EP4385082A1 - Verfahren zur stabilisierung von kupferreichen silizid-phasen sowie deren verwendung in einer lithium-ionen-batterie - Google Patents
Verfahren zur stabilisierung von kupferreichen silizid-phasen sowie deren verwendung in einer lithium-ionen-batterieInfo
- Publication number
- EP4385082A1 EP4385082A1 EP22765423.3A EP22765423A EP4385082A1 EP 4385082 A1 EP4385082 A1 EP 4385082A1 EP 22765423 A EP22765423 A EP 22765423A EP 4385082 A1 EP4385082 A1 EP 4385082A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- copper
- silicon
- phases
- layer
- rich
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 69
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 61
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 49
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 49
- 229910021332 silicide Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 32
- FVBUAEGBCNSCDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicide(4-) Chemical compound [Si-4] FVBUAEGBCNSCDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 22
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 8
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 12
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 11
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 73
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 68
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 67
- 238000005191 phase separation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 238000005496 tempering Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims description 39
- 229910021360 copper silicide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 29
- JUZTWRXHHZRLED-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Si].[Cu].[Cu].[Cu].[Cu].[Cu] Chemical compound [Si].[Cu].[Cu].[Cu].[Cu].[Cu] JUZTWRXHHZRLED-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 27
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 claims description 20
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910016344 CuSi Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000010405 anode material Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910018594 Si-Cu Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910008465 Si—Cu Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005229 chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000010583 slow cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000000469 dry deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005240 physical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 abstract description 14
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 39
- 210000001787 dendrite Anatomy 0.000 description 10
- 229910017758 Cu-Si Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 229910017931 Cu—Si Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 238000010587 phase diagram Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229910021417 amorphous silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 238000005224 laser annealing Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000004544 sputter deposition Methods 0.000 description 5
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- 238000001878 scanning electron micrograph Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910018125 Al-Si Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910018520 Al—Si Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910018098 Ni-Si Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910018529 Ni—Si Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910008071 Si-Ni Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910004028 SiCU Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910006300 Si—Ni Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- -1 aluminum (copper) -silicon Chemical compound 0.000 description 2
- 229910002056 binary alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- WCCJDBZJUYKDBF-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper silicon Chemical compound [Si].[Cu] WCCJDBZJUYKDBF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910021419 crystalline silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000005496 eutectics Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- PEUPIGGLJVUNEU-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel silicon Chemical compound [Si].[Ni] PEUPIGGLJVUNEU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910018067 Cu3Si Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910005883 NiSi Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910008332 Si-Ti Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910002796 Si–Al Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910006749 Si—Ti Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910004339 Ti-Si Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910010978 Ti—Si Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012072 active phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008025 crystallization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000921 elemental analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009830 intercalation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002687 intercalation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002086 nanomaterial Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010298 pulverizing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003746 solid phase reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006104 solid solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010671 solid-state reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011800 void material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010792 warming Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/04—Processes of manufacture in general
- H01M4/0471—Processes of manufacture in general involving thermal treatment, e.g. firing, sintering, backing particulate active material, thermal decomposition, pyrolysis
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/139—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/1395—Processes of manufacture of electrodes based on metals, Si or alloys
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B33/00—Silicon; Compounds thereof
- C01B33/06—Metal silicides
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/04—Processes of manufacture in general
- H01M4/0402—Methods of deposition of the material
- H01M4/0421—Methods of deposition of the material involving vapour deposition
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/134—Electrodes based on metals, Si or alloys
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
- H01M4/364—Composites as mixtures
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
- H01M4/386—Silicon or alloys based on silicon
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/624—Electric conductive fillers
- H01M4/626—Metals
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/64—Carriers or collectors
- H01M4/66—Selection of materials
- H01M4/661—Metal or alloys, e.g. alloy coatings
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/027—Negative electrodes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
- H01M4/366—Composites as layered products
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for stabilizing copper-rich silicide phases, in which a silicon layer structure is applied to a carrier substrate.
- the invention further relates to the use of the method according to the invention for the production of a high-capacity electrode material in a lithium-ion battery, in particular for a silicon anode and an anode material and its use in a battery cell and a lithium-ion battery, and a Anode made by the method of the invention.
- the three silicides of a copper-silicon mixed layer existing at low temperature in the equilibrium state are CuaSi, Cui5Si4 and CusSi.
- the stable intermetallic phase with the highest concentration of silicon is CuaSi (Chromik, RR, Neils, WK & Cotts, EJ Thermodynamic and kinetic study of solid state reactions in the Cu-Si system. Journal of Applied Physics 86, 4273 (1999) ) .
- higher silicon proportions hypereutectic phase, Cu3-aSi (a>0)
- corresponding mixtures of (Si) and the CuaSi phase are formed.
- the CuaSi phase first occurs at a Warming from 170°C (Russell, SW, Li, J. & Mayer, JW In situ Observation of fractal growth during a-Si crystallization in a Cu3Si matrix. Journal of Applied Physics 70, 5153-5155 (1991)), at higher ones temperatures, this changes into the copper phases Cui5Si4 and CusSi.
- a structure is formed in which the phases are formed according to their proportions. The shape and distribution of this structure is determined by the cooling rate in an annealing process used to treat the layer.
- phase separation depends on the elements involved in the layer and the intermetallic phases formed.
- binary systems such as Cu-Si with three intermetallic phases and Ni-Si with five intermetallic phases
- Al-Si in which there is a eutectic but no intermetallic phases are formed, see phase diagrams Cu-Si (Fig. 1 ) , Ni-Si (Fig. 2) , Al-Si (Fig. 3) , Ti-Si (Fig. 4) .
- phase separation and structure formation can also be specifically varied.
- the object of the present invention in particular to provide a method with which the properties of the phase separation and a corresponding structure formation can be varied in a targeted manner, wherein the process should be as simple, quick and efficient as possible.
- the object is solved by a method according to independent claim 1 .
- a method for stabilizing copper-rich silicide phases in a microstructure in which a silicon layer structure is applied to a carrier substrate, one layer of the silicon layer structure made of a mixture of at least one metal and silicon is applied, which is then subjected to short-term tempering , by setting process parameters such as a pulse duration in the range of 0.01 to 100 ms and / or a pulse energy in the range of 0.1 to 100 J / cm 2 of the short-term annealing and a preheating or cooling of the carrier substrate in the range of 4 ° C to 200°C and a material selection of the applied mixture of the layer of the silicon layer structure, a phase separation in the applied layer is controlled and the microstructure forms.
- Short-term tempering is understood to mean, in particular, flash lamp tempering and/or laser tempering.
- the flash lamp annealing takes place with a pulse duration or annealing time in the range from 0.3 to 20 ms and a pulse energy in the range from 0.3 to 100 J/cm 2 .
- the annealing time is adjusted from 0.01 to 100 ms by the scanning speed of the local heating site to produce an energy density of 0.1 to 100 J/cm 2 .
- the heating ramps achieved in the short-term tempering are in the range of 10 A 4-10 A 7 K/s required for the process.
- Flash lamp annealing uses a spectrum in the visible wavelength range for this purpose, whereas in the Laser annealing uses discrete wavelengths in the infrared (IR) to ultraviolet (UV) spectrum.
- a layer stack comprises at least one ply or layer, with a ply or layer being formed from at least one material or a mixture of more than one material.
- location and layer are used synonymously.
- the short-term tempering allows the tempering steps to be carried out quickly and efficiently.
- the short-time annealing offers a wide variety of process settings, such as the flash lamp or Laser energy, the pulse duration and the preheating or cooling of the substrate.
- the phase separation forms a conductive matrix made of metal or silicides, in which nanoscale silicon is embedded.
- Nanoscale silicon is understood to mean silicon in an amorphous or nanocrystalline order that is spatially present in at least one dimension of less than 100 nm. 100 nm applies to crystalline Si as the limit value for a volume expansion with lithium storage, up to which the stress reduction takes place without destroying the morphology, i.e. no cracks, fractures or the like.
- the carrier substrate is formed primarily from copper.
- Copper-rich silicide phases are naturally more conductive than less copper-rich silicide phases. If areas with high and low Si concentration form in any Si-Cu mixture, this is correspondingly favorable for the application in a battery and its performance. However, if copper silicides with a higher concentration are formed instead of CuaSi as a result of the short-term annealing, more areas of pure silicon remain as a result. This achieves both a high conductivity of the silicide matrix and a high utilization of the remaining (amorphous or nanocrystalline) silicon. It has been shown that in In extreme cases, a pure copper matrix can even form in the silicon layer as a result of phase separation, which represents the ideal case for a corresponding nanostructure.
- a copper silicide matrix is formed in the layers of the silicon layer structure by the phase separation.
- the nanostructuring can be specifically influenced by varying the pulse length.
- Dendritically conductive matrices are formed, which also allow a thicker layer of low-conductivity silicon to have good electrical conductivity.
- Dendrites are tree- or shrub-like crystal structures. They arise to a greater extent through the admixture of aluminum in silicon metal layers.
- the copper silicide matrix in addition to the stable intermetallic phases (copper silicide phases) CugSi, Cui5Si4 and CusSi that exist in a state of thermodynamic equilibrium at room temperature, is formed by short-term annealing from high-temperature-stabilized copper-rich intermetallic phases, such as CugSi and CugSi , formed / generated , with these copper - rich intermetallic phases also forming in silicon - rich Si - Cu mixtures . Despite the high proportion of silicon, the mixtures form copper, i.e. in hypoeutectic concentrations.
- one or more of the elements nickel (Ni), aluminum (Al), tin (Sn) or titanium (Ti) are added in the layer of the silicon layer structure.
- nickel-silicon five intermetallic phases exist, whereas in systems like Al-Si only one eutectic exists and no intermetallic phases are formed.
- aluminum promotes dendrite formation in Cu-Si systems and increases the conductivity of the silicon.
- lithium-active phases exist for Sn and Ti. These can moderate the volume expansion in silicon without creating sharp boundary surfaces during volume expansion.
- a nanostructuring of the silicide matrix is set by the short-time annealing.
- the nanostructuring can be specifically varied.
- a form and a distribution of the phases that form within the copper silicide matrix are adjusted by means of a cooling rate.
- a phase separation with large microstructures can be set by means of a slow cooling rate and a phase separation with small microstructures by means of a fast cooling rate.
- Copper silicide matrix of copper-rich silicides such as CugSi, CugSi, CugSi or Cu x Si y with x, y as natural numbers more than 50% of the total silicide shares.
- the quantity of silicides in the layer should be set in such a way that the total capacity of the copper silicide matrix/silicon layer does not fall below 2000 mAh/cm 2 in order to ensure sufficient battery capacity.
- the dimensions of the phases formed, such as CuaSi, Cui5Si4 and CusSi, which have formed in the multilayer structure produced according to the invention in the silicon layer as a copper silicide matrix are visibly 200 nm in a silicon layer Ipm thick. By subdividing the individual layers more finely, this can be adjusted as required for sufficient stabilization in battery operation.
- the goal is a copper silicide matrix that stabilizes the silicon.
- the proportion of copper silicide (CuSi) must therefore be large enough so that the stability limit of pure silicon is not exceeded.
- Amorphous silicon regions in the order of 100 nm are typically ideal for stable battery operation with a large volume expansion.
- Dendritic conductive matrices also allow good electrical contacting of a thicker layer of low-conductivity silicon. This dendrite formation occurs to a greater extent through the admixture of aluminum in Si metal layers.
- the layers of the Sili zium layer structure are advantageous by dry deposition methods such as physical (PVD), such. B. sputtering and/or chemical vapor deposition (CVD) applied.
- PVD physical
- CVD chemical vapor deposition
- phase separation described takes place with the formation of various intermetallic phases, sometimes simultaneously, sometimes one after the other. These intermetallic phases have different densities or lattice parameters on . It is therefore possible that before a final state or a final phase is reached, intermediate phases are formed, which have a lower density or take up more space. At the end of the process, the result is a foam structure with cavity structures distributed in the heterogeneous silicide matrix in which amorphous silicon is embedded. These cavity structures can additionally compensate for the volume expansion of the silicon during lithium intercalation. In the method according to the invention it could be proven that the layer thickness of a material system has increased fivefold, although with typical lattice expansions and oxide formation a doubling or tripling is realistic. The rest of the thick or Volume increase is therefore attributed to the void structures formed.
- anode material for an electrochemical cell in particular a lithium-ion battery.
- This anode material can be used in a battery cell Come use, which in turn can be installed in a battery with at least one battery cell.
- the advantage of the method according to the invention is that the properties described are not created and achieved by complicated processes, but they naturally result from the targeted use of short-term tempering. This happens in one process step and is highly scalable and therefore extremely cost-effective. Other processes are significantly more complex, require much more energy than short-term tempering and cannot be used in a scalable manner.
- the object on which the invention is based is also achieved by an anode according to claim 16 .
- the anode according to the invention is suitable for use in a lithium ion battery and comprises a current collector, preferably made of copper, and a multilayer structure deposited on the current collector, which is produced by the method according to claims 1 to 11.
- the multilayer structure is formed from at least two layers, one layer being formed from a mixture of at least one metal and silicon, which form a copper silicide matrix, the copper silicide matrix (intermetallic) phases depending on the used includes metal.
- the copper silicide matrix has a lateral extent of 50% to 90% normalized to the final layer thickness of the multilayer structure.
- the anode according to the invention there is a microstructure in the multilayer structure formed, which has different intermetallic metal-rich phases, in addition to CugSi, Cui5si4 and CugSi, a high proportion of copper-rich silicides such as CugSi, CugSi and CugSi, with the extent of the phases formed being at least 50% normalized to the final layer thickness in the microstructure, with pure Silicon per layer has a maximum thickness of Ipm. For example, with a 1.5 pm thick Cu-Si layer, the extent of the copper silicide matrix should be at least 0.5 pm.
- a maximum expansion of 300 nm applies, for amorphous silicon a maximum expansion of Ipm as the upper limit for stable, uniform volume expansion with lithium storage without the silicon structure pulverizing. This is referred to as the stability criterion for pure silicon.
- the total percentage by volume of the nanoscale silicon embedded within the copper silicide matrix is 40% to 95%, based on a total Si content of the multilayer structure, so that the stability criterion is not met.
- Fig. 3 aluminum (copper) -silicon phase diagram
- Fig. 4 titanium (aluminum) silicon phase diagram
- Fig. 5 Cu-Si-Ti - phase diagram
- Fig. 6 Schematic representation of the layer structure and the formation of the phase separation after flash lamp annealing
- Fig. 7 SEM image of an overall layer of Si/Cu/Si with a formed copper silicide matrix (dendrite structure) produced using the method according to the invention
- Fig. 8 SEM image and elemental analysis of a Cu-Si-Ni system produced using the method according to the invention.
- Fig. 9 SEM image of a Cu-Si-Al system .
- FIG. 6 shows a schematic representation of a silicon layer structure 1 that has been produced, with silicon 2 and copper layers 3 and/or layers made of materials other than copper alternating. Due to the short-time annealing, in particular flash lamp annealing or laser annealing 4, heterogeneous mixed layers are formed as a result of phase separation 5.
- the system produced has large areas of amorphous silicon 7, which has a high storage capacity for storing lithium.
- areas are formed in which the copper grows together with the silicon and forms the desired dendrites, which can form a copper silicide (CuSi x ) matrix 6 through to a pure copper matrix and thus have high electrical conductivity.
- FIG. 1 shows a schematic representation of a silicon layer structure 1 that has been produced, with silicon 2 and copper layers 3 and/or layers made of materials other than copper alternating. Due to the short-time annealing, in particular flash lamp annealing or laser annealing 4, heterogeneous mixed layers are formed as a result of phase separation 5.
- Fig. 7 shows an SEM image of a heterogeneous mixed layer by phase separation, which was effected and produced using the method according to the invention.
- the overall layer of Si/Cu/Si shows two layers of Si, each 1pm thick, with Cu in between with a thickness of 300nm. After the short-term tempering, the Cu has grown together with the Si, and the desired dendrites are formed. In about 50% of each Si layer, dendrites made of Cu or CuSi x formed.
- the bright areas are copper-rich silicides or Copper, which is distributed heterogeneously in the silicon (dark parts).
- copper-rich phases can also be formed in hypereutectic systems CU(3 ⁇ a )Si(a>0).
- CugSi which is stable at low temperatures
- CugSi and even CugSi phases could also be measured using X-ray diffractometry.
- nickel to the system also promotes the formation of these copper-rich silicide phases.
- the formation of the copper-rich silicide phases is caused by the limited kinetics and diffusion during the short-term annealing process, in which hypoeutectic concentrations also occur locally in hypereutectic systems and thus the formation of copper-rich phases.
- materials such as aluminum, which do not form intermetallic phases with silicon, supports this process additionally .
- Figure 8 shows a Cu-Si-Ni system (REM image as well as element analysis), in which a NiSi x layer of copper or Copper-rich silicides are formed as dendrites in silicon (the starting point is a Si/Ni/CuSi x structure).
- FIG. 9 shows a complex layer structure on a CuSi x layer with both dendrite structures and copper inclusions as particle-like structures, which condense as a result of an admixture of aluminum in the silicon.
- the method according to the invention enables the formation of a conductive matrix of metal and silicides in which nanoscale Si is embedded.
- the method according to the invention enables the formation of a copper-rich silicide matrix up to a pure copper matrix, which results in a significant improvement in the heterogeneity of the mixed layer and, consequently, in battery performance.
- the structure of the enveloping conductive matrix can be adjusted through the targeted variation of the process parameters, such as the pulse duration, pulse energy of the short-time annealing and preheating or cooling. Both particle-like embedding, pyramidal, coral-like, dendritic structures and columnar columnar structures are possible in order to select the best structure for the application.
- the method according to the invention enables the production of foam structures in the layered layer, which results in improved stress compensation when lithium is embedded in silicon and thus improves battery performance. LIST OF REFERENCE NUMERALS 1 Silicon layer structure
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Abstract
Description
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Applications Claiming Priority (5)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102021120615 | 2021-08-09 | ||
| DE102021120635 | 2021-08-09 | ||
| DE102021120624 | 2021-08-09 | ||
| DE102021126493 | 2021-10-13 | ||
| PCT/EP2022/072350 WO2023017034A1 (de) | 2021-08-09 | 2022-08-09 | Verfahren zur stabilisierung von kupferreichen silizid-phasen sowie deren verwendung in einer lithium-ionen-batterie |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP4385082A1 true EP4385082A1 (de) | 2024-06-19 |
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ID=83228831
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP22765423.3A Pending EP4385082A1 (de) | 2021-08-09 | 2022-08-09 | Verfahren zur stabilisierung von kupferreichen silizid-phasen sowie deren verwendung in einer lithium-ionen-batterie |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20250125332A1 (de) |
| EP (1) | EP4385082A1 (de) |
| JP (1) | JP2024533950A (de) |
| KR (1) | KR20240042037A (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2023017034A1 (de) |
-
2022
- 2022-08-09 KR KR1020247007481A patent/KR20240042037A/ko active Pending
- 2022-08-09 EP EP22765423.3A patent/EP4385082A1/de active Pending
- 2022-08-09 WO PCT/EP2022/072350 patent/WO2023017034A1/de not_active Ceased
- 2022-08-09 US US18/682,039 patent/US20250125332A1/en active Pending
- 2022-08-09 JP JP2024504509A patent/JP2024533950A/ja active Pending
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP2024533950A (ja) | 2024-09-18 |
| KR20240042037A (ko) | 2024-04-01 |
| WO2023017034A1 (de) | 2023-02-16 |
| US20250125332A1 (en) | 2025-04-17 |
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