Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D1/00—Detergent compositions based essentially on surface-active compounds; Use of these compounds as a detergent
  • C11D1/66—Non-ionic compounds
  • C11D1/83—Mixtures of non-ionic with anionic compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D17/00—Detergent materials or soaps characterised by their shape or physical properties
  • C11D17/06—Powder; Flakes; Free-flowing mixtures; Sheets
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D1/00—Detergent compositions based essentially on surface-active compounds; Use of these compounds as a detergent
  • C11D1/02—Anionic compounds
  • C11D1/12—Sulfonic acids or sulfuric acid esters; Salts thereof
  • C11D1/14—Sulfonic acids or sulfuric acid esters; Salts thereof derived from aliphatic hydrocarbons or mono-alcohols
  • C11D1/146—Sulfuric acid esters
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D1/00—Detergent compositions based essentially on surface-active compounds; Use of these compounds as a detergent
  • C11D1/66—Non-ionic compounds
  • C11D1/75—Amino oxides
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D2111/00—Cleaning compositions characterised by the objects to be cleaned; Cleaning compositions characterised by non-standard cleaning or washing processes
  • C11D2111/10—Objects to be cleaned
  • C11D2111/12—Soft surfaces, e.g. textile

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a detergent granule that can be used to make cleaning products, especially granular detergent products.
• Mid-cut alkyl sulfate (MCAS or AS) with a C 6 -C 16 branched or unbranched unalkoxylated alkyl group has been discovered to be effective for suds-boosting when it is used as a co-surfactant in cleaning compositions, particularly in dry laundry detergent compositions.
• MCAS Mid-cut alkyl sulfate
• AS a C 6 -C 16 branched or unbranched unalkoxylated alkyl group
• WO2009010911 discloses the use of MCAS for boosting suds in a LAS-based surfactant system and forming a detergent composition with a reduced total surfactant level, but without apparently deteriorating the sudsing profile of the detergent composition.
• more enhanced suds-boosting effect is desirable for consumers who hand-wash fabrics. Particularly, these consumers consider copious suds in the wash as the primary and most desirable signal of cleaning.
• detergent compositions capable of generating more suds during the wash.
• Amine oxides are very widely used as co-surfactants in consumer products such as shampoos, conditioners, and detergent products, as providing suds-boosting benefit.
• amine oxides are mainly used in the liquid form of detergent products, but not commonly used in dry detergent products.
• spray-drying process and agglomeration process are the two main processes for making dry detergent products.
• Amine oxides have poor thermo-stability thus resulting in processing difficulties during spray-drying.
• amino oxides which exist in liquid/solution form, may have negative interactions with other ingredients (e.g., LAS) in dry detergent products and result in granules with poor flowability and difficult to handle.
• the present invention has discovered, surprisingly and unexpectedly, that by making a detergent granule comprising MCAS and an amine oxide, the amine oxide can be successfully added into a dry detergent product and the suds-boosting effect is significantly enhanced. Further, when such detergent granule contains MCAS and the amine oxide in a preferred weight ratio (e.g., from about 20: 1 to about 1: 1) , a more desirable suds-boosting effect can be achieved.
• the detergent granule comprising MCAS and amine oxide can provide comparative or even superior flowability compare with a detergent granule without adding amine oxide.
• the present invention relates to a cleaning composition
• a cleaning composition comprising from about 0.1%to about 50%, preferably from 0.2%to 30%, more preferably from 0.3%to 20%, by weight of such cleaning composition, of the above-mentioned detergent granule.
• the present invention relates to the use of the above-mentioned cleaning composition for washing fabrics.
• the term “granule” or “particle” refers to a solid matter of minute quantity, such as a powder, granule, encapsulate, microcapsule, and/or prill.
• the granules or particles of the present invention can be spheres, rods, plates, tubes, squares, rectangles, discs, stars or flakes of regular or irregular shapes, but they are non-fibrous.
• the granules or particles of the present invention may have a median particle size of about 2000 ⁇ m or less, as measured according to the Median Particle Size Test described herein.
• the particles of the present invention have a median particle size ranging from about 1 ⁇ m to about 2000 ⁇ m, more preferably from about 10 ⁇ m to about 1800 ⁇ m, still more preferably from about 50 ⁇ m to about 1700 ⁇ m, still more preferably from about 100 ⁇ m to about 1500 ⁇ m, still more preferably from about 250 ⁇ m to about 1000 ⁇ m, most preferably from about 300 ⁇ m to about 800 ⁇ m, as measured according to the Median Particle Size Test described herein.
• detergent granule refers to particles containing one or more detersive actives, including but not limited to surfactants, bleaching agents, enzymes, polymers, chelants, and combinations thereof.
• the term “cleaning composition” includes, unless otherwise indicated, granular or powder-form all-purpose or “heavy-duty” washing agents, especially cleaning detergents, for fabrics, as well as cleaning auxiliaries such as bleach, rinse aids, additives, or pre-treat types; hand dishwashing agents or light duty dishwashing agents, especially those of the high-foaming type; machine dishwashing agents; mouthwashes, denture cleaners, car or carpet shampoos, bathroom cleaners; hair shampoos and hair-rinses; shower gels and foam baths and metal cleaners; as well as cleaning auxiliaries such as bleach additives or pre-treat types.
• the cleaning composition is a solid laundry detergent composition, and more preferably a free-flowing particulate laundry detergent composition (i.e., a granular laundry detergent product) .
• Median Particle Size refers to the mid-point of the distribution of the particle sizes of the detergent granule, as measured by the Sieve Test as disclosed herein.
• the term “aspect ratio” refers to the ratio of the largest diameter of an article over the smallest diameter of such article orthogonal to the largest diameter.
• water-soluble refers to a solubility of more than about 25 grams per liter (g/L) of deionized water measured at 20°C and under the atmospheric pressure.
• composition contains less than about 1%, preferably less than about 0.5%, of ingredients other than those listed.
• the terms “essentially free of, ” “substantially free of” or “substantially free from” means that the indicated material is present in the amount of from 0 wt%to about 0.5 wt%, or preferably from 0 wt%to about 0.1 wt%, or more preferably from 0 wt%to about 0.01 wt%, and most preferably it is not present at analytically detectable levels.
• substantially pure or “essentially pure” means that the indicated material is present in the amount of from about 99.5 wt%to about 100 wt%, preferably from about 99.9 wt%to about 100 wt%, and more preferably from 99.99 wt%to about 100 wt%, and most preferably all other materials are present only as impurities below analytically detectable levels.
• the AS surfactant used in the detergent granule of the present invention contains a branched or linear unalkoxylated alkyl group containing from about 6 to about 18 carbon atoms, and is therefore also referred to as Mid-Cut AS or MCAS.
• the AS has the generic formula of R-O-SO 3 - M + , while R is branched or linear unalkoxylated C 6 -C 16 alkyl group, and M is a cation of alkali metal, alkaline earth metal or ammonium. More preferably, the R group of the AS surfactant contains from about 8 to about 16 carbon atoms, more preferably from about 10 to about 14 carbon atoms, most preferably from about 12 to about 14 carbon atoms. R can be substituted or unsubstituted, and is preferably unsubstituted. R is substantially free of any alkoxylation. M is preferably a cationic of sodium, potassium, or magnesium, and more preferably M is a sodium cation.
• the detergent granule of the present invention contains a mixture of C 6 -C 16 AS surfactants, in which C 8 -C 14 AS surfactants are present in an amount ranging from about 85%to about 100%by total weight of the mixture.
• This mixture can be referred to as a “C 8 -C 14 -rich AS mixture. ” More preferably, such C 8 -C 14 -rich AS mixture contains from about 90 wt%to about 100 wt%, or from 92 wt%to about 98 wt%, or from about 94 wt%to about 96 wt%, or 100 wt% (i.e., pure) , of C 8 -C 14 AS.
• the detergent granule contains a mixture of C 6 -C 16 AS surfactants with from about 30 wt%to about 100 wt%or from about 50 wt%to about 99 wt%, preferably from about 60 wt%to about 95 wt%, more preferably from about 65 wt%to about 90 wt%, and most preferably from about 70 wt%to about 80 wt%of C 12 AS.
• such mixture of C 6 -C 16 AS surfactants may contain from about 10 wt%to about 100 wt%, preferably from 15 wt%to about 50 wt%, and more preferably from 20 wt%to about 30 wt%of C 14 AS. This mixture can be referred to as a “C 12 -C 14 -rich AS mixture. ”
• the detergent granule contains a mixture of AS surfactants that consists essentially of C 12 and/or C 14 AS surfactants.
• AS surfactants may consist essentially of from about 70 wt%to about 80 wt%of C 12 AS and from 20 wt%to about 30 wt%of C 14 AS, with little or no other AS surfactants therein.
• Such mixture may also consist of substantially pure C 12 AS, or alternatively, substantially pure C 14 AS.
• a commercially available AS mixture particularly suitable for practice of the present invention is V95 G from Cognis (Monheim, Germany) .
• the detergent granule of the present invention may contain a mixture of C 6 -C 16 AS surfactants comprising more than about 50 wt%, preferably more than about 60 wt%, more preferably more than 70 wt%or 80 wt%, and most preferably more than 90 wt%or even at 100 wt% (i.e., substantially pure) , of linear AS surfactants having an even number of carbon atoms, including, for example, C 6 , C 8 , C 10 , C 12 , C 14 , and C 16 AS surfactants.
• the mixture of C 6 -C 16 AS surfactants as described can be readily obtained by sulphonation of alcohol (s) with the corresponding numbers of carbon atoms.
• the required carbon chain length distribution can be obtained by using alcohols with the corresponding chain length distribution prepared either synthetically or extracted/purified from natural raw materials or formed by mixing corresponding pure starting materials.
• the mixture of C 6 -C 16 AS surfactants may be derived from naturally occurring triglycerides, such as those contained in palm kernel oil or coconut oil, by chemically processing such triglycerides to form a mixture of long chain alcohols and then sulphonating such alcohols to form AS surfactants.
• the mixture of alcohols derived from the naturally occurring triglycerides typically contain more than about 20 wt%of C 16 -C 16 alcohols.
• a mixture containing a lower proportion of C 16 -C 16 alcohols may be separated from the original mixture before the sulphonation step, in order to form the desired mixture of C 6 -C 16 AS surfactants as described hereinabove.
• the desired mixture of C 6 -C 16 AS surfactants can be readily obtained by separating and purifying the already formed AS mixtures. Suitable separation and purification methods include, but are not limited to: distillation, centrifugation, recrystallization and chromatographic separation.
• the amount of AS surfactant (s) present in the detergent granule of the present invention may range from about 50 wt%to about 95 wt%, and preferably from about 75 wt%to about 90 wt%by total weight of the detergent granule. With such a high level of AS surfactant (s) , the detergent granule of the present invention exhibits a high detersive activity and a very good dissolution profile.
• the detergent granule contains from about 75 wt%to about 90 wt%, preferably from about 80 wt%to about 86 wt%, of an AS mixture consisting essentially of from about 70 wt%to about 80 wt%of C 12 AS and from 20 wt%to about 30 wt%of C 14 AS.
• Amine oxides are amphoteric/zwitterionic surfactants that can be used in detergent products.
• amine oxides are synthesized from long-chain fatty molecules which are derived from, for example, lauric-containing triglyceride oils such as coconut oil or palm kernel oil.
• the amine oxide used in the detergent granule of the present invention may comprise alkyl amine oxide.
• the amine oxide used in the detergent granule of the present invention may have the formula (I) :
• R 1 is a C 8-22 alkyl, a C 8-22 hydroxyalkyl, a C 8-22 alkyl phenyl, or a R 4 -X-R 5 -group; wherein R 4 is a C 8-22 alkyl group, R 5 is a C 1-3 alkylene group, and X is a bivalent moiety selected from the group consisting of aminocarbonyl, carbonylamino, carbonyloxy, oxycarbonyloxy, aminocarbonylamino and combination and derivatives thereof; OY is an alkoxy moiety selected from the group consisting of ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy and combination thereof; m is from 0 to 3; R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from the group consisting of a C 1-3 alkyl group, a C 1-3 hydroxyalkyl group and combination thereof.
• R 1 in formula (I) is a C 10-18 alkyl or a R 4 -X-R 5 -group, wherein R 4 is a C 10-18 alkyl, R 5 is an ethylene or propylene group, and X is a carbonylamino group; OY is an ethoxy or propoxy group; m is from 0 to 3; R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, 2-hydroethyl, 1-hydroxypropyl, 3-hydroxypropyl group and combination thereof.
• the amine oxide used in the detergent granule of the present invention may be selected from the group consisting of a C 10-18 alkyl dimethyl amine oxide, a C 8-16 alkyl ethoxy dihydroxy ethyl amine oxide, a C 10-18 alkyl amidopropyl dimethyl amine oxide, and combinations thereof.
• the amine oxide surfactant of the present invention is a C 12-16 alkyl dimethyl amine oxide, a C 12-16 alkylamidopropyl dimethyl amine oxide, or a combination thereof.
• the amine oxide may be coco alkyl dimethyl amine oxide, alkylamidopropylamine N-oxide, lauramine oxide or an any combinations thereof.
• the amine oxide may be present in the detergent granule ranging from about 2 wt%to about 50 wt%, preferably from about 4%to about 40%, more preferably from about 5%to about 35%by total weight of the detergent granule.
• the detergent granule of the present invention may comprise (a) from about 30%to about 95%of an alkyl sulfate (AS) having a branched or linear unalkoxylated alkyl group comprising from 6 to 16 carbon atoms; and (b) from about 2%to about 50%of an amine oxide.
• AS alkyl sulfate
• the weight ratio of said AS over said amine oxide is from about 20: 1 to about 1: 1.
• the weight ratio of said AS over amine oxide is from about 15: 1 to about 1.5: 1, alternatively from about 12: 1 to about 1.8: 1.
• the weight ratio of AS over amine oxide in the detergent granule of the present invention is from about 10: 1 to about 2: 1, more preferably from about 9: 1 to about 2.5: 1, most preferably from about 8: 1 to about 3: 1.
• the detergent granule comprises a C 10 -C 14 linear or branched unalkoxylated alkyl sulfate (AS) and a C 10 -C 16 Alkyl dimethylamines, N-oxides.
• the detergent granule comprises a C 12 -C 16 linear or branched unalkoxylated alkyl sulfate (AS) and a C 10 -C 16 Alkyl dimethylamines, N-oxides.
• the detergent granule of the present invention may further comprise 0%to 30%of water-soluble salt.
• the water-soluble salt used in the detergent granule of the present invention can be selected from the group consisting of sodium sulfate, sodium carbonate, magnesium chloride, magnesium sulfate, sodium silicate, and combinations thereof.
• the water-soluble salt is selected from sodium sulfate, sodium carbonate, or a combination thereof.
• the amount of water-soluble salt present in the detergent granule of the present invention may range from about 0.5 wt%to about 20 wt%, preferably from about 1 wt%to about 15 wt%, and more preferably from about 2 wt%to about 10 wt%.
• the addition of water-soluble salt may help to improve flowability of the particle, thus make it easy to handle during storage, shipping and manufacturing.
• the detergent granule contains too high amount of the water-soluble salt, the amount of MCAS and amine oxide surfactant in such detergent granule likely must be reduced, which is undesirable.
• the detergent granule of the present invention may contain from about 1 wt%to about 5 wt%of water, preferably from about 1.5 wt%to about 4 wt%, more preferably from about 2 wt%to about 3 wt%. Too much water in the detergent granule may adversely affect its flowability and handability.
• the detergent granule of the present invention may contain one or more other ingredients, such as silica, zeolite, other surfactants, enzymes, bleach actives, chelants, perfumes, dyes, fluorescent materials, and the like.
• the detergent granule of the present invention consists essentially of the above-mentioned MCAS, amine oxide, water-soluble salt, and water. More preferably, the detergent granule of the present invention is essentially free of other ingredients.
• the detergent granule of the present invention may be characterized by a Medium Particle Size ranging from about 20 ⁇ m to about 2000 ⁇ m, preferably from about 200 ⁇ m to about 100 ⁇ m, more preferably from about 250 ⁇ m to about 600 ⁇ m.
• the detergent granule of the present invention preferably has a spherical or substantially spherical shape, which functions to further improve its flowability and handability during storage and shipment.
• the detergent granule of the present invention may be used alone for cleaning, but preferably it is combined with other particles to form a cleaning composition, such as a granular laundry detergent product.
• the detergent granule is typically added to the cleaning composition at a level of from about 0.1 wt%to about 50 wt%, preferably from about 0.2 wt%to about 40 wt%, or from about 0.3wt%to about 30wt%, alternatively from about 0.5 wt%to about 20 wt%, or from about 0.5 wt%to about 15 wt%; more preferably from about 0.5 wt%to about 10 wt%, or from about 0.8wt%to about 8wt%by weight of the cleaning composition.
• the cleaning composition is a granular detergent composition.
• the detergent granule of the present invention may be combined with other particles such as, for example: surfactant particles, such as anionic detersive surfactant particles (especially those containing LAS) including agglomerates and extrudates, non-ionic detersive surfactant particles including agglomerates or extrudates, and cationic detersive surfactant particles including agglomerates and extrudates; enzyme particles; perfume particles including agglomerates or extrudates of perfume microcapsules, and perfume encapsulates such as starch encapsulated perfume accord particles; polymer particles including soil release polymer particles, cellulosic polymer particles; buffer particles including carbonate salt and/or silicate salt particles, preferably a particle comprising carbonate salt and silicate salt such as a sodium carbonate and sodium silicate co-particle, and particles and sodium bicarbonate; other spray-dried particles; fluorescent whitening particles; aesthetic particles such as coloured noodles or needles or lamellae particles; bleaching particles such as percarbonate particles
• the cleaning composition of the present invention may further comprise one or more surfactant selected from the group consisting of: (1) a C10-C20 linear alkylbenzene sulphonate (LAS) ; (2) a C10-C20 linear or branched alkylalkoxylated sulfate (AAS) , (3) nonionic surfactant, and (4) combinations thereof.
• LAS linear alkylbenzene sulphonate
• AAS alkylalkoxylated sulfate
• nonionic surfactant e.g., a nonionic surfactant, and (4) combinations thereof.
• the cleaning composition of the present invention comprises, in addition to the detergent granule described hereinabove, C 10 -C 20 linear alkylbenzene sulphonate (LAS) , and more preferably such cleaning composition further comprises a fatty acid or salt thereof.
• the MCAS-containing detergent granule of the present invention may interact with such LAS and fatty acid/salt to
• the cleaning composition may also be especially preferred for the cleaning composition to comprise low levels, or even be substantially free, of builder.
• the cleaning composition comprises no builder.
• the cleaning composition is typically used for cleaning and /or treating a situs inter alia a surface or fabric.
• surface may include such surfaces such as dishes, glasses, and other cooking surfaces, hard surfaces, hair or skin.
• Such method includes the steps of contacting an embodiment of the cleaning composition, in neat form or diluted in a wash liquor, with at least a portion of a surface or fabric, then optionally rinsing such surface or fabric.
• the surface or fabric may be subjected to a washing step prior to the aforementioned rinsing step.
• washing includes but is not limited to, scrubbing, wiping, and mechanical agitation.
• composition solution pH is chosen to be the most complimentary to a target surface to be cleaned spanning broad range of pH, from about 5 to about 11.
• For personal care such as skin and hair cleaning pH of such composition preferably has a pH from about 5 to about 8, and for laundry cleaning compositions pH of from about 8 to about 10.
• the compositions are preferably employed at concentrations of from about 200 ppm to about 10,000 ppm in solution.
• the water temperatures preferably range from about 5 °C to about 100 °C.
• a method of laundering fabrics using the cleaning composition of the present invention may comprise the steps of contacting a fabric to be laundered with the cleaning composition or a wash liquor formed thereby.
• the fabric may comprise most any fabric capable of being laundered in normal consumer use conditions.
• the cleaning composition herein is especially well-suited for use in a hand-washing context. It can also be used in automatic mashing washing using a top-loading or front-loading automatic washing machine.
• the cleaning composition may be employed at concentrations of from about 500 ppm to about 15,000 ppm in solution, and optionally, more dilute wash conditions can be used.
• 50 g or less, or 45 g or less, or 40 g or less, or 35 g or less, or 30 g or less, or 25 g or less, or 20 g or less, or even 15 g or less, or even 10 g or less of the cleaning composition is dissolved into water to form a wash liquor.
• the wash liquor preferably has a pH of from about 8 to about 10.5.
• the wash liquor may comprise 40 litres or less of water, or 30 litres or less, or 20 litres or less, or 10 litres or less, or 8 litres or less, or even 6 litres or less of water.
• the wash liquor may comprise from above 0 to 15 litres, or from 2 litres, and to 12 litres, or even to 8 litres of water.
• the wash liquor may comprise 150 litres or less of water, 100 litres or less of water, 60 litres or less of water, or 50 litres or less of water, especially for hand washing conditions, and can depend on the number of rinses.
• the water to fabric ratio is typically from about 1: 1 to about 30: 1. Typically, from 0.01 Kg to 2 Kg of fabric per litre of wash liquor is dosed into the wash liquor.
• the cleaning composition can be used in hard water conditions where the water hardness is between about 17 ppm to about 600 ppm; or from about 34 ppm to about 340 ppm; or from about 51 ppm to about 300 ppm of hard water ions such as Ca 2+ , Mg + , etc., or such as Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ .
• the cleaning composition can be used in cold water temperature, where the temperature is from about 5 °C to about 40 °C, or from about 20 °Cto about 30 °C, or from about 15 °C to about 25 °C, as well as all other combinations within the range of about 15 °C to about 35 °C, and all ranges within 10 °C to 40 °C.
• step 4 Stop the agitator after exactly 1 min mixing and record the total volume of the solution and suds in the mixer. If the recorded time in step 3 is less than 1 minute (i.e., suds go to the top) , then the volume recorded here is the total volume of the mixer.
• the flowability (ff c ) of each sample detergent granule is the ratio of ⁇ 1 (consolidation stress) to ⁇ c (unconfined yield strength) , which is used to characterize flowability numerically: the larger ffc means the better a bulk solid flows.
• the flowability (ff c ) data is generated from a Schulze Ring Shear Tester RST-XS, while the detailed test procedure of the ring shear tester is described in detail in ASTM standard D-6773.
• the consolidation stress at pre-shear is set as 16000Pa, and five different other consolidation stresses (3200Pa, 4800Pa, 6400Pa, 8000Pa and 9600Pa) are also applied during the same test.
• the minimum shear stress required to shear the bulk sample (shear to failure) at each consolidation stress is then measured to generate a yield locus (see Fig 4.10 in D. Schulze, Powder and Bulk Solid: Behavior, Characterization, Storage and Flow, Springer, 2008) .
• the yield locus is then used to calculate the consolidation stress, ⁇ 1 and the unconfined yield strength, ⁇ c; and the ratio of ⁇ 1 to ⁇ c is the flowability, ff c .
• Inventive examples of detergent granule are made, containing different mass ratio of MCAS and amine oxide (AO) as shown in below Table 1. Comparative examples containing MCAS only and amine oxide only are also made.
• the sample particles can be made by a drying process, referring to the conventional process for manufacturing of MCAS, and a grinding process. The process can be batch or continuous.
• MCAS paste is preheated to 60 ⁇ 75°C, and sodium sulfate is added with agitation at 60 ⁇ 75°C, consequently amine oxide is added at the same condition.
• the resulted composition paste is then dried on a plate in oven at 80 ⁇ 110°C until the moisture reaches to ⁇ 3%. After drying, the particles are ground (e.g. by a food mixer) into particles having suitable sizes as described below.
• Other suitable method can also be used for making the detergent granules of the present invention.
• MCAS is SLS 90/92 from Shanghai Auway Daily Chemicals (containing majority of C 12 -C 14 alkyl sulfate with low level of C 16 alkyl sulfate) .
• **AO is C 10 -C 16 Alkyl dimethylamines, N-oxide (Solvay ZhangJiaGang Specialty)
• Comparative Example Y is raw material of AO in 32%aqueous solution.
• the particle size distribution is one of the key factors influencing particle flowability. Therefore, it is important to ensure that all sample detergent particles have the same or substantially similar particle size distributions, in order to minimize any potential impact of the particle size distribution variations on the flowability test results.
• the same or substantially similar particle size distribution for all sample detergent granules can be obtained by sieving the sample with a nest of clean dry sieves using a sieve-shaking machine. For example, all Inventive Example particles tested herein are all mixed with the following %in each size cut.

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