EP4220671A1 - Elektrische transformatoranordnung, verfahren zum bestimmen eines thermischen zustands einer elektrischen transformatoranordnung und bestimmungsvorrichtung - Google Patents

Elektrische transformatoranordnung, verfahren zum bestimmen eines thermischen zustands einer elektrischen transformatoranordnung und bestimmungsvorrichtung Download PDF

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Publication number
EP4220671A1
EP4220671A1 EP23162391.9A EP23162391A EP4220671A1 EP 4220671 A1 EP4220671 A1 EP 4220671A1 EP 23162391 A EP23162391 A EP 23162391A EP 4220671 A1 EP4220671 A1 EP 4220671A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
coolant
airstream
temperature
transformer
leaving
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
EP23162391.9A
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Stephane Isler
Valter PORCELLATO
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Hitachi Energy Ltd
Original Assignee
Hitachi Energy Switzerland AG
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Hitachi Energy Switzerland AG filed Critical Hitachi Energy Switzerland AG
Priority to EP23162391.9A priority Critical patent/EP4220671A1/de
Publication of EP4220671A1 publication Critical patent/EP4220671A1/de
Pending legal-status Critical Current

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F27/00—Details of transformers or inductances, in general
    • H01F27/08—Cooling; Ventilating
    • H01F27/10—Liquid cooling
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01K—MEASURING TEMPERATURE; MEASURING QUANTITY OF HEAT; THERMALLY-SENSITIVE ELEMENTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01K7/00—Measuring temperature based on the use of electric or magnetic elements directly sensitive to heat ; Power supply therefor, e.g. using thermoelectric elements
    • G01K7/42—Circuits effecting compensation of thermal inertia; Circuits for predicting the stationary value of a temperature
    • G01K7/427—Temperature calculation based on spatial modeling, e.g. spatial inter- or extrapolation
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
    • G01R31/50—Testing of electric apparatus, lines, cables or components for short-circuits, continuity, leakage current or incorrect line connections
    • G01R31/62—Testing of transformers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F27/00—Details of transformers or inductances, in general
    • H01F27/08—Cooling; Ventilating
    • H01F27/085—Cooling by ambient air
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F27/00—Details of transformers or inductances, in general
    • H01F27/40—Structural association with built-in electric component, e.g. fuse
    • H01F27/402—Association of measuring or protective means
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F27/00—Details of transformers or inductances, in general
    • H01F27/40—Structural association with built-in electric component, e.g. fuse
    • H01F27/402—Association of measuring or protective means
    • H01F2027/406—Temperature sensor or protection
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H5/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal non-electric working conditions with or without subsequent reconnection
    • H02H5/04—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal non-electric working conditions with or without subsequent reconnection responsive to abnormal temperature
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H7/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions
    • H02H7/04—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions for transformers

Definitions

  • the present disclosure relates to an electric transformer assembly including a means for determining a thermal state of the transformer assembly. It relates further to a corresponding method and a corresponding determination device.
  • a conventional transformer assembly includes an electric transformer, such as traction transformer, and a cooling unit or cooling device.
  • a liquid coolant such as a mineral, ester or silicone fluid (hereinafter, referred to as "oil” for simplicity) is circulated such that heat from the transformer coils is transferred to the coolant.
  • a heat spreader of the cooling unit is in thermal connection with the coolant channel. Heat from the coolant is transferred to the heat spreader.
  • the heat spreader comprises a plurality of air channels, usually defined by fins, to enlarge the surface area that contributes to a dissipation of the heat to the ambient air.
  • the power density is high when compared to distribution transformers, due to the fact that they are embedded in a train, with strict weight restrictions. This may result in even higher losses and thus a larger amount of heat that has to be dissipated.
  • the fins that define the air channels have a comparatively small space, or pitch, in between; a typical pitch is in the range of a few millimeters. Foreign elements, such as dust, leaves, pollen, carbon dust from the pantograph, can easily block the air channels.
  • the transformer assembly and in particular the air channels of the heat spreader are inspected visually by a human operator or maintenance person. Visual inspection has several drawbacks, such as the men-hours needed for frequent (scheduled) inspections and their inherent inaccuracy.
  • US 2004/0158248 A1 describes a cooling system for cooling an electrical power transformer.
  • a plurality of sensors monitor, among others, a transformer top oil temperature (a coolant temperature).
  • An intelligent controller is configured to compute a measured heat removal rate from the coolant temperature, and to compute a calculated heat removal rate from a combination of the coolant temperature, an ambient temperature, and others. When a ratio of the removal rates is not within a predetermined range of values, an alarm condition is generated.
  • a transformer assembly comprises an electric transformer, a temperature system, and a computation unit.
  • the electric transformer includes a cooling device.
  • the cooling device has at least one liquid coolant channel, a heat spreader in thermal communication with the liquid coolant channel, and an air blower.
  • the liquid coolant channel is arranged in a way that exhaust heat from the electric transformer is absorbed by means of a liquid coolant that is passed through the liquid coolant channel.
  • the heat spreader is arranged and configured for transferring heat from the liquid coolant to a heat dissipation surface of the heat spreader.
  • the air blower is arranged and configured to effect an airstream along the heat dissipation surface of the heat spreader.
  • the temperature system includes an entering coolant sensor, a leaving coolant sensor, an entering airstream sensor and a leaving airstream sensor.
  • the entering coolant sensor is arranged to measure an entering coolant temperature of the liquid coolant upstream of the electric transformer.
  • the entering coolant sensor is configured to provide, or output, an entering coolant temperature signal.
  • the leaving coolant sensor is arranged to measure a leaving coolant temperature of the liquid coolant downstream of the electric transformer.
  • the leaving coolant sensor is configured to provide, or output, a leaving coolant temperature signal.
  • the entering airstream sensor is arranged to measure an entering airstream temperature of the airstream upstream of the heat spreader.
  • the entering airstream sensor is configured to provide, or output, an entering airstream temperature signal.
  • the leaving airstream sensor is arranged to measure an entering airstream temperature of the airstream downstream of the heat spreader.
  • the leaving airstream sensor is configured to provide, or output, a leaving airstream temperature signal.
  • the computation unit is configured to receive the sensor signals from the temperature system.
  • the computation unit is further configured to determine a thermal state of the transformer by relating the sensor signals to each other.
  • a method for determining a thermal state of an electric transformer includes a cooling device.
  • the cooling device has at least one liquid coolant channel, a heat spreader in thermal communication with the liquid coolant channel, and an air blower.
  • the liquid coolant channel is arranged in a way that exhaust heat from the electric transformer is absorbed by means of a liquid coolant that is passed through the liquid coolant channel.
  • the heat spreader is arranged and configured for transferring heat from the liquid coolant to a heat dissipation surface of the heat spreader.
  • the air blower is arranged and configured to effect an airstream along the heat dissipation surface of the heat spreader.
  • the method comprises obtaining an entering coolant temperature, obtaining a leaving coolant temperature, obtaining an entering airstream temperature, and obtaining a leaving airstream temperature, and determining a thermal state of the transformer assembly by relating the obtained temperatures to each other.
  • a determination device for determining a thermal state of an electric transformer of an electric transformer assembly is provided.
  • the electric transformer includes a cooling device.
  • the cooling device has at least one liquid coolant channel.
  • the electric transformer further includes a heat spreader in thermal communication with the liquid coolant channel, and an air blower.
  • the electric transformer assembly further includes a temperature sensor system.
  • the liquid coolant channel is arranged in a way that exhaust heat from the electric transformer is absorbed by means of a liquid coolant that is passed through the liquid coolant channel.
  • the heat spreader is in thermal communication with the coolant channel.
  • the air blower is arranged and configured to effect an airstream along a heat dissipation surface of the heat spreader.
  • the temperature system includes an entering coolant sensor, a leaving coolant sensor, an entering airstream sensor and a leaving airstream sensor.
  • the entering coolant sensor is arranged to measure an entering coolant temperature of the liquid coolant upstream of the electric transformer.
  • the entering coolant sensor is configured to provide, or output, an entering coolant temperature signal.
  • the leaving coolant sensor is arranged to measure a leaving coolant temperature of the liquid coolant downstream of the electric transformer.
  • the leaving coolant sensor is configured to provide, or output, a leaving coolant temperature signal.
  • the entering airstream sensor is arranged to measure an entering airstream temperature of the airstream upstream of the heat spreader.
  • the entering airstream sensor is configured to provide, or output, an entering airstream temperature signal.
  • the leaving airstream sensor is arranged to measure an entering airstream temperature of the airstream downstream of the heat spreader.
  • the leaving airstream sensor is configured to provide, or output, a leaving airstream temperature signal.
  • the determination device is configured to determine the thermal state by carrying out a method as disclosed herein.
  • the determination device includes or is a computation unit as described in some embodiments of this disclosure.
  • the technology disclosed herein it is not only the temperature of the coolant upstream of the electric transformer and the temperature of the coolant downstream of the electric transformer, but also the temperature of the airstream upstream of the heat spreader and the temperature downstream of the heat spreader that are used in the determination of the thermal state, leading to an improved accuracy of the thermal state determination over the prior-art solutions. From the determined thermal state, a condition that affects the cooling performance, such as any clogging amount of heat spreader air channels or the like, can be detected with high accuracy, without the need of error-prone and time-consuming visual inspections.
  • a method, as described herein, includes these features of the respective embodiment; a computation unit in a transformer assembly, as described herein, is configured to perform these features of the respective embodiment; a determination device, as described herein, is configured to perform these features of the respective embodiment.
  • the respective features are described in the context of a transformer assembly having the computation unit; however, it is understood that the features are equally well applicable in the method context and/or in the context of the determination device.
  • Fig. 1 illustrates a schematic diagram of a transformer assembly 100 according to embodiments of the present disclosure.
  • the transformer assembly 100 includes an electric transformer 10, in particular a traction transformer for a rail vehicle.
  • the transformer 10 is shown only schematically; in particular, any electrical interconnections are omitted from the drawing for simplicity.
  • the electric transformer 10 includes a cooling device 40 for heat dissipation.
  • the cooling device 40 is configured to circulate a liquid coolant, such as a mineral, ester or silicone fluid, through at least one liquid coolant channel 41.
  • the coolant channel 41 is arranged such that it can absorb exhaust heat from the electric transformer 10, for example by conducting the coolant channel 41 through the interior of the transformer 10 and/or on a surface of surfaces thereof.
  • a heat spreader 42 of the cooling device 40 is in thermal communication with the coolant channel 41. Heat from the liquid coolant, in particular absorbed heat from the transformer 10, is transferred to a heat dissipation surface 43 of the heat spreader 42. At least the heat dissipation surface 43 of the heat spreader 42 is typically formed of a material having a good thermal conductivity, such as a metal material.
  • An air blower 45 of the cooling device 40 is arranged such that it effects, or blows, an airstream 46 along the heat dissipation surface 43 of the heat spreader 42.
  • the transformer assembly 100 further comprises a temperature sensor system 20.
  • the temperature sensor system includes at least the following temperature sensors: An entering coolant sensor 21, a leaving coolant sensor 22, an entering airstream sensor 23 and a leaving airstream sensor 24.
  • the entering coolant sensor 21 is arranged such that it measures the temperature of the liquid coolant before or when it enters an area of the cooling device 40.
  • the entering coolant sensor 21 is arranged to measure the coolant temperature upstream of the cooling unit 40.
  • the signal from the entering coolant sensor 21 is provided, or output, as an entering coolant temperature signal S 1.
  • the leaving coolant sensor 22 is arranged such that it measures the temperature of the liquid coolant after it has passed the area of the cooling device 40, and has been lowered in temperature. In other words: The leaving coolant sensor 22 is arranged to measure the coolant temperature downstream of the cooling device 40. The signal from the leaving coolant sensor 22 is provided, or output, as a leaving coolant temperature signal S2.
  • the entering airstream sensor 23 is arranged such that it measures the temperature of the airstream 46 before or when it enters an area of the heat spreader 42 in which heat from the coolant is transferred to the heat spreader 42, particularly the heat spreader surface 43.
  • the entering airstream sensor 23 is arranged to measure the airstream temperature upstream of the heat spreader 42.
  • the signal from the entering airstream sensor 23 is provided, or output, as an entering airstream temperature signal S3.
  • the leaving airstream sensor 24 is arranged such that it measures the temperature of the airstream 46 when or after it has passed the area of the heat spreader 42 in which heat from the coolant is transferred to the heat spreader 42, particularly the heat spreader surface 43.
  • the leaving airstream sensor 24 is arranged to measure the airstream temperature downstream of the heat spreader 42.
  • the signal from the leaving airstream sensor 24 is provided, or output, as a leaving airstream temperature signal S4.
  • the entering coolant sensor 21 is arranged substantially at a coolant inlet 51 for the liquid coolant into the cooling device 40.
  • the leaving coolant sensor 22 is arranged substantially at a coolant outlet 52 for the liquid coolant out of the cooling device 40.
  • the entering airstream sensor 23 is arranged substantially at an air inlet-side edge 53 of the heat spreader 42.
  • the leaving airstream sensor 24 is arranged substantially at an air outlet-side 54 edge of the heat spreader 42.
  • a computation unit 30 receives the sensor signals S1, S2, S3, S4 from the temperature system 20.
  • the computation unit 30 typically receives the sensor signals S1, S2, S3, S4 via wire communication.
  • one or more of the sensors 21, 22, 23, 24 providing the sensor signals S1, S2, S3, S4 are passive sensors, such as, but not limited to, temperature-sensitive resistive elements, e. g. Pt100 resistors.
  • the sensor signals S1, S2, S3, S4 are resistance values, and the configuration may be such that the computation unit 30 performs the corresponding resistance measurements.
  • one or more of the sensors 21, 22, 23, 24 are active sensors.
  • the configuration may be such that one or more of the sensor signals S1, S2, S3, S4 are communicated e. g. via a data bus, but it is also conceivable that the computation unit 30 receives the sensor signals S1, S2, S3, S4 via wireless communication.
  • the computation unit 30 determines a thermal state of the transformer 10. In particular, the computation unit 30 determines the thermal state of the cooling device 40 or of parts of the cooling device 40. In order to determine the thermal state, the computation unit 30 relates the sensor signals S1, S2, S3, S4 to one another.
  • a thermal state is typically a condition that is related to thermal aspects of the transformer.
  • the thermal state of the transformer 10 is reflected by a thermal state of the cooling device 40 or one or more parts thereof.
  • the thermal state of the transformer 10 may be assumed to resemble the thermal state of the cooling device 40 or the respective part(s).
  • the thermal state of the cooling device 40 resembles a heat dissipation performance of the heat spreader 42.
  • the thermal state reflects the thermal power P th withdrawn from the coolant by the heat spreader 42.
  • T coolant,av designates the average coolant temperature
  • T air,av designates the average air temperature
  • ⁇ T coolant designates the coolant difference temperature.
  • RCQ reflecting the thermal state
  • the flow rate Q m,coolant of the coolant cannot be easily measured.
  • a set of reference values, or a reference characteristic RCQ ref of RCQ depending on a coolant temperature T coolant is deducted from a reference measurement.
  • the reference measurement can, for example, be carried out with the transformer assembly 100 disclosed herein.
  • the reference characteristic RCQ ref of RCQ can be determined via a numerical simulation of the system, e. g. a computer simulation of the transformer assembly 100. In each case, the reference characteristic RCQ ref resembles a state in which the heat dissipation ability of the cooling device 40 is not substantially lowered or de-rated e. g.
  • RCQ ref resembles an essentially non-clogged state.
  • the process of obtaining RCQ ref may also be referred to as "calibration" hereinafter.
  • the computation unit 30 is configured to compute an average air temperature T air,av from the entering airstream temperature signal S3 and the leaving airstream temperature signal S4, compute an average coolant temperature T coolant,av from the entering coolant temperature signal S1 and the leaving coolant temperature signal S2, compute a coolant difference temperature ⁇ T coolant from the entering coolant temperature signal S1 and the leaving coolant temperature signal S2, and determine the thermal state of the transformer by relating the average air temperature T air,av , the average coolant temperature T coolant,av and the coolant difference temperature ⁇ T coolant to each other.
  • T coolant,av designates the average coolant temperature
  • T air,av designates the average air temperature
  • ⁇ T coolant designates the coolant difference temperature
  • the computation unit 30 is adapted to determine the thermal state repeatedly, such as in predetermined time intervals.
  • the computation unit 30 may further be configured to store a time series of thermal states in a memory, for example a volatile or a non-volatile memory such as a RAM, a flash memory, a hard disc drive etc.
  • the thermal state may be determined in intervals such as every ten seconds, every minute, every ten minutes or the like, and stored in the memory as time-series data. It is conceivable to store the time series of the thermal state in a circular buffer of an appropriate size.
  • the computation unit 30 is further configured to determine a thermal rating compliance of the transformer by referring the thermal state RCQ to a reference state.
  • the reference state is obtained by reference measurement.
  • the reference state is obtained by a simulation, in particular a simulation making use of a physical model of at least parts of the transformer assembly.
  • the computation unit 30 is further configured to determine a thermal rating compliance c of the transformer.
  • RCQ ref designates the reference state as a function of the coolant temperature T coolant , as described above.
  • the value of the thermal rating compliance c equals 0 when the cooling device works with the same performance as during the calibration. When the value differs from 0, or when the value differs from a predetermined tolerance range around 0, a performance de-rating has occurred. In practice, it is a value above 0, or above a corresponding tolerance limit above 0, in which a de-rating is determined.
  • Thermal de-rating typically refers to a condition in which the current allowable output power of the transformer is lower than a rated power of the transformer due to an overtemperature condition, i. e. a transformer overheating.
  • a tolerance limit above 0 may reflect a range in which the clogging state of the air channels in the heat spreader 42 is not strictly 0%, but nevertheless the current allowable output power of the transformer has not fallen below the rated power of the transformer.
  • the computation unit 30 is configured to determine that a thermal de-rating has occurred when the thermal rating compliance c of the transformer exceeds a predetermined thermal rating compliance threshold.
  • the thermal rating compliance threshold is predetermined to be in the range between 0.1 and 0.4, more particularly a threshold in the range between 0.1 and 0.3.
  • a threshold around 0.2 can be considered as a limit, since on some traction transformers, a margin of around 20% is taken on the thermal design to take into account any de-rating, e. g. due to clogging.
  • the thermal rating compliance threshold is predetermined based on one or more expected environmental conditions and/or based on one or more forecast environmental conditions.
  • An environmental condition is a condition related to circumstances present in the surroundings of the transformer or the transformer assembly such as an ambient temperature, an ambient humidity (e. g., a relative humidity of the ambient air), a radiation (e. g., a solar radiation) acting on the transformer or the transformer assembly, etc.
  • An expected environmental condition may be determined based on an interpolation or an extrapolation of related measurement data.
  • an expected ambient temperature may be determined by interpolating or extrapolating past samples of measurement values of the ambient temperature.
  • the related measurement data may be sampled and stored in a memory, for example a volatile or a non-volatile memory such as a RAM, a flash memory, a hard disc drive etc.
  • the measurement data may be sampled in appropriate intervals, such as every ten seconds, every minute, every ten minutes or the like, and stored in the memory as time-series data. It is conceivable to store the measurement data in a circular buffer of an appropriate size. Also, it is conceivable to use a limited amount of past data for determining the respective expected environmental condition, such as all the data or parts of the data each relating to the past one hour, past two hours, past five hours etc.
  • a forecast environmental condition may be determined based on a weather forecast that is valid for a location or site at which the transformer assembly or transformer is located.
  • the forecast environmental condition may be obtained from a weather forecast service via a data network, such as the internet.
  • a forecast ambient temperature may be obtained from the weather forecast service via the data network.
  • a forecast mean value of solar radiation is obtained from the weather forecast service via the data network.
  • the forecast environmental conditions may be determined for a future point in time; likewise, the forecast environmental conditions may be determined for a future time interval as time-series data or as mean data, such as arithmetic mean values of data.
  • the location or site may change with time.
  • a future location or site i. e., an expected location or site
  • the forecast environmental condition is determined (e. g., obtained from the weather forecast service via the data network) for the future location or site.
  • a series of future locations or sites is first determined; and then, a respective forecast environmental condition is determined (e. g., obtained from the weather forecast service via the data network) for some or each future location or site in the series.
  • the series reflects a schedule of locations or sites that the train vehicle is planned to go.
  • the computation unit 30 is configured to evaluate whether the entering coolant temperature signal, the leaving coolant temperature signal, the entering airstream temperature signal, and the leaving airstream temperature signal satisfy a consistency relation with each other. According to the embodiment, the computation unit is further configured to determine a thermal fault of the transformer if the consistency relation is not satisfied.
  • the consistency relation is typically predetermined, e. g. via a reference measurement. In embodiments, the consistency relation is based on a physical model of the transformer 10, e. g. via a numerical simulation taking into account the physical model.
  • the consistency relation includes a lower threshold condition for the leaving airstream temperature signal as a function of the entering coolant temperature signal, the leaving coolant temperature signal, the entering airstream temperature signal.
  • the computation unit 30 is configured to determine the thermal fault as a heat spreader insufficiency if the lower threshold condition for the leaving airstream temperature signal is not satisfied.
  • a lower threshold condition is typically defined such that the leaving airstream temperature should be lower than the threshold in order to determine that there is no heat spreader insufficiency.
  • a heat spreader insufficiency, or insufficient heat dissipation capability of the heat spreader 42, may be a result of foreign objects on the heat dissipation surface 43, such as dust, pollen, carbon dust from the pantograph, and others.
  • the transformer 10 may easily enter an overtemperature state, which may lead to a de-rating operation or a forced de-energization of the transformer.
  • the threshold may be determined such that a heat spreader insufficiency is detected or determined at an early state (i. e., a minor heat spreader insufficiency). When such a minor heat spreader insufficiency is determined, appropriate measures may be taken, such as scheduling and/or performing an inspection at the next appropriate point in time, scheduling and/or performing a cleaning operation at the next appropriate point in time, etc.
  • the computation unit 30 is configured to determine and store a time series of the thermal rating compliance c. For example, but not by limitation, the thermal rating compliance c is determined and stored each second, each five seconds, each ten seconds, or at different rates.
  • the computation unit 30 is further configured to determine a time series of the thermal rating compliance c, to obtain an expected future thermal rating compliance by way of interpolation and/or extrapolation of the time series, and to determine, from the expected future thermal rating compliance, a point of time at which the thermal rating compliance threshold is to be exceeded.
  • a maintenance operation such as an inspection or a cleaning operation, is typically scheduled to be performed before the determined point of time at which the thermal rating compliance threshold is to be exceeded.
  • the computation unit 30 is further configured to compensate one or more of the sensor signals S1, S2, S3, S4 from the temperature sensor system 20 for fluctuation.
  • Measurement signals such as the signals from the temperature sensor system 20, show a fluctuation due to inherent limited accuracy, such as quantization noise, fluctuations of the time base and so on.
  • a fluctuation compensation may be applied directly to one or more of the signals from the temperature sensor system. It is also possible to apply a fluctuation compensation to a signal or series of values that is derived from the measurement signals. In an example, a fluctuation compensation is applied to the thermal rating compliance c.
  • the computation unit 30 is configured to compensate a time series of the thermal rating compliance c for fluctuation by means of a numerical filter function, such as an infinite impulse response numerical filter (IIR filter).
  • a numerical filter function such as an infinite impulse response numerical filter (IIR filter).
  • IIR filter typically requires fewer coefficients and less memory space.
  • the nonlinear phase response of an IIR filter does not have a negative impact on the non-sinusoidal signals related to the sensor signals from the temperature sensor system, such as the thermal rating compliance.
  • the heat spreader 42 has multiple air ducts 55a, 55b, 55c, 55d.
  • the air ducts 55a, 55b, 55c, 55d are arranged at a substantially equal pitch P on the heat dissipation surface 43.
  • the air ducts 55a, 55b, 55c, 55d are arranged in such a manner that each air duct sandwiches at least a portion of the at least one cooling channel 41.
  • the air ducts 55a, 55b, 55c, 55d are each formed between mutually adjacent fins (not shown) protruding from the heat dissipation surface 43, and each pair of mutually adjacent fins sandwiches the respective coolant channel 41.
  • the pitch is a pitch of less than 10 mm, particularly a pitch of less than 5 mm or of less than 3 mm.
  • Air channels having a pitch in the sub-centimeter range are prone to clogging by foreign objects such as small particles, pollen, carbon dust etc.
  • a light clogging e. g. a clogging of less than 10% or less than 20% of the surface are, may be admissible to continue the operation of the transformer, particularly the traction transformer.
  • a clogging state of air channels had to be inspected visually. With the present technology, it is possible to detect any such clogging from the thermal state.
  • the thermal rating compliance c of the transformer is representative of the clogging state.
  • Figs. 2a through 2c graphs of exemplary measurement and calculation results used for determining a reference characteristic curve RCQ ref via an experiment are shown.
  • Fig. 2a shows a combined graph of temperature measurements based on the signals from the temperature sensor system over time
  • Fig. 2b shows a characteristic curve of RCQ, reflecting the thermal state, obtained from the temperature measurements of Fig. 2a via the formula described above
  • Fig. 2c shows a reference characteristic curve RCQ ref , obtained from a combination of the graphs of Figs. 2a and 2b , as a function of the coolant temperature T coolant .
  • the entering airstream temperature T air in varies the least over time.
  • the entering coolant temperature T coolant,in and the leaving coolant temperature T coolant,out begin to rise until approximately 3000 seconds have passed, from about 20-30 °C to approximately 110°C.
  • the air blower 45 is started, and the leaving airstream temperature T air,out starts rising, where at about the same time, both the entering coolant temperature T coolant,in and the leaving coolant temperature T coolant,out begin to fall again.
  • a representative time slot - in the present example between approximately 3000 seconds and 4500 seconds - is used to calculate a representative characteristic of RCQ, as shown in Fig. 2b .
  • Figs. 2d and 2e each show a time series of the thermal rating compliance c, compensated for fluctuation by means of an IIR numerical filter.
  • the reference characteristic curve RCQ ref as a function of T coolant of Fig. 2c was used to obtain the values of c.
  • Fig. 2d shows the results for a clogging state of about 0%
  • Fig. 2e shows the results for a clogging state of about 20%.
  • Figs. 2d shows the results for a clogging state of about 20%.
  • c1 and c2 show the value of c as a function of the sample number, wherein the sampling rate was one sample per ten seconds, c1 was obtained using a relatively short time constant of the IIR numerical filter, whereas c2 was obtained using a longer time constant in the range of several tens of minutes.

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EP23162391.9A 2019-03-06 2019-03-06 Elektrische transformatoranordnung, verfahren zum bestimmen eines thermischen zustands einer elektrischen transformatoranordnung und bestimmungsvorrichtung Pending EP4220671A1 (de)

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EP23162391.9A EP4220671A1 (de) 2019-03-06 2019-03-06 Elektrische transformatoranordnung, verfahren zum bestimmen eines thermischen zustands einer elektrischen transformatoranordnung und bestimmungsvorrichtung

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EP19161037.7A Division-Into EP3706148B1 (de) 2019-03-06 2019-03-06 Elektrische transformatoranordnung, verfahren zum bestimmen eines thermischen zustandes einer elektrischen transformatoranordnung und bestimmungsvorrichtung

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DE10065800A1 (de) * 2000-12-30 2002-07-18 Alstom Verfahren zur Ermittlung von Temperaturen in einem elektrischen Transformator
US20040158248A1 (en) 2001-09-06 2004-08-12 Ginn Richard S. Apparatus and methods for treating spinal discs
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EP1085635A2 (de) * 1999-09-17 2001-03-21 General Electric Company System und Methode zur intelligenten Analyse einer elektrischen flüssigkeitsgefüllten Vorrichtung
DE10065800A1 (de) * 2000-12-30 2002-07-18 Alstom Verfahren zur Ermittlung von Temperaturen in einem elektrischen Transformator
US20040158248A1 (en) 2001-09-06 2004-08-12 Ginn Richard S. Apparatus and methods for treating spinal discs
US20040158428A1 (en) 2003-02-06 2004-08-12 Byrd Douglas S. Intelligent auxiliary cooling system
EP1470948A1 (de) * 2003-04-22 2004-10-27 ABB Sécheron SA Fahrtransformator und Verfahren zum Überwachen des Betriebszustandes des Fahrtransformators

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US11398336B2 (en) 2022-07-26
EP3706148A1 (de) 2020-09-09
CN113454738A (zh) 2021-09-28
EP3706148C0 (de) 2023-08-09
EP3706148B1 (de) 2023-08-09
WO2020178390A1 (en) 2020-09-10
US20220328233A1 (en) 2022-10-13
US20220102049A1 (en) 2022-03-31

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