Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/02—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only
  • C10L1/023—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only for spark ignition

Definitions

• TITLE Fuel composition with low impact on CO2 emissions, and its use in particular in new vehicles
• the subject of the present invention is a fuel composition intended for vehicles comprising a spark ignition engine (or gasoline engine), and which has particular properties.
• the invention also relates to the use of such a composition to power a spark ignition engine, both in a conventional vehicle, in particular an automobile, and in a competition vehicle.
• the invention is particularly aimed at the use of this composition as the first fuel in a new engine.
• the index Octane gauge measures the resistance of a fuel used in a spark-ignition engine to self-ignition.
• the gasoline fuel is a so-called “first fill fuel”, that is to say a fuel intended to power a new engine. such as typically an engine fitted to a new vehicle.
• the tanks of new vehicles are filled in whole or in part with original equipment fuel, which corresponds to the very first fuel which powers the engine when the vehicle is put into circulation.
• a first set of requirements is imposed by the numerous starts and stops of vehicles carried out without rolling the vehicle leaving the assembly lines, and which must be done without generating any fouling of the engine. Under these conditions, original equipment fuels must protect new engines, guarantee their cleanliness and proper functioning until delivery of the vehicle to the first customer.
• Original equipment fuel is thus stored for long periods, often several months, in the vehicle before being consumed by the end user of the vehicle.
• Original equipment fuel must therefore have excellent long-term storage stability, and in particular perfect oxidation stability.
• the vehicle is often put into circulation in a place of marketing very far from its place of manufacture: these may be on different continents, with fundamentally different climatic conditions.
• starting the vehicle by the end user should not pose any difficulty.
• the original equipment fuel must allow immediate starting and good running of the vehicle regardless of where it is sold, both in hot regions and very cold countries.
• additives improving the octane number are typically added to gasoline type fuel compositions.
• Organometallic compounds comprising in particular iron, lead or manganese are well-known octane number improvers.
• TEL tetraethyl lead
• Non-metal based octane improvers include oxygenates (e.g. ethers and alcohols) and aromatic amines.
• oxygenates e.g. ethers and alcohols
• aromatic amines e.g. ethers and alcohols
• these additives also suffer from various disadvantages.
• NMA N-methylaniline
• an aromatic amine must be used at a relatively high processing rate (1.5 to 2% by weight of additive/mass of fuel base) to have a significant effect on the octane number of the fuel.
• NMA can also be toxic.
• compositions of unleaded gasoline fuels for competition engines which comprise at least four components chosen from butane, isopentane, toluene, MTBE (methyl tert -butyl ether) and an alkylate.
• Document W02010/014501 describes unleaded gasoline fuel compositions comprising at least 45% by volume of branched paraffins, at most 34% by volume of one or more mono- and di-alkylated benzenes, from 5 to 6% by volume at least one linear paraffin having 3 to 5 carbon atoms (denoted C3-C5), one or more alkanols having 2 to 4 carbon atoms (denoted C2-C4), in sufficient quantity to increase the AKI ( from the English Anti Knock Index) i.e. (RON+MON)/2 of at least 93.
• These compositions are presented as having high torque and maximum power.
• the subject of the present invention is therefore a fuel composition
• a fuel composition comprising:
• compositions according to the invention are intended to power spark ignition engines (or gasoline engines). These engines can be present in any vehicle equipped with a thermal engine, including conventional vehicles as well as rechargeable and non-rechargeable hybrid electric vehicles.
• spark ignition engines or gasoline engines
• These engines can be present in any vehicle equipped with a thermal engine, including conventional vehicles as well as rechargeable and non-rechargeable hybrid electric vehicles.
• the compositions according to the invention are also useful for powering a mixed carburetion compression ignition engine (or “dual fuel” engine).
• compositions comply with the specifications of the EN 228 standard. In particular, they have high RON and MON octane numbers.
• compositions according to the invention are particularly suitable for uses in which the constraints and requirement levels are extremely high, for example in uses in vehicles equipped with new engines.
• the compositions according to the invention constitute particularly efficient so-called original equipment fuels.
• composition according to the invention also has significant advantages for uses other than in vehicles equipped with new engines, such as for example so-called uses.
• general public particularly for light vehicles (or VL). Where applicable, it must meet the specifications of standard EN 228.
• the composition according to the invention can be, in whole or in part, prepared from biomass and in particular from bases and/or compounds of plant origin(s).
• the composition according to the invention may contain at least 30% by mass of one or more biosourced bases, preferably at least 50% by mass, more preferably at least 80% by mass and better still at least 90%. in mass of one or more biosourced bases.
• the composition according to the invention is entirely composed of biosourced bases (content greater than 99.9% by mass).
• CO2 carbon dioxide
• a conventional fuel not containing hydrocarbons from biomass such as a fuel based on hydrocarbons of fossil (petroleum) origin.
• This gain in CO2 equivalent is calculated over the entire life cycle of the fuel composition, from its manufacture to its use. It corresponds to a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and can be determined by life cycle analysis, in accordance with standard ISO 14040-44.
• composition according to the invention also makes it possible to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This reduction is determined in accordance with the method defined in Annex V part C of EU Directive 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council.
• the invention also relates to the use of the fuel composition defined above to power a spark ignition engine.
• the composition according to the invention is used as first filling fuel for a new engine, that is to say as "original equipment” fuel.
• the composition is used to power a new engine of a motor vehicle.
• CN compound means a compound containing N carbon atoms in its chemical structure.
• composition according to the invention contains a mixture (i) of hydrocarbons containing: a) from 5 to 30% by mass of aromatic compounds; b) from 50 to 90% by mass of non-cyclic paraffins containing at least 4 carbon atoms; and c) 1 to 15% by mass of naphthenes.
• the mixture (i) of hydrocarbons represents 70 to 95% by mass, relative to the total mass of the fuel composition, preferably 75 to 85% by mass, relative to the total mass of the fuel composition. .
• the aromatic compound(s) (i)a) are preferably chosen from alkylbenzenes comprising from 7 to 12 carbon atoms.
• alkyl-benzenes we designate in a manner known per se the benzene derivatives in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by one or more alkyl groups.
• the aromatic compound(s) may in particular be chosen from toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes (and in particular 1,2-dimethylbenzene or ortho-xylene, 1,3-dimethylbenzene or meta-xylene and 1,4- dimethylbenzene or para-xylene), l -ethyl-3- methylbenzene, mesitylene (1,3,5-trimethylbenzene), l-ethyl-3,5-dimethylbenzene, and mixtures of these compounds.
• alkyl-benzenes comprising from 8 to 10 carbon atoms
• ethylbenzene xylenes (and in particular 1,2-dimethylbenzene or ortho-xylene, 1,3-dimethylbenzene or meta-xylene and 1,4-dimethylbenzene or para-xylene)
• 1-ethyl-3-methylbenzene mesitylene (1,3,5-trimethylbenzene)
• mesitylene (1,3,5-trimethylbenzene
• 1-ethyl- 3,5-dimethylbenzene 1-ethyl- 3,5-dimethylbenzene.
• the content of the aromatic compounds (i)a) represents 5 to 30% by mass, preferably 10 to 30% by mass, better still 15 to 25% by mass, and better still 18 to 22% by mass, for example relative to the mass of the hydrocarbon mixture (i).
• composition according to the invention also contains non-cyclic paraffins (i)b) containing at least 4 carbon atoms.
• paraffins we designate in a manner known per se branched alkanes (also called iso-paraffins or iso-alkanes) and unbranched alkanes (also called n-paraffins or n-alkanes).
• the non-cyclic paraffins (i)b) consist entirely of a mixture of n-paraffins and isoparaffins with a higher mass ratio of the quantity of iso-paraffins to the quantity of n-paraffins. or equal to 8.
• Said paraffins (i)b) are preferably chosen from those comprising from 5 to 12 carbon atoms, more preferably from 5 to 10 carbon atoms.
• n-paraffins and iso-paraffins chosen from those described above, with a mass ratio of the quantity of iso-paraffins to the quantity of n-paraffins greater than or equal to 10, and preferably greater than or equal to 12. According to a preferred embodiment, this ratio is included in the range going from 8 to 20, preferably from 10 to 18, and better still from 12 to 17.
• the hydrocarbon mixture (i) advantageously contains from 3 to 10% by weight of n-paraffins and from 40 to 87% by weight of iso-paraffins.
• the content of the paraffins (i)b) ranges from 50 to 90% by mass, more preferably from 60 to 80% by mass, relative to the mass of the hydrocarbon mixture (i).
• composition according to the invention also contains naphthenes (i)c).
• naphthenes we designate in a manner known per se cyclic alkanes (or cycloalkanes) containing from 5 to 12 carbon atoms.
• the naphthenes are chosen from cyclic alkanes containing from 5 to 12 carbon atoms, and more preferably from 6 to 9 carbon atoms.
• the content of naphthenes (i) c) ranges from 2 to 10% by mass, more preferably from 3 to 6% by mass, and better still from 3 to 5% by mass, relative to the mass of the mixture of hydrocarbons (i).
• the mixture (i) of hydrocarbons is capable of being obtained at least 20% of its mass from the transformation of plant raw materials, preferably at least 30% of its mass, more preferably at least 30% of its mass. at least 50% of its mass, more preferably still at least 70% of its mass, and better still at least 80% of its mass.
• the mixture (i) of hydrocarbons comes at least 20% of its mass from the transformation of plant raw materials, preferably at least 30% of its mass, more preferably at least 50% of its mass. % of its mass, more preferably at least 70% of its mass, and better still at least 80% of its mass.
• the mixture (i) advantageously consists entirely or partly of biosourced hydrocarbons, and preferably entirely of biosourced hydrocarbons.
• the raw materials of plant origin can for example be chosen from cereals (wheat, corn), rapeseed, sunflower, soya, palm oil, sugar cane, beets, plant waste such as such as, for example, wood waste, straw, bagasse, grape marc, used vegetable cooking oils, algae, lignocellulosic materials.
• composition according to the invention also contains one or more ethers.
• Ethers also called ether oxides or alkoxy alkyls, are compounds of formula RO-R', in which R and R', identical or different, represent an alkyl radical, typically a C to C7 radical.
• the ether(s) are preferably chosen from the following compounds: methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE), methyl tert-amyl ether (TAME), ethyl ether tertio-amyl (TAEE), di-isopropyl ether (DIPE), and mixtures of these compounds.
• MTBE methyl tert-butyl ether
• ETBE ethyl tert-butyl ether
• TAME methyl tert-amyl ether
• TEE ethyl ether tertio-amyl
• DIPE di-isopropyl ether
• one or more biosourced ethers are used, that is to say of plant origin.
• the composition has an ether(s) content ranging from 5 to 30% by mass, preferably from 15 to 25% by mass, and more preferably from 20 to 25% by mass, relative to the total mass of the composition. fuel.
• the composition according to the invention has an olefin content less than or equal to 1.5% by mass, preferably less than or equal to 1% by mass, relative to the total mass of the composition of fuel.
• the composition according to the invention comprises at most 1% by mass of benzene, preferably at most 0.5% by mass and better still at most 0.1% by mass of benzene.
• its benzene content is less than or equal to 1% by mass, preferably less than or equal to 0.5% by mass and better still less than or equal to 0.1% by mass, relative to the total mass of the composition.
• composition according to the invention may further comprise one or more alcohols, preferably chosen from mono-alcohols comprising from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, more preferably from mono-alcohols comprising from 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
• alcohols preferably chosen from mono-alcohols comprising from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, more preferably from mono-alcohols comprising from 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
• Methanol and ethanol are preferred, with ethanol being particularly preferred.
• the composition has a density at 15°C, measured according to standard EN ISO 12185, in the range from 720 to 745 kg/ m3 .
• the density is in the range from 720 to 730 kg/m 3 .
• the composition according to the invention has a distillation end point, measured according to standard EN ISO 3405, greater than 190°C, preferably greater than or equal to 195°C.
• composition as described above generally has a research octane index (RON index) greater than or equal to 95, preferably greater than or equal to 99, and more preferably greater than or equal to 100, the RON being measured according to the standard EN ISO 5164.
• RON index research octane index
• MON index engine octane number
• the above values relate to the intrinsic octane index of the composition, that is to say without adding additional compounds such as in particular octane booster additives.
• the fuel composition according to the invention may also comprise one or more additives, chosen from those usually used in gasoline fuels.
• composition according to the invention may comprise at least one detergent additive ensuring the cleanliness of the intake circuit.
• an additive can for example be chosen from the group consisting of succinimides optionally substituted by a polyisobutylene group, polyetheramines, betaines, Mannich bases and quaternary ammonium salts, for example those described in documents US4171959 and WO2006135881 .
• the composition may also comprise at least one lubricating additive or anti-wear agent, in particular (but not limited to) chosen from the group consisting of fatty acids and their ester or amide derivatives, in particular glycerol monooleate, and derivatives of mono- and polycyclic carboxylic acids.
• lubricating additive or anti-wear agent in particular (but not limited to) chosen from the group consisting of fatty acids and their ester or amide derivatives, in particular glycerol monooleate, and derivatives of mono- and polycyclic carboxylic acids.
• additives are given in the following documents: EP680506, EP860494, WO98/04656, EP915944, FR2772783, FR2772784.
• Other additives can also be incorporated into the fuel composition according to the invention, such as anti-valve recession additives and anti-oxidant additives, additives improving the octane number where appropriate.
• the additives described above can be added in quantities ranging, for each of them, from 10 to 5000 ppm by mass, preferably from 50 to 1000 ppm by mass in the fuel composition.
• the composition comprises a package of additives, that is to say a combination of at least two different additives, advantageously chosen from detergent additives, lubricating additives, anti-recession additives valves and anti-oxidant additives. These additives are advantageously chosen from those cited above.
• the fuel compositions according to the invention have a lead content generally less than or equal to 5 mg/L (present for example in the form of tetraethyl lead) and, preferably, are lead-free, that is to say they do not contain lead or lead-containing compounds.
• composition according to the invention can be prepared by simply mixing its constituents.
• the mixture of hydrocarbons (i) preferably comprises one or more biosourced bases at least 20% by mass, that is to say that at least 20% by mass of the hydrocarbons have been obtained from plant raw materials. More preferably, the mixture of hydrocarbons (i) comprises one or more biosourced bases at least 30% by mass, more preferably at least 50% by mass, more preferably still at at least 70% by mass and better still at least 80% by mass. These quantities are expressed in relation to the total mass of the hydrocarbon mixture (i).
• the mixture of hydrocarbons (i) may further comprise non-biosourced hydrocarbons, such as hydrocarbons of fossil (petroleum) origin, preferably in a minority quantity, typically less than 80% by mass, preferably less than 70% by weight. mass, more preferably less than 50% by mass, more preferably less than 50% by mass, and better still less than 20% by mass. These quantities are expressed in relation to the total mass of the hydrocarbon mixture (i).
• non-biosourced hydrocarbons such as hydrocarbons of fossil (petroleum) origin
• the mixture of hydrocarbons (i) is entirely made up of one or more biosourced bases.
• biosourced bases one can use in particular those produced from biomass, converted into bio-hydrocarbons by known catalytic conversion processes.
• the ether(s) preferably come from biomass.
• composition according to the invention can be entirely prepared from raw materials of plant origin.
• the invention also relates to the use of the composition as described above to power a spark ignition engine.
• the engine can be of the direct injection or indirect injection type.
• the fuel composition can be advantageously used both to power an engine of a conventional motor vehicle (known as “general public”) and a high-power spark ignition engine, such as a motor racing vehicle engine. It may in particular be an atmospheric or turbocharged engine used in a competition vehicle (circuits or rallies), or even a hybrid engine, that is to say a thermal engine coupled to an electric motor, rechargeable type (or PHEV vehicle for “Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle”) or non-rechargeable type (or HEV vehicle for “Hybrid Electric Vehicle”).
• the composition according to the invention is used as “original equipment” fuel, that is to say as first filling fuel in a vehicle comprising a new engine.
• the composition is used to power a new engine of a vehicle, in particular a motor vehicle or not (heavy goods vehicle, utility vehicle, public transport vehicle or other), preferably a motor vehicle.
• the invention also relates to the use of the composition as described above to reduce equivalent carbon dioxide emissions, measured by life cycle analysis in accordance with standard ISO 14040-44.
• This reduction is typically determined in relation to a fossil reference, in particular an equivalent fuel composition of petroleum origin, such as a composition comprising identical contents of hydrocarbons of fossil origin and the same ether(s). ) at the same content.
• the subject of the invention is the use of the composition as described above to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, this reduction being determined in accordance with the method defined in Annex V part C of the EU Directive. 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council.
• Base B has the following composition: [Table 1]
• a fuel composition C was prepared, by mixing:
• This composition has a density at 15°C, measured according to standard EN ISO 12185, of 722 kg/m 3 .
• composition C described above allowed a gain of 20% in CO2 equivalents. This gain was calculated by life cycle analysis, in accordance with the ISO 14040-44 standard.

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• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• Liquid Carbonaceous Fuels (AREA)
• Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)

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• 2022
  • 2022-06-23 FR FR2206252A patent/FR3137103B1/fr active Active
• 2023
  • 2023-06-20 WO PCT/FR2023/050923 patent/WO2023247891A1/fr not_active Ceased
  • 2023-06-20 EP EP23744209.0A patent/EP4544005B1/de active Active

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