EP4271129A1 - Dispositif de chauffage par induction d'au moins une pièce, ainsi que procédé de chauffage par induction d'au moins une pièce - Google Patents

Dispositif de chauffage par induction d'au moins une pièce, ainsi que procédé de chauffage par induction d'au moins une pièce Download PDF

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Publication number
EP4271129A1
EP4271129A1 EP22170873.8A EP22170873A EP4271129A1 EP 4271129 A1 EP4271129 A1 EP 4271129A1 EP 22170873 A EP22170873 A EP 22170873A EP 4271129 A1 EP4271129 A1 EP 4271129A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
area
inductor
gas
housing
heating
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
EP22170873.8A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Stefan Dappen
Thomas Daube
Markus LANGEJÜRGEN
Frank Maschler
Christian Vogt
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
SMS Elotherm GmbH
Original Assignee
SMS Elotherm GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by SMS Elotherm GmbH filed Critical SMS Elotherm GmbH
Priority to EP22170873.8A priority Critical patent/EP4271129A1/fr
Priority to PCT/EP2023/060577 priority patent/WO2023208805A1/fr
Publication of EP4271129A1 publication Critical patent/EP4271129A1/fr
Pending legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B6/00—Heating by electric, magnetic or electromagnetic fields
    • H05B6/02—Induction heating
    • H05B6/10—Induction heating apparatus, other than furnaces, for specific applications
    • H05B6/101—Induction heating apparatus, other than furnaces, for specific applications for local heating of metal pieces
    • H05B6/103—Induction heating apparatus, other than furnaces, for specific applications for local heating of metal pieces multiple metal pieces successively being moved close to the inductor
    • H05B6/104—Induction heating apparatus, other than furnaces, for specific applications for local heating of metal pieces multiple metal pieces successively being moved close to the inductor metal pieces being elongated like wires or bands
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
    • C21D1/34—Methods of heating
    • C21D1/42—Induction heating
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
    • C21D1/74—Methods of treatment in inert gas, controlled atmosphere, vacuum or pulverulent material
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D11/00—Process control or regulation for heat treatments
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
    • C21D9/0056—Furnaces through which the charge is moved in a horizontal straight path
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
    • C21D9/46—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for sheet metals
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
    • C21D9/52—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for wires; for strips ; for rods of unlimited length
    • C21D9/54—Furnaces for treating strips or wire
    • C21D9/56—Continuous furnaces for strip or wire
    • C21D9/561—Continuous furnaces for strip or wire with a controlled atmosphere or vacuum
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27B—FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS IN GENERAL; OPEN SINTERING OR LIKE APPARATUS
    • F27B9/00—Furnaces through which the charge is moved mechanically, e.g. of tunnel type; Similar furnaces in which the charge moves by gravity
    • F27B9/06—Furnaces through which the charge is moved mechanically, e.g. of tunnel type; Similar furnaces in which the charge moves by gravity heated without contact between combustion gases and charge; electrically heated
    • F27B9/062—Furnaces through which the charge is moved mechanically, e.g. of tunnel type; Similar furnaces in which the charge moves by gravity heated without contact between combustion gases and charge; electrically heated electrically heated
    • F27B9/067—Furnaces through which the charge is moved mechanically, e.g. of tunnel type; Similar furnaces in which the charge moves by gravity heated without contact between combustion gases and charge; electrically heated electrically heated heated by induction
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
    • F27D11/00—Arrangement of elements for electric heating in or on furnaces
    • F27D11/06—Induction heating, i.e. in which the material being heated, or its container or elements embodied therein, form the secondary of a transformer

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a device for inductive heating of at least one workpiece, in particular a substantially strip-shaped workpiece, comprising: at least one furnace housing; at least one inductor arrangement arranged within the furnace housing, the inductor arrangement being at least partially arranged in an inductor region of the furnace housing; at least one heating area for receiving process gas, the heating area being arranged within the furnace housing; as well as separation material for separation, in particular for thermal separation, of the inductor area and heating area.
  • the invention also relates to a method for inductive heating of at least one workpiece, in particular by means of an aforementioned device.
  • Inductive heating Devices for inductive heating are known from the prior art and can be referred to, for example, as continuous tunnel furnaces or electric induction tunnel furnaces. Such devices can be used to inductively heat a workpiece. Inductive heating methods are usually referred to as methods in which the surface of a material to be heated, in particular a steel material, is heated by means of an electromagnetic field induced in the workpiece.
  • the furnace tunnel can be filled with a process gas that should not escape from the furnace tunnel into an atmosphere surrounding the furnace tunnel.
  • the escape of the process gas from the furnace tunnel can not only pollute the air surrounding the continuous tunnel furnace, but also cause an explosive reaction of the process gas.
  • conventional continuous tunnel furnaces generally have a substantially gas-tight furnace tunnel, which is connected in a gas-tight manner to a connection channel in front of and behind a heating section.
  • An inductor arrangement can either enclose the workpiece or be arranged above and/or below the at least one workpiece.
  • An electric induction tunnel furnace that has a gas-tight barrier chamber surrounding a gas-tight tunnel region, with a gas-tight separating plane or a gas-tight separating material being arranged between the tunnel region and the barrier chamber.
  • the electric induction tunnel furnace also has a barrier gas regulator.
  • gas-tight materials are either metallic, i.e. problematic for the penetration of the magnetic field or such penetration can only be achieved with high energy losses, or only with a temperature-critical polymer material can be realized.
  • Another disadvantage is that in the event of a high pressure difference between the barrier chamber and the tunnel region, large forces can act on the separation plane, which forces can endanger the integrity of the separation plane.
  • the gas-tight connection to a connection duct can only be achieved with a lot of design effort.
  • the present invention is based on the technical problem of providing a device and a method for inductive heating of at least one workpiece, which ensures reliable and safe operation of the device or a reliable and enable safe operation of the process.
  • the previously listed technical problem is solved in an aforementioned device in that the separating material is designed in such a way that there is a fluidic connection between the inductor area and the heating area.
  • the respective media are gases or gas mixtures that are located within the furnace housing.
  • a fluidic connection between the inductor area and the heating area means, in particular, that gaseous media can flow along a pressure gradient from the inductor area in the direction of the heating area or from the heating area in the direction of the inductor area.
  • the separating material is preferably designed to be essentially thermally stable, so that the properties of the separating material essentially do not change even at high temperatures.
  • the heating area is essentially designed in the form of a tunnel-shaped furnace channel.
  • the separating material has at least one through opening for the fluid connection of the inductor area and the heating area.
  • the at least one through opening has a diameter of at least 1 mm and/or a cross-sectional area of at least 1 mm 2 . Furthermore, it is preferred that the at least one through opening is essentially circular.
  • the at least one through opening can be at least partially closed with at least one flap, so that the exchange of gases or gas mixtures between the inductor area and the heating area can be regulated.
  • a preferred embodiment of the invention is characterized in that the separating material is designed as an at least partially permeable material for the fluid connection of the inductor area and the heating area.
  • the separating material is designed as at least partial Permeable material can provide an advantageous, essentially uniform fluidic connection over essentially the entire extent of the separating material.
  • the permeable material is designed, in particular, to be gas-permeable, so that the process gas and/or the housing gas can flow along a pressure gradient from the inductor region into the heating region or vice versa.
  • the separating material comprises a fabric, in particular a fabric made of high-temperature fibers.
  • a permeable material can preferably be provided for the fluidic connection of the inductor area and the heating area.
  • the fabric is advantageously a fabric made of high-temperature fibers, since these are suitable for the temperatures occurring in the interior of the oven housing, in particular in the interior of the heating area.
  • the high-temperature fibers are, for example, silicate glass fibers.
  • a further preferred embodiment of the present invention is characterized in that the inductor region has at least one inlet for feeding in housing gas, and in that a control means regulates the feeding of housing gas into the inductor region in such a way that a pressure gradient in the direction of the housing gas arranged in the inductor region process gas arranged in the heating area.
  • a control means regulates the feeding of housing gas into the inductor region in such a way that a pressure gradient in the direction of the housing gas arranged in the inductor region process gas arranged in the heating area.
  • the housing gas arranged in the inductor region has a higher pressure than the process gas arranged in the heating region, it can be reliably prevented that process gas can penetrate from the heating region into the inductor region. This can prevent hot process gas from penetrating the inductor area.
  • the inlet can also be used to fill the process gas into the heating area.
  • the process gas and the housing gas can also be essentially identical gases and/or gas mixtures.
  • the process gas is a highly flammable gas, in particular a highly flammable gas mixture, especially if it mixes with oxygen.
  • the process gas can be a hydrogen and/or nitrogen mixture or pure hydrogen. Accordingly, by providing a pressure gradient, it can be avoided that the process gas flows from the heating area into the inductor area or into the furnace environment and mixes with oxygen, which could result in a highly flammable gas mixture.
  • the housing gas is preferably an inert gas, such as nitrogen or a nitrogen mixture.
  • the aforementioned pressure gradient also enables a substantially constant flow of the housing gas in the direction of the heating area, whereby the inductor area can be continuously flushed.
  • the temperature of the process gas is greater than the temperature of the housing gas.
  • the process gas has the same composition as the housing gas.
  • the process gas has a different composition than the housing gas.
  • the process gas is a hydrogen and/or nitrogen mixture or pure hydrogen, with the housing gas being an inert gas, preferably nitrogen or a nitrogen mixture.
  • the inductor region has at least one outlet.
  • the furnace housing comprising the inductor area and the heating area can initially be flushed by means of a substantially inert gas, for example by means of the housing gas, when starting the device for inductive heating of the at least one workpiece, the gas being passed through the at least one Inlet is introduced and discharged through the at least one outlet.
  • the at least one outlet is closed during operation of the device for inductive heating of at least one workpiece.
  • a further preferred embodiment of the invention is characterized in that the device further comprises at least one measuring means for measuring a pressure within the inductor area and/or within the heating area and/or the differential pressure between the inductor area and the heating area.
  • the device further comprises at least one measuring means for measuring a pressure within the inductor area and/or within the heating area and/or the differential pressure between the inductor area and the heating area.
  • a further embodiment of the invention is characterized in that the device comprises at least one flow measuring means for measuring a flow rate of the housing gas fed in, and / or that the device further comprises at least one dew point measuring means for measuring the dew point of the gas mixture arranged in the inductor area and / or the dew point of the gas mixture arranged in the process area.
  • the device comprises at least one flow measuring means for measuring a flow rate of the housing gas fed in, and / or that the device further comprises at least one dew point measuring means for measuring the dew point of the gas mixture arranged in the inductor area and / or the dew point of the gas mixture arranged in the process area.
  • control means regulates the feed of housing gas into the inductor area in such a way that there is a pressure gradient from the housing gas arranged in the inductor area in the direction of the ambient air arranged around the furnace housing. This can also prevent hot and potentially flammable items from spreading Process gas passes from the heating area via the inductor area to the furnace environment outside the furnace housing.
  • a further preferred embodiment of the invention is characterized in that the device further comprises a transport device for the essentially longitudinal transport of a workpiece to be heated inductively along the essentially elongated extent of the heating region.
  • a transport device for the essentially longitudinal transport of a workpiece to be heated inductively along the essentially elongated extent of the heating region.
  • thermal insulation is provided between the separating material and the heating area.
  • thermal insulation enables further thermal shielding of the inductor area from the heating area.
  • the thermal insulation is preferably designed analogously to the separating material, so that there is still a fluidic connection between the inductor area and the heating area through the separating plane and the thermal insulation.
  • the thermal insulation can also be formed by the separating material alone.
  • the housing gas can be fed into the inductor area, for example, temporarily or constantly.
  • the housing gas is fed into the inductor area in such a way that only gas exchange can take place in the direction of the heating area, so that essentially no process gas can pass from the heating area into the inductor area. Further advantages described in connection with the present method are described with regard to the aforementioned device.
  • the amount of housing gas to be fed in is determined depending on the pressure difference existing between the inductor area and the heating area, and / or the amount of housing gas to be fed in is determined depending on the housing gas flow occurring between the inductor area and the heating area, in particular depending on the volume flow of the Housing gas, determined. This enables reliable control of the amount of gas or gas mixture to be fed in.
  • the housing gas is fed into the inductor area in such a way that the temperature, in particular the average temperature, of the housing gas in the inductor area is lower than the temperature, in particular the average temperature, of the protective gas in the heating area. This can further reduce the probability of ignition of gas that may enter the inductor area.
  • a further preferred embodiment of the present invention is characterized in that before guiding a workpiece to be heated along the heating area of the furnace housing, the inductor area and the heating area are first flushed using the housing gas; that the process gas is then fed into the heating area; and that preferably further housing gas is subsequently fed into the inductor area.
  • a further advantageous embodiment of the invention is characterized in that the gas mixture fed into the inductor area is such that the dew point of the housing gas arranged in the inductor area is shifted to lower temperatures compared to the dew point of the process gas arranged in the process area, and / or that the dew point of the housing gas arranged in the inductor area is monitored essentially constantly and housing gas is replenished depending on the dew point.
  • the gas mixture fed into the inductor region preferably has a lower temperature than the process gas.
  • Fig. 1 shows a first embodiment of a device 2 for inductive heating of at least one band-shaped workpiece 4.
  • the device 2 comprises a furnace housing 6 and an inductor arrangement 8 arranged within the furnace housing 6.
  • the inductor arrangement 8 can completely enclose the band-shaped workpiece 4.
  • the inductor arrangement 8 is arranged in an inductor region 10, the inductor region 10 being separated, in particular thermally, from a heating region 14 by means of separating material 12.
  • separating material 12 In addition to the separating material 12, a thermal insulation 16 is provided between the separating material 12 and the heating area 14, with separating material 12 and thermal insulation 16 are designed such that there is a fluidic connection between the inductor area 10 and the heating area 14.
  • the separating material 12 has at least one through opening 18 for the fluidic connection of the inductor area 10 and the heating area 14.
  • the separating material 12 is designed as an at least partially permeable material, so that a fluidic exchange between the inductor area 10 and the heating area 14 can also take place away from the through opening 18.
  • the inductor area 10 has an inlet 20 for feeding a gas mixture, in particular housing gas, into the inductor area 10. Furthermore, a control means 22 is provided at the inlet 20, which regulates the feed of housing gas into the inductor region 10 in such a way that there is a pressure gradient from the housing gas arranged in the inductor region 10 in the direction of process gas arranged in the heating region 14. This makes it possible to avoid the flow of process gas arranged in the heating region 14 in the direction of the inductor region 10 or outside the furnace housing.
  • the inductor area 10 also has an outlet 24.
  • the furnace housing 6 can be flushed when the device 2 is started by means of a substantially inert gas, for example by means of the housing gas.
  • the device has a measuring device 26 in the inductor area 10, a measuring device 28 within the heating area 14 and a further measuring device 30 on the outside of the furnace housing.
  • the measuring means 26, 28 and 30 can be designed, for example, to measure the pressure present in the inductor region 10, in the heating region 14 and/or in the ambient air.
  • the measuring means 26 and 28 can also be designed to measure the dew point of the gas or gas mixture present in the inductor region 10 and/or the heating region 14.
  • the control means 22 can also have a measuring means for measuring the flow rate of the housing gas fed in.
  • Fig. 2 shows a schematic side view of a second embodiment of the device 2 according to the invention.
  • the separating material 12 is designed as thermal insulation, the separating material 12 having through openings 18 for producing a fluidic connection between the inductor region 10 and the heating region 14.
  • the air arranged in the furnace housing 6 can be displaced, for example by inert gas, by means of the inlet 20.
  • the inductor area 10 and the heating area 14 can therefore be rinsed. This can prevent the process gas subsequently introduced into the inductor area 10 and into the heating area 14 from reacting with residual air concentrations within the furnace housing 6.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Furnace Details (AREA)
EP22170873.8A 2022-04-29 2022-04-29 Dispositif de chauffage par induction d'au moins une pièce, ainsi que procédé de chauffage par induction d'au moins une pièce Pending EP4271129A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP22170873.8A EP4271129A1 (fr) 2022-04-29 2022-04-29 Dispositif de chauffage par induction d'au moins une pièce, ainsi que procédé de chauffage par induction d'au moins une pièce
PCT/EP2023/060577 WO2023208805A1 (fr) 2022-04-29 2023-04-24 Dispositif de chauffage inductif d'au moins une pièce et procédé de chauffage inductif d'au moins une pièce

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP22170873.8A EP4271129A1 (fr) 2022-04-29 2022-04-29 Dispositif de chauffage par induction d'au moins une pièce, ainsi que procédé de chauffage par induction d'au moins une pièce

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP4271129A1 true EP4271129A1 (fr) 2023-11-01

Family

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP22170873.8A Pending EP4271129A1 (fr) 2022-04-29 2022-04-29 Dispositif de chauffage par induction d'au moins une pièce, ainsi que procédé de chauffage par induction d'au moins une pièce

Country Status (2)

Country Link
EP (1) EP4271129A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2023208805A1 (fr)

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5768799A (en) * 1995-05-23 1998-06-23 Stein Heurtey Process and apparatus for coating metal sheets
WO2006136702A1 (fr) * 2005-06-24 2006-12-28 Fives Celes Four a induction pour traiter des bandes, toles, plaques, en materiau conducteur de l'electricite, et inducteur pour un tel four.
US20070181567A1 (en) * 2006-01-09 2007-08-09 Jean Lovens Electromagnetically shielded induction heating apparatus
EP1900255B1 (fr) * 2005-06-24 2008-12-03 Fives Celes Four a induction pour traitement de bandes, toles, plaques, en materiau conducteur de l'electricite, et inducteur pour un tel four.
US20090057301A1 (en) * 2007-08-28 2009-03-05 Jean Lovens Electric induction heating apparatus with fluid medium flow through
EP2577201B1 (fr) 2010-05-25 2016-06-22 Inductotherm Corp. Four tunnel électrique à induction étanche au gaz

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5768799A (en) * 1995-05-23 1998-06-23 Stein Heurtey Process and apparatus for coating metal sheets
WO2006136702A1 (fr) * 2005-06-24 2006-12-28 Fives Celes Four a induction pour traiter des bandes, toles, plaques, en materiau conducteur de l'electricite, et inducteur pour un tel four.
EP1900255B1 (fr) * 2005-06-24 2008-12-03 Fives Celes Four a induction pour traitement de bandes, toles, plaques, en materiau conducteur de l'electricite, et inducteur pour un tel four.
US20070181567A1 (en) * 2006-01-09 2007-08-09 Jean Lovens Electromagnetically shielded induction heating apparatus
US20090057301A1 (en) * 2007-08-28 2009-03-05 Jean Lovens Electric induction heating apparatus with fluid medium flow through
EP2577201B1 (fr) 2010-05-25 2016-06-22 Inductotherm Corp. Four tunnel électrique à induction étanche au gaz

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Publication number Publication date
WO2023208805A1 (fr) 2023-11-02

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RBV Designated contracting states (corrected)

Designated state(s): AL AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC MK MT NL NO PL PT RO RS SE SI SK SM TR