Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M129/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing oxygen
  • C10M129/02—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing oxygen having a carbon chain of less than 30 atoms
  • C10M129/68—Esters
  • C10M129/70—Esters of monocarboxylic acids
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M129/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing oxygen
  • C10M129/02—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing oxygen having a carbon chain of less than 30 atoms
  • C10M129/68—Esters
  • C10M129/72—Esters of polycarboxylic acids
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M141/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a mixture of two or more compounds covered by more than one of the main groups C10M125/00 - C10M139/00, each of these compounds being essential
  • C10M141/02—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a mixture of two or more compounds covered by more than one of the main groups C10M125/00 - C10M139/00, each of these compounds being essential at least one of them being an organic oxygen-containing compound
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2203/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds and hydrocarbon fractions as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2203/003—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds and hydrocarbon fractions as ingredients in lubricant compositions used as base material
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2203/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds and hydrocarbon fractions as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2203/10—Petroleum or coal fractions, e.g. tars, solvents, bitumen
  • C10M2203/1006—Petroleum or coal fractions, e.g. tars, solvents, bitumen used as base material
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2205/00—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2205/003—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions used as base material
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2205/00—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2205/02—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2205/00—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2205/02—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers
  • C10M2205/028—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers containing aliphatic monomers having more than four carbon atoms
  • C10M2205/0285—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers containing aliphatic monomers having more than four carbon atoms used as base material
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2207/28—Esters
  • C10M2207/281—Esters of (cyclo)aliphatic monocarboxylic acids
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2207/28—Esters
  • C10M2207/282—Esters of (cyclo)aliphatic oolycarboxylic acids
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2209/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2209/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • C10M2209/08—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing monomers having an unsaturated radical bound to a carboxyl radical, e.g. acrylate type
  • C10M2209/084—Acrylate; Methacrylate
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
  • C10N2030/02—Pour-point; Viscosity index
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
  • C10N2030/06—Oiliness; Film-strength; Anti-wear; Resistance to extreme pressure
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
  • C10N2030/08—Resistance to extreme temperature
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
  • C10N2040/04—Oil-bath; Gear-boxes; Automatic transmissions; Traction drives

Definitions

• the disclosed technology relates to lubricants for driveline and industrial gears containing a mixture of mono- and di-esters. Also described herein is a method of lubricating driveline and industrial gears with such a lubricant.
• Synthetic base oils are categorized by API as either Group IV or Group V oils. All polyalphaolefins (PAO) are considered to be Group IV base oils, while Group V covers any other synthetic base oil, such as mono and dibasic acid esters, polyol esters and alkylated aromatics.
• PAO polyalphaolefins
• Japanese patent application 2009203385A filed by Tonengeneral Sekiyu Kk , teaches a method of reducing the traction coefficient for hydrocarbon-based synthetic oils, such as PAO, with a mono-ester.
• US2018/0112148 published Apr. 26, 2018 to Bouvier et al. teaches a composition of a PAO and a mono-ester.
• Neither reference teaches or suggests that a mono-ester would provide any effect for a mineral oil based system, or that any particular result would occur with the combination of a mono-ester and di-ester.
• the Japanese reference expressly indicates that di-esters significantly increase traction coefficient.
• the disclosed technology therefore, solves the problem of reducing the overall treat of Group IV base oils, and/or comparable performance between group II and/or III type oils and Group IV base oils by combining group II and/or III type oils with a mixture of mono-ester and di-ester.
• one aspect of the technology disclosed herein is directed to a lubricant composition containing a) a hydrocarbon lubricating base stock, b) from about 1 or 1.5 to about 15 wt.% of a carboxylic acid mono-ester, such as, for example, ethylhexyl laurate, and from about 1 to about 15 wt.% of a dicarboxylic acid di-ester, such as, for example di-isoctyl adipate.
• the hydrocarbon lubricating base stock can be a Group IV base oil, such as a PAO.
• the hydrocarbon lubricating base stock can be a Group II base oil.
• the hydrocarbon lubricating base stock can be a Group III base oil.
• the hydrocarbon lubricating base stock can be a mixture of two or more of a PAO, Group II, and Group III base oil.
• the technology encompasses a lubricant composition containing an American Petroleum Institute ("API") Group II, III or IV lubricating oil along with at least one of a lauric acid mono-ester, tallow acid mono-ester, oleic acid mono-ester, palmitic acid mono ester, and combinations thereof, as well as at least one of an adipic acid diester, azelaic acid diester, and combinations thereof.
• API American Petroleum Institute
• Also described herein is a method of lubricating a driveline device or an industrial gear with a composition as described, and operating the driveline device or industrial gear.
• the technology includes a lubricant composition containing a hydrocarbon lubricating base stock, and a combination of esters, namely, a carboxylic acid mono-ester and a dicarboxylic acid di-ester.
• oils include natural and synthetic oils, oil derived from hydrocracking, hydrogenation, and hydrofinishing, unrefined, refined and re-refined oils and mixtures thereof.
• Unrefined oils are those obtained directly from a natural or synthetic source generally without (or with little) further purification treatment. Refined oils are similar to the unrefined oils except they have been further treated in one or more purification steps to improve one or more properties. Purification techniques are known in the art and include solvent extraction, secondary distillation, acid or base extraction, filtration, percolation and the like. Re-refined oils are also known as reclaimed or reprocessed oils, and are obtained by processes similar to those used to obtain refined oils and often are additionally processed by techniques directed to removal of spent additives and oil breakdown products.
• Natural oils useful in making the inventive lubricants include mineral lubricating oils such as liquid petroleum oils and solvent-treated or acid-treated mineral lubricating oils of the paraffinic, naphthenic or mixed paraffinic-naphthenic types and oils derived from coal or shale or mixtures thereof.
• Synthetic hydrocarbon lubricating oils suitable for use include Group IV oils or polyalpha olefins (PAO).
• Group IV oils include hydrocarbon oils such as polymerized and interpolymerized olefins (e.g., polybutylenes, polypropylenes, propylene-isobutylene copolymers); poly(1-hexenes), poly(1-octenes), poly(1-decenes), and mixtures thereof.
• Oils of lubricating viscosity may also be defined as specified in the American Petroleum Institute (API) Base Oil Interchangeability Guidelines (2011).
• the base oil groups suitable for use include Group II, Group III or Group IV oils.
• Group II and Group III oils have a sulfur content ⁇ 0.03 wt %, and ⁇ 90 wt % saturates.
• Group II oils have a viscosity index 80 to less than 120, while Group III oils have a viscosity index ⁇ 120.
• Group IV oils include all polyalphaolefins (PAOs.
• the hydrocarbon lubricating base stock may be an API Group IV oil, or mixtures thereof, i.e., a polyalphaolefin.
• the polyalphaolefin may be prepared by metallocene catalyzed processes or from a non-metallocene process.
• the hydrocarbon lubricating base stock may comprise an API Group II oil, or mixtures thereof.
• the hydrocarbon lubricating base stock can also be a Group III oil, or mixtures thereof.
• the hydrocarbon lubricating base stock can also be a Group IV oil, or mixtures thereof.
• the hydrocarbon lubricating base stock, or base oil will overall have a kinematic viscosity at 100 °C of 2 to 10 cSt or, in some embodiments 2.25 to 9 or 2.5 to 6 or 7 or 8 cSt, as measured by ASTM D445. Kinematic viscosities for the base oil at 100 °C or from about 3.5 to 6 or from 6 to 8 cSt are also suitable.
• the amount of the hydrocarbon lubricating base stock present is typically the balance remaining after subtracting from 100 wt % the sum of the amount of the performance additives in the composition.
• Illustrative amounts may include 50 to 99 percent by weight, or 60 to 98, or 70 to 95, or 80 to 94, or 85 to 93 percent.
• a lubricating composition described herein also include at least one carboxylic acid mono-ester.
• the lubricating composition, according to the invention will also include a combination of a carboxylic acid mono-ester and a dicarboxylic acid di-ester.
• the carboxylic acid-mono-ester is a molecule having a formula RC(O)OR', where RC(O)O- represents the carboxylic acid moiety and R' represents the ester group.
• the R group of the carboxylic acid moiety, RC(O)O-, of the carboxylic acid mono-ester can be a C 2 to C 18 linear or branched hydrocarbyl group.
• the R group of the carboxylic acid moiety of the carboxylic acid mono-ester can be a C 4 to C 15 , or a C 6 to C 12 linear or branched hydrocarbyl group.
• the hydrocarbyl group can, in some embodiments, include heteroatoms, but in many instances the hydrocarbyl group will be an alkyl group.
• the R group of the carboxylic acid moiety of the carboxylic acid mono-ester can be a C 2 to C 18 , C 4 to C 15 , or a C 6 to C 12 linear or branched alkyl group.
• Carboxylic acids from which the RC(O)O- moiety may be derived include, but are not limited to, for example, lauric acid, tallow acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, and the like.
• the carboxylic acid mono-ester may be, for example, a lauric acid mono-ester, tallow acid mono-ester, oleic acid mono-ester, palmitic acid mono ester, and combinations thereof.
• the ester moiety, R', of the carboxylic acid mono-ester can be C 6 to C 12 linear or branched alkyl moiety.
• Alkyl moieties envisaged include, but are not limited to, for example, a hexyl moiety, ethylhexyl moiety, methylpentane moiety, ethylpentane moiety, dimethylhexane moiety, ethylmethylhexane moiety and the like.
• the carboxylic acid mono-ester may be, for example, 2-ethylhexyl tallate, 2-ethylhexyl oleate, 2-ethylhexyl laurate, 2-ethylhexyl palmitate, and combinations thereof.
• the carboxylic acid mono-ester may be present in the lubricant composition at from about 1 or 1.5 to about 15 wt.%, or from about 2 to about 12.5, or about 10 to about 15 wt.%, or even from about 3 to about 10 wt.% or about 4 to 8 wt.%.
• the dicarboxylic acid-di-ester is a molecule having a formula R'O(O)CRC(O)OR', where -O(O)CRC(O)O- represents the dicarboxylic acid moiety and R' represents the ester group.
• the R group of the dicarboxylic acid moiety, -O(O)CRC(O)O-, of the di-carboxylic acid di-ester can be a C 3 to C 12 or C 6 to C 12 linear or branched hydrocarbyl group.
• the hydrocarbyl group can, in some embodiments, include heteroatoms, but in many instances the hydrocarbyl group will be an alkyl group.
• the R group of the carboxylic acid moiety of the carboxylic acid mono-ester can be a C 3 to C 12 , or a C 6 to C 12 linear or branched alkyl group.
• Dicarboxylic acid from which the -O(O)CRC(O)O- moiety may be derived include, but are not limited to, for example, glutaric acid, adipic acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid, and the like.
• the dicarboxylic acid di-ester may be, for example, a glutaric acid di-ester, adipic acid di-ester, azelaic acid di-ester, sebacic acid di-ester, and combinations thereof.
• the ester moiety, R', of the dicarboxylic acid di-ester can be C 6 to C 12 linear or branched alkyl moiety.
• Alkyl moieties envisaged include, but are not limited to, for example, a hexyl moiety, ethylhexyl moiety, methylpentane moiety, ethylpentane moiety, dimethylhexane moiety, ethylmethylhexane moiety and the like.
• the dicarboxylic acid di-ester may be, for example, di-2-ethylhexyl azelate, di-isotridecyl adipate, di-isooctyl adipate, and combinations thereof.
• the dicarboxylic acid di-ester may be present in the lubricant composition at from about 1 or 1.5 to about 15 wt.%, or from about 2 to about 12.5, or about 10 to about 15 wt.%, or even from about 3 to about 10 wt.%, or about 4 to 8 wt.%.
• the lubricant composition can be employed in either driveline applications or in industrial gear applications.
• the lubricant composition can contain other additives typically used in driveline applications, including, for example, detergents, dispersants, friction modifiers, antiwear agents, corrosion inhibitors, viscosity modifiers, anti-oxidants, oil-soluble titanium compounds, metal alkylthiophosphate, organo-sulfides, including polysulfides, such as sulfurized olefins, thiadiazoles and thiadiazole adducts such as post treated dispersants.
• the organo-sulfide can be present in a range of 0 wt % to 6 wt %, 4 wt % to 6 wt %, 0.5 wt % to 3 wt %, 3 wt % to 5 wt %, 0 wt % to 1 wt %, or 0.1 wt % to 0.5 wt % of the lubricating composition.
• the organosulfide may alternatively be a polysulfide. In one embodiment at least about 50 wt % of the polysulfide molecules are a mixture of tri- or tetra-sulfides. In other embodiments at least about 55 wt %, or at least about 60 wt % of the polysulfide molecules are a mixture of tri- or tetra-sulfides.
• the polysulfides include sulfurized organic polysulfides from oils, fatty acids or ester, olefins or polyolefins.
• Oils which may be sulfurized include natural or synthetic oils such as mineral oils, lard oil, carboxylate esters derived from aliphatic alcohols and fatty acids or aliphatic carboxylic acids (e.g., myristyl oleate and oleyl oleate), and synthetic unsaturated esters or glycerides.
• natural or synthetic oils such as mineral oils, lard oil, carboxylate esters derived from aliphatic alcohols and fatty acids or aliphatic carboxylic acids (e.g., myristyl oleate and oleyl oleate), and synthetic unsaturated esters or glycerides.
• Fatty acids include those that contain 8 to 30, or 12 to 24 carbon atoms.
• Examples of fatty acids include oleic, linoleic, linolenic, and tall oil.
• Sulfurized fatty acid esters prepared from mixed unsaturated fatty acid esters such as are obtained from animal fats and vegetable oils, including tall oil, linseed oil, soybean oil, rapeseed oil, and fish oil.
• the polysulfide may also be derived from an olefin derived from a wide range of alkenes, typically having one or more double bonds.
• the olefins in one embodiment contain 3 to 30 carbon atoms. In other embodiments, olefins contain 3 to 16, or 3 to 9 carbon atoms.
• the sulfurized olefin includes an olefin derived from propylene, isobutylene, pentene, or mixtures thereof.
• the polysulfide comprises a polyolefin derived from polymerizing, by known techniques, an olefin as described above.
• the polysulfide includes dibutyl tetrasulfide, sulfurized methyl ester of oleic acid, sulfurized alkylphenol, sulfurized dipentene, sulfurized dicyclopentadiene, sulfurized terpene, and sulfurized Diels-Alder adducts; phosphosulfurized hydrocarbons.
• Examples of a thiadiazole include 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole, or oligomers thereof, a hydrocarbyl-substituted 2,5-dimercapto-1,3-4-thiadiazole, a hydrocarbylthio-substituted 2,5-dimercapto-1,3-4-thiadiazole, or oligomers thereof.
• the oligomers of hydrocarbyl-substituted 2,5-dimercapto-1,3-4-thiadiazole typically form by forming a sulfur-sulfur bond between 2,5-dimercapto-1,3-4-thiadiazole units to form oligomers of two or more of said thiadiazole units. Further examples of thiadiazole compounds are found in WO 2008,094759 , paragraphs 0088 through 0090.
• the lubricant composition can have a total sulfur level from all additives (i.e., not including base oil) of about 0.5 or 0.6 to about 3 wt.%, or from about 0.5 or 0.6 to about 2 wt.%. In another embodiment, the lubricant composition can have a total sulfur level from all additives (i.e., not including base oil) of about 0.2 to about 0.75 wt%, or from about 0.25 to about 0.5 wt.%.
• the lubricant composition can be substantially free, or free of sulfurized olefin.
• the lubricant composition can also have a total phosphorus level of about 0.03 to about 0.5 wt.%, or 0.03 to about 0.35 wt.%, or even about 0.05 to about 0.3 wt.%, or about 0.08 to about 0.2 wt.%, or about 0.13 to about 0.2 wt.%, or about 0.1 to about 0.25 wt.%.
• the phosphorus can be brought to the lubricant composition, for example, from the amine-containing phosphorus antiwear agents discussed above, or other phosphorus containing compounds.
• phosphorus-containing compounds may be included along with the amine-containing phosphorus antiwear agents.
• Such other phosphorus containing compounds can include phosphites or phosphonates. Suitable phosphites or phosphonates include those having at least one hydrocarbyl group with 3 or 4 or more, or 8 or more, or 12 or more, carbon atoms.
• the phosphite may be a mono-hydrocarbyl substituted phosphite, a di-hydrocarbyl substituted phosphite, or a tri-hydrocarbyl substituted phosphite.
• the phosphonate may be a mono-hydrocarbyl substituted phosphonate, a di-hydrocarbyl substituted phosphonate, or a tri-hydrocarbyl substituted phosphonate.
• the phosphite is sulphur-free i.e., the phosphite is not a thiophosphite.
• the phosphite or phosphonate may be represented by the formulae: wherein at least one R may be a hydrocarbyl group containing at least 3 carbon atoms and the other R groups may be hydrogen. In one embodiment, two of the R groups are hydrocarbyl groups, and the third is hydrogen. In one embodiment every R group is a hydrocarbyl group, i.e., the phosphite is a tri-hydrocarbyl substituted phosphite.
• the hydrocarbyl groups may be alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, acyclic or mixtures thereof.
• R groups in formula XII is an H group
• the compound would generally be considered a phosphite, but such a compound can often exist in between the tautomers of formula XI and XII, and thus, could also be referred to as a phosphonate or phosphite ester.
• the term phosphite as used herein, will be considered to encompass both phosphites and phosphonates.
• the R hydrocarbyl groups may be linear or branched, typically linear, and saturated or unsaturated, typically saturated.
• the other phosphorus-containing compound can be a C 3-8 hydrocarbyl phosphite, or mixtures thereof, i.e., wherein each R may independently be hydrogen or a hydrocarbyl group having 3 to 8, or 4 to 6 carbon atoms, typically 4 carbon atoms.
• each R may independently be hydrogen or a hydrocarbyl group having 3 to 8, or 4 to 6 carbon atoms, typically 4 carbon atoms.
• the C 3-8 hydrocarbyl phosphite comprises dibutyl phosphite.
• the C 3-8 hydrocarbyl phosphite may deliver at least 175 ppm, or at least 200 ppm of the total amount of phosphorus delivered by the phosphorus-containing compounds.
• the C 3-8 hydrocarbyl phosphite may deliver at least 25wt.%, 35 wt.%, 45 wt.%, or 50 wt.% to 80 wt.%, or 50 wt.% to 75 wt.% or 60 wt.% to 70 wt.% of the total amount of phosphorus to the lubricant composition.
• the phosphorus-containing compound can be a C 12-22 hydrocarbyl phosphite, or mixtures thereof, i.e., wherein each R may independently be hydrogen or a hydrocarbyl group having 12 to 24, or 14 to 20 carbon atoms, typically 16 to 18 carbon atoms.
• each R may independently be hydrogen or a hydrocarbyl group having 12 to 24, or 14 to 20 carbon atoms, typically 16 to 18 carbon atoms.
• the C 12-22 hydrocarbyl phosphite comprises a C 16-18 hydrocarbyl phosphite.
• alkyl groups for R 3 , R 4 and R 5 include octyl, 2-ethylhexyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl, octadecenyl, nonadecyl, eicosyl or mixtures thereof.
• the C 12-22 hydrocarbyl phosphite may be present in the lubricant composition at about 0.05 wt.% to about 4.0 wt.% of the lubricant composition, or from about 0.05 wt.% to about 3 wt.%, or from about 0.05 wt.% to about 1.5 wt.%, or from about 0.05 wt.% to about 1 wt.%, or from about 0.1 wt.% to about 0.5 wt.% of the lubricant composition.
• the other phosphorus containing compound can include both a C 3-8 and a C 12 to C 24 hydrocarbyl phosphite.
• the phosphite ester comprises the reaction product of (a) a monomeric phosphoric acid or an ester thereof with (b) at least two alkylene diols; a first alkylene diol (i) having two hydroxy groups in a 1,4 or 1,5 or 1,6 relationship; and a second alkylene diol(ii) being an alkyl-substitute 1,3-propylene glycol.
• Sulfur containing phosphites can include, for example, a material represented by the formula [R 1 O(OR 2 )(S)PSC 2 H 4 (C)(O)OR 4 O] n P(OR 5 ) 2-n (O)H, wherein R 1 and R 2 are each independently hydrocarbyl groups of 3 to 12 carbon atoms, or 6 to 8 carbon atoms, or wherein R 1 and R 2 together with the adjacent O and P atoms form a ring containing 2 to 6 carbon atoms; R 4 is an alkylene group of 2 to 6 carbon atoms or 2 to 4 carbon atoms; R 5 is hydrogen or a hydrocarbyl group of 1 to about 12 carbon atoms; and n is 1 or 2.
• the C 12-22 hydrocarbyl phosphite may be present in the lubricant composition at about 0.05 wt.% to about 1.5 wt.% of the lubricant composition, or from about 0.1 wt.% to about 1.0 wt.% of the lubricant composition.
• the other phosphorus containing compound can be a phosphorus containing amide.
• Phosphorus containing amides can be prepared by reaction of dithiophosphoric acid with an unsaturated amide.
• unsaturated amides include acrylamide, N,N'-methylene bisacrylamide, methacrylamide, crotonamide and the like.
• the reaction product of the phosphorus acid and the unsaturated amide may be further reacted with a linking or a coupling compound, such as formaldehyde or paraformaldehyde.
• the phosphorus containing amides are known in the art and are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,670,169 , 4,770,807 and 4,876,374 .
• lubricant composition may be present in their conventional amounts including, for example, viscosity modifiers, dispersants, pour point additives, extreme pressure agents, antifoams, copper anticorrosion agents (such as dimercaptothiadiazole compounds), iron anticorrosion agents, friction modifiers, dyes, fragrances, optional detergents and antioxidants, and color stabilizers, for example.
• the final lubricant composition can have a kinematic viscosity at 100°C by ASTM D445 of 3 to 7.5, or 3.25 to 7, or 3.5 to 6.5, or 3.75 to 6 mm 2 /s. In some embodiments, the lubricant composition can have a kinematic viscosity at 100 °C by ASTM D445 of 5.5 to 7, or 5 to 6.5, or 5 to 6 mm 2 /s.
• the lubricant composition can contain other additives typically used in industrial gear applications, including, for example, foam inhibitors, demulsifiers, pour point depressants, antioxidants, dispersants, metal deactivators (such as a copper deactivator), antiwear agents, extreme pressure agents, viscosity modifiers, or some mixture thereof.
• the additives may each be present in the range from 50, 75, 100 or even 150 ppm up to 5, 4, 3, 2 or even 1.5 percent by weight, or from 75 ppm to 0.5 percent by weight, from 100 ppm to 0.4 percent by weight, or from 150 ppm to 0.3 percent by weight, where the percent by weight values are with regards to the overall lubricant composition.
• the other industrial additives as a total additive package, can be present from 1 to 20, or from 1 to 10 percent by weight of the overall lubricant composition.
• the additives may be used alone or as mixtures thereof.
• the industrial lubricant additive packages, or the resulting industrial lubricant compositions include a demulsifier, a corrosion inhibitor, a friction modifier, or combination of two or more thereof.
• the corrosion inhibitor includes a tolyltriazole.
• the industrial additive packages, or the resulting industrial lubricant compositions include one or more sulfurized olefins or polysulfides; one or more phosphorus amine salts; one or more thiophosphate esters, one or more thiadiazoles, tolyltriazoles, polyethers, and/or alkenyl amines; one or more ester copolymers; one or more carboxylic esters; one or more succinimide dispersants, or any combination thereof.
• a method of lubricating a driveline device comprising supplying thereto a lubricating composition as described herein, that is a lubricating composition having (a) a hydrocarbon lubricating base stock, and (b) a carboxylic acid mono-ester, or a lubricating composition as defined in the appended claims having (a) a hydrocarbon lubricating base stock, (b) a carboxylic acid mono-ester, and (c) a di-carboxylic di-ester, and operating the driveline device.
• the lubricant composition disclosed herein can be employed to improve the traction coefficient of the lubricated gear at temperatures below 100°C.
• the automotive gear may comprise a gear as in a gearbox of a vehicle (e.g., a manual transmission) or in an axle or differential, or in other driveline power transmitting driveline devices.
• the automotive gear may also include bearings.
• Lubricated gears may include hypoid gears, such as those for example in a rear drive axle.
• a method of lubricating an industrial gear comprising supplying thereto a lubricating composition as described herein, that is, a lubricating composition having (a) a hydrocarbon lubricating base stock, and (b) a carboxylic acid mono-ester, or a lubricating composition as claimed having (a) a hydrocarbon lubricating base stock, (b) a carboxylic acid mono-ester, and (c) a di-carboxylic di-ester, and operating the driveline device.
• the lubricant composition disclosed herein can be employed to improve the traction coefficient of the lubricated gear at temperatures below 100°C.
• each chemical component described is presented exclusive of any solvent or diluent oil, which may be customarily present in the commercial material, that is, on an active chemical basis, unless otherwise indicated.
• each chemical or composition referred to herein should be interpreted as being a commercial grade material which may contain the isomers, by-products, derivatives, and other such materials which are normally understood to be present in the commercial grade.
• hydrocarbyl substituent or “hydrocarbyl group” is used in its ordinary sense, which is well-known to those skilled in the art. Specifically, it refers to a group having a carbon atom directly attached to the remainder of the molecule and having predominantly hydrocarbon character.
• hydrocarbyl groups include:
• the term "about” means that a value of a given quantity is within ⁇ 20% of the stated value. In other embodiments, the value is within ⁇ 15% of the stated value. In other embodiments, the value is within ⁇ 10% of the stated value. In other embodiments, the value is within ⁇ 5% of the stated value. In other embodiments, the value is within ⁇ 2.5% of the stated value. In other embodiments, the value is within ⁇ 1% of the stated value.
• esters 1-4 are monoesters (designated as ME), esters 5-9 are diesters (designated as DE), ester 10 is a tri ester (designated TE) and esters 11-13 are polyol esters (designated PE). Table 1 below is a list of esters that were studied. Esters 1-4 are monoesters (designated as ME), esters 5-9 are diesters (designated as DE), ester 10 is a tri ester (designated TE) and esters 11-13 are polyol esters (designated PE). Table 1.
• Selected esters were combined with an additive package, a pour point depressant, a viscosity modifier and additional base oil.
• the additive package was identical in all samples and contained substituted thiadiazole, alkaryl amine, phosphorus amine salt, detergent, succinimide dispersant, alkylphenyl ether and polydimethylsiloxane.
• Samples 1-8 and 23 were blended using Group III mineral oil and contained a methacrylate copolymer as viscosity modifier. These samples contained Yubase 3/Yubase 6 in the ratio of 60/40wt.
• Samples 9-11 and 24 were blended using Group II mineral oil and contained an olefin copolymer as viscosity modifier.
• Samples 12-22 were blended using PAO and contained an olefin copolymer viscosity modifier.
• the amount of viscosity modifier was varied in order to target fluids with KV 100 at ⁇ 5.5 cSt. All samples were analyzed using a standard mini-traction machine (MTM) with a frictional force of 1.0 GPa pressure applied. In one set of conditions measurements were recorded at six different temperatures over a range of slide to roll ratios from 0.025 - 100. A second set of testing was completed at the same six temperatures over a range of speeds from 1-3000mm/s. Selected traction coefficient ("TC”) data is reported in the tables below. Table 2.
• Tables 2-4 include traction coefficient data at both the lowest and highest temperatures tested at a 20% SRR. Surprisingly, in each of the three different types of base stocks, formulations containing the mono-esters gave the lowest traction coefficients compared to formulations containing di-esters, tri-esters or polyol esters at 40°C. In Grp II and Grp III base stocks, formulations containing diesters had the lowest traction coefficients at 140°C.
• the transitional term "comprising,” which is synonymous with “including,” “containing,” or “characterized by,” is inclusive or open-ended and does not exclude additional, un-recited elements or method steps.
• the term also encompass, as alternative embodiments, the phrases “consisting essentially of” and “consisting of,” where “consisting of” excludes any element or step not specified and “consisting essentially of” permits the inclusion of additional un-recited elements or steps that do not materially affect the essential or basic and novel characteristics of the composition or method under consideration.

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