EP4078636A1 - Vorrichtung zur unterbrechung eines elektrischen kreises - Google Patents
Vorrichtung zur unterbrechung eines elektrischen kreisesInfo
- Publication number
- EP4078636A1 EP4078636A1 EP20838972.6A EP20838972A EP4078636A1 EP 4078636 A1 EP4078636 A1 EP 4078636A1 EP 20838972 A EP20838972 A EP 20838972A EP 4078636 A1 EP4078636 A1 EP 4078636A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- contact piece
- circuit
- ceramic material
- electrical
- breaking device
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
- H01H1/00—Contacts
- H01H1/02—Contacts characterised by the material thereof
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
- H01H9/00—Details of switching devices, not covered by groups H01H1/00 - H01H7/00
- H01H9/30—Means for extinguishing or preventing arc between current-carrying parts
- H01H9/42—Impedances connected with contacts
Definitions
- the invention relates to a device for interrupting or closing an electrical circuit.
- the invention also relates to a method for interrupting or closing an electrical circuit.
- the electrical circuit can be interrupted by using contact-based switching elements based on semiconductor components or by a combination of both (e.g. DC hybrid switches).
- Semiconductor switches have the disadvantage of a relatively high forward resistance, which makes them rather unsuitable for permanent operation as a pure interruption element at higher electrical powers. In addition, they do not provide real galvanic isolation.
- electrical circuits are typically interrupted by pulling two or more contact pieces apart.
- an arc occurs when the contacts are opened, which is due to ionization of the air due to high electrical fields during the interruption process and the escape of charge carriers from the contact surfaces due to the overcoming of the corresponding work function (e.g. glow emission).
- AC voltage networks make use of the fact that the electrical current and the electrical voltage have periodic zero crossings.
- the deletion strategies used make use of this Property to extinguish the arc at the times of the zero crossings.
- Hybrid switches are increasingly used in DC voltage applications, which largely avoid the disadvantages of the two switch types, contact-based and semiconductor-based switch types, at the expense of complexity.
- the object of the invention is to provide a circuit interruption device with which an electrical circuit can be interrupted, the disadvantages described being minimized.
- a further object of the invention is to specify a method with which an electrical circuit can be interrupted, the disadvantages described being minimized.
- this object is achieved by a circuit breaking device with the features of independent claim 1.
- Advantageous further developments of the circuit interruption device emerge from the dependent claims 2 to 9.
- the object of the invention is achieved by a method according to claim 10.
- Advantageous further developments of the method emerge from the dependent claims 11 and 12.
- An inventive circuit breaking device for breaking an electrical circuit has a contact piece, the contact piece comprising a ceramic material, the ceramic material being doped.
- the contact piece has a plurality of sections, the sections having ceramic material of different conductivity.
- the differently conductive ceramic material can be achieved, for example, by doping the ceramic material used for the respective part differently.
- the contact piece has a coating with a ceramic material.
- the contact piece can be made of, for example, a ductile one Consist of base material that is coated with a ceramic material.
- the contact piece consists of the ceramic material. Such a contact piece is less complex to manufacture than a coated contact piece.
- the circuit interruption device has a plurality of contact pieces.
- the plurality of contact pieces are each arranged in pairs, with a movable contact piece being arranged in each contact piece pair so as to be movable with respect to a second contact piece.
- the second contact piece can be designed to be fixed or also movable.
- Circuit breaking device with a movable and a fixed contact piece.
- the switching process takes place via the relative movement of the movable contact piece with respect to the second, fixed contact piece.
- the second contact piece can also be designed to be movable, so that the relative movement takes place through the movement of both contact pieces.
- the circuit interruption device is set up to provide the current to be switched with a current path through the ceramic material at every stage of the interruption process.
- the current path can have different conductivities, in particular decreasing conductivities during the shutdown process.
- the conductivity can change continuously or quasi-continuously. Continuous means that the conductivity changes from every point to every point. Quasi-continuous means that the conductivity changes in discrete steps, the step size being small, so that the effect is essentially analogous to a continuous change.
- an inventive circuit breaking device is used, wherein a plurality of contact pieces cooperate.
- the various sections of a contact piece are introduced into the circuit by moving a contact piece with respect to a further contact piece.
- This achieves a continuous increase in the electrical resistance in the electrical circuit to be interrupted, whereby the current is reduced in accordance with the laws of electrical engineering. Due to the continuous or quasi-continuous, but in any case not abrupt change in the resistance, the voltage across the interruption element or the electrical field strengths are lower than when the contacts suddenly open in the classic switch. Ionization of the air is avoided and there is no arc.
- the current is offered an alternative current path to the air via the ceramic material at any time. This is dimensioned in such a way that the start criteria for an arc ignition are not met.
- the energy that is stored in the electrical circuit to be interrupted is traditionally converted into the arc during the interruption process.
- this energy is converted as thermal energy in the ceramic material or in its electrical resistance.
- the heat resistance of the ceramic material is advantageously used.
- the various parts of a contact piece can be arranged on the fixed, the movable or both contact pieces. Because of the more complex production of a contact piece with sections, it has proven useful to build up only one contact piece, in particular the fixed contact piece, from sections.
- An arc is created when there is a sufficiently high electrical potential difference, i.e. electrical voltage, and current density through impact ionization.
- the gas discharge forms a plasma in which the particles, namely atoms or molecules, are at least partially ionized.
- the result of the free charge carriers is that the gas becomes electrically conductive.
- Most plasmas are quasi neutral, so the number of ions and electrons is identical. Since the ions are much slower than the much lighter electrons, the electrons are often almost exclusively relevant for the transport of electricity.
- Arcs that occur during switching operations in electrical power engineering are referred to as switching arcs.
- a switching arc is a serial arc that occurs when two electrical contacts through which current flows are separated.
- Switching sparks and switching arcs occur because the electrical current continues to flow in the form of a spark discharge or an arc discharge after the contacts have opened.
- the contacts are closed, there is an approximately homogeneous current distribution.
- the current density is initially concentrated at the last contact point. With further opening, the arc then forms between the contacts at that point or points. The reason for this is the low dielectric strength of the insulation material, such as air between the contacts that are not yet wide open, as a result of which these insulation materials are ionized.
- a ceramic material is a material that comprises ceramic.
- ceramic defines a group of inorganic, non-metallic, poorly water-soluble and at least 30% crystalline materials. Ceramic materials are usually used at They are formed from a raw material at room temperature and receive their typical material properties through a temperature treatment usually above 800 ° C.
- non-metallic here refers to the properties of the pure material such as electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity or ductility. In particular, ceramic materials are electrically insulating, highly temperature-resistant and have a high degree of hardness and abrasion resistance.
- Doping refers to the introduction of foreign atoms into a layer or into a base material.
- the amount of foreign atoms introduced during this process is very small compared to the carrier material and ranges, for example, between 0.1 and 100 ppm.
- the foreign atoms form defects in the base material and specifically change the properties of the starting material, i.e. H. the behavior of the electrons and thus the electrical conductivity. Even a slight density of foreign atoms can cause a very large change in electrical conductivity.
- the degree of conductivity depends on the type and amount of foreign atoms introduced.
- doping methods for example diffusion, electrophoresis, resublimation or bombardment using high-energy particle cannons under vacuum (ion implantation).
- a coating is the application of a firmly adhering layer of shapeless material to the surface of a workpiece.
- a coating can be a thin layer or a thick layer as well as several coherent layers.
- the coating processes differ in the type of layer application in chemical, mechanical, thermal and thermomechanical processes.
- interruption device refers to a device that can interrupt a circuit.
- the interruption device should be understood to mean that the same device can also close the circuit, that is to say can be used as an on and off switch.
- the greater challenge in the design of such a device is usually the interruption of the circuit.
- the current to be switched refers to an electrical current, the flow of which is to be switched off or on.
- Electricity is a physical phenomenon in electricity, which means the transport of Electric charge carriers are meant, for example electrons in conductors or semiconductors or ions in electrolytes.
- a current flows in an electrical circuit as soon as there is a conductive connection between the connections of the source.
- the physical quantity for the intensity of the electrical current is the electrical current strength with the legal unit amperes.
- Current flows via current paths, where current paths can be predetermined current paths, for example in the form of electrical conductors.
- a current path can, however, also develop from the situation. For example, current can also flow as a current path via an arc, it being possible for this to happen intentionally or unintentionally.
- FIG. 1 shows a schematic structure of a circuit interruption device according to the invention with a step-wise, quasi-continuous change in conductivity
- FIG. 2 shows a schematic structure of a circuit interruption device according to the invention with continuous change in conductivity
- Circuit breaking device with the movable contact piece in a first position
- Circuit breaking device with the movable contact piece in a second position
- Circuit breaking device with the movable contact piece in a third position
- Circuit breaking device with the movable contact piece in an off position. 1 shows a schematic structure of a circuit breaking device 100 according to the invention with a step-wise, quasi-continuous change in conductivity.
- the circuit breaking device 100 has a fixed contact piece 150 and a movable contact piece 110.
- the contact pieces are connected via connections 101 to the electrical circuit to be interrupted.
- the fixed contact piece 150 shown in Fig. 1 has a series of different resistance levels in the form of sections 151,
- the sections 151, 152, 153, 154 are coated with a ceramic material, the ceramic material being doped differently, so that the conductivity is different in the manner described.
- the fifth section 155 can be uncoated, so that in the position in which the movable contact piece 110 is in contact with the fifth section 155, a current path is available which has full conductivity.
- the movable contact piece 110 and the fifth part 155 can consist of a metal with a metallic surface, wherein in particular a metal with good electrical conductivity such as copper or a copper alloy can be provided.
- FIG. 2 shows a schematic structure of a circuit interruption device 100 according to the invention with a continuous change in conductivity.
- the fixed contact piece 150 has a continuous course of the ceramic material which envelops the fixed contact piece. By sliding the movable contact piece 110 over this steady course of the ceramic material, a flowing increase in the electrical resistance is made possible. Possible courses could be a linear, quadratic or exponential increase in electrical conductivity from the on position E to the off position A.
- FIG. 3 shows the basic sequence of an interruption process with the circuit interruption device 100 according to the invention with the movable contact piece 110 in a first position.
- the circuit connected via connections 101 is closed.
- An electrical current flows via the movable contact piece 110 through the fixed contact piece 150.
- 4 shows the basic sequence of an interruption process with the circuit interruption device 100 according to the invention with the movable contact piece 110 in a second position.
- the movable contact piece is shifted in the direction of the off position A to the left on the fixed contact piece 150 and the ceramic material is introduced into the circuit, whereby the electrical resistance increases and the strength of the current I decreases, represented by the weaker arrow I.
- FIG. 5 shows the basic sequence of an interruption process with the circuit interruption device 100 according to the invention with the movable contact piece 110 in a third position.
- Fig. 6 shows the basic sequence of an interruption process with the circuit interruption device 100 according to the invention with the movable contact piece 110 in an off position A.
- the end of the displacement process of the movable contact piece 110 on the fixed contact piece 150 is through the mechanical loosening of the movable contact piece 110 from the fixed contact piece 150 it is possible to create a galvanic separation of the circuit without creating an arc.
Landscapes
- Contacts (AREA)
- Arc-Extinguishing Devices That Are Switches (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102019135459.5A DE102019135459A1 (de) | 2019-12-20 | 2019-12-20 | Vorrichtung zur Unterbrechung eines elektrischen Kreises |
| PCT/EP2020/087232 WO2021123314A1 (de) | 2019-12-20 | 2020-12-18 | Vorrichtung zur unterbrechung eines elektrischen kreises |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP4078636A1 true EP4078636A1 (de) | 2022-10-26 |
| EP4078636B1 EP4078636B1 (de) | 2025-09-10 |
Family
ID=74175782
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP20838972.6A Active EP4078636B1 (de) | 2019-12-20 | 2020-12-18 | Vorrichtung zur unterbrechung eines elektrischen kreises |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20230015899A1 (de) |
| EP (1) | EP4078636B1 (de) |
| CN (1) | CN115136270A (de) |
| DE (1) | DE102019135459A1 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2021123314A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE102023122611A1 (de) | 2023-08-23 | 2025-02-27 | Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. | Faserverbundkeramik für eine elektrotechnische Anwendung, Verfahren zur Herstellung einer solchen Faserverbundkeramik und Verwendung einer solchen Faserverbundkeramik |
| DE102023132086B3 (de) | 2023-11-17 | 2025-02-20 | Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. | Stromkreisunterbrechungsvorrichtung zum Unterbrechen eines elektrischen Kreises |
| DE102023132085A1 (de) * | 2023-11-17 | 2025-05-22 | Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. | Vorrichtung zur Unterbrechung eines elektrischen Kreises |
Family Cites Families (17)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE1483706B2 (de) * | 1965-04-01 | 1970-04-02 | Siemens AG, 1000 Berlin u. 8000 München | Mehrschichten-Verbundmetall, insbesondere für hochbelastbare elektrische Kontakte und Verfahren zu seiner Herstellung |
| DK653473A (de) * | 1973-12-04 | 1975-07-21 | Danfoss As | |
| US4581511A (en) * | 1984-09-28 | 1986-04-08 | Westinghouse Electric Corp. | Molded case circuit breaker with an improved internal venting system |
| GB8510441D0 (en) * | 1985-04-24 | 1985-05-30 | Vacuum Interrupters Ltd | High current switch contacts |
| DE3712268C1 (de) * | 1987-04-10 | 1988-08-11 | Kernforschungsz Karlsruhe | Verfahren zur Herstellung von elektrischen Kontaktwerkstoffen |
| US6506481B2 (en) * | 2000-01-26 | 2003-01-14 | Ngk Spark Plug Co., Ltd. | Ceramic member for bonding, process for producing the same, vacuum switch, and vacuum vessel |
| CN1868096B (zh) * | 2003-10-16 | 2010-10-13 | Abb研究有限公司 | 用于电接触元件的Mn+1AXn材料涂层 |
| DE602007010665D1 (de) * | 2006-12-15 | 2010-12-30 | Abb Research Ltd | Kontaktelement |
| DE102008060971B3 (de) * | 2008-12-06 | 2010-07-08 | Ami Doduco Gmbh | Kontaktteil für Hochspannungsschalter |
| JP6200145B2 (ja) * | 2011-11-30 | 2017-09-20 | ゼネラル・エレクトリック・カンパニイ | セラミック、そのセラミックを使用する傾斜抵抗率モノリス、および製造方法 |
| US8773235B2 (en) * | 2011-11-30 | 2014-07-08 | General Electric Company | Electrical switch and circuit breaker |
| DE102012215338A1 (de) * | 2012-08-29 | 2014-03-06 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Startvorrichtung für eine Brennkraftmaschine |
| US20140315392A1 (en) * | 2013-04-22 | 2014-10-23 | Lam Research Corporation | Cold spray barrier coated component of a plasma processing chamber and method of manufacture thereof |
| CN103903884B (zh) * | 2014-03-10 | 2016-06-08 | 广东电网公司电力科学研究院 | 一种全封闭式防拉弧保护开关 |
| ES2759262T5 (es) * | 2015-04-13 | 2022-11-30 | Hitachi Energy Switzerland Ag | Dispositivo para interrumpir solo corrientes que no son de cortocircuito, en particular seccionador o conmutador de puesta a tierra |
| JP6418079B2 (ja) * | 2015-06-24 | 2018-11-07 | Smk株式会社 | コンタクトの接触構造 |
| CN105590786A (zh) * | 2016-03-23 | 2016-05-18 | 周晓默 | 一种新型灭弧室 |
-
2019
- 2019-12-20 DE DE102019135459.5A patent/DE102019135459A1/de active Pending
-
2020
- 2020-12-18 EP EP20838972.6A patent/EP4078636B1/de active Active
- 2020-12-18 CN CN202080097214.9A patent/CN115136270A/zh active Pending
- 2020-12-18 WO PCT/EP2020/087232 patent/WO2021123314A1/de not_active Ceased
- 2020-12-18 US US17/787,323 patent/US20230015899A1/en not_active Abandoned
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US20230015899A1 (en) | 2023-01-19 |
| CN115136270A (zh) | 2022-09-30 |
| EP4078636B1 (de) | 2025-09-10 |
| WO2021123314A1 (de) | 2021-06-24 |
| DE102019135459A1 (de) | 2021-06-24 |
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