1
- Comparative Example V1 solid electrolytes according to Example A and Comparative Example V1
- the corresponding solid electrolytes did not have the desired fine-grained microstructure, as described above.
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Abstract
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Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102023102921.5A DE102023102921A1 (de) | 2023-02-07 | 2023-02-07 | Festelektrolyt mit verbesserter Dendritenstabilität |
| PCT/EP2024/050818 WO2024165269A1 (de) | 2023-02-07 | 2024-01-15 | Festelektrolyt mit verbesserter dendritenstabilität |
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| Country | Link |
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| EP (1) | EP4662728A1 (de) |
| JP (1) | JP2025538714A (de) |
| KR (1) | KR20250145641A (de) |
| CN (1) | CN120322883A (de) |
| DE (1) | DE102023102921A1 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2024165269A1 (de) |
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| DE102012207424B3 (de) * | 2012-05-04 | 2013-06-20 | Schott Ag | Lithiumionenleitende Glaskeramik, Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Lithiumionenleitenden Glaskeramik, Ionenleiter und Verwendung des Ionenleiters |
| ES3037482T3 (en) | 2020-12-04 | 2025-10-02 | Schott Ag | Lithium ion conductive material and method for producing the same |
| GB202103712D0 (en) | 2021-03-17 | 2021-04-28 | Thermal Ceramics Uk Ltd | The production of melt formed inorganic ionically conductive electrolytes |
| DE102021128377A1 (de) | 2021-10-29 | 2023-05-04 | Schott Ag | Lithiumionenleitendes Material mit verbesserter Dendritenstabilität |
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- 2023-02-07 DE DE102023102921.5A patent/DE102023102921A1/de active Pending
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- 2024-01-15 EP EP24701131.5A patent/EP4662728A1/de active Pending
- 2024-01-15 CN CN202480005295.3A patent/CN120322883A/zh active Pending
- 2024-01-15 WO PCT/EP2024/050818 patent/WO2024165269A1/de not_active Ceased
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| CN120322883A (zh) | 2025-07-15 |
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| KR20250145641A (ko) | 2025-10-13 |
| JP2025538714A (ja) | 2025-11-28 |
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