Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12M—APPARATUS FOR ENZYMOLOGY OR MICROBIOLOGY; APPARATUS FOR CULTURING MICROORGANISMS FOR PRODUCING BIOMASS, FOR GROWING CELLS OR FOR OBTAINING FERMENTATION OR METABOLIC PRODUCTS, i.e. BIOREACTORS OR FERMENTERS
  • C12M29/00—Means for introduction, extraction or recirculation of materials, e.g. pumps
  • C12M29/04—Filters; Permeable or porous membranes or plates, e.g. dialysis
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12M—APPARATUS FOR ENZYMOLOGY OR MICROBIOLOGY; APPARATUS FOR CULTURING MICROORGANISMS FOR PRODUCING BIOMASS, FOR GROWING CELLS OR FOR OBTAINING FERMENTATION OR METABOLIC PRODUCTS, i.e. BIOREACTORS OR FERMENTERS
  • C12M21/00—Bioreactors or fermenters specially adapted for specific uses
  • C12M21/02—Photobioreactors
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12M—APPARATUS FOR ENZYMOLOGY OR MICROBIOLOGY; APPARATUS FOR CULTURING MICROORGANISMS FOR PRODUCING BIOMASS, FOR GROWING CELLS OR FOR OBTAINING FERMENTATION OR METABOLIC PRODUCTS, i.e. BIOREACTORS OR FERMENTERS
  • C12M23/00—Constructional details, e.g. recesses, hinges
  • C12M23/02—Form or structure of the vessel
  • C12M23/06—Tubular
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12M—APPARATUS FOR ENZYMOLOGY OR MICROBIOLOGY; APPARATUS FOR CULTURING MICROORGANISMS FOR PRODUCING BIOMASS, FOR GROWING CELLS OR FOR OBTAINING FERMENTATION OR METABOLIC PRODUCTS, i.e. BIOREACTORS OR FERMENTERS
  • C12M23/00—Constructional details, e.g. recesses, hinges
  • C12M23/22—Transparent or translucent parts
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12M—APPARATUS FOR ENZYMOLOGY OR MICROBIOLOGY; APPARATUS FOR CULTURING MICROORGANISMS FOR PRODUCING BIOMASS, FOR GROWING CELLS OR FOR OBTAINING FERMENTATION OR METABOLIC PRODUCTS, i.e. BIOREACTORS OR FERMENTERS
  • C12M23/00—Constructional details, e.g. recesses, hinges
  • C12M23/36—Means for collection or storage of gas; Gas holders
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12M—APPARATUS FOR ENZYMOLOGY OR MICROBIOLOGY; APPARATUS FOR CULTURING MICROORGANISMS FOR PRODUCING BIOMASS, FOR GROWING CELLS OR FOR OBTAINING FERMENTATION OR METABOLIC PRODUCTS, i.e. BIOREACTORS OR FERMENTERS
  • C12M27/00—Means for mixing, agitating or circulating fluids in the vessel
  • C12M27/10—Rotating vessel
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12M—APPARATUS FOR ENZYMOLOGY OR MICROBIOLOGY; APPARATUS FOR CULTURING MICROORGANISMS FOR PRODUCING BIOMASS, FOR GROWING CELLS OR FOR OBTAINING FERMENTATION OR METABOLIC PRODUCTS, i.e. BIOREACTORS OR FERMENTERS
  • C12M31/00—Means for providing, directing, scattering or concentrating light
  • C12M31/10—Means for providing, directing, scattering or concentrating light by light emitting elements located inside the reactor, e.g. LED or OLED

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a cell culture system and a cell culture method using such a system.
• the present invention relates particularly to a cell culture system comprising a first element open on an upper part, a membrane for diffusing a gas into a liquid by dissolution, the membrane and the first element forming a container, an enclosure capable of retaining a volume of gas, a drive member of the receptacle, the receptacle being inclined at an angle ⁇ that is non-zero and less than 30° with respect to the vertical direction.
• the present invention also relates to a cell culture method using a system as described previously, the method comprising a step of supplying a liquid comprising a species to be cultivated and rotation of the container by the driving member.
• cell culture can be industrialized through the use of vessels such as bioreactors.
• Cell culture in a bioreactor makes it possible to place the cells in an ideal medium for the growth of cell populations and thus makes it possible to obtain large quantities of these molecules of interest.
• the cells in culture can be of any origin, for example animal, plant, bacterial or even yeast.
• dinoflagellate type micro-algae naturally contain anti-cancer molecules or analgesic molecules.
• toxins are of major interest for carrying out toxicology studies.
• Some of these species require a large supply of carbon dioxide or oxygen for a population to be maintained or developed.
• Current cell culture methods make it possible to meet this demand by bubbling or by strong mixing using paddles.
• these methods of supply are not suitable for the culture of all types of species because they generate high shear which destroys certain cells or creates significant cellular stress, greatly reducing productivity. This is for example the case with certain micro-algae.
• Patent application US2015/0087049 A1 describes a photobioreactor for extremely high cell density growth of an axenic culture of cyanobacteria and microalgae exposed to high light intensities.
• a first gas-permeable hydrophobic membrane is located at the bottom of a reaction chamber for the entry of CO2 into the cell suspension. Turbulent flow in suspended cells is necessary to achieve high yield and is achieved by shaking at least 100 rpm and creating a high shear rate, increasing CO2 uptake.
• patent US6902902 B2 describes a process for the production of recombinant polypeptides by using transformed mammalian cells in a low-shear horizontal culture chamber in which oxygenation is carried out via an external exchange membrane. gas in the flow.
• Application WO2017/149034 A1 discloses a device without a blade and without injecting air bubbles allowing a liquid to be mixed with a low shear rate within the liquid and a low risk of pollution of the liquid in comparison with a blade. which must be cleaned regularly, while avoiding the use of a complex device for injecting air bubbles.
• such systems do not allow a sufficient supply of gas in the liquid for the cell culture, the exchange surface between the liquid and the air being insufficient.
• a cell culture system is then sought which makes it possible to mix a liquid in order to obtain a homogeneous distribution of the cells in the liquid while preventing the cells from blocking a large supply of gas, for example oxygen or dioxide. of carbon, without reaching a shear rate that would prevent or reduce the production of molecules of interest.
• gas for example oxygen or dioxide. of carbon
• the objective is in particular to obtain a production yield at least greater than that obtained by previous methods, e.g. by reducing the cost of obtaining these molecules and/or by increasing the quantity produced of these molecules. this.
• the invention relates to a cell culture system comprising: a first cylindrical or frustoconical element with axis A and having a first radius, the first element being open at the top and comprising at least one opening at the bottom, a membrane for diffusing a gas into a liquid by dissolution, the membrane being arranged at the lower part of the first element, and positioned so as to cover the at least one opening of said first element, the first element and the membrane being configured to form a container capable of retaining a liquid at a height H of said liquid measured along the axis A, an enclosure capable of retaining a volume of gas, the enclosure being assembled to the container and arranged so that the volume of gas can diffuse into the liquid via the membrane, and a drive member of the receptacle according to a rotational movement along the axis A, the receptacle being inclined so that the axis A forms a non-zero angle a less than or equal to 30° with respect to the vertical direction.
• vertical direction it is meant a direction parallel to the direction of gravity in a terrestrial frame of reference.
• height H measured along axis A it is understood that the height H of the liquid is measured along axis A and the intersection of the surface of the liquid with axis A and/or along an axis A being vertical.
• a container capable of retaining a liquid at a height H measured along the axis A it is understood that the container has a sufficiently high height so that the liquid, when the container is tilted so as to form an angle a non-zero less than or equal to 30° relative to the vertical direction, is retained in the container.
• the container does not include blades. This absence of blades can be applied to all embodiments of the present invention.
• the first element is cylindrical.
• the first element of said system is transparent to visible light.
• a first transparent element of said system allows the cell culture to receive light, this light being able to be used by certain cell cultures as an energy source.
• a transparent system also allows monitoring of the liquid in the first element.
• the first transparent element also allows monitoring of the surface of the membrane in contact with the cellular liquid.
• the container has an optical transmission factor or a total optical transmittance of at least 80%, preferably of at least 90%.
• the first element is made of polycarbonate, allowing all wavelengths of light to pass.
• the first element of said system is transparent to UV A and/or B and/or C.
• said system comprising the first transparent element comprises at least one light source arranged outside the first element and adapted to be directed towards the container.
• the at least one light source may include light emitting diodes, organic light emitting diodes, an incandescent bulb, or any other type of suitable light source.
• Such systems allow an energetic illumination particularly adapted to the cell culture of species requiring a supply of light.
• the first element of said system is opaque to visible light.
• a first opaque element of said system allows the cell culture not to receive light, this light possibly representing for certain cell cultures a source of stress which can induce mechanisms contrary to cell development and multiplication.
• opaque it is understood that the container has an optical transmission factor or a total optical transmittance of less than 2%, preferably zero.
• the first radius R1 of said first element is between 5 cm and 100 cm.
• the membrane is a porous membrane having pores with a diameter of less than 75 nm or is a dense membrane.
• the diffusion membrane of a gas in a liquid by dissolution of the invention is preferably impermeable to the liquid.
• dense membrane is meant a membrane free of porosity at the very end of which the transport of ions and molecules takes place by solubilization-diffusion.
• porous membrane is meant a membrane comprising porosities, the porosities being filled with gas in the case of hydrophobic membranes or with liquids in the case of hydrophilic membranes. In such a case, the gas is diffused through the gas or liquid present in the pores due to the concentration gradient and dissolves into liquid by entering the liquid comprised in the container.
• the dense membrane is made of polypropylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, cellulose ester, silicone or a combination of at least two of these materials.
• the membrane is preferably a microporous or mesoporous membrane, preferably made of fluoropolymer, polyurethane, polyethylene, polypropylene or a combination of at least two of these materials.
• mesoporous membrane is meant a membrane whose pore size is of the order of 2 to 50 nm.
• microporous membrane is meant a membrane whose pore size is less than 2 nm.
• the membranes of the invention are biologically inert and non-toxic for cells.
• the membranes of the invention may have undergone a surface treatment so that they are particularly suitable for cell culture.
• the container has a height H1 measured along the axis A suitable for retaining the liquid at a height H measured along the axis A, even while being inclined at the angle a, H1 being at least equal to H +R1*tan(a).
• the system comprises a second cylindrical or frustoconical element arranged inside the first element, having a second radius R2, said second radius being less than the first radius R1, the height H2 of the second element, measured according to the axis A, being substantially identical to the height H1 of the first element, and the central axis of the second element being substantially identical to the axis A of the first element, the container capable of retaining the liquid being formed by the crown between the first and the second element.
• a system comprising a second element makes it possible to increase the surface of the container which can come into contact with a liquid, also making it possible to increase the diffusion of light in the reactor.
• the second element of said system is transparent to visible light, which makes it possible in particular to increase the volume of liquid illuminated by the light.
• the second element is made of a material identical to the first element.
• the second element is cylindrical.
• the difference between the second radius R2 and the first radius R1 is less than 30 cm, preferably less than 20 cm.
• said system comprises at least one light source arranged inside the second element and able to be directed towards the container.
• Such a system makes it possible in particular to illuminate the cell culture liquid from inside the system and from outside the system and makes it possible to improve the supply of light into the cell liquid.
• Such systems allow an energetic illumination particularly adapted to the cell culture of species requiring a supply of light.
• the invention also relates to a cell culture system comprising: a first cylindrical or frustoconical element with axis A, having a first radius R1, the first element having a height H1 measured along the axis A; a second cylindrical or frustoconical element arranged inside the first element, having a second radius R2, the central axis of the second element being substantially identical to the axis A of the first element, the said second radius R2 being less than the first radius R1 , the second element having a height H2 substantially identical to the height H1 of the first element; the first element and the second element forming a container in the form of a crown open at the top and capable of retaining the liquid at a height H measured along the axis A; and a member for driving the receptacle according to a rotational movement along the axis A, the receptacle being inclined so that the axis A forms a non-zero angle a less than or equal to 30° with respect to the vertical direction .
• Such a system comprising a second element and forming a container in the form of an open crown makes it possible to increase the surface of the container which can be exposed to light and thus allows the cell culture in suspension in the liquid contained in the container to catch more light.
• the first element and the second element are transparent to visible light and the system comprises at least a first light source arranged outside the first element and able to be directed towards the container and at least a second light source arranged inside the second element and adapted to be directed towards the container.
• the ratio of aspect H/R1 is between 0.5 and 2.
• the aspect ratio H/R1 makes it possible to resonate the first inertial mode when the aspect ratio H/R1 and the ratio of the rays R2/R1 are defined according to the curve of the graph of FIG. 5.
• the aspect ratio H/R1 is between 1.2 and 1.5, preferably between 1.3 and 1.4. Even more preferentially, it is 1.35.
• the aspect ratio between the height of the water H and the radius R1 is between the values indicated above, the number of rotations of the reactor according to the present invention is significantly reduced as shown in the graph of Figure 7.
• the first radius R1 of said first cylindrical or frustoconical element is between 5 cm and 100 cm.
• the first element and the second element have a height H1 measured along the axis A adapted to retain the liquid at a height H measured along the axis A, even while being inclined at the angle a, H1 being at least equal to H+R1*tan(a).
• the second element is made of a material identical to the first element.
• the first element and the second element are cylindrical (cylinder of revolution).
• the difference between the second radius R2 and the first radius R1 is less than 30 cm, preferably less than 20 cm.
• the invention also relates to a cell culture method using a system as described above, the method comprising a step of supplying a liquid comprising a species to be cultivated in the container up to a height H measured according to the axis A and a step of rotating the container by the drive member.
• the cell culture can be a culture of mammalian cells (human or non-human) such as mesenchymal stem cells, embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells, T lymphocytes (cart-T) or others.
• mammalian cells human or non-human
• mesenchymal stem cells embryonic stem cells
• induced pluripotent stem cells hematopoietic stem cells
• hematopoietic stem cells hematopoietic stem cells
• T lymphocytes (cart-T) T lymphocytes
• the cell culture can comprise at least one species to be cultivated among the microphytes.
• the cell culture is a culture of dinophytes.
• the cell culture comprises at least one species to be cultivated from among Alexandrium, Amphidinium, Azadinium, Dinophysis, Gambierdiscus toxicus, Gonyaulax, Gymnodinium mikimotoi, Karenia brevis, Lingulodinium, Ostreopsis, Prorocentrum and Protoceratium.
• the aspect ratio H/R1 is between 0.56 and 0.68, between 0.86 and 1.06 or between 1.79 and 2 ,19.
• Such aspect ratios particularly make it possible to generate resonance phenomena and allow effective mixing with a very low shear rate.
• the rotational movement has an angular speed of rotation Q such that (Q*R1 2 *a)/v, where v is the kinematic viscosity of the liquid, is greater than 1000.
• Q angular speed of rotation
• v is the kinematic viscosity of the liquid
• the invention also relates to an assembly comprising a system as described above and a liquid comprising a species to be cultivated in the container of the system.
• Figure 1 illustrates a sectional view along a vertical plane of a first embodiment of a system for cell culture comprising a container formed by a first element and a membrane.
• Figure 2 illustrates a sectional view along a vertical plane of a second embodiment of a system for cell culture comprising a container formed by a first element and a membrane and at least one light source.
• FIG. 3 illustrates a sectional view along a vertical plane of a third embodiment of a system for cell culture comprising a container formed by a first element, a second element and a membrane, the system also comprising at least two light sources.
• Figure 4 illustrates a top view of a system for cell culture according to the third embodiment comprising a container formed by a first element, a second element and a membrane, the system also comprising light sources.
• FIG. 5 illustrates a graph representing aspect ratios as a function of the ratios between the second ray and the first ray of a system for cell culture comprising a container formed by a first element, a second element and a membrane according to the present invention.
• FIG. 6 illustrates a sectional view along a vertical plane of a fourth embodiment of a system for cell culture comprising a container formed by a first element and a second element forming a crown, the system also comprising at least two light sources.
• FIG. 7 corresponds to a graph representing the mixing time QT as a function of the H/r ratio with h the height of water in the crown formed by the first element and the second element and measured along the axis A and rie ratio of the radius R1 of the first element to the radius R2 of the second element.
• the systems and methods of the present invention are suitable for enabling cell culture by mixing the liquid in which the cells are located with a turbulent flow by resonance phenomena.
• the shear between the liquid comprising the cell culture and the first element allows the generation of inertial waves thanks to the Coriolis force. These waves are reflected between the walls and the bottom of the container and create an overall movement of the liquid in the container, the particles in the liquid following an elliptical movement.
• the systems and methods of the present invention make it possible in particular to maintain a cell culture in suspension with a homogeneous distribution of the cells in the liquid while promoting gas exchange and preventing the cells from blocking the supply of gas, for example oxygen or carbon dioxide. Also, the mixing of the cell culture carried out by the systems and methods of the present invention makes it possible not to cause a rate of shearing which could damage the cells, reduce their multiplication, their cellular development and which would prevent or reduce the production of molecules of interests by the species or species cultivated.
• the systems and methods of the present invention thus make it possible to improve the yield compared to current methods.
• the system reduces, among other things, the cost of obtaining molecules of interest by increasing the quantity produced of these for a cost equal to or lower than the costs of previous methods.
• the systems and methods of the present invention do not include blades.
• Mixing paddles in cell culture vessels cause excessive shear rate in cell culture fluid for many species and prevent or reduce growth or maintenance of a population of a cultivated species or the production of molecules of interest by a cultivated species.
• the radius R1 is advantageously between 5 cm and 30 cm. In one embodiment adapted to the culture of microphytes, the radius R1 is advantageously between 10 cm and 100 cm.
• Figure 1 illustrates a sectional view along a vertical plane of a system 10 for cell culture comprising a container formed by a first element 11a and a membrane 13.
• the first element 11a is cylindrical and has a first radius R1 and an axis A.
• the first element 11a is also open at the top and comprises at least one opening 12 at the bottom.
• the upper part of the first element extends to a plane perpendicular to the A axis and the lower part of the first element extends to a plane perpendicular to the A axis, but other shapes are possible.
• the first element has a height H1.
• the upper part of the first element corresponds to the upper end of the first element which does not come into contact with the liquid when the container is rotating, while the lower part of the first element corresponds to the part of the first element that comes into contact with the liquid when the container is rotating.
• at least one opening of the first element can be located on the part of the first element which is parallel to the axis A, that is to say in the side wall of the lower part of the first and /or the second element.
• the membrane covers this at least one opening and is therefore at least partially parallel to the axis A.
• the membrane makes it possible to increase the gas exchange surface and the flow of gas from the enclosure to the liquid by dissolution.
• the systems of the present invention may comprise a first frustoconical element with axis A of first radius R1, the first radius R1 of which corresponds to the largest radius of the first frustoconical element.
• the system 10 for cell culture comprises a membrane 13 for diffusing a gas into the liquid 15 by dissolution.
• the membrane 13 is arranged at the level of the lower part of the first element 11a, and positioned so as to cover at least one opening 12 of the first element and so as to form a container 14 capable of retaining the liquid 15 at a height H of liquid measured along the axis A.
• the height H1 of the container 14 of FIG. to H+R1*tan(a) because the free surface 15a of the liquid 15 intersects the axis A at the height H of liquid as it was previously defined and the container 14 must have a sufficient height to retain the liquid 15 in the container 14, even when it is tilted at an angle a.
• the shape of the membrane has a surface allowing the diffusion of the gas towards the liquid medium.
• the membrane is circular and in the form of a disc, making it possible to improve the diffusion surface between the gas and the liquid.
• the first element can have in the lower part an opening of a different shape and a membrane whose shape corresponds to the shape of the opening so as to form the container.
• the opening may have a square shape in a plane perpendicular to the axis A and circumscribed to the first cylindrical element.
• the membrane covers at least the square-shaped opening.
• the first element may comprise several openings and the membrane may comprise several elements covering the openings of said first element.
• the system 10 for cell culture comprises an enclosure 16a capable of retaining a volume of gas 16b, the enclosure being assembled to the container 14 and arranged so that the volume of gas 16b can diffuse into the liquid 15 by the intermediary of the membrane 13.
• the enclosure 16a of FIG. 1 has the shape of a cylinder and is assembled to the container via the intermediary of the membrane 13. In general, the enclosure has a cylindrical or frustoconical shape because it It is a shape suitable for rotation, however other shapes are possible.
• the enclosure 16a of Figure 1 is arranged under the membrane 13 but other arrangements are possible depending on the arrangement of the membrane and the first element.
• the enclosure 16a is capable of retaining a volume of gas which may be air, O 2 , CO 2 , or any other gas whose diffusion in the liquid would allow the development of the cell culture in the container.
• the gas can comprise CO 2 , for example at a partial pressure of the order of 1 percent.
• Those skilled in the art will be able to adapt the composition of the gas in the enclosure 16a and the partial pressures of the various gases so as to optimize the contributions for the cell culture by diffusion of the gas in the liquid via the membrane .
• the system 10 for cell culture comprises a drive member 17 of the container 14 according to a rotational movement along the axis A.
• the drive member 17 has a disc shape but can take any form.
• the drive member 17 is arranged under the container 14 and under the enclosure 16a, however other arrangements are possible.
• the container 14 of the cell culture system 10 is tilted so that the axis A forms an angle ⁇ of 30° with respect to the vertical direction 18, however the container of the present invention can be tilted according to a non-zero angle a less than or equal to 30°.
• the system 10 of FIG. 1 comprises a tilting member 19 making it possible to tilt the container 14 according to the desired angle.
• the tilt member 19 is located under the drive member, however other arrangements are possible.
• the tilt member can also serve as a support for the system 10 of the present invention.
• Figure 2 illustrates a sectional view along a vertical plane of a system 20 for cell culture comprising a container 24 formed by a first element 21a and a membrane 23 covering the opening 22 of the first element 21a, the system 20 also comprising at least one light source 29.
• a liquid 25 having a free surface 25a is placed in the container 24.
• the light sources 29 of FIG. 2 are placed around the first element 21a, e.g. at a distance of A greater than the radius R1 .
• the membrane 23, the enclosure 26a capable of retaining a volume of gas, the drive member 27 and the vertical direction 28 are similar to the system 10 of FIG.
• the system 20 of Figure 2 does not include a tilt member, however a tilt member can be added to the system 20.
• the first element has a height H1.
• FIG. 3 illustrates a sectional view along a vertical plane of a system 30 for cell culture comprising a container formed by a first element 31a, a second element 31b and a membrane 33, the system 30 also comprising at least two light sources 39a and 39b.
• the light source 39a is arranged around the first element 31a, eg at a distance from A greater than the radius R1.
• the light source 39b is placed inside the second element, eg at a distance from A smaller than the radius R2.
• Many shapes of light sources for example rings or columns, can be used in the systems of the present invention.
• Such a container may be referred to as an annular container.
• the first element 31a is similar to elements 11a and 21a of Figures 1 and 2 respectively.
• the second element 31b is cylindrical and has a radius R2 smaller than the radius R1.
• the upper part of the first element extends to a plane perpendicular to the axis A and the lower part of the first element extends to a plane perpendicular to the A axis, but other shapes are possible.
• the systems of the present invention may comprise a first frustoconical element with axis A of first radius R1, the first radius R1 of which corresponds to the largest radius of the first frustoconical element and a second element of second radius R2, whose second radius R2 corresponds to the largest radius of the second frustoconical element.
• the height H1 of the first element 31a is substantially identical to the height H2 of the second element 31b measured along the axis A.
• the central axis of the second element 31b is also substantially identical to the central axis A of the first element 31 a.
• the container formed by the first element 31a, the second element 31b and the membrane 33 of the system 30 has a crown shape between the first and the second element.
• the opening 32 although seen in section, has the shape of a flat ring corresponding to a disk of outer radius R1, of center A and of inner radius R2.
• the membrane 33 covers the opening 32 and therefore has a shape corresponding to this opening 32. Other shapes of openings and membranes are possible.
• FIG. 4 illustrates a top view of a system 30 for cell culture in a liquid comprising a container formed by a first element 31a, a second element 31b and a membrane 33, forming an annular container, the system also comprising light sources 39a and 39b.
• the light sources 39a are arranged outside the annular container and the light sources 39b are arranged inside the annular container of Figure 4.
• the system of the present invention may comprise other light sources and/or light sources of different shapes, for example in the shape of a ring around the first element 31a and/or in the shape ring inside the second element 31 b.
• the liquid in the container is not represented in FIG. 4, which makes it possible to observe the gas enclosure 36 although this is located under the container of FIG. 4.
• the membrane 33 of the container is also visible , the latter forming in the case of Figure 4 the bottom of the container. If a liquid were to be placed in the system 30, this would be placed in the container, that is to say above the membrane 33, in the crown-shaped space between the first element 31 a and the second element 31 b.
• FIG. 5 illustrates a graph representing aspect ratios as a function of the ratios between the internal radius and the external radius of a system for cell culture comprising a container formed by a first element, a second element and a membrane according to the present invention.
• a system comprising an annular container
• particular aspect ratios H/R1 particularly make it possible to generate resonance phenomena and allowing effective mixing with a very low shear rate is determined from the ratio of the internal radius, corresponding to R2 , on the external radius, corresponding to R1 .
• the membrane allowing the diffusion of a gas in the liquid by dissolution is a laminated membrane with different types of fibers.
• a membrane can be used in combination with all embodiments of the invention.
• the system of the present invention comprises at least one means for determining at least one parameter of the liquid, one parameter being able to be chosen from temperature, pH, turbidity, viscosity, the partial pressure of O2, CO2 or another gas. These means of determining can be used in combination with all embodiments of the invention.
• the system comprises a means for mixing the gas in the enclosure capable of retaining a volume of gas.
• Mixing the gas in the enclosure makes it possible to homogenize the gas in the enclosure and to reduce pH fluctuations in the liquid by diffusion of the gas from the enclosure to the liquid. This can be done for example by recirculating the gas in the enclosure by means of an external pump connected to two ports of the enclosure.
• Such recirculation of gas in the gas enclosure makes it possible to maintain a flow of gas towards the liquid by dissolution through the entire membrane. Without recirculation, parts of the membrane might not be in continuous contact with the gas which must be diffused by dissolution in the liquid.
• the system comprises a first transparent cylindrical element having a first radius of 50 cm, a second cylindrical and concentric element, transparent and having a second radius of 70 cm, LEDs on the outside of the first element and the LEDs inside on the second element.
• a system allows an energetic illumination particularly adapted to the culture of species requiring a supply of light.
• an irradiance particularly suited to the growth of dinoflagellates for example according to a determined wavelength and according to an irradiance of between 250 and 300 pmol.m ⁇ 2 .s ⁇ 1 .
• such a system of 200 to 1000 liters and comprising a cell culture of dinoflagellates allows a duration of duplication of the dinoflagellates of 0.95 days and a productivity of 2.4 g. L 1 .day 1 of dinoflagellates, which is significantly higher than the productivity according to methods using photobioreactors of the art for which a productivity of 0.16 g. L -1 .day -1 and a duplication time of 5.87 days have been suggested (Fuentes-Grunewald, et al., 2012).
• the first element and/or the second element comprises at least one opening parallel to the axis A, that is to say in the side wall of the lower part of the first and/or of the second element, this opening being covered by a membrane for diffusing a gas into the liquid by dissolution.
• the enclosure capable of retaining a volume of gas is assembled to the first element and/or to the second element at least by the parts of the first and/or second element which are parallel to the axis A and which include the at least one opening, that is to say in a manner peripheral to outside the first element and/or inside the second element.
• the system can also comprise means for recirculating the gas in the enclosure capable of retaining a volume of gas.
• Figure 6 illustrates a sectional view along a vertical plane of a fourth embodiment of a system for cell culture according to the present invention.
• the system comprises a first cylindrical or frustoconical element 61a with axis A, having a first radius R1, the first element 61a having a height H1 measured along the axis A; a second cylindrical or frustoconical element 61b arranged inside the first element 61a, having a second radius R2, the central axis of the second element being substantially identical to the axis A of the first element 61a, said second radius R2 being less than the first radius R1, the second element 61b having a height H2 substantially identical to the height H1 of the first element 61a.
• the first element 61a and the second element 61b form a container in the form of a crown open at the top and capable of retaining a liquid 65 at a height H measured along the axis A.
• the system also comprises a drive member 67 of the container according to a rotational movement along the axis A, the container being inclined so that the axis A forms a non-zero angle a less than or equal to 30° with respect to the vertical direction 68.
• the first element 61 has and the second element 61b are transparent to visible light and the system comprises at least one first light source 69a arranged outside the first element and able to be directed towards the container and at least one second light source 39b arranged inside the second element 31b and adapted to be directed towards the container.
• the mixing time QT varies according to the aspect ratio H/R1 , such that the rotation time necessary to obtain an effective mixture is of the order of 200 to 400 rotations except when the aspect ratio H/R1 is between 1.2 and 1.5 where the mixing time is significantly less, in particular less than 100 or even being of the order of 10.
• the aspect ratio H/R1 is comprised between 1.3 and 1.4.
• the aspect ratio H/R1 is approximately 1.35, corresponding to the theoretical optimal aspect ratio indicated by a vertical line in solid line and taken from FIG. 5.
• the angle a is 3° however other angles can be used for the system of the present invention, which will still exhibit significantly lower mixing times to effective mixing due to the included H/R1 aspect ratio between 1.2 and 1.5.

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