Classifications

• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
  • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
  • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
  • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
  • B32B17/10009—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets
  • B32B17/10036—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets comprising two outer glass sheets
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B7/00—Layered products characterised by the relation between layers; Layered products characterised by the relative orientation of features between layers, or by the relative values of a measurable parameter between layers, i.e. products comprising layers having different physical, chemical or physicochemical properties; Layered products characterised by the interconnection of layers
  • B32B7/02—Physical, chemical or physicochemical properties
  • B32B7/023—Optical properties
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
  • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
  • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
  • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
  • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
  • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
  • B32B17/10009—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets
  • B32B17/10082—Properties of the bulk of a glass sheet
  • B32B17/10091—Properties of the bulk of a glass sheet thermally hardened
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
  • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
  • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
  • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
  • B32B17/10165—Functional features of the laminated safety glass or glazing
  • B32B17/10174—Coatings of a metallic or dielectric material on a constituent layer of glass or polymer
  • B32B17/10201—Dielectric coatings
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
  • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
  • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
  • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
  • B32B17/10165—Functional features of the laminated safety glass or glazing
  • B32B17/10339—Specific parts of the laminated safety glass or glazing being colored or tinted
  • B32B17/10357—Specific parts of the laminated safety glass or glazing being colored or tinted comprising a tinted intermediate film
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
  • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
  • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
  • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
  • B32B17/1055—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer
  • B32B17/10761—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer containing vinyl acetal
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
  • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
  • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
  • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
  • B32B17/1055—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer
  • B32B17/1077—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer containing polyurethane
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
  • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
  • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
  • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
  • B32B17/1055—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer
  • B32B17/10788—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer containing ethylene vinylacetate
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B33/00—Layered products characterised by particular properties or particular surface features, e.g. particular surface coatings; Layered products designed for particular purposes not covered by another single class
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
  • C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
  • C03C17/00—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating
  • C03C17/22—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with other inorganic material
  • C03C17/225—Nitrides
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
  • C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
  • C03C17/00—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating
  • C03C17/22—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with other inorganic material
  • C03C17/23—Oxides
  • C03C17/245—Oxides by deposition from the vapour phase
  • C03C17/2453—Coating containing SnO2
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
  • C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
  • C03C17/00—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating
  • C03C17/22—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with other inorganic material
  • C03C17/23—Oxides
  • C03C17/245—Oxides by deposition from the vapour phase
  • C03C17/2456—Coating containing TiO2
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
  • C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
  • C03C17/00—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating
  • C03C17/34—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with at least two coatings having different compositions
  • C03C17/3411—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with at least two coatings having different compositions with at least two coatings of inorganic materials
  • C03C17/3417—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating with at least two coatings having different compositions with at least two coatings of inorganic materials all coatings being oxide coatings
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
  • C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
  • C03C27/00—Joining pieces of glass to pieces of other inorganic material; Joining glass to glass other than by fusing
  • C03C27/06—Joining glass to glass by processes other than fusing
  • C03C27/10—Joining glass to glass by processes other than fusing with the aid of adhesive specially adapted for that purpose
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
  • H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
  • H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
  • H01L31/042—PV modules or arrays of single PV cells
  • H01L31/048—Encapsulation of modules
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
  • H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
  • H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
  • H01L31/042—PV modules or arrays of single PV cells
  • H01L31/048—Encapsulation of modules
  • H01L31/0481—Encapsulation of modules characterised by the composition of the encapsulation material
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2250/00—Layers arrangement
  • B32B2250/03—3 layers
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2255/00—Coating on the layer surface
  • B32B2255/20—Inorganic coating
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2255/00—Coating on the layer surface
  • B32B2255/28—Multiple coating on one surface
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2305/00—Condition, form or state of the layers or laminate
  • B32B2305/34—Inserts
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
  • B32B2307/20—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular electrical or magnetic properties, e.g. piezoelectric
  • B32B2307/204—Di-electric
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
  • B32B2307/40—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular optical properties
  • B32B2307/402—Coloured
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
  • B32B2307/40—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular optical properties
  • B32B2307/41—Opaque
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
  • B32B2307/40—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular optical properties
  • B32B2307/416—Reflective
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
  • B32B2307/40—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular optical properties
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• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
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• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2311/00—Metals, their alloys or their compounds
  • B32B2311/20—Zinc
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
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  • B32B2327/00—Polyvinylhalogenides
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• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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  • B32B2457/12—Photovoltaic modules
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
  • C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
  • C03C2217/00—Coatings on glass
  • C03C2217/90—Other aspects of coatings
  • C03C2217/94—Transparent conductive oxide layers [TCO] being part of a multilayer coating
  • C03C2217/944—Layers comprising zinc oxide
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
  • Y02B10/00—Integration of renewable energy sources in buildings
  • Y02B10/10—Photovoltaic [PV]
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
  • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy

Definitions

• the present invention relates to spandrels, incorporating at least one glazed panel and intended to be placed in areas of a facade which do not transmit light. Their role is therefore to conceal certain parts of this facade between the parts occupied by the windows. More particularly, this invention discloses spandrels which harmonize with adjacent transparent glazing, providing very good aesthetics.
• the spandrels of the invention are an assembly of at least two substrates, one of which is transparent and the other is opaque. The outer substrate (relative to the building) allows good light transmission, which makes the sill of the invention well suited for inserting photovoltaic cells.
• Such spandrels are therefore intended to be used on the facade to constitute what is called BIPV (Building Integrated Photovoltaics).
• glazed walls have transparent areas and non-transparent areas.
• the windows themselves can be more or less transparent, more or less reflective depending on the nature of the coverings carried by the glass.
• These coatings which are almost essential, confer advantageous thermal properties on the glazing, such as, for example, solar control and low-emissivity properties.
• the choice of materials and / or their thickness makes it possible to give a coloring which is pleasant in reflection and / or in transmission, for example a blue, green, bronze or neutral tint, which is generally preferred.
• Other properties to be given to the glazing are, for example, a self-cleaning character, an anti-fog character, or any other property requested by the customer or required by the circumstances.
• the glazing intended for these buildings must be heat treated in particular for safety, which implies that they must be subjected to temperatures exceeding 500 ° C, or even exceeding 600 ° C during several minutes and according to a method well known to those skilled in the art.
• the spandrels are inherently opaque or are made opaque by different covering or coating systems. However, even if the sills are opaque to visible light, they must be in harmony with the reflective tint of adjacent windows. The entire glazed facade must be optically uniform in external vision whatever the viewing angle, both for the reflection of the light and for its color nuances.
• W02004092522A1 suggests making spandrels in the form of double glazing, the interior glass of which (building side) has a very low light transmission (less than 15%) to prevent vision and the exterior glass of which is coated with a stack of solar control. Such a construction is expensive and does not completely meet the aesthetic requirements of modern glass facades.
• EP2517877 discloses a laminated glass, the outer substrate of which is made opaque by means of an absorbent stack which contacts the PVB used as adhesive between the two substrates.
• the essential characteristic of this invention is that the glass coated with the opacifying stack is an extra clear glass, containing little iron and therefore being very little absorbent itself. This characteristic has, according to the inventor, the advantage of being able to avoid severe heat treatment.
• the patent is silent on the aspect of harmonization of tints with the windows and moreover, this kind of solution inevitably leads to storage cost problems.
• enamels and paints are limited and expensive solutions (additional heating step) and do not always meet aesthetic requirements.
• the visual rendering of a panel simply colored with enamel or paint does not meet current requirements.
• Not all of the solutions of the prior art allow the glass panel to be subjected to a heat treatment. Sometimes the solution is not acceptable for a stock management issue. Often the color matching requirements are not met.
• a spandrel can be advantageously formed by laminating a first substrate and a second substrate by means of an intermediate sheet of polymeric material for adhesion.
• the first substrate is the one that is furthest from the building and therefore the most exterior.
• the first substrate is covered with an upper dielectric layer characterized on the one hand by a sufficiently high refractive index and on the other hand by a sufficiently low absorption coefficient. These characteristics allow exterior reflection in a pleasant shade and good light transmission.
• the adjustment of the tint in exterior reflection is obtained by adequately choosing the thickness of the layer and / or its nature. The choice of the nature of the materials makes it possible to meet the requirements of resistance to heat treatments as well as the requirements of durability.
• the first substrate is assembled with a second substrate by means of an intermediate polymeric material to form a laminate (or laminate).
• the upper dielectric layer is deposited on the face of the first substrate which is oriented towards the side of the intermediate polymeric material (in position P2).
• the upper dielectric layer is in direct contact with the first substrate.
• the first substrate of the invention is covered with a sublayer disposed between the first substrate and the upper dielectric layer.
• the undercoat is a barrier layer whose role is to protect the layer of the invention when its nature does not provide sufficient resistance to heat treatments.
• the second substrate is opaque.
• the upper dielectric layer and the sublayer are the only layers deposited on the first substrate.
• photovoltaic cells are arranged between the two substrates of the laminate according to one or the other of the above embodiments.
• FIG. 1 Section through a first substrate for the first embodiment.
• Fig. 2 Section through a first substrate for the second embodiment.
• Fig. 3 Section of a laminate according to the first embodiment of the invention.
• Fig. 4 Section of a laminate according to the second embodiment of the invention.
• FIG. 5 Section through a particular embodiment of the invention with photovoltaic cells according to the first embodiment.
• FIG. 6 Section through a particular embodiment of the invention with photovoltaic cells according to the second embodiment.
• FIG. 7 Section of a laminate according to an alternative embodiment of the invention in which the second substrate is a normal glass made opaque by a black film of PET Fig.8. Section of a particular embodiment of the invention with photovoltaic cells according to the alternative mode shown in Figure 7
• the invention relates to a laminate assembly comprising a first substrate and a second substrate held together by means of an intermediate sheet of polymeric material which extends over at least one surface of each of the two substrates.
• the first substrate is the outer substrate, that is to say the furthest from the building.
• it is a glass substrate.
• glass it should be understood a transparent mineral glass consisting mainly of silica including in particular ordinary soda lime float glass whose thickness is between 0.5 and 20 mm, preferably 1, 5 and 10 mm and more preferably between 2 and 6 mm.
• this first substrate can be a lighter, or even extra clear, soda-lime glass, which means that it is characterized by a lower total iron content expressed in Fe2C> 3, in particular which is a maximum of 0.015% by weight in the case of extra clear glass and maximum 0.1% by weight in clear glass.
• the consequence of such a low iron content is that the energy transmission of the glass is much better, in particular beyond 90% for an extraclear glass against 82% for a normal float glass whose thickness is 5 mm.
• the advantage of improved energy transmission is to obtain better efficiency when photovoltaic cells are placed behind such a glass.
• the light reflection and transmission are given in accordance with standard EN 410 (2011). They are measured with a source conforming to the standard illuminant D65, according to the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) at a solid angle of 2 °.
• CIE International Commission on Illumination
• R g for a monolithic glass, that is to say non-laminated, and by R ex t in the case of the laminate .
• the colorimetric parameters are obtained from the coordinates of the CIELAB system.
• a * Rg or b * Rg is meant the colorimetric parameters a * and b * measured in exterior reflection (glass side without coating) on a monolithic substrate.
• Y Rg and LR 9 * respectively mean the reflectance expressed in percent and the luminous intensity expressed in percent (clarity) measured on the side of the uncoated glass.
• Rext, a * ext and b * ext denotes the corresponding colorimetric parameters measured on the laminate on the exterior side, that is to say on the uncoated side of the first substrate.
• the reflection of the coating side for a monolithic glass is represented by R c .
• the corresponding colorimetric parameters are obtained from the coordinates of the CIELAB system.
• a * R C or b * RC is meant the colorimetric parameters a * and b * measured in reflection on the side of the coating on a substrate monolithic.
• YR C and LR c * respectively mean the reflectance expressed in percent and the luminous intensity expressed in percent (clarity) measured on the side of the coated glass.
• the light transmission in the visible spectrum complies with standard EN410 (2011). It is represented by Tv and the corresponding colorimetric parameters are given by a * Tv and b * Tv.
• Energy transmission is the transmission of a larger portion of the sun's spectrum compared to the transmission of visible light. This information is particularly important when one is interested in the energetic part of the transmitted light likely to interact with photovoltaic cells.
• the energy transmission is measured in accordance with standard EN410 (2011) for light with a wavelength between 300 and 2500 nm. The energy transmission simulations were carried out for a wavelength of light between 390 and 2500 nm.
• the composition of the mixed oxides or nitrides is indicated by ratios which represent the weight percentages of the two constituents of the dielectric, the first number relating to the first element entered.
• TZO 65/35 means a mixed titanium zirconium oxide composed of 65% by weight of titanium oxide and 35% by weight of zirconium oxide.
• SiZrN 60/40 signifies a mixed nitride composed of 60% by weight of silicon nitride and of 40% by weight of zirconium nitride.
• ZS05 52/48 corresponds to a mixed oxide of zinc and tin composed of 52% by weight of zinc oxide and 48% by weight of tin oxide, that is to say that ZS05 is the zinc stannate (Z ⁇ SnC).
• the upper dielectric layer is characterized by a refractive index which is high and an absorption coefficient which is low.
• the refractive index of the upper dielectric layer is at least 2.0, preferably at least 2.1.
• the absorption coefficient of the dielectric layer is at most 0.1. and preferably at most 0.05.
• the refractive index im pacts the aesthetic appearance (color in reflection) while the low absorption coefficient allows higher energy transmission.
• the upper dielectric layer is chosen from mixed oxides, nitrides or oxynitrides, that is to say they comprise at least two different oxides, at least two different nitrides, at least two different oxynitrides or at least one oxide and one nitride of two different elements. In the case of nitrides, it is in particular possible that partial oxidation leads to the formation of a mixed oxy nitride.
• the oxides or nitrides making up the dielectric layer of the invention are chosen from oxides, nitrides or oxynitrides of elements chosen from silicon, titanium, zinc, tin, zirconium, aluminum and niobium, such as, for example, mixed oxide of titanium and zirconium (TZO) or mixed nitride of silicon and zirconium (SiZrN).
• TZO mixed oxide of titanium and zirconium
• SiZrN mixed nitride of silicon and zirconium
• each oxide, nitride or oxynitride entering into the composition of the upper layer is present in a proportion which is not less than 20% by weight, preferably not less than 25% by weight and even more so more preferred not less than 30% by weight. More particularly, when the dielectric layer is titanium zirconium oxide, the weight percentage of the titanium oxide is between 62 and 68% by weight.
• This choice for mixed oxides, nitrides or oxynitrides makes it possible to advantageously combine the optical properties of one of the oxides, nitrides or oxynitrides of the mixture with the durability properties of another oxide, nitride or oxynitride of the mixture.
• the optical thickness of the upper dielectric layer and its composition is chosen according to the tint in reflection that is desired. This thickness is preferably at least 40 nm, preferably at least 50 nm.
• this optical thickness is at most 110 nm, preferably at most 80 nm and even more preferably at most 70 nm.
• the coating is located on the inner part of the outer substrate, that is to say on the side of the sheet of polymeric material. It is customary for those skilled in the art to call this face position 2, the faces of the sheets of glass constituting glazing placed on a building being numbered from the outside to the inside.
• a sublayer is deposited on the first substrate between said substrate and the dielectric layer superior.
• the role of the sublayer is to protect the upper dielectric layer and can be any oxide, nitride or oxynitride known for this role.
• the nature and the thickness of this barrier layer are chosen so as not to modify the optical characteristics conferred on the first substrate by the upper dielectric layer. More particularly, a layer of mixed oxide of zinc and tin (ZSO), and more particularly zinc stannate, is well suited to fulfill this role of barrier layer.
• the geometric thickness of the sublayer is at least equal to 5 nm, preferably at least equal to 10 nm and less than or equal to 25 nm, preferably less than or equal to 20 nm.
• the sublayer and the upper dielectric layer can be applied by a cathode sputtering technique ("sputtering", PVD) under usual conditions and well known to those skilled in the art for this type. of technique. From metallic targets, nitrides are deposited in a reactive atmosphere of nitrogen and argon and oxides are deposited in a reactive atmosphere of oxygen and argon.
• the dielectric layers are applied by the well-known technique called PECVD ("Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition”) or plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition.
• the first coated substrate has a light reflection on the glass side (R g ) as well as a tint in reflection on the glass side which are characterized by the values given in Table 1.
• the values in Table 1 are given for a glass monolithic after quenching.
• This first coated and tempered substrate is characterized by a sufficiently high energy transmission.
• the energy transmission of light with a wavelength between 300 and 2500 nm is greater than 0.68, preferably greater than 0.70 and even more preferably greater than 0.72 and even more preferred greater than 0.74.
• the heat treatment that is advantageously subjected to the first substrate consists of heating to temperatures above 500 °, or even above 600 ° for a period of more than 4 minutes, in a manner well known to those skilled in the art.
• the first substrate is laminated with a second substrate by means of at least one intermediate film of polymeric material inserted between the two substrates.
• a second substrate is opaque. It can be organic or inorganic in nature, or even both in a composite.
• the second substrate of the laminate of the invention is an opaque polymer, such as, for example, a polyvinyl fluoride, in particular sold by DuPont under the name "Tedlar”.
• the second substrate is a glass substrate made opaque, for example by a black paint, giving an assembly sold by the company AGC Glass Europe under the name “Lacobel black classic”.
• the second substrate can also be composed of several elements (organic and inorganic) which are successively deposited on the intermediate film of polymeric material.
• an opaque polymeric film for example a black polyethylene terephthalate (PET), a layer of ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) and finally a float glass beforehand has thus been deposited successively. quenched, so that a laminate is obtained which can be schematized as follows (and shown in Figures 7 and 8):
• the intermediate film of polymeric material is advantageously chosen from polyvinyl butyral (PVB), ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyurethane (PU), ionomers or any other polymer exhibiting the required properties, such as, for example, the thermoplastic poyolefins from Dow.
• the intermediate film of polymeric material has a thickness of between 0.3 and 2 mm. This intermediate film can be a superposition of several sheets of the same material or of different materials.
• the assembly of the two substrates is carried out according to a method well known to those skilled in the art, for example described in WO2003084744A1 or BE876681A.
• the first substrate is covered by the polymeric sheet from a roll, which sheet is then adjusted to the dimensions of the first substrate before the second substrate is laid on it.
• the assembly thus formed is calendered and autoclaved, after degassing. This method of assembly is given by way of illustration, but any other method of assembling a laminate can be used for the invention.
• the laminate obtained in accordance with any embodiment of the invention is characterized by the desired optical properties as indicated in Table 2.
• the target values are mainly linked to the aesthetic rendering in reflection on the exterior side. (exterior reflection and colorimetric parameters in exterior reflection).
• the first substrate has a high energy transmission
• the photovoltaic cells are placed on this film, the electrical connections to the cells are made and a second film of polymeric material covers the assembly.
• the second substrate is placed on the second film of polymeric material and the assembly thus formed is laminated according to a method well known to those skilled in the art and already informed.
• the second substrate can be mineral (glass), organic (such as Tedlar) or composite (opaque film and glass).
• the laminated assembly can be represented as follows:
• the invention provides spandrels with a particularly interesting aesthetic and provided with photovoltaic cells which are almost invisible.
• Such spandrels used on the facade thus constitute the elements of what is called the BIPV and offer the advantage of aesthetics at the same time as the benefit of the recovery of solar energy.
• each polymeric intermediate film is between 0.3 and 2 mm because the photovoltaic cells have a thickness between 0.1 and 1.0 mm.
• spandrel is meant here an opaque panel intended for use on the facade of a building in areas between the windows.
• opaque substrate it is meant that the light transmission through the substrate is at most 4%, preferably at most 1% and even more preferably at most 0.5%.
• optical thickness is meant the product of the geometric thickness by the refractive index of the material. By default and without precision, it is a question of geometric thickness.
• the refractive index and the extinction coefficient are concepts well known to those skilled in the art. In the present description and unless otherwise indicated, the values of refractive index, extinction coefficient and optical thickness are given for a wavelength of 589 nm and are estimated using the CODE- optical simulation software. Theiss.
• Table 3 provides information on the refractive index and extinction coefficient values for some dielectric materials. Unless specified, the values entered are simulated values, as indicated above. A value of zero for the extinction coefficient means that the simulated value is less than 0.0001.
• the added ratios mean the corresponding weight percentages of the components.
• TZO 65/35 means a mixed oxide consisting of 65% by weight of titanium oxide and 35% by weight of zirconium oxide.
• Figure 1 illustrates in section the first substrate (S1) of the laminate of the invention for the first embodiment.
• the first substrate has two main faces (1) and (2).
• An upper dielectric layer L is deposited on the face (2) by PVD or PECVD.
• Figure 2 illustrates in section the first substrate (S1) of the laminate of the invention for the second embodiment.
• the first substrate has two main faces (1) and (2).
• a first sublayer B is deposited on the face (2) and then an upper dielectric layer L, according to the invention, is deposited on the sublayer B.
• the two layers are deposited by PVD or PECVD.
• Figure 3 illustrates in section the laminate according to the first embodiment of the invention.
• the first substrate shown in Figure 1 is laminated with the second substrate (S2) by means of an intermediate sheet of polymeric material (P1) deposited on the side of the face (2) of the first substrate, which is the face coated with the upper dielectric layer (L).
• P1 polymeric material
• Figure 4 illustrates in section the laminate according to the second embodiment of the invention.
• the first substrate shown in Figure 2 is laminated with the second substrate (S2) by means of an intermediate sheet of polymeric material (P1) deposited on the side of the face (2) of the first substrate, which is the coated face of the sublayer (B) and of the upper dielectric layer (L).
• P1 polymeric material
• Figure 5 illustrates in section the particular embodiment of the invention in which the laminate illustrated in Figure 3, is added a second intermediate sheet of polymeric material (P2) and between the two intermediate sheets (P1) and (P2), we have photovoltaic cells (PV).
• P2 second intermediate sheet of polymeric material
• PV photovoltaic cells
• Figure 6 illustrates in section the particular embodiment of the invention in which the laminate illustrated in Figure 4, is added a second intermediate sheet of polymeric material (P2) and between the two intermediate sheets (P1) and (P2), we have photovoltaic cells (PV).
• P2 second intermediate sheet of polymeric material
• PV photovoltaic cells
• FIG. 7 illustrates in section the alternative mode where the second substrate is an ordinary glass made opaque by a black polymeric PET film, the adhesion of which to the glass is ensured by an EVA film.
• the alternative mode presented in FIG. 7 illustrates the second embodiment in which a sublayer (B) is arranged below the upper dielectric layer (L).
• Figure 8 illustrates in section the particular embodiment of the invention in which the laminate illustrated in Figure 7, is added a second intermediate sheet of polymeric material (P2) and between the two intermediate sheets (P1) and (P2), we have photovoltaic cells (PV).
• P2 second intermediate sheet of polymeric material
• PV photovoltaic cells
• an upper dielectric layer of the invention is deposited on the first substrate.
• Table 4 indicates the optical parameters obtained by a simulation carried out by means of the CODE Theiss system for different types of materials used for the upper dielectric layer.
• the dielectric materials have a geometric thickness of 27 nm and are deposited on a clear glass of 3.85 mm, marketed by AGC under the name Clearlite.
• the simulated values are given for a monolithic substrate.
• the energy transmission is simulated on the basis of a calculation in accordance with standard EN410 (2011) for a wavelength range between 390 and 2500 nm.
• glazing is simulated by choosing TZO 65/35 as the dielectric layer which is deposited on the first substrate (3.85 mm float glass).
• Table 5 provides information on the optical parameters obtained for different thicknesses of TZO 65/35. The thicknesses are geometric thicknesses and are given in nm. The values are obtained through a simulation carried out using the CODE Theiss system. The simulated values are given for a monolithic substrate. The energy transmission is simulated on the basis of a calculation in accordance with standard EN 410 (2011) for a wavelength range between 390 and 2500 nm. Table 5
• a 4 mm thick extra clear glass panel is introduced into a vacuum chamber of a magnetron-assisted sputtering installation.
• the vacuum chamber is equipped with a titanium-zirconium oxide ceramic cathode (65/35).
• a layer of TZO 65/35 is deposited on the glass substrate in an atmosphere of oxygen and argon. The conditions were set so as to obtain the 4 coated examples described in Table 6, examples which differ in the thickness of the deposited layer.
• the optical parameters of the laminate assembly were measured by means of an Ultrascan spectrophotometer and are given in Table 7.
• the colorimetric parameters are given for the reflection on the exterior side, that is to say on the uncoated side of the substrate. laminate glassmaker.
• a barrier layer is deposited on the first substrate before depositing the dielectric layer of the invention.
• a 4 mm thick extra clear glass panel is introduced into a first vacuum chamber of a magnetron coating installation.
• the vacuum chamber is equipped with a zinc-tin alloy cathode (52% Zn).
• a layer of ZS05 is deposited on the glass substrate in an atmosphere of oxygen and argon.
• the substrate is then led to a second vacuum chamber equipped with a titanium-zirconium oxide cathode (65/35).
• a layer of TZO 65/35 is deposited on the first barrier layer in an atmosphere of oxygen and argon.
• the samples obtained are heat treated (maintained at 670 ° C. for 4 minutes).
• Table 8 provides information on the optical parameters measured on the first substrate coated according to the second mode of the invention.
• the optical parameters are entered for the external reflection, that is to say the reflection on the glass side of the first monolithic substrate after tempering.
• Energy transmission is measured according to standard EN 410 (2011) for a wavelength range between 290 and 2500 nm.
• Table 8 Tedlar substrate using EVA. Photovoltaic cells are inserted at the level of the EVA. Certain optical parameters of the laminate assembly are then measured using an Ultrascan spectrophotometer. The measured values relate to the external reflection, that is to say the reflection on the glass side of the first substrate and are given in table 9.
• the efficiency is reduced by a maximum of 20%, preferably by a maximum of 15% and even more preferably by a maximum of 10% compared to the measurement made through uncoated glass.
• the efficiency is calculated by measuring the kilowatt-peak of the cell (wattpeak), well known to those skilled in the art, which makes it possible to evaluate the performance of photovoltaic panels in order to predict the quantity of electricity that they can produce in optimal conditions.

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