EP4323565A1 - Fils et cables electriques pour applications spatiales - Google Patents
Fils et cables electriques pour applications spatialesInfo
- Publication number
- EP4323565A1 EP4323565A1 EP22722293.2A EP22722293A EP4323565A1 EP 4323565 A1 EP4323565 A1 EP 4323565A1 EP 22722293 A EP22722293 A EP 22722293A EP 4323565 A1 EP4323565 A1 EP 4323565A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- silver
- advantageously
- copper
- wire
- conductor
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 128
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 128
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 128
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 97
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 229910000881 Cu alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000004642 Polyimide Substances 0.000 claims description 47
- 229920001721 polyimide Polymers 0.000 claims description 47
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- 229920001774 Perfluoroether Polymers 0.000 claims description 13
- NNFCIKHAZHQZJG-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium cyanide Chemical compound [K+].N#[C-] NNFCIKHAZHQZJG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- LFAGQMCIGQNPJG-UHFFFAOYSA-N silver cyanide Chemical compound [Ag+].N#[C-] LFAGQMCIGQNPJG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 229940098221 silver cyanide Drugs 0.000 claims description 8
- -1 polytetrafluoroethylene, ethylene tetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 abstract description 21
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 abstract description 11
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 66
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 41
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 41
- 229920001021 polysulfide Polymers 0.000 description 19
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 17
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 17
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 15
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 12
- 229920000840 ethylene tetrafluoroethylene copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 10
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 9
- 238000009954 braiding Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000004627 transmission electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 4
- 208000036765 Squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus Diseases 0.000 description 4
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000009713 electroplating Methods 0.000 description 4
- 208000007276 esophageal squamous cell carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 4
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000005282 brightening Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008025 crystallization Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000004070 electrodeposition Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000002791 soaking Methods 0.000 description 3
- HYHCSLBZRBJJCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium polysulfide Chemical compound [Na+].S HYHCSLBZRBJJCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 206010035148 Plague Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 241000607479 Yersinia pestis Species 0.000 description 2
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004040 coloring Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003989 dielectric material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- QHSJIZLJUFMIFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethene;1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethene Chemical group C=C.FC(F)=C(F)F QHSJIZLJUFMIFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000001341 grazing-angle X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000003378 silver Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000035882 stress Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004876 x-ray fluorescence Methods 0.000 description 2
- FGUUSXIOTUKUDN-IBGZPJMESA-N C1(=CC=CC=C1)N1C2=C(NC([C@H](C1)NC=1OC(=NN=1)C1=CC=CC=C1)=O)C=CC=C2 Chemical compound C1(=CC=CC=C1)N1C2=C(NC([C@H](C1)NC=1OC(=NN=1)C1=CC=CC=C1)=O)C=CC=C2 FGUUSXIOTUKUDN-IBGZPJMESA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910017526 Cu-Cr-Zr Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910017810 Cu—Cr—Zr Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000990 Ni alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000429 assembly Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000712 assembly Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000295 complement effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010924 continuous production Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010292 electrical insulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007689 inspection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011810 insulating material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000006911 nucleation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010899 nucleation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003908 quality control method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008646 thermal stress Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005491 wire drawing Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D3/00—Electroplating: Baths therefor
- C25D3/02—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions
- C25D3/46—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions of silver
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D5/00—Electroplating characterised by the process; Pretreatment or after-treatment of workpieces
- C25D5/18—Electroplating using modulated, pulsed or reversing current
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D7/00—Electroplating characterised by the article coated
- C25D7/06—Wires; Strips; Foils
- C25D7/0607—Wires
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B7/00—Insulated conductors or cables characterised by their form
- H01B7/17—Protection against damage caused by external factors, e.g. sheaths or armouring
- H01B7/28—Protection against damage caused by moisture, corrosion, chemical attack or weather
- H01B7/2806—Protection against damage caused by corrosion
Definitions
- the present invention relates to electrical wires and cables containing a copper or copper alloy conductor coated with a layer of silver and having enhanced resistance to oxidation and corrosion.
- these wires and cables can be used for space applications.
- the ESCC standard European Space Components Coordination
- N°3901 (May 2013) defines a family of electrical wires and cables for space applications.
- SPC Silicon Plated Copper
- Said ESCC-3901 standard also stipulates a minimum silver coating thickness of 2 ⁇ m on all SPC conductors, unlike the majority of applications where SPC conductors are coated with a minimum of 1 ⁇ m silver per ASTM B298. (December 2017).
- the reason for this doubling of the silver thickness is linked to the requirements of the space application where the protection of electrical and electronic systems against corrosion is of extreme importance. This is the reason why the said ESCC-3901 standard imposes a so-called Antony & Brown control test, hereinafter A&B test, on the SPC conductors contained in the SPC wires and cables in order to guarantee the quality of the silver coating.
- this A&B test is basically a corrosion test to determine the level of resistance of SPC conductors to corrosion called "red plague” , or "red plague” in English, which can be interpreted as the oxidation of copper.
- a sample of 20 mm insulation stripped SPC conductor is placed in a container in which an oxygen-rich atmosphere prevails using a continuous flow of oxygen.
- the assembly is subjected to a temperature of 58° C. for 240 hours or 10 whole days.
- a microscopic inspection is carried out with x20 magnification and the oxidation state of the sample is determined by assigning a code which ranges over 6 levels, as explained in table 1 below.
- Table 1 Said standard strictly penalizes any sample of codes 4 and 5, that is to say presenting a major defect of corrosion by oxidation of the copper or copper alloy.
- the Polysulphide test consists of immersing an SPC conductor in a solution of sodium polysulphide for 30 seconds, then rinsing and drying it. A binocular examination is then carried out with x10 magnification. It is considered that the test is good when no point of corrosion on the conductor is observed (resistance to oxidation).
- the manufacture of SPC wires and cables typically involves several steps.
- the first step is to perform an electroplating (or electrolytic deposition) of silver, more often called silvering, on round wires called copper or copper alloy blanks.
- the operation is continuous, sometimes called “reel to reel”. More precisely, several wires as a cathode run through an electrolytic silvering bath in which a pure silver anode is installed.
- an electric generator delivers a direct current between the cathode and the anode. This current generates an electrolysis making it possible simultaneously to dissolve on the one hand the silver anode and on the other hand to deposit a silver coating on the moving wires.
- the second step is called drawing, which consists of reducing the diameter of a silver blank wire by mechanical force and cold.
- drawing machine is used containing a set of 5 to 30 dies depending on the need, the diameters of which gradually decrease.
- the silver wires after drawing are called SPC strands, which will be used to make up either an SPC conductive strand or an SPC electromagnetic shield (braided or helical).
- the third step called stranding is the implementation of an SPC conductor itself. Using a so-called “strander” machine, a precise number of SPC strands are assembled according to one of the construction methods defined in the ASTM B258 standard.
- the fourth step consists of putting a layer of dielectric around an SPC conductive core to obtain an SPC electric wire.
- the dielectric materials used here are generally based on polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) and polyimide, all qualified by the ESCC3901 standard.
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- ETFE ethylene tetrafluoroethylene
- polyimide all qualified by the ESCC3901 standard.
- the operation is carried out either by extrusion for PTFE and ETFE, or by taping for PTFE and polyimide in the form of a ribbon.
- these SPC yarns are coated with a thin finishing layer, sometimes called coating, based on polyimide in order to provide them with additional functions, for example coloring.
- the implementation of this solid topcoat is generally carried out from a polyimide liquid using one or more passages in an oven of 250°C to 500°C depending on the need.
- the fifth step puts several (from 2 to 4) electrical wires into a twisted bundle by stranding in order to obtain a subset of SPC electrical wires.
- the sixth step called braiding or wrapping consists in implementing a layer of SPC strands around a subset of electric wires.
- This layer of braid or covering often called shielding, forms a protective screen against electromagnetic disturbances.
- the seventh step makes it possible to finalize the manufacture of the SPC cable by placing a protective sheath around a subset of shielded wires.
- Sheath materials are PTFE, ETFE, perfluoroalkoxy (PFA) and polyimide, all qualified to ESCC3901. The operation produced either by extrusion for PTFE, PFA and ETFE, or by taping for PTFE and Polyimide in the form of a ribbon.
- step El of this process that is to say by using an electrolytic deposition of silver by a pulsed current with inversion (CPI) at the instead of direct current (DC).
- CPI pulsed current with inversion
- DC direct current
- the inventors have thus realized that electrodeposition under CPI, when it is well controlled and therefore under specific conditions, makes it possible to best optimize the nucleation and the growth of the electrolytic deposit and consequently to improve the performance of conductor SPC in A&B test. It is thus even possible to reduce the thickness of the silver layer deposited on the SPC conductor to only 1 ⁇ m thanks to the method according to the invention while allowing said SPC conductor to have better resistance to the A&B test than the conductors Standard SPC (whose silver layer is obtained by DC electrolytic deposition) whose thickness of the deposited silver layer is 2 ⁇ m. Indeed the inventors have noticed that the silver coating produced under CPI has a better state of crystallization, more homogeneous and denser.
- the present invention therefore relates to a process for manufacturing a draft wire made of copper or of silver-plated copper alloy, the thickness of the silver layer of which is between 1.5 ⁇ m and 15 ⁇ m, advantageously between 2 ⁇ m and 10 ⁇ m, comprising the step of electroplating silver (electroplating) onto the copper or copper alloy blank wire, said electroplating taking place under reverse pulse current (IPC) in a silvering bath comprising from 40 to 70 g/l, in particular from 40 to 65 g/l, more particularly from 45 to 60 g/l, of silver cyanide (AgCN) and from 90 g/l to 150 g/l, in particular from 90 to 140 g/l, more particularly from 100 to 130 g/l, of potassium cyanide (KCN), the electrolytic conditions being the following:
- - average current density Jm between 1.5 A/dm 2 and 15 A/dm 2 , advantageously between 1.78 A/dm 2 and 10 A/dm 2 , in particular between 1.78 A/dm 2 and 5 A/ dm2 ;
- - pulse frequency f between 0.8 Hz and 1.6 Hz, advantageously between 0.8 Hz and 1.4 Hz, in particular 1 Hz;
- duty cycle Q of between 50 and 80%, advantageously between 55% and 65%;
- A/dm 2 advantageously between 5 A/dm 2 and 10 A/dm 2 , more particularly between 3 A/dm 2 and 8 A/dm 2 , advantageously between 5 A/dm 2 and 7 A/dm 2 ,;
- A/dm 2 advantageously between 1.28 A/dm 2 and 4.2 A/dm 2 , more particularly between 1.28 and 3.1 A/dm 2 even more particularly between 1.28 and 2.16 A/ dm 2 ;
- the term “draft wire made of copper or silver-plated copper alloy” means any round wire, not usable directly in a conductor, made of copper or copper alloy, coated with a layer of silver. .
- the diameter of the roughing wire is between 0.1 and 1.5 mm, in particular between 1 mm and 0.2 mm.
- the copper alloy of the blank wire according to the invention can be any usable copper alloy in the blank wires such as a Cu-Be-Ni alloy, the composition of which in % by mass is for example Be: 0 .2-0.6%, Ni: 1.4-2.2%, Cu: the balance or a Cu-Cr-Zr alloy, the composition of which in mass % is for example Cr: 0.10-1.05 %, Zr: 0.01-0.105%, Cu: the balance.
- a Cu-Be-Ni alloy the composition of which in % by mass is for example Be: 0 .2-0.6%, Ni: 1.4-2.2%
- Cu the balance
- a Cu-Cr-Zr alloy the composition of which in mass % is for example Cr: 0.10-1.05 %, Zr: 0.01-0.105%
- Cu the balance.
- electrolytic deposition of silver under pulsed current with inversion or “electrolytic deposition of silver under CPI” means any electrolytic deposition of silver or electrodeposition of silver or silvering in which is used a discontinuous and modulated electrolytic current in the form of a series of cathodic pulses at a certain given frequency, each cathodic pulse being followed by an anodic pulse, preceded or not and/or followed or not by a period of rest, advantageously not with no rest period.
- FIG. 1 Current density J in A/dm 2 as a function of time in s
- T represents the period (in s)
- Te represents the maintenance time of the cathodic pulse (in s)
- Ta represents the maintenance time of the anodic pulse (in s)
- Tr represents the rest time (in s)
- Je represents the current density of the cathodic peak (in A/dm 2 )
- Ja represents the current density of the anodic peak (in A/dm 2 )
- Jm represents the average current density over the period T (in A/dm 2 ).
- the duty cycle Q (in %) is defined as the ratio of the portion of the time of the cathodic pulse Te over the period T, according to the following formula
- the method according to the invention therefore makes it possible to cover the blank wire with a continuous layer of silver with a thickness of between 1.5 ⁇ m and 15 ⁇ m, advantageously between 2 ⁇ m and 10 ⁇ m.
- the process is a continuous process.
- several blank wires, in particular at least 3 blank wires, more advantageously 5 blank wires, as cathode pass through the electrolytic silver plating bath in which a pure silver anode is installed.
- the electric generator for example of the Harlor PE86CB-20-10-50S type, delivers a discontinuous current between the cathode and the anode and modulated in the form of a series of cathode pulses at a certain given frequency. , each cathodic pulse being followed by an anodic pulse. This current generates an electrolysis making it possible simultaneously to dissolve on the one hand the silver anode and on the other hand to deposit a silver coating on the running blank wires.
- the electrolytic silvering bath is an aqueous electrolytic bath comprising silver cyanide and potassium cyanide. It can also comprise additives such as a brightener additive, advantageously in a concentration of between 10 ml/l and 50 ml/l, in particular 19 ml/l.
- the electrolytic bath can be a high-speed bath, advantageously operating from 3 A/dm 2 .
- the running speed of the threads can be 4.0 m/min.
- the present invention further relates to a draft wire made of copper or silver-plated copper alloy, the thickness of the silver layer of which is between 1.5 ⁇ m and 15 ⁇ m, advantageously between 2 ⁇ m and 10 ⁇ m, capable of be obtained by the process according to the invention. It is possible to distinguish this silver blank wire from a standard silver blank wire (obtained by electrolytic deposition of silver under direct current) by using very advanced means of analysis such as transmission electron microscopy TEM ( transmission electron microscopy) combined with grazing incidence X-ray diffraction. Indeed the silver coating produced under CPI presents a better state of crystallization, is more homogeneous and denser.
- the blank wire is in particular as described above.
- the draft wire made of copper or of silver-plated copper alloy according to the invention does not show any faults or only minor faults in the A&B test according to standard ECSS-Q-ST-70-20C (July 2008), in particular it has the code 0, 1, 2 or 3, more particularly the code 0, 1 or 2, even more particularly the code 0 or 1, even more particularly the code 0, in the A&B test according to ECSS-Q-ST standard -70- 20C.
- the draft wire made of copper or of silver-plated copper alloy according to the invention does not show any defect in the polysulphide test according to the ISO 10308 standard (Qanvier 2006), in particular in the more severe polysulphide test in which the quenching time of the wire in sodium polysulfide solution was lengthened to 20 minutes.
- the blank copper or silver-plated copper alloy wire according to the invention exhibits good adhesion to the adhesion test which consists of winding the wire around itself 5 to 6 times and then examining it under binocular observation at x10 magnification. It is considered that the adhesion is good only if no crack or detachment on the silver coating is detected.
- the diameter of the silver blank wire according to the invention is between 0.1 mm and 1.5 mm.
- the present invention further relates to a method for manufacturing a copper or silver-plated copper alloy strand, the thickness of the silver layer of which is between 1 ⁇ m and 1.5 ⁇ m, comprising the step of drawing the wire blank copper or silver-plated copper alloy according to the invention.
- the drawing step according to the invention makes it possible to reduce the diameter of the silver blank wire according to the invention.
- this step is carried out cold, advantageously at room temperature, in particular by mechanical force, for example using a so-called drawing machine which can contain a set of 5 to 30 dies depending on the need, advantageously by reducing the diameter of the roughing wire of at least 6.6% (ratio between the final diameter of the strand and the diameter of the roughing wire), advantageously so as to obtain a strand with a diameter of between 0.063 mm and 0.254 mm.
- the present invention further relates to a copper or silvered copper alloy strand, the thickness of the silver layer of which is between 1 ⁇ m and 1.5 ⁇ m, in particular between 1 ⁇ m and 1.4 ⁇ m, more particularly between 1.1 pm and 1.3 pm.
- the silver strand according to the invention has a diameter of between 0.063 mm and 0.254 mm, in particular between 0.079 mm and 0.2 mm, more particularly between 0.1 mm and 0.2 mm.
- the silver strand according to the invention does not show any faults or only minor faults in the A&B test according to the ECSS-Q-ST-70-20C standard (July 2008), in particular it has the code 0, 1, 2 or 3, more particularly code 0, 1 or 2, even more particularly code 0 or 1, even more particularly code 0, in the A&B test according to standard ECSS-Q-ST-70-20C.
- the silver strand according to the invention does not show any defect in the polysulphide test according to the ISO 10308 January 2006 standard), in particular in the more severe polysulphide test in which the soaking time of the strand in the sodium polysulphide solution has been lengthened. 20 minutes away.
- the silver strand according to the invention exhibits good adhesion to the adhesion test which consists of wrapping the strand around itself 5 to 6 times and then examining it under binocular observation at x10 magnification. It is considered that the adhesion is good only if no crack or detachment on the silver coating is detected.
- the present invention further relates to a silver conductor (or SPC conductor) comprising at least one silver strand according to the invention, advantageously all the strands of which are according to the invention. It is in particular an electrical conductor.
- a silver conductor or SPC conductor
- the conductor according to the invention is a single-strand or multi-strand conductor, advantageously a multi-strand conductor.
- the conductor is multi-stranded. It can for example contain 7, 19, 27, 37, 45, and 61 silver strands according to the invention and 7*7 silver strands according to the invention.
- the conductor according to the present invention contains 19 or 37 silver strands according to the invention, even more advantageously 19 silver strands according to the invention.
- the assemblies according to the ASTM B258 standard can be used such as for example twists, concentrics (in particular 19, 61 or 37 silver strands according to the invention), Equilay, semi-concentric, Unilay (in particular 19 silver strands according to the invention) or Ropelay (in particular for 7*7 silver strands according to the invention).
- the electrical conductor contains 19 silver strands according to the invention assembled concentrically.
- the conductor according to the invention is obtained by stranding (or assembly) of the silver strands according to the invention.
- the silver conductor (or SPC conductor) according to the invention does not present any fault or only minor faults in the A&B test according to standard ECSS-Q-ST-70-20C (July 2008), in particular it has the code 0, 1, 2 or 3, more particularly code 1 or 2, even more particularly code 1, in the A&B test according to standard ECSS-Q-ST-70-20C.
- the silver conductor according to the invention does not show any defect in the polysulphide test according to the ISO 10308 January 2006 standard), in particular in the more severe polysulphide test in which the quenching time of the conductor in the sodium polysulphide solution has been lengthened. 20 minutes away.
- the silver conductor according to the invention exhibits good adhesion to the adhesion test which consists of wrapping the conductor around itself 5 to 6 times and then examining it under binocular observation at x10 magnification. It is considered that the adhesion is good only if no crack or detachment on the silver coating is detected.
- the present invention further relates to an electromagnetic shielding layer (braided or helical) comprising at least one silver strand according to the invention, advantageously all the strands of which are according to the invention, in particular intended for an electric cable.
- an electromagnetic shielding layer (braided or helical) comprising at least one silver strand according to the invention, advantageously all the strands of which are according to the invention, in particular intended for an electric cable.
- the shielding layer according to the invention is obtained by helical assembly (or wrapping) of the silver strands according to the invention.
- the present invention further relates to an electrical wire (or SPC electrical wire) comprising a silver conductor according to the invention.
- the electrical wire further includes an insulation layer.
- the insulating material used for manufacturing the insulation layer is a dielectric material, that is to say one which does not conduct electricity.
- the main function of the dielectric is to maintain the electrical insulation performance between the main conductor of a cable and the conductive elements (at earth potential) for a defined period of time and in a defined environment.
- the materials of the insulation layer are all qualified by the ESCC3901 standard ( May 2013).
- the insulating layer of the electric wire according to the invention comprises polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) and/or polyimide, in particular polyimide and/or PTFE, said layer being advantageously produced by extrusion or by wrapping, such as by extrusion for PTFE and ETFE or by wrapping for PTFE and polyimide in the form of tape.
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- ETFE ethylene tetrafluoroethylene
- polyimide and/or PTFE polyimide
- the PTFE can also be sintered in order to give it optimized mechanical, thermal and dielectric properties, for example by passing it through the oven at a temperature of between 380° C. and 475° C.
- the insulation layer is advantageously obtained by taping and may for example consist of one or more tapes, in particular:
- the electric wire according to the invention further comprises a finishing layer on the insulation layer, based on polyimide, in particular in order to provide the wires with complementary functions, for example coloring.
- the implementation of this topcoat is generally carried out from a liquid polyimide using one or more passages, in particular 3, in an oven of 250° C. to 500° C. depending on the need.
- a finishing coat (4, 5, 6) in polyimide is applied by passing the taped wire 3 times in a polyimide-based liquid and then in an oven at 250°C.
- the yarn thus produced has, on average, a diameter of 0.80 mm and a linear mass of 2.00 g/m.
- a conductor according to the invention (1), of the SPC 22- 19x0.160C type, where 22 designates the AWG22, 19x0.160C the construction of 19 SPC strands according to the invention with a diameter of 0.160 mm concentrically, is covered with a polyimide tape (2) produced at a temperature of 150°C.
- a finishing coat (3, 4, 5) in polyimide is applied by passing the taped wire 3 times in a polyimide-based liquid and then in an oven at 250°C.
- the yarn thus produced has, on average, a diameter of 1 mm and a linear mass of 4.15 g/m.
- 3 ribbons (2,3,4) namely a first ribbon (2) 56 mhi thick PTFE, followed by a second tape (3) 25 ⁇ m thick polyimide, then a third tape (4) 50 ⁇ m thick PTFE, all with 50% recovery.
- 3 ribbons (2,3,4) namely a first ribbon (2) 56 mhi thick PTFE, followed by a second tape (3) 25 ⁇ m thick polyimide, then a third tape (4) 50 ⁇ m thick PTFE, all with 50% recovery.
- the conductor of the electric wire (or SPC electric wire) according to the invention does not present any fault or only minor faults in the A&B test according to standard ECSS-Q-ST-70-20C (July 2008), in particular it has code 0, 1, 2 or 3, more particularly code 1 or 2, even more particularly code 1, in the A&B test according to standard ECSS-Q-ST-70-20C.
- the conductor of the electric wire according to the invention does not show any defect in the polysulphide test according to standard ISO 10308 (January 2006), in particular in the more severe polysulphide test in which the soaking time of the conductor stripped of insulation in the solution of sodium polysulfide was lengthened to 20 minutes.
- the electric wire according to the invention can have a diameter comprised between 0.4 mm and 3.0 mm, advantageously between 0.5 and 1.5 mm.
- the electric wire according to the invention is therefore advantageously obtained by taping or extruding dielectric on the silver conductor according to the invention, followed by a possible application of a finishing layer.
- the process for manufacturing the electrical wire according to the invention may comprise the following successive steps: a- electrolytic deposition of silver on a copper or copper alloy blank wire, said electrolytic deposition taking place under pulsed current with inversion in a silvering bath comprising from 40 to 70 g/l of silver cyanide and from 90 g/l to 150 g/l of potassium cyanide, the electrolytic conditions being as described above; b—drawing of the copper or silver-plated copper alloy blank wire obtained in step a); c- stranding (or assembly) of the silver strands obtained in step b); d- taping or extrusion of dielectric on the conductor obtained in step c), followed by possible application of a finishing coat.
- the present invention further relates to an electric cable (or SPC electric cable) comprising at least one electric wire according to the invention, advantageously all the electric wires of which are according to the invention.
- the electric cable according to the invention comprises a shielding layer, in particular metallic, and a sheath.
- the shielding layer helps to deal with problems caused by electromagnetic interference.
- This layer can in particular be braided, rolled up in the form of sheets, a combination of sheets and braiding or in helical form.
- the shielding layer of the electrical cable according to the invention is constituted by the assembly of shielding strands according to the invention, in particular in helical or braided form. It is therefore advantageously the shielding layer according to the invention.
- the sheath comprises polytetrafluoroethylene, ethylene tetrafluoroethylene, perfluoroalkoxy and/or polyimide, in particular perfluoroalkoxy, polyimide and/or PTFE, said sheath being advantageously produced by extrusion or by taping, such as by extrusion for perfluoroalkoxy, PTFE and ETFE or by taping for PTFE and polyimide in tape form.
- PTFE can also be sintered in order to give it optimized mechanical, thermal and dielectric properties, for example by passing it through the oven at a temperature between between 380°C and 475°C.
- the sheath is advantageously obtained by taping and can for example consist of one or more tapes, in particular 2 tapes, such as a first polyimide tape then a second PTFE tape, all with for example an overlap of 25%. It can also be advantageously obtained by extrusion of PFA.
- An electric cable according to the invention is for example illustrated in Figures 5 and 6.
- a subset of 2 electrical wires according to the invention (1) each of them consisting of a conductor according to the invention of the SPC 22-19x0.160C type insulated successively by 3 ribbons, namely a first PTFE tape 56 ⁇ m thick, followed by a second polyimide tape 25 ⁇ m thick, then a third PTFE tape 50 ⁇ m thick, all with 50% overlap, is covered by an electromagnetic shielding layer (2) obtained by braiding silver strands according to the invention of the SPC40-01x0.079 type, itself covered by a PFA sheath (3) obtained by extrusion.
- the cable thus manufactured has, on average, a diameter of 3.27 mm and a linear mass of 21.1 g/m.
- the conductor of the electric cable (or SPC electric cable) according to the invention does not present any fault or only minor faults in the A&B test according to the ECSS-Q-ST-70-20C standard (July 2008), in particular it has code 0, 1, 2 or 3, more particularly code 2 or 3, in the A&B test according to ECSS-Q-ST-70-20C.
- the conductor of the electric cable according to the invention does not show any defect in the polysulphide test according to standard ISO 10308 (January 2006), in particular in the more severe polysulphide test in which the soaking time of the conductor stripped of insulation in the solution of sodium polysulfide was lengthened to 20 minutes.
- the electric cable according to the invention can have a diameter comprised between 1.00 mm and 10.0 mm, advantageously between 2.0 mm and 5.0 mm, more advantageously between 0.5 mm and 4 mm, in particular between 0 .5mm and 1.5mm.
- the electric cable (or SPC electric cable) according to the invention is therefore advantageously obtained by a method comprising the following successive steps:
- the method for manufacturing the electric cable according to the invention may comprise the following successive steps: a- electrolytic deposition of silver on a copper or copper alloy blank wire, said electrolytic deposition taking place under pulsed current with inversion in a silvering bath comprising from 40 to 70 g/l of silver cyanide and from 90 g/l to 150 g/l of potassium cyanide, the electrolytic conditions being as described above; b—drawing of the copper or silver-plated copper alloy blank wire obtained in step a); c- stranding (or assembly) of the silver strands obtained in step b); d— taping or extrusion of dielectric on the conductor obtained in step c), followed by possible application of a finishing coat; e— assembly of several electric wires obtained in step d); f- assembly of silver strands obtained in step b) on the subassembly obtained in step e); g- sheathing of the shielded sub-assembly obtained in step f).
- the present invention finally relates to the use of the electric wire according to the invention or of the electric cable according to the invention in the field of aerospace.
- FIG. 1 schematically represents the CPI mode (electrodeposition under CPI) according to the invention
- FIG. 2 represents an example of an electric wire construction diagram according to the invention according to standard ESCC3901-001-24 (May 2013) comprising a conductor according to the invention (1) of the SPC 26- type.
- FIG. 3 represents an example of an electric wire construction diagram according to the invention according to standard ESCC3901-001-24 (May 2013) comprising a conductor according to the invention (1) of the SPC 22- type
- FIG. 4 represents an example of an electric wire construction diagram according to the invention according to standard ESCC3901-018-06 (May 2013) comprising a conductor according to the invention (1) of the SPC 22-19x0.16C type, two ribbons PTFE (2.4) and polyimide tape (3).
- FIG. 4 represents an example of an electric wire construction diagram according to the invention according to standard ESCC3901-018-06 (May 2013) comprising a conductor according to the invention (1) of the SPC 22-19x0.16C type, two ribbons PTFE (2.4) and polyimide tape (3).
- FIG. 5 represents an example of an electric cable construction diagram according to the invention according to standard ESCC3901-002-70 (March 2013) comprising a subset of 4 electric wires according to the invention each of them consisting of a conductor according to the invention (1) of the SPC 22-19x0.160C type and a polyimide tape (2, 3), the subassembly being covered by a helical shielding layer of silver strands according to the invention of the SPC36-01x0 type .127 (5), itself covered with a polyimide tape (6) and a PTFE tape (7).
- FIG. 6 represents an example of an electric cable construction diagram according to the invention according to standard ESCC3901-018-53 (March 2013) comprising a subset of 2 electric wires according to the invention (1) each of them consisting by a conductor according to the invention of the SPC 22-19x0.160C type insulated successively by 3 tapes, namely a first PTFE tape 56 ⁇ m thick, followed by a second polyimide tape 25 ⁇ m thick, then a third PTFE tape 50 ⁇ m thick, all with 50% coverage, the sub-assembly being covered by an electromagnetic shielding layer (2) obtained by braiding silver strands according to the invention of the SPC40 type -01x0.079, itself covered by a PFA sheath (3) obtained by extrusion.
- Examples 1 and 2 SPC conductors according to the invention
- the silvering under CPI was carried out in an aqueous electrolytic bath whose composition is potassium cyanide KCN at 100g/l, silver cyanide AgCN at 45g/l and brightening additive from 10 to 30 ml/l using a Harlor PE86CB-20-10-50S generator capable of modulating the electrical impulses in a wide range of operating parameters.
- a copper wire with a diameter of 1.2 mm is taken as a substrate in the tests (blank wire).
- Adhesion test as an evaluation criterion was also implemented on the obtained silver blank wire.
- the latter consists of winding the silver-plated copper wire around itself 5 to 6 times and then examining it under binocular observation at x10 magnification. It is considered that the adhesion is good only if no crack or detachment on the coating is detected.
- the thickness of silver on the SPC conductor obtained is measured by the X-ray fluorescence method on a device of the Fischerscope XULM type.
- the electrolytic deposition conditions and the test results are collated in Table 2 below.
- Example 5 electric wire according to the invention.
- These silver plated copper wires are then used to make an SPC22-19x0.16C conductor. More specifically, they are first reduced in diameter by a drawing step b) according to the invention (drawing from 0.254 mm to 0.16 mm, i.e. a reduction rate of 63%, using 7 drawing dies), then assembled by a stranding step c) according to the invention (19 strands of 0.16 mm concentrically of AWG 22). At each stage, the adhesion test, the appearance examination and the polysulphide test are carried out with conclusive results.
- the conductor must be insulated successively by 3 tapes, namely a first PTFE tape 56 ⁇ m thick, followed by a second polyimide tape 25 ⁇ m thick, then a third PTFE tape 50 ⁇ m thick, all with 50% overlap.
- 3 tapes namely a first PTFE tape 56 ⁇ m thick, followed by a second polyimide tape 25 ⁇ m thick, then a third PTFE tape 50 ⁇ m thick, all with 50% overlap.
- two separate taping operations are carried out (tape I for the first PTFE tape and taping II for the polyimide tape followed by the second PTFE tape) each followed by passage through a 475°C oven.
- the sintering of the PTFE is essential here, making it possible to give the PTFE the mechanical, thermal and dielectric properties optimized for the electrical wire to comply with said standard.
- thermal impact is generally considered to be the primary cause of degraded performance in the A&B test of an SPC electrical wire.
- the choice of an ESCC3901-018-06 wire seems relevant in order to evaluate the improvement that can be brought by silvering in CPI, because the manufacture of this wire, involving one of the highest sintering temperatures, is the most critical among all SPC electrical wires of ESCC3901 standard.
- a set of manufacturing data for the SPC22-19x0.160C conductor and the ESCC3901-018-06 wire, along with the silver thicknesses and A&B test codes measured at each manufacturing step, is given in Table 5 below. -after.
- the electrical wire obtained has a diameter of 1.21 mm and a linear mass of 5.45 g/m.
- Example 6 Electric Cable According to the Invention
- one of the most sophisticated electric cables is chosen, allowing better protection against electromagnetic interference. It is also the most severe case compared to the A&B test given the number of manufacturing steps involved.
- electric cable is meant here a transmission line which comprises one or more twisted electric wires and then covered with a layer of electromagnetic shielding and then again with an insulating sheath, as shown in comparative example 4 below. below.
- Said shielding layer is made by braiding a number of SPC strands, and said sheath by PFA (perfluoroalkoxy) extrusion.
- a cable is made according to the ESCC3901-018-53 standard (May 2013) and the following manufacturing steps are carried out:
- the thickness of the silver layer on the wire averages 3.66 ⁇ m.
- the SPC wire obtained is reduced by drawing to pass from the diameter of 0.254 mm to the diameter of 0.079 mm, ie a degree of reduction of 31%, the thickness of silver being reduced on average to 1.14 ⁇ m.
- the SPC strand thus obtained is intended to constitute electromagnetic shielding.
- the pair formed then undergoes electromagnetic shielding by braiding. E. aainaae by extrusion of the shielded pair
- Comparative example 1 electric wire whose silvering is carried out in direct current (CCI with a thickness of silver ⁇ 2 ⁇ m.
- the corresponding SPC conductor is therefore of the SPC 26-19x0.102C type, where 26 designates the AWG26, 19x0.102C the construction of 19 SPC strands with a diameter of 0.102 mm concentrically, each strand being coated with an average silver thickness of 1.35 ⁇ m measured by the X-ray fluorescence method on a Fischerscope type device XULM.
- Silvering under CC was carried out under an electrolytic current density of 1 A/dm 2 in an aqueous electrolytic bath whose composition is potassium cyanide KCN at 100 g/l, brightening additive from 10 to 30 ml/ l and silver cyanide AgCN at 45g/l.
- Such a conductor is used to produce by taping according to manufacturing step E4 an electrical wire SPC according to standard ESCC3901-001-24.
- the manufacturing step E4 here comprises 2 sub-steps.
- the first is the taping of two successive polyimide tapes carried out at a temperature of 150°C and with a minimum overlap of 51%.
- the second consists of depositing a polyimide finishing coat by passing the taped wire 3 times in a polyimide-based liquid and then in an oven at 250°C.
- the yarn thus produced has, on average, a diameter of 0.80 mm and a linear mass of 2.00 g/m.
- the construction of the SPC wire can be schematically presented in Figure 2.
- the SPC conductor and the SPC electrical wire are tested in the A&B test respectively at the end of step E3 (stranding) and step E4 (taping), and receive respectively resulting in codes of 1 and 4, as shown in Table 9 below.
- Comparative examples 2-4 electric wires and cables whose araenture is carried out in direct current (CO with a minimum thickness of silver of 2 ⁇ m.
- SPC22-19x0.160 conductors and an SPC36-01x0.127 strand are manufactured using the same silvering under CC as in comparative example 1 but with a silver coating of minimum thickness of 2 ⁇ m in accordance with the ESCC3901 standard. .
- the silvering under CC, as well as the measurement of silver thickness, are carried out under the same conditions as those of comparative example I.
- the SPC22-19x0.160C conductors namely of AWG22 and made up of SPC 0.16 mm in diameter, are used to make electrical wires according to standards ESCC3901-001-26 (ex comparative 2), ESCC3901-002-58 (ex comparative 3) and a cable ESCC3901-002-70 (ex comparison 4), while the SPC36-01x0.127 strand of AWG36 and diameter 0.127 mm makes it possible to form a helical shield for the cable according to ESCC3901-002-70.
- the production of the ESCC3901-001-26 yarn (comparative example 2) as illustrated in FIG. 2, is obtained by taping a polyimide tape followed by the deposition of a polyimide finishing layer.
- the SPC electric wire thus manufactured has, on average, a diameter of 1.10 mm and a linear mass of 4.20 g/m.
- the realization of the electric wire SPC ESCC3901-002-58 (ex comparative 3) as it is illustrated in figure 3, is obtained by taping a single polyimide tape at 150°C, followed by the deposition of a polyimide finishing layer, then passage in an oven at 250°C in 2 or 3 passages.
- the yarn thus produced has, on average, a diameter of 1.00 mm and a linear mass of 4.15 g/m.
- the realization of the electric cable SPC ESCC3901-002-70 (ex comparative 4) as it is illustrated in figure 5, comprises 3 operations.
- the first consists in forming by stranding a sub-assembly of 4 electrical wires ESCC9301-002-58, the second in covering the sub-assembly with a layer of helical shielding of SPC36-01x0.127 strands, and the third in taping with above the shielded sub-assembly a polyimide tape with 25% coverage and another in PTFE also with 25% coverage, followed by passage through an oven at 380° C. in order to sinter the PTFE tape.
- the cable thus manufactured has, on average, a diameter of 3.10 mm and a linear mass of 26.0 g/m.
- the A&B test is then carried out at the end of stranding and at the end of taping on the conductor of the wire of comparative example 2, at the end of drawing, stranding and taping on the conductor of the wire of comparative example 3, in end of drawing E2 and end of sheathing E7 of the cable of comparative example 4.
- the test codes, as well as the silver thicknesses of the conductor, are summarized in table 10 below.
- Comparative examples 12-13 conductors whose silver plating is made of CPI with a high-speed silver plating bath, but with different electrolytic conditions.
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Abstract
Description
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DE22722293.2T DE22722293T1 (de) | 2021-04-13 | 2022-04-11 | Elektrische drähte und kabel für raumanwendungen |
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FR2103805A FR3121688B1 (fr) | 2021-04-13 | 2021-04-13 | Fils et cables electriques pour applications spatiales |
PCT/FR2022/050678 WO2022219276A1 (fr) | 2021-04-13 | 2022-04-11 | Fils et cables electriques pour applications spatiales |
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JP (1) | JP2024513982A (fr) |
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- 2022-04-11 EP EP22722293.2A patent/EP4323565A1/fr active Pending
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CN117157432A (zh) | 2023-12-01 |
WO2022219276A1 (fr) | 2022-10-20 |
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JP2024513982A (ja) | 2024-03-27 |
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