EP4090531A1

EP4090531A1 - Spandrel

Info

Publication number: EP4090531A1
Application number: EP21700524.8A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Julie Hubert; Stijn Mahieu; Daphné STASSEN; Xavier Sahyoun
Original assignee: AGC Glass Europe SA; AGC Vidros do Brasil Ltda; Asahi Glass Co Ltd; AGC Flat Glass North America Inc
Current assignee: AGC Glass Europe SA; AGC Vidros do Brasil Ltda; AGC Inc; AGC Flat Glass North America Inc
Priority date: 2020-01-16
Filing date: 2021-01-11
Publication date: 2022-11-23
Also published as: CN115243885A; JP2023512466A; CN115243885B; WO2021144213A1; US20230056622A1

Abstract

The invention relates to a spandrel comprising a first substrate, an intermediate film made of polymer material, and a second, opaque substrate, characterized in that the first substrate is coated with at most two layers which are deposited on the surface located on the side facing the intermediate film made of polymer material and which include at least one upper dielectric layer.

Description

Lightens

Description

Technical area

The present invention relates to spandrels, incorporating at least one glazed panel and intended to be placed in areas of a facade which do not transmit light. Their role is therefore to conceal certain parts of this facade between the parts occupied by the windows. More particularly, this invention discloses spandrels which harmonize with adjacent transparent glazing, providing very good aesthetics. The spandrels of the invention are an assembly of at least two substrates, one of which is transparent and the other is opaque. The outer substrate (relative to the building) allows good light transmission, which makes the sill of the invention well suited for inserting photovoltaic cells. Such spandrels are therefore intended to be used on the facade to constitute what is called BIPV (Building Integrated Photovoltaics).

Prior art solutions

[0002] In many modern constructions, glazed walls have transparent areas and non-transparent areas. The windows themselves can be more or less transparent, more or less reflective depending on the nature of the coverings carried by the glass. These coatings, which are almost essential, confer advantageous thermal properties on the glazing, such as, for example, solar control and low-emissivity properties. The choice of materials and / or their thickness makes it possible to give a coloring which is pleasant in reflection and / or in transmission, for example a blue, green, bronze or neutral tint, which is generally preferred. Other properties to be given to the glazing are, for example, a self-cleaning character, an anti-fog character, or any other property requested by the customer or required by the circumstances. In another aspect and for various reasons, the glazing intended for these buildings must be heat treated in particular for safety, which implies that they must be subjected to temperatures exceeding 500 ° C, or even exceeding 600 ° C during several minutes and according to a method well known to those skilled in the art. This implies that the coating carried by the glass must be able to withstand this treatment without being altered, that is to say that its optical and energy properties are not or are only slightly modified by the heat treatment.

The spandrels are inherently opaque or are made opaque by different covering or coating systems. However, even if the sills are opaque to visible light, they must be in harmony with the reflective tint of adjacent windows. The entire glazed facade must be optically uniform in external vision whatever the viewing angle, both for the reflection of the light and for its color nuances.

[0005] Several approaches are known from the prior art to provide a suitable spandrel. Opacifying a glass substrate with colored enamel has long been known. In particular, US3951525 suggests depositing an opaque enamel on a reflective metal oxide, the metal oxide being the same as that used for the windows of the facade. The problem with this solution is that the harmonization is not optimal and, moreover, it is not stable over time.

[0006] W02004092522A1 suggests making spandrels in the form of double glazing, the interior glass of which (building side) has a very low light transmission (less than 15%) to prevent vision and the exterior glass of which is coated with a stack of solar control. Such a construction is expensive and does not completely meet the aesthetic requirements of modern glass facades.

[0007] Opacifying metal layers have also been suggested, for example in EP0441011 or EP3172175. These metallic layers are generally included in more complex stacks. The two documents suggest in particular particular relationships between the refractive indices and the absorption coefficients. Stacking also requires the presence of dielectrics to adjust the optical properties. [0008] EP2517877 discloses a laminated glass, the outer substrate of which is made opaque by means of an absorbent stack which contacts the PVB used as adhesive between the two substrates. The essential characteristic of this invention is that the glass coated with the opacifying stack is an extra clear glass, containing little iron and therefore being very little absorbent itself. This characteristic has, according to the inventor, the advantage of being able to avoid severe heat treatment. However, the patent is silent on the aspect of harmonization of tints with the windows and moreover, this kind of solution inevitably leads to storage cost problems.

[0009] In conclusion, enamels and paints are limited and expensive solutions (additional heating step) and do not always meet aesthetic requirements. The visual rendering of a panel simply colored with enamel or paint does not meet current requirements. Not all of the solutions of the prior art allow the glass panel to be subjected to a heat treatment. Sometimes the solution is not acceptable for a stock management issue. Often the color matching requirements are not met.

[0010] In addition, in addition to these aesthetic, cost and durability issues, in view of current environmental problems, new challenges are appearing. Buildings are increasingly equipped with photovoltaic cells to capture energy from the sun and convert it into electricity. If the first installations mainly concerned roofs, there is now a growing demand to find solutions to install them on facades. A first solution consists in installing the photovoltaic cells in the windows by finding ways to camouflage them or make them aesthetically acceptable. Another possibility is to hide them in sills, but this obviously requires allowing light to reach the photovoltaic cells without losing too much performance, while maintaining the overall aesthetics.

Today's architects want a global solution that includes aesthetics (color, reflection, harmony) and thermal performance. No solution of the prior art provides a global solution making it possible to provide a lighter whose manufacturing cost is acceptable, the aesthetic requirements satisfied and which in addition offers the possibility of incorporating photovoltaic cells. It is precisely this that the present invention provides with, in addition, good chemical and mechanical resistance.

Objects of the Invention [0012] The inventors have discovered that a spandrel can be advantageously formed by laminating a first substrate and a second substrate by means of an intermediate sheet of polymeric material for adhesion. For all of this text, the first substrate is the one that is furthest from the building and therefore the most exterior. The first substrate is covered with an upper dielectric layer characterized on the one hand by a sufficiently high refractive index and on the other hand by a sufficiently low absorption coefficient. These characteristics allow exterior reflection in a pleasant shade and good light transmission. The adjustment of the tint in exterior reflection is obtained by adequately choosing the thickness of the layer and / or its nature. The choice of the nature of the materials makes it possible to meet the requirements of resistance to heat treatments as well as the requirements of durability.

The first substrate is assembled with a second substrate by means of an intermediate polymeric material to form a laminate (or laminate). The upper dielectric layer is deposited on the face of the first substrate which is oriented towards the side of the intermediate polymeric material (in position P2).

According to a first embodiment, the upper dielectric layer is in direct contact with the first substrate.

[0016] According to a second embodiment, the first substrate of the invention is covered with a sublayer disposed between the first substrate and the upper dielectric layer. The undercoat is a barrier layer whose role is to protect the layer of the invention when its nature does not provide sufficient resistance to heat treatments.

According to all the embodiments, the second substrate is opaque. Preferably, the upper dielectric layer and the sublayer are the only layers deposited on the first substrate.

[0019] In a particular embodiment of the invention, photovoltaic cells are arranged between the two substrates of the laminate according to one or the other of the above embodiments.

Brief description of the drawings

To facilitate understanding, the figures presented below are not to scale. Fig. 1. Section through a first substrate for the first embodiment.

Fig. 2. Section through a first substrate for the second embodiment.

Fig. 3. Section of a laminate according to the first embodiment of the invention.

Fig. 4. Section of a laminate according to the second embodiment of the invention.

Fig. 5. Section through a particular embodiment of the invention with photovoltaic cells according to the first embodiment.

Fig. 6. Section through a particular embodiment of the invention with photovoltaic cells according to the second embodiment.

Fig. 7. Section of a laminate according to an alternative embodiment of the invention in which the second substrate is a normal glass made opaque by a black film of PET Fig.8. Section of a particular embodiment of the invention with photovoltaic cells according to the alternative mode shown in Figure 7

Description of the invention

The invention relates to a laminate assembly comprising a first substrate and a second substrate held together by means of an intermediate sheet of polymeric material which extends over at least one surface of each of the two substrates. The first substrate is the outer substrate, that is to say the furthest from the building. Preferably, it is a glass substrate. By glass, it should be understood a transparent mineral glass consisting mainly of silica including in particular ordinary soda lime float glass whose thickness is between 0.5 and 20 mm, preferably 1, 5 and 10 mm and more preferably between 2 and 6 mm. Advantageously, this first substrate can be a lighter, or even extra clear, soda-lime glass, which means that it is characterized by a lower total iron content expressed in Fe2C> 3, in particular which is a maximum of 0.015% by weight in the case of extra clear glass and maximum 0.1% by weight in clear glass. The consequence of such a low iron content is that the energy transmission of the glass is much better, in particular beyond 90% for an extraclear glass against 82% for a normal float glass whose thickness is 5 mm. The advantage of improved energy transmission is to obtain better efficiency when photovoltaic cells are placed behind such a glass. The light reflection and transmission are given in accordance with standard EN 410 (2011). They are measured with a source conforming to the standard illuminant D65, according to the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) at a solid angle of 2 °.

The external reflection, and therefore on the side of the uncoated face of the glass, is represented by R _g for a monolithic glass, that is to say non-laminated, and by R _ex t in the case of the laminate .

The colorimetric parameters are obtained from the coordinates of the CIELAB system. By a * _Rg or b * _Rg , is meant the colorimetric parameters a * and b * measured in exterior reflection (glass side without coating) on a monolithic substrate. Y _Rg and LR ₉ * respectively mean the reflectance expressed in percent and the luminous intensity expressed in percent (clarity) measured on the side of the uncoated glass. The term Rext, a * ext and b * ext denotes the corresponding colorimetric parameters measured on the laminate on the exterior side, that is to say on the uncoated side of the first substrate.

The reflection of the coating side for a monolithic glass is represented by R _c . The corresponding colorimetric parameters are obtained from the coordinates of the CIELAB system. By a * R _C or b * _RC is meant the colorimetric parameters a * and b * measured in reflection on the side of the coating on a substrate monolithic. YR _C and LR _c * respectively mean the reflectance expressed in percent and the luminous intensity expressed in percent (clarity) measured on the side of the coated glass.

The light transmission in the visible spectrum complies with standard EN410 (2011). It is represented by Tv and the corresponding colorimetric parameters are given by a * Tv and b * Tv.

[0027] Energy transmission (TE) is the transmission of a larger portion of the sun's spectrum compared to the transmission of visible light. This information is particularly important when one is interested in the energetic part of the transmitted light likely to interact with photovoltaic cells. In this description, the energy transmission is measured in accordance with standard EN410 (2011) for light with a wavelength between 300 and 2500 nm. The energy transmission simulations were carried out for a wavelength of light between 390 and 2500 nm.

The composition of the mixed oxides or nitrides is indicated by ratios which represent the weight percentages of the two constituents of the dielectric, the first number relating to the first element entered. Thus, TZO 65/35 means a mixed titanium zirconium oxide composed of 65% by weight of titanium oxide and 35% by weight of zirconium oxide. Likewise, SiZrN 60/40 signifies a mixed nitride composed of 60% by weight of silicon nitride and of 40% by weight of zirconium nitride. ZS05 52/48 corresponds to a mixed oxide of zinc and tin composed of 52% by weight of zinc oxide and 48% by weight of tin oxide, that is to say that ZS05 is the zinc stannate (Z ^ SnC).

The upper dielectric layer is characterized by a refractive index which is high and an absorption coefficient which is low. Preferably, the refractive index of the upper dielectric layer is at least 2.0, preferably at least 2.1. Advantageously, the absorption coefficient of the dielectric layer is at most 0.1. and preferably at most 0.05. The refractive index im pacts the aesthetic appearance (color in reflection) while the low absorption coefficient allows higher energy transmission. Advantageously, the upper dielectric layer is chosen from mixed oxides, nitrides or oxynitrides, that is to say they comprise at least two different oxides, at least two different nitrides, at least two different oxynitrides or at least one oxide and one nitride of two different elements. In the case of nitrides, it is in particular possible that partial oxidation leads to the formation of a mixed oxy nitride.

Preferably, the oxides or nitrides making up the dielectric layer of the invention are chosen from oxides, nitrides or oxynitrides of elements chosen from silicon, titanium, zinc, tin, zirconium, aluminum and niobium, such as, for example, mixed oxide of titanium and zirconium (TZO) or mixed nitride of silicon and zirconium (SiZrN).

In all cases, each oxide, nitride or oxynitride entering into the composition of the upper layer is present in a proportion which is not less than 20% by weight, preferably not less than 25% by weight and even more so more preferred not less than 30% by weight. More particularly, when the dielectric layer is titanium zirconium oxide, the weight percentage of the titanium oxide is between 62 and 68% by weight. This choice for mixed oxides, nitrides or oxynitrides makes it possible to advantageously combine the optical properties of one of the oxides, nitrides or oxynitrides of the mixture with the durability properties of another oxide, nitride or oxynitride of the mixture.

[0033] The optical thickness of the upper dielectric layer and its composition is chosen according to the tint in reflection that is desired. This thickness is preferably at least 40 nm, preferably at least 50 nm.

Advantageously, this optical thickness is at most 110 nm, preferably at most 80 nm and even more preferably at most 70 nm.

In the laminate, the coating is located on the inner part of the outer substrate, that is to say on the side of the sheet of polymeric material. It is customary for those skilled in the art to call this face position 2, the faces of the sheets of glass constituting glazing placed on a building being numbered from the outside to the inside.

According to the second embodiment of the invention, a sublayer is deposited on the first substrate between said substrate and the dielectric layer superior. The role of the sublayer is to protect the upper dielectric layer and can be any oxide, nitride or oxynitride known for this role. By way of example, mention may be made of the oxides of one or more elements chosen from silicon, tin, zinc, titanium, aluminum, niobium and zirconium. Advantageously, the nature and the thickness of this barrier layer are chosen so as not to modify the optical characteristics conferred on the first substrate by the upper dielectric layer. More particularly, a layer of mixed oxide of zinc and tin (ZSO), and more particularly zinc stannate, is well suited to fulfill this role of barrier layer. Advantageously, the geometric thickness of the sublayer is at least equal to 5 nm, preferably at least equal to 10 nm and less than or equal to 25 nm, preferably less than or equal to 20 nm.

For all the embodiments, the sublayer and the upper dielectric layer can be applied by a cathode sputtering technique ("sputtering", PVD) under usual conditions and well known to those skilled in the art for this type. of technique. From metallic targets, nitrides are deposited in a reactive atmosphere of nitrogen and argon and oxides are deposited in a reactive atmosphere of oxygen and argon. As a variant, the dielectric layers are applied by the well-known technique called PECVD ("Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition") or plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition.

Advantageously, the first coated substrate has a light reflection on the glass side (R _g ) as well as a tint in reflection on the glass side which are characterized by the values given in Table 1. The values in Table 1 are given for a glass monolithic after quenching.

Table 1 This first coated and tempered substrate is characterized by a sufficiently high energy transmission. In all cases, the energy transmission of light with a wavelength between 300 and 2500 nm is greater than 0.68, preferably greater than 0.70 and even more preferably greater than 0.72 and even more preferred greater than 0.74.

The heat treatment that is advantageously subjected to the first substrate consists of heating to temperatures above 500 °, or even above 600 ° for a period of more than 4 minutes, in a manner well known to those skilled in the art.

[0040] According to the two embodiments of the invention, the first substrate is laminated with a second substrate by means of at least one intermediate film of polymeric material inserted between the two substrates. One of the objectives of the invention is that the sill thus formed meets certain aesthetic criteria (see Table 2 below). The second substrate of the laminate assembly of the invention is opaque. It can be organic or inorganic in nature, or even both in a composite. Advantageously, the second substrate of the laminate of the invention is an opaque polymer, such as, for example, a polyvinyl fluoride, in particular sold by DuPont under the name "Tedlar". In another embodiment, the second substrate is a glass substrate made opaque, for example by a black paint, giving an assembly sold by the company AGC Glass Europe under the name “Lacobel black classic”. In an alternative mode, the second substrate can also be composed of several elements (organic and inorganic) which are successively deposited on the intermediate film of polymeric material. By way of illustration, according to an alternative mode, an opaque polymeric film (for example a black polyethylene terephthalate (PET), a layer of ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) and finally a float glass beforehand has thus been deposited successively. quenched, so that a laminate is obtained which can be schematized as follows (and shown in Figures 7 and 8):

First coated substrate / interlayer film / black PET / EVA / ordinary glass

For all of the embodiments, the intermediate film of polymeric material is advantageously chosen from polyvinyl butyral (PVB), ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyurethane (PU), ionomers or any other polymer exhibiting the required properties, such as, for example, the thermoplastic poyolefins from Dow. The intermediate film of polymeric material has a thickness of between 0.3 and 2 mm. This intermediate film can be a superposition of several sheets of the same material or of different materials. The assembly of the two substrates is carried out according to a method well known to those skilled in the art, for example described in WO2003084744A1 or BE876681A. The first substrate is covered by the polymeric sheet from a roll, which sheet is then adjusted to the dimensions of the first substrate before the second substrate is laid on it. The assembly thus formed is calendered and autoclaved, after degassing. This method of assembly is given by way of illustration, but any other method of assembling a laminate can be used for the invention.

The laminate obtained in accordance with any embodiment of the invention is characterized by the desired optical properties as indicated in Table 2. Thus, the target values are mainly linked to the aesthetic rendering in reflection on the exterior side. (exterior reflection and colorimetric parameters in exterior reflection).

Table 2

Advantageously, as the first substrate has a high energy transmission, it is possible to add photovoltaic cells between the first and the second substrate of the laminate, taking advantage of the intermediate sheet of polymeric material to fix them. In this case, after having covered the first substrate with a first intermediate film of polymeric material, the photovoltaic cells are placed on this film, the electrical connections to the cells are made and a second film of polymeric material covers the assembly. Finally, the second substrate is placed on the second film of polymeric material and the assembly thus formed is laminated according to a method well known to those skilled in the art and already informed. The second substrate can be mineral (glass), organic (such as Tedlar) or composite (opaque film and glass).

In the case of the alternative mode in which the second substrate is a clear glass, the laminated assembly can be represented as follows:

Coated Substrate 1 / Polymeric Film / Photovoltaic Cells / Polymeric Film / Black PET / EVA / Substrate 2

[0045] Thus in this particular embodiment, the invention provides spandrels with a particularly interesting aesthetic and provided with photovoltaic cells which are almost invisible. Such spandrels used on the facade thus constitute the elements of what is called the BIPV and offer the advantage of aesthetics at the same time as the benefit of the recovery of solar energy.

Advantageously, the thickness of each polymeric intermediate film is between 0.3 and 2 mm because the photovoltaic cells have a thickness between 0.1 and 1.0 mm.

For aesthetic reasons, it is known to hide the edges of the cells or at least to hide the electrical connections as well as any part likely to show a discontinuity in the appearance of the finished product. One of the very big advantages of the invention is that, thanks to the second opaque substrate, most of the parts of the cells remain invisible to an outside view and only a few particularly strong reflective connections have to be hidden, for example by using a black polyvinyl fluoride. or a painting. The junction box, whose role is to recover the electricity produced by the panel can advantageously be located at the rear or on the side of the spandrel. Detailed description of the invention

The invention will now be described by means of figures and examples. However, it is clear that the examples are given by way of indication and are in no way limiting of the invention.

Definitions

By spandrel is meant here an opaque panel intended for use on the facade of a building in areas between the windows.

By opaque substrate it is meant that the light transmission through the substrate is at most 4%, preferably at most 1% and even more preferably at most 0.5%.

By optical thickness is meant the product of the geometric thickness by the refractive index of the material. By default and without precision, it is a question of geometric thickness.

The refractive index and the extinction coefficient are concepts well known to those skilled in the art. In the present description and unless otherwise indicated, the values of refractive index, extinction coefficient and optical thickness are given for a wavelength of 589 nm and are estimated using the CODE- optical simulation software. Theiss.

As an indication, Table 3 provides information on the refractive index and extinction coefficient values for some dielectric materials. Unless specified, the values entered are simulated values, as indicated above. A value of zero for the extinction coefficient means that the simulated value is less than 0.0001. For the mixed oxides or nitrides given in the table, the added ratios mean the corresponding weight percentages of the components. For example, TZO 65/35 means a mixed oxide consisting of 65% by weight of titanium oxide and 35% by weight of zirconium oxide. These values will be used for the materials involved in the rest of this text. Table 3

* Wood and Nassau, Applied Optics, vol.21, Issue 16, pp. 2978-2981 (1982)

Figures

[0053] Figure 1 illustrates in section the first substrate (S1) of the laminate of the invention for the first embodiment. The first substrate has two main faces (1) and (2). An upper dielectric layer L, according to the invention, is deposited on the face (2) by PVD or PECVD.

[0054] Figure 2 illustrates in section the first substrate (S1) of the laminate of the invention for the second embodiment. The first substrate has two main faces (1) and (2). A first sublayer B is deposited on the face (2) and then an upper dielectric layer L, according to the invention, is deposited on the sublayer B. The two layers are deposited by PVD or PECVD.

Figure 3 illustrates in section the laminate according to the first embodiment of the invention. The first substrate (shown in Figure 1) is laminated with the second substrate (S2) by means of an intermediate sheet of polymeric material (P1) deposited on the side of the face (2) of the first substrate, which is the face coated with the upper dielectric layer (L).

[0056] Figure 4 illustrates in section the laminate according to the second embodiment of the invention. The first substrate (shown in Figure 2) is laminated with the second substrate (S2) by means of an intermediate sheet of polymeric material (P1) deposited on the side of the face (2) of the first substrate, which is the coated face of the sublayer (B) and of the upper dielectric layer (L).

Figure 5 illustrates in section the particular embodiment of the invention in which the laminate illustrated in Figure 3, is added a second intermediate sheet of polymeric material (P2) and between the two intermediate sheets (P1) and (P2), we have photovoltaic cells (PV).

Figure 6 illustrates in section the particular embodiment of the invention in which the laminate illustrated in Figure 4, is added a second intermediate sheet of polymeric material (P2) and between the two intermediate sheets (P1) and (P2), we have photovoltaic cells (PV).

[0059] FIG. 7 illustrates in section the alternative mode where the second substrate is an ordinary glass made opaque by a black polymeric PET film, the adhesion of which to the glass is ensured by an EVA film. The alternative mode presented in FIG. 7 illustrates the second embodiment in which a sublayer (B) is arranged below the upper dielectric layer (L).

Figure 8 illustrates in section the particular embodiment of the invention in which the laminate illustrated in Figure 7, is added a second intermediate sheet of polymeric material (P2) and between the two intermediate sheets (P1) and (P2), we have photovoltaic cells (PV).

Examples

According to the first embodiment, an upper dielectric layer of the invention is deposited on the first substrate. Table 4 indicates the optical parameters obtained by a simulation carried out by means of the CODE Theiss system for different types of materials used for the upper dielectric layer. In these examples, the dielectric materials have a geometric thickness of 27 nm and are deposited on a clear glass of 3.85 mm, marketed by AGC under the name Clearlite. The simulated values are given for a monolithic substrate. The energy transmission is simulated on the basis of a calculation in accordance with standard EN410 (2011) for a wavelength range between 390 and 2500 nm.

Table 4

Still according to the first embodiment, glazing is simulated by choosing TZO 65/35 as the dielectric layer which is deposited on the first substrate (3.85 mm float glass). Table 5 provides information on the optical parameters obtained for different thicknesses of TZO 65/35. The thicknesses are geometric thicknesses and are given in nm. The values are obtained through a simulation carried out using the CODE Theiss system. The simulated values are given for a monolithic substrate. The energy transmission is simulated on the basis of a calculation in accordance with standard EN 410 (2011) for a wavelength range between 390 and 2500 nm. Table 5

Examples 1 to 4 of embodiment of the invention according to the first mode

A 4 mm thick extra clear glass panel is introduced into a vacuum chamber of a magnetron-assisted sputtering installation. The vacuum chamber is equipped with a titanium-zirconium oxide ceramic cathode (65/35). By a method well known to those skilled in the art, a layer of TZO 65/35 is deposited on the glass substrate in an atmosphere of oxygen and argon. The conditions were set so as to obtain the 4 coated examples described in Table 6, examples which differ in the thickness of the deposited layer.

Table 6

The samples were heat treated (maintained at 670 ° C for 4 minutes). In all cases, any of the optical parameters (Y, L *, a *, b *) in reflection or transmission, measured before and after heat treatment, have been shown to be stable. [0065] Several samples were laminated with a Tedlar substrate using an EVA polymer film and incorporating photovoltaic cells. The optical parameters of the laminate assembly were measured by means of an Ultrascan spectrophotometer and are given in Table 7. The colorimetric parameters are given for the reflection on the exterior side, that is to say on the uncoated side of the substrate. laminate glassmaker.

Table 7 The presence of the second opaque substrate and the interesting reflection obtained are responsible for the optical disappearance of everything behind the first substrate. It is therefore possible to use the laminate as a lighter thanks to its particularly interesting aesthetic rendering.

Examples 8 to 9 of embodiment of the invention according to the second mode

In the second embodiment of the invention, a barrier layer is deposited on the first substrate before depositing the dielectric layer of the invention. A 4 mm thick extra clear glass panel is introduced into a first vacuum chamber of a magnetron coating installation. The vacuum chamber is equipped with a zinc-tin alloy cathode (52% Zn). By a method well known to those skilled in the art, a layer of ZS05 is deposited on the glass substrate in an atmosphere of oxygen and argon. The substrate is then led to a second vacuum chamber equipped with a titanium-zirconium oxide cathode (65/35). By a method well known to those skilled in the art, a layer of TZO 65/35 is deposited on the first barrier layer in an atmosphere of oxygen and argon. The samples obtained are heat treated (maintained at 670 ° C. for 4 minutes).

Table 8 provides information on the optical parameters measured on the first substrate coated according to the second mode of the invention. The optical parameters are entered for the external reflection, that is to say the reflection on the glass side of the first monolithic substrate after tempering. Energy transmission is measured according to standard EN 410 (2011) for a wavelength range between 290 and 2500 nm.

Table 8 Tedlar substrate using EVA. Photovoltaic cells are inserted at the level of the EVA. Certain optical parameters of the laminate assembly are then measured using an Ultrascan spectrophotometer. The measured values relate to the external reflection, that is to say the reflection on the glass side of the first substrate and are given in table 9.

Table 9 Insertion of photovoltaic cells in the laminate of the invention

In an advantageous embodiment, after having deposited EVA on the first substrate (coated glass corresponding to reference 5), photovoltaic cells are placed, a second EVA film is deposited and finally the second substrate opaque is positioned. The efficiency of this laminate thus constituted and equipped with photovoltaic cells is evaluated according to the test standard (STC) which implies that the cell maintained at a temperature of 25 ° C is irradiated at a power of 1000 Watts per square meter by incorporating a coefficient of 1.5 for the air mass (standard EN 50380, 2003). It has thus been shown that when the photovoltaic cell receives light through the first substrate carrying its layers, the efficiency is reduced by a maximum of 20%, preferably by a maximum of 15% and even more preferably by a maximum of 10% compared to the measurement made through uncoated glass. The efficiency is calculated by measuring the kilowatt-peak of the cell (wattpeak), well known to those skilled in the art, which makes it possible to evaluate the performance of photovoltaic panels in order to predict the quantity of electricity that they can produce in optimal conditions.

Claims

1. Spandrel comprising a first substrate, an intermediate film of polymeric material and a second opaque substrate, characterized in that the first substrate is coated with at most two layers deposited on the surface located on the side of the intermediate film of polymeric material and comprising at least one upper dielectric layer.

2. Spandrel of the preceding claim characterized in that the upper dielectric layer is characterized by a refractive index at least equal to 2.0, preferably at least equal to 2.1 and by an absorption coefficient smaller than 0 , 1, preferably less than 0.05.

3. Spandrel of one of the preceding claims characterized in that the upper dielectric layer is an oxide layer, a nitride layer or an oxynitride layer, comprising at least two different elements selected from silicon, titanium, zinc, tin, zirconium, aluminum and niobium.

4. Spandrel of one of the preceding claims characterized in that the upper dielectric layer is the mixed oxide of titanium and zirconium or the mixed nitride of silicon and zirconium.

5. Spandrel of one of the preceding claims, the upper dielectric layer of which has an optical thickness at least equal to 40 nm, preferably at least equal to 50 nm and is at most 110 nm, preferably at most 80 nm. .

6. Spandrel of one of the preceding claims characterized in that a sublayer is deposited on the first substrate between said substrate and the upper dielectric layer.

7. Spandrel of one of the preceding claims characterized in that the sublayer is an oxide, nitride or oxynitride layer comprising at least two different elements chosen from silicon, titanium, zinc, tin, zirconium, aluminum and niobium.

8. Lightweight from one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the underlayer is a mixed oxide of zinc and tin.

9. Spandrel of one of the preceding claims characterized in that the geometric thickness of the sublayer is at least equal to 5 nm, preferably at least equal to 6 nm and less than or equal to 30 nm, preferably less than or equal at 25 nm.

10. Spandrel of one of the preceding claims, the first substrate is characterized by an energy transmission of light with a wavelength of between 300 and 2500 nm which is greater than 0.68, preferably greater than 0.70, of more preferably greater than 0.72 and even more preferably greater than 0.74.

11. Spandrel of one of the preceding claims characterized by a reflectance measured on the outside of between 10 and 20%, preferably between 12 and 18%.

12. Spandrel of one of the preceding claims characterized by a color in exterior reflection whose parameter a * is between -4 and 0, preferably between -2 and -1 and the parameter b * is between -13 and -6 and preferably between -

12 and -7.

13. Spandrel of one of the preceding claims, the second substrate of which is ordinary glass rendered opaque by means of a polymeric film or an opaque synthetic substrate.

14. Spandrel of one of the preceding claims wherein the intermediate film of polymeric material has a thickness of between 0.3 and 2 mm and is chosen from polyvinylbutyral (PVB), ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), polychloride. vinyl (PVC), polyurethane (PU) or ionomers.

15. Spandrel of one of the preceding claims in which photovoltaic cells are inserted between the first and the second substrate.

16. Spandrel of the preceding claim, the photovoltaic efficiency of which is reduced by a maximum of 20%, preferably by a maximum of 15% and even more preferably by a maximum of 10% compared to a clear glass under the standard test conditions STC.