EP4056899B1 - Grille rotative dotée d'un dispositif de nettoyage indépendant du combustible pour une installation de chauffage à biomasse et procédé de nettoyage de la grille - Google Patents

Grille rotative dotée d'un dispositif de nettoyage indépendant du combustible pour une installation de chauffage à biomasse et procédé de nettoyage de la grille Download PDF

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Publication number
EP4056899B1
EP4056899B1 EP21218434.5A EP21218434A EP4056899B1 EP 4056899 B1 EP4056899 B1 EP 4056899B1 EP 21218434 A EP21218434 A EP 21218434A EP 4056899 B1 EP4056899 B1 EP 4056899B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
grate
rotating grate
elements
openings
rotary grate
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Application number
EP21218434.5A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP4056899A1 (fr
EP4056899C0 (fr
Inventor
Thilo SOMMERAUER
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SL Technik GmbH
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SL Technik GmbH
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Priority claimed from EP21161524.0A external-priority patent/EP4056900B1/fr
Priority claimed from EP21161799.8A external-priority patent/EP4056895A1/fr
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Publication of EP4056899A1 publication Critical patent/EP4056899A1/fr
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Publication of EP4056899B1 publication Critical patent/EP4056899B1/fr
Publication of EP4056899C0 publication Critical patent/EP4056899C0/fr
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23H—GRATES; CLEANING OR RAKING GRATES
    • F23H15/00—Cleaning arrangements for grates; Moving fuel along grates
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
    • F23G5/50—Control or safety arrangements
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G7/00—Incinerators or other apparatus for consuming industrial waste, e.g. chemicals
    • F23G7/10—Incinerators or other apparatus for consuming industrial waste, e.g. chemicals of field or garden waste or biomasses
    • F23G7/105—Incinerators or other apparatus for consuming industrial waste, e.g. chemicals of field or garden waste or biomasses of wood waste
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
    • F23N5/00—Systems for controlling combustion
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G2900/00—Special features of, or arrangements for incinerators
    • F23G2900/50001—Combination of two or more furnaces
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G2900/00—Special features of, or arrangements for incinerators
    • F23G2900/55—Controlling; Monitoring or measuring
    • F23G2900/55003—Sensing for exhaust gas properties, e.g. O2 content
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
    • F23N2223/00—Signal processing; Details thereof
    • F23N2223/38—Remote control
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
    • F23N2223/00—Signal processing; Details thereof
    • F23N2223/48—Learning / Adaptive control
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
    • F23N2900/00—Special features of, or arrangements for controlling combustion
    • F23N2900/05006—Controlling systems using neuronal networks

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an improved rotary grate with a fuel-independent cleaning device for a biomass heating system.
  • the invention relates to a three-part rotary grate with improved cleaning for a fuel-flexible biomass heating system.
  • Biomass heating systems in a power range from 20 to 500 kW are known. Biomass can be considered a cheap, domestic, crisis-proof and environmentally friendly fuel. There are, for example, wood chips or pellets as combustible biomass or solid fuel.
  • the pellets usually consist of wood shavings, sawdust, biomass or other materials that have been compacted into small discs or cylinders approximately 3 to 15 mm in diameter and 5 to 30 mm long.
  • Wood chips also known as wood chips, woodchips, or chips
  • wood chips are wood that has been crushed with cutting tools.
  • Biomass heating systems for fuel in the form of pellets and wood chips essentially have a boiler with a combustion chamber (the combustion chamber) and a heat exchange device connected to it. Due to stricter legal regulations in many countries, some biomass heating systems also have a Fine dust filter on. Other various accessories are regularly available, such as control devices, probes, safety thermostats, pressure switches, exhaust gas or flue gas recirculation and a separate fuel tank.
  • a device for supplying fuel, a device for supplying air and an ignition device for the fuel are regularly provided in the combustion chamber.
  • the means for supplying the air normally comprises a high-efficiency, low-pressure fan in order to favorably influence the thermodynamic factors of combustion in the combustion chamber.
  • a device for supplying fuel can be provided, for example, with a lateral insert (so-called transverse insert firing). The fuel is pushed into the combustion chamber from the side via a screw or a piston.
  • a firing grate is also usually provided in the combustion chamber, on which the fuel is essentially supplied and burned continuously.
  • This grate stores the fuel for combustion and has openings that allow the passage of part of the combustion air as primary air to the fuel.
  • the grate can be rigid or movable.
  • Movable grates are usually used for simple disposal of the combustion residues produced during combustion, such as ash and slag.
  • these combustion residues can stick or cake on the grate and have to be cleaned off manually on a regular basis, which is disadvantageous.
  • the ash and slag can also block the openings in the grate for air supply with the ash or slag, which adversely affects the combustion efficiency.
  • Practice shows that the combustion residues can stick or cake, especially in the openings of the grate, which makes cleaning the grate even more difficult.
  • the grate When the primary air flows through the grate, the grate is also cooled, which protects the material. Should the openings become clogged, this cooling effect will also be impaired.
  • furnaces that are to be charged with different fuels have the inherent problem that the different fuels have different ash melting points, water contents and different combustion behavior. It is therefore problematic to provide a heating system that is equally well suited for different fuels and whose grates can be cleaned in a correspondingly improved manner.
  • the combustion chamber can also be regularly divided into a primary combustion zone (direct combustion of the fuel on the grate) and a secondary combustion zone (post-combustion of the flue gas).
  • a primary combustion zone direct combustion of the fuel on the grate
  • a secondary combustion zone post-combustion of the flue gas.
  • the drying, pyrolytic decomposition and gasification of the fuel takes place in the combustion chamber.
  • Secondary air can also be introduced in order to completely burn the resulting combustible gases.
  • the combustion of the pellets or wood chips essentially has two phases.
  • the fuel is at least partially pyrolytically decomposed and converted into gas by high temperatures and air, which can be blown into the combustion chamber solids a.
  • the fuel outgasses and the resulting gas is also burned.
  • Pyrolysis is the thermal decomposition of a solid substance in the absence of oxygen. Pyrolysis can be divided into primary and secondary pyrolysis.
  • the products of primary pyrolysis are pyrolysis coke and pyrolysis gases, the pyrolysis gases being divided into room temperature condensable and non-condensable gases.
  • the primary pyrolysis takes place at roughly 250-450°C and the secondary pyrolysis at around 450-600°C.
  • the secondary pyrolysis that subsequently occurs is based on the further reaction of the pyrolysis products that were primarily formed.
  • the drying and pyrolysis take place at least largely without the use of air, because volatile CH compounds escape from the particle and therefore no air can reach the particle surface.
  • Gasification can be seen as part of oxidation; the solid, liquid and gaseous products formed during the pyrolytic decomposition are reacted by further exposure to heat. This is done by adding a gasification agent such as air, oxygen or steam.
  • a gasification agent such as air, oxygen or steam.
  • the lambda value during gasification is greater than zero and less than one. Gasification takes place at around 300 to 850°C. Above approximately 850°C, complete oxidation takes place with excess air (lambda greater than 1).
  • the end products of the reaction are essentially carbon dioxide, water vapor and ash. In all phases, the boundaries are not rigid, but fluid.
  • the combustion process can be advantageously regulated by means of a lambda probe provided at the exhaust gas outlet of the boiler.
  • the conversion of the pellets into gas increases the combustion efficiency because gaseous fuel is better mixed with the combustion air, and less emission of pollutants, less unburned particles and ash are produced.
  • Combustion of biomass produces airborne combustion products, the main components of which are carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. These can be divided into emissions from complete oxidation, from incomplete oxidation and substances from trace elements or impurities.
  • the emissions from complete oxidation are essentially carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and water vapor (H 2 O).
  • the formation of carbon dioxide from the carbon in the biomass is the goal of combustion, since the energy released can be used in this way.
  • the release of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is largely proportional to the carbon content of the fuel burned; thus the carbon dioxide is also dependent on the useful energy to be provided.
  • a reduction can essentially only be achieved by improving the efficiency. In any case, combustion residues such as ash and slag are also produced, which can adhere firmly to the grate.
  • biomass heating systems which are intended to be suitable for different types of biofuel
  • the varying quality and consistency of the fuel makes it difficult to maintain a consistently high efficiency of the biomass heating system, especially since the ash and slag formation on the grate varies greatly dimensions can be done. There is a considerable need for optimization in this regard.
  • the biological fuel can be contaminated. These impurities can increase the formation of ash and slag and/or cause blockages in the openings of the grate.
  • pellets falling into the combustion chamber can roll or slide out of the grate and end up in an area of the combustion chamber where the temperature is lower or lower where the air supply is poor, or they can even fall into the bottom chamber of the boiler.
  • Pellets that do not remain on the grid or grate burn incompletely, causing poor efficiency, excessive ash and a certain amount of unburned pollutant particles.
  • Biomass heating systems for pellets or wood chips have the following additional disadvantages and problems.
  • EP 3 789 676 B1 treated with a cleaning device for a rotating grate with a beating action.
  • a drop hammer configuration ensures that a mass element strikes a stop of the respective element when the elements of the rotating grate are rotated.
  • the hybrid technology should enable the use of both pellets and wood chips with a water content of between 8 and 35 percent by weight.
  • the task(s) mentioned above or the potential individual problems can also relate to other aspects of the overall system, for example the combustion chamber or the air flow through the grate.
  • horizontal can denote a level orientation of an axis or a cross section, assuming that the boiler is also set up horizontally, with which, for example, the ground level can be the reference.
  • horizontal as used herein means “parallel” to the base plane of the vessel, as commonly defined.
  • horizontal can be understood merely as at least approximately perpendicular to the direction of action of the gravitational force of the earth or gravitational acceleration.
  • an expression such as “A or B”, “at least one of A and/or B”, or “one or more of A and/or B” can include all possible combinations of features listed together.
  • Terms such as “first,” “second,” “primary,” or “secondary” as used herein may represent different elements regardless of their order and/or importance, and are not limiting of corresponding elements.
  • an element e.g., a first element
  • another element e.g., a second element
  • the element may be directly connected to the other element or to the other element connected via another element (e.g. a third element).
  • a phrase “configured for” (or “configured for”) as used in the present disclosure may be replaced with “suitable for,””suitablefor,””adaptedfor,””madefor,””capableof,” or “designed for.” depending on what is technically possible.
  • a phrase “device configured to” or “set up to” may mean that the device can operate in conjunction with another device or component, or perform a corresponding function.
  • the biomass heating system 1 of the present disclosure is to be described in general in order to shed more light on the "environment" of the present rotary grate 25 with its cleaning device 125 .
  • FIG. 1 shows a three-dimensional overview of an exemplary biomass heating system 1, which can contain the rotary grate 25 according to the invention with a cleaning device 125.
  • the arrow V in the figures indicates the front view of the plant 1
  • the arrow S in the figures indicates the side view of the plant 1.
  • the biomass heating system 1 has a boiler 11 which is mounted on a base 12 of the boiler.
  • the boiler 11 has a boiler housing 13, for example made of sheet steel.
  • a combustion device 2 (not shown), which can be reached via a first maintenance opening with a closure 21 .
  • a rotary mechanism mount 22 for a rotary grate 25 (not shown) supports a rotary mechanism 23 with which drive forces can be transmitted to bearing axles 81 of the rotary grate 25 .
  • a heat exchanger 3 (not shown), which can be reached from above via a second maintenance opening with a closure 31 .
  • an optional filter assembly 4 (not shown) having an electrode 44 (not shown) suspended by an insulating electrode support 43 and powered by an electrode supply line 42 .
  • the exhaust gas from the biomass heating system 1 is discharged via an exhaust gas outlet 41 which is arranged downstream (fluidically) of the filter device 4 in terms of flow.
  • a fan can be provided here.
  • a recirculation device 5 is provided downstream of the boiler 11, which recirculates part of the flue gas via recirculation ducts 54 and 55 and air valves 52 for reuse in the combustion process. This recirculation device 5 will later with reference to Figures 12 to 17 explained in detail.
  • the biomass heating system 1 has a fuel supply 6, with which the fuel is conveyed in a controlled manner to the combustion device 2 in the primary combustion zone 26 from the side onto the rotary grate 25.
  • the fuel supply 6 has a cell wheel sluice 61 with a fuel supply opening 65, the cell wheel sluice 61 having a drive motor 66 with control electronics.
  • a driven by the drive motor 66 axis 62 drives a transmission mechanism 63 to the can drive a fuel screw conveyor (not shown) 67 so that the fuel is conveyed in a fuel supply channel 64 to the combustion device 2 .
  • An ash removal device 7 is provided in the lower part of the biomass heating system 1 , which has an ash discharge screw 71 with a transition screw 73 in an ash discharge channel, which is operated by a motor 72 .
  • the boiler 11 is mounted on the boiler base 12 and has a multi-walled boiler housing 13 in which water or another fluid heat exchange medium can circulate.
  • a water circulation device 14 with a pump, valves, lines, etc. is provided for the supply and removal of the heat exchange medium.
  • the combustion device 2 has a combustion chamber 24 in which the combustion process of the fuel takes place in the core.
  • the combustion chamber 24 has a multi-part rotary grate 25, which will be explained in more detail later, on which the fuel bed 28 rests.
  • the multi-part rotary grate 25 is rotatably mounted by means of a plurality of bearing axles 81 .
  • the primary combustion zone 26 of the combustor 24 is encompassed by (a plurality of) combustor brick(s) 29, with which the combustor bricks 29 define the geometry of the primary combustion zone 26 .
  • the cross-section of the primary combustion zone 26 (for example) along horizontal section line A1 is substantially oval (for example 380mm +/- 60mm x 320mm +/- 60mm; it should be noted that some of the above size combinations may also result in a circular cross-section).
  • the arrows S1 of the corresponding 3 show the primary flow in the primary combustion zone 26 schematically, this primary flow also (not shown) has a twist to improve the mixing of the flue gas.
  • the combustion chamber bricks 29 form the inner lining of the primary combustion zone 26, store heat and are directly exposed to the fire.
  • the combustion chamber stones 29 thus also protect the other material of the combustion chamber 24 , for example cast iron, from the direct effect of the flames in the combustion chamber 24 .
  • the combustion chamber stones 29 are preferably adapted to the shape of the grate 25 .
  • the combustion chamber bricks 29 also have secondary air or recirculation nozzles 291, which recirculate the flue gas into the primary combustion zone 26 for renewed participation in the combustion process.
  • the secondary air nozzles or recirculation nozzles 291 are not aligned with the center of the primary combustion zone 26, but are aligned acentrically in order to cause a swirl of the flow in the primary combustion zone 26 (ie a turbulent flow).
  • Insulation 311 is provided at the boiler tube entrance.
  • the oval cross-sectional shape of the primary combustion zone 26 (and the nozzle) advantageously promotes the formation of a turbulent flow.
  • a secondary combustion zone 27 adjoins the primary combustion zone 26 of the combustion chamber 24 and defines the radiant part of the combustion chamber 24.
  • the flue gas produced during combustion releases its heat energy mainly through heat radiation, in particular to the heat exchange medium, which is in the two left-hand chambers for the heat exchange medium 38 is located.
  • the corresponding flue gas flow is in 3 indicated by arrows S2 and S3.
  • the first maintenance opening 21 is insulated with an insulating material such as Vermiculite TM .
  • the present secondary combustion zone 27 is set up in such a way that burnout of the flue gas is ensured. The special geometric design of the secondary combustion zone 27 will be explained in more detail later.
  • the secondary combustion zone 27 only starts at the level of the corresponding air nozzles from a flow point of view. However, in the present case the secondary combustion zone 27 can structurally also be regarded as the entire space through which a flow can take place above the primary combustion zone 26 .
  • the flue gas flows via its inlet 33 into the heat exchange device 3, which has a bundle of boiler tubes 32 provided parallel to one another.
  • the flue gas now flows downwards in the boiler tubes 32, as in 3 indicated by the arrows S4.
  • This part of the flow can also be referred to as the convection part, since the heat dissipation of the flue gas takes place essentially on the boiler tube walls via forced convection. Due to the temperature gradients in the heat exchanger medium, for example in the water, caused in the boiler 11, a natural convection of the water occurs, which promotes thorough mixing of the boiler water.
  • Spring turbulators 36 and spiral or band turbulators 37 are arranged in the boiler tubes 32 in order to improve the efficiency of the heat exchange device 4 .
  • the outlet of the boiler tubes 32 opens into the turning chamber 35 via the turning chamber inlet 34.
  • the turning chamber 35 is sealed off from the combustion chamber 24 in such a way that no flue gas from the turning chamber 35 can flow directly back into the combustion chamber 24.
  • a common (removal) transport route for the combustion residues is nevertheless provided, which can occur in the entire flow area of the boiler 11 .
  • the filter device 4 is not provided, the flue gas is discharged upwards again in the boiler 11 .
  • the other case of the optional filter device 4 is in the 2 and 3 shown.
  • the flue gas is fed back up into the filter device 4 after the turning chamber 35 (cf. arrows S5), which in the present example is an electrostatic filter device 4.
  • Flow screens can be provided at the inlet 44 of the filter device 4, which homogenize the flue gas flow.
  • Electrostatic dust filters also known as electrostatic precipitators, are devices for separating particles from gases that are based on the electrostatic principle. These filter devices are used in particular for the electrical cleaning of exhaust gases.
  • electrostatic precipitators dust particles are electrically charged by a corona discharge and drawn to the oppositely charged electrode.
  • the corona discharge takes place on a suitable, charged high-voltage electrode inside the electrostatic precipitator.
  • the electrode is preferably designed with protruding tips and possibly sharp edges, because the density of the field lines and thus also the electric field strength is greatest there and the corona discharge is thus favored.
  • the opposite electrode usually consists of a grounded section of flue gas or exhaust pipe that is mounted around the electrode.
  • the degree of separation of an electrostatic precipitator depends in particular on the dwell time of the exhaust gases in the filter system and the voltage between the spray and separation electrodes.
  • the rectified high voltage required for this is provided by a high-voltage generating device (not shown).
  • the high-voltage generation system and the holder for the electrode must be protected from dust and dirt in order to avoid unwanted leakage currents and to extend the service life of system 1.
  • a rod-shaped electrode 45 (which is preferably designed like an elongated, plate-shaped steel spring) is held approximately centrally in an approximately chimney-shaped interior of the filter device 4 .
  • the electrode 45 consists at least largely of high-quality spring steel or chromium steel and is held by an electrode holder 43 via a high-voltage insulator, ie an electrode insulation 46 .
  • the electrode 45 is capable of vibrating and hangs downwards into the interior of the filter device 4.
  • the electrode 45 can, for example, vibrate back and forth transversely to the longitudinal axis of the electrode 45.
  • a cage 48 simultaneously serves as a counter-electrode and as a cleaning mechanism for the filter device 4.
  • the cage 48 is connected to ground or earth potential.
  • the flue gas or exhaust gas flowing in the filter device 4 is filtered by the prevailing potential difference, cf. the arrows S6, as explained above.
  • the electrode 45 is switched off.
  • the cage 48 preferably has an octagonal regular cross-sectional profile.
  • the cage 48 can preferably be laser cut during manufacture.
  • the flue gas flows through the turning chamber 34 into the inlet 44 of the filter device 4.
  • the (optional) filter device 4 is optionally provided fully integrated in the boiler 11, whereby the wall surface facing the heat exchanger 3 and flushed through by the heat exchange medium is also used for heat exchange from the direction of the filter device 4, whereby the efficiency of the system 1 is further improved. In this way, at least part of the wall of the filter device 4 can be flushed with the heat exchange medium.
  • the cleaned exhaust gas flows out of the filter device 4 at the filter outlet 47, as indicated by the arrows S7. After leaving the filter, part of the exhaust gas is returned to the primary combustion zone 26 via the recirculation device 5 . This will also be explained in more detail later.
  • This waste gas or flue gas intended for recirculation can also be referred to as “Rezi” or “Rezi gas” for short.
  • the remaining part of the exhaust gas is conducted out of the boiler 11 via the exhaust gas outlet 41 .
  • An ash discharge 7 is arranged in the lower part of the boiler 11.
  • the ash falling, for example, from the combustion chamber 24, the boiler tubes 32 and the filter device 4 is discharged laterally from the boiler 11 via an ash discharge screw 71.
  • the boiler 11 of this embodiment was calculated using CFD simulations. In addition, practical experiments were carried out to confirm the CFD simulations. The starting point for the considerations were calculations for a 100 kW boiler, although a power range from 20 to 500 kW was taken into account.
  • the flow processes can be laminar and/or turbulent, accompanied by chemical reactions, or it can be a multi-phase system.
  • CFD simulations are therefore well suited as a design and optimization tool.
  • CDF simulations were used to optimize the fluidic parameters in such a way that the objects of the invention listed above are achieved.
  • the mechanical design and dimensioning of the boiler 11 were largely defined by the CFD simulation and also by associated practical experiments.
  • the simulation results are based on a flow simulation taking heat transfer into account.
  • the combustion chamber shape and geometry should achieve the best possible turbulent mixing and homogenization of the flow over the cross section of the flue gas duct, minimization of the combustion volume, reduction of excess air and the recirculation ratio (efficiency, operating costs), reduction of CO emissions and of NOx emissions, a reduction of Temperature peaks (fouling and slagging) and a reduction in flue gas velocity peaks (material stress and erosion).
  • the 4 showing a partial view of the 2 is, and the figure 5 , which is a sectional view through the boiler 11 along the vertical section line A2, represent a combustion chamber geometry that meets the above-mentioned requirements for biomass heating systems over a wide power range of, for example, 20 to 500 kW.
  • both the geometries of the primary combustion zone 26 and the secondary combustion zone 27 of the combustion chamber 24 for a 100 kW boiler 11 can be optimized with these values.
  • the specified size ranges are ranges with which the requirements are (approximately) fulfilled as well as with the specified exact values.
  • a chamber geometry of the primary combustion zone 26 of the combustion chamber 24 (or an inner volume of the primary combustion zone 26 of the combustion chamber 24) can preferably be defined using the following basic parameters: A volume with an oval horizontal base measuring 380mm +- 60mm (preferably +-30mm) x 320mm +- 60mm (preferably +-30mm), and a height of 538mm +- 80mm (preferably +- 50mm).
  • the volume defined above can have an upper opening in the form of a combustion chamber nozzle 203, which opens into the secondary combustion zone 27 of the combustion chamber 24, which has a combustion chamber slope 202 protruding into the secondary combustion zone 27, which preferably contains the heat exchange medium 38.
  • the combustion chamber slope 202 reduces the cross section of the secondary combustion zone 27 by at least 5%, preferably by at least 15% and even more preferably by at least 19%.
  • the combustion chamber slope 202 serves to homogenize the flow S3 in the direction of the heat exchanger 3 and thus the flow through the boiler tubes 32.
  • Combustors having a rectangular or polygonal combustor and nozzle are common in the prior art, however, the irregular shape of the combustor and nozzle presents another impediment to even air distribution and good mixing of air and fuel, as has been recognized herein.
  • the combustion chamber 24 is provided without dead corners or dead edges.
  • the primary combustion zone 26 of the combustion chamber 24 can comprise a volume which preferably has an oval or approximately circular horizontal cross-section on the outer circumference (such a cross-section is shown in 2 marked with A1 as an example).
  • This horizontal cross section can also preferably represent the base area of the primary combustion zone 26 of the combustion chamber 24 .
  • the combustion chamber 24 can have an approximately constant cross section over the height indicated by the double arrow BK4.
  • the primary combustion zone 24 can have an approximately oval-cylindrical volume.
  • the side walls and base (grate) of the primary combustion zone 26 may be perpendicular to one another.
  • the horizontal cross section of the combustion chamber 24 and in particular of the primary combustion zone 26 of the combustion chamber 24 can also preferably be regular. Further, the horizontal cross-section of the combustor 24, and particularly the primary combustion zone 26 of the combustor 24, may preferably be a regular (and/or symmetrical) ellipse.
  • the horizontal cross section (the outer circumference) of the primary combustion zone 26 can be designed to be constant over a predetermined height, for example 20 cm.
  • An oval-cylindrical primary combustion zone 26 of the combustion chamber 24 is thus provided in the present case, which, according to CFD calculations, enables a significantly more uniform and better air distribution in the combustion chamber 24 than in the case of rectangular combustion chambers of the prior art.
  • the lack of dead spaces also avoids zones in the combustion chamber with poor air flow, which increases efficiency and reduces slag formation.
  • the nozzle 203 between the primary combustion zone 26 and the secondary combustion zone 27 is designed as an oval or approximately circular constriction in order to also optimize the flow conditions.
  • the swirl of the flow in the primary combustion zone 26 explained above leads to a helix-shaped flow path directed upwards, with an equally oval or approximately circular nozzle promoting this flow path and not disturbing it like conventional rectangular nozzles.
  • This optimized nozzle 203 concentrates the air flowing upwards and ensures an even flow into the secondary combustion zone 27. This improves the combustion process and increases efficiency.
  • the combustion chamber slope 202 of 4 which without a reference number in the 2 and 3 can be seen and where the combustion chamber 25 (or its cross-section) tapers at least approximately linearly from bottom to top, according to CFD calculations ensures that the flue gas flow in the direction of the heat exchange device 4 is made more uniform, which means that its efficiency can be improved.
  • the horizontal cross-sectional area of the combustion chamber 25 tapers from beginning to end End of the combustion chamber slope 202 preferably at least 5%.
  • the combustion chamber slope 202 is provided on the side of the combustion chamber 25 towards the heat exchange device 4 and is provided rounded off at the point of maximum narrowing. Parallel or straight combustion chamber walls without a taper (so as not to impede the flue gas flow) are common in the prior art.
  • the deflection of the flue gas flow in front of the tube bundle heat exchanger is designed in such a way that an uneven flow onto the tubes is avoided as far as possible, with which temperature peaks in individual boiler tubes 32 can be kept low. As a result, the efficiency of the heat exchange device 4 is improved.
  • the gaseous volume flow of the flue gas is conducted through the sloping combustion chamber wall at a uniform speed (even in the case of different combustion states) to the heat exchanger tubes or the boiler tubes 32 .
  • the exhaust gas temperature is thus reduced and the efficiency increased.
  • the flow distribution is particularly at the in the 3 shown indicator line WT1 much more evenly than in the prior art.
  • the line WT1 represents an entry area for the heat exchanger 3.
  • the indicator line WT3 indicates an exemplary cross-sectional line through the filter device 4, in which the flow is set up as homogeneously as possible (due to flow screens at the entrance of the filter device 4 and due to the geometry the turning chamber 35).
  • an ignition device 201 is provided in the lower part of the combustion chamber 25 on the fuel bed 28 . This can cause initial ignition or re-ignition of the fuel.
  • the ignition device 201 can be a glow igniter.
  • the ignition device is advantageously stationary and offset laterally horizontally to the location where the fuel is poured.
  • a lambda probe (not shown) can (optionally) be provided after the exit of the flue gas (ie after S7) from the filter device.
  • a controller (not shown) can detect the respective calorific value.
  • the lambda probe can thus ensure the ideal mixing ratio between the fuels and the oxygen supply. Despite different fuel qualities, the result is high efficiency and higher efficiency.
  • the fuel bed 28 shown shows an exemplary fuel distribution due to the delivery of the fuel from the right side of the figure 5 .
  • This fuel bed 28 is flown from below with a mixture of flue gas and fresh air, which is provided by the recirculation device 5 .
  • This flue gas/fresh air mixture is advantageously pre-tempered and has the ideal quantity (mass flow) and the ideal mixing ratio, as regulated by a system controller (not shown in detail) on the basis of various measured values recorded by sensors and associated air valves 52 .
  • a combustor nozzle 203 is shown separating the primary combustion zone 26 from the secondary combustion zone 27 and accelerating and focusing the flue gas flow. As a result, the flue gas flow is better mixed and can burn more efficiently in the secondary combustion zone 27 .
  • the area ratio of combustor nozzle 203 ranges from 25% to 45%, but is preferably 30% to 40%, and is ideally 36% +/- 1% (ratio of measured entrance area to measured exit area of nozzle 203).
  • the 6 shows a three-dimensional sectional view (obliquely from above) of the primary combustion zone 26 of the combustion chamber 24 with the rotary grate 25, and in particular on the special design of the combustion chamber bricks 29.
  • the 7 shows according to 6 an exploded view of the combustion chamber bricks 29.
  • the views of 6 and 7 can preferably with the dimensions listed above 4 and 5 be executed. However, this is not necessarily the case.
  • the chamber wall of the primary combustion zone 26 of the combustor 24 is provided with a plurality of combustor bricks 29 in a modular construction which, among other things, facilitates manufacture and maintenance. Maintenance is facilitated in particular by the possibility of removing individual combustion chamber bricks 29.
  • Form-fitting grooves 261 and projections 262 are provided in order to create a mechanical and largely airtight connection, in order in turn to prevent the ingress of disturbing external air.
  • every two at least largely symmetrical combustion chamber blocks (with the possible exception of the openings for the Rezi gas) form a complete ring.
  • three rings are preferably stacked on top of one another in order to form the primary combustion zone 26 of the combustion chamber 24 which is oval-cylindrical or alternatively at least approximately circular (the latter is not shown).
  • Three further combustion chamber bricks 29 are provided as the upper closure, with the annular nozzle 203 being supported by two retaining bricks 264 which are placed on the upper ring 263 in a form-fitting manner. All bearing surfaces 260 have grooves 261 either for mating projections 262 and/or for the insertion of suitable sealing material.
  • the mounting stones 264 which are preferably symmetrical, can preferably have an inwardly inclined bevel 265 in order to make it easier for fly ash to be swept away onto the rotary grate 25.
  • the lower ring 263 of the combustion chamber bricks 29 rests on a base plate 251 of the rotary grate 25 . Ash is increasingly deposited on the inner edge between this lower ring 263 of the combustion chamber bricks 29 , which advantageously independently and advantageously seals this transition during operation of the biomass heating system 1 .
  • the (optional) openings for the recirculation nozzles 291 are provided in the middle ring of the combustion chamber bricks 29 .
  • Three rings of combustor bricks 29 are provided here, as this represents the most efficient way of manufacture and also of maintenance. Alternatively, two, four or five (2, 4 or 5) such rings can also be provided.
  • the combustion chamber bricks 29 are preferably made of high-temperature silicon carbide, which makes them very wear-resistant.
  • the combustion chamber bricks 29 are provided as shaped bricks.
  • the combustion chamber bricks 29 are shaped in such a way that the interior volume of the primary combustion zone 26 of the combustion chamber 24 has an oval horizontal cross section, which means that dead corners or dead spaces, which are usually not optimally flowed through by the primary air, are avoided by an ergonomic shape, as a result of which the fuel present there is not optimal is burned. Due to the existing shape of the combustion chamber bricks 29, the flow of primary air and consequently the efficiency of the combustion is improved.
  • the oval horizontal cross section of the primary combustion zone 26 of the combustion chamber 24 is preferably a point-symmetrical and/or regular oval with the smallest inside diameter BK3 and the largest inside diameter BK11.
  • FIG 8 shows a plan view of the rotary grate 25 from above seen from the section line A1 of FIG 2 to illustrate various fundamentally possible operating states of rotary grate 25.
  • the supervision of 8 can preferably be designed with the dimensions listed above. However, this is not necessarily the case.
  • the rotary grate 25 has the base plate 251 as a base element.
  • a transition element 255 is provided in a roughly oval-shaped opening in the base plate 251, which bridges a gap between a first rotary grate element 252, a second rotary grate element 253 and a third rotary grate element 254, which are rotatably mounted.
  • the rotary grate 25 is provided as a rotary grate with three individual elements, i. H. this can also be referred to as a triple rotary grate.
  • Air holes are provided in the rotary grate elements 252, 253 and 254 for primary air to flow through.
  • the rotary grate elements 252, 253 and 254 are flat and heat-resistant metal plates, for example made of cast metal, which have an at least largely planar configured surface on the upper side and are connected to the bearing axles 81 on the lower side, for example via intermediate mounting elements.
  • rotating grate elements 252, 253 and 254 have curved and complementary sides or contours.
  • the rotating grate elements 252, 253, 254 can have mutually complementary and curved sides, with the second rotating grate element 253 preferably having concave sides to the adjacent first and third rotating grate elements 252, 254, and preferably the first and third rotating grate elements 252, 254 to the respective second rotary grate element 253 has a convex side. This improves the crushing function of the rotating grate elements, since the length of the fracture is increased and the forces acting to break (similar to scissors) act in a more targeted manner.
  • the rotary grate 25 has an oval combustion surface 258, which is more favorable for the fuel distribution, the air flow through the fuel and the combustion of the fuel than a conventional rectangular combustion surface.
  • the combustion surface 258 is formed at the core by the surfaces of the rotary grate members 252, 253 and 254 (in the horizontal state). The combustion surface is therefore the upward-pointing surface of the rotary grate elements 252, 253 and 254.
  • This oval combustion surface advantageously corresponds to the fuel support surface when the fuel is applied or pushed laterally onto the rotary grate 25 (cf. arrow E of 9 , 10 and 11 ).
  • the fuel can be supplied from a direction which is parallel to a longer central axis (main axis) of the oval combustion surface of the rotary grate 25 .
  • the first rotary grate element 252 and the third rotary grate element 254 can preferably be configured identically in their combustion surface 258 .
  • the first Rotating grate element 252 and the third rotating grate element 254 may be identical or structurally identical to one another. For example, this is in 9 1, with the first rotating grate element 252 and the third rotating grate element 254 having the same shape.
  • the second rotary grate element 253 is arranged between the first rotary grate element 252 and the third rotary grate element 254 .
  • the rotary grate 25 is preferably provided with an approximately point-symmetrical, oval combustion surface 258 .
  • the rotary grate 25 can form an approximately elliptical or oval combustion surface 258, with DR2 being the dimensions of its main axis and DR1 being the dimensions of its secondary axis.
  • the rotary grate 25 can have an approximately oval combustion surface 258 which is axisymmetric with respect to a central axis of the combustion surface 258 .
  • the rotary grate 25 can have an approximately circular combustion surface 258, which entails minor disadvantages in the fuel supply and distribution.
  • Two motors or drives 231 of the rotary mechanism 23 are also provided, with which the rotary grate elements 252, 253 and 254 can be rotated accordingly. More about the special function and the advantages of the present rotary grate 25 is later with reference to the figures 9 , 10 and 11 described.
  • the ash melting point depends very much on the fuel used. Spruce wood, for example, has an ash melting point of around 1200 °C. But the ash melting point of a fuel can also vary greatly. Depending on the amount and composition of the minerals contained in the wood, the behavior of the ash changes during the combustion process.
  • Another factor that can influence slag formation is the transport and storage of the wood pellets or chips. This is because they should reach the combustion chamber 24 as undamaged as possible. If the wood pellets have already crumbled when they enter the combustion process, this increases the density of the ember bed. The result is more slag formation.
  • the transport from the storage room to the combustion chamber 24 is of importance here. Particularly long distances, as well as curves and angles, lead to damage to the wood pellets. There is thus a problem in that the formation of slag cannot be completely avoided due to the large number of influencing factors described above.
  • the resulting slag (and also the ash) can advantageously be removed due to the special shape and the functionality of the present rotary grate 25 .
  • This will now be related to the figures 9 , 10 and 11 explained in more detail.
  • the figures 9 , 10 and 11 show a three-dimensional view of the rotary grate 25 with the base plate 251, the first rotary grate element 252, the second rotary grate element 253 and the third rotary grate element 254.
  • the views of FIG 9 , 10 and 11 can preferably correspond to the dimensions listed above. However, this is not necessarily the case.
  • This view shows the rotary grate 25 as a free slide-in part with rotary grate mechanism 23 and drive(s) 231.
  • the rotary grate 25 is mechanically provided in such a way that it can be individually prefabricated in the manner of the modular system, and as a slide-in part inserted into a provided elongated opening of the boiler 11 and can be installed. This also simplifies the maintenance of this wear-prone part.
  • the rotary grate 25 can thus preferably be of modular design, in which case it can be quickly and efficiently removed and reinserted as a complete part with rotary grate mechanism 23 and drive 231 .
  • the modularized rotary grate 25 can thus also be assembled and disassembled using quick-release fasteners.
  • prior art rotary grates are typically permanently mounted and thus difficult to maintain or assemble.
  • the drive 231 can have two separately controllable electric motors. These are preferably provided on the side of the rotating grate mechanism 23 .
  • the electric motors can have reduction gears.
  • end stop switches can be provided which provide end stops for the end positions of the rotating grate elements 252, 253 and 254 respectively.
  • the individual components of the rotary grate mechanism 23 are intended to be exchangeable.
  • the gears are provided to be plugged. This facilitates maintenance and also a side change of the mechanics during assembly, if necessary.
  • the openings 256 already mentioned are provided.
  • the rotary grate elements 252, 253 and 254 can each be rotated by at least 90° via their respective bearing axles 81, which are driven via the rotary mechanism 23 by the drive 231, in this case the two motors 231 degrees, preferably at least 120 degrees, even more preferably 170 degrees, about the respective bearing or rotation axis 81 .
  • the maximum angle of rotation can be 180 degrees or a little less than 180 degrees, as the grate lips 257 allow. A free rotation of 360 degrees is also conceivable if no rotation-limiting grate lips are provided.
  • the rotary mechanism 23 is set up in such a way that the third rotary grate element 254 can be rotated individually and independently of the first rotary grate element 252 and the second rotary grate element 243, and that the first rotary grate element 252 and the second rotary grate element 243 are rotated together and independently of the third rotary grate element 254 can.
  • the rotary mechanism 23 can be provided accordingly, for example by means of running wheels, toothed or drive belts and/or gears.
  • the rotary grate elements 252, 253 and 254 can preferably be produced as a cast grate with a laser cut in order to ensure precise shape retention. This in particular in order to define the air flow through the fuel bed 28 as precisely as possible and to avoid disruptive air currents, for example strands of air at the edges of the rotary grate elements 252, 253 and 254.
  • the openings 256 in the rotating grate elements 252, 253 and 254 are arranged in such a way that they are small enough for the usual pellet material and/or the usual wood chips not to fall through and large enough for the fuel to flow well with air can be.
  • ash and/or slag accumulates on the rotary grate 25 and in particular on the rotary grate elements 252, 253 and 254.
  • the rotary grate 25 can be cleaned efficiently (for the ash removal 7 explained later).
  • a potential slag on the two outer edges of the third rotary grate element 254 is broken up (opened) during the rotation thereof, with the curved outer edges of the third rotary grate element 254 not only shearing off over a greater overall length than with conventional rectangular elements of the prior art , but also with an uneven distribution of movement in relation to the outer edge (there is more movement in the middle than at the bottom and top edges).
  • the breaker function of the rotating grate 25 is thus significantly strengthened.
  • grate lips 257 (on both sides) of the second rotary grate element 253 can be seen. These grate lips 257 are set up in such a way that the first rotary grate element 252 and the third rotary grate element 254 rest on the upper side of the grate lips 257 in the closed state, and thus the rotary grate elements 252, 253 and 254 are provided with no gaps relative to one another and are therefore provided in a sealing manner. This avoids strands of air and undesired primary air flows through the bed of embers. This advantageously improves the efficiency of the combustion.
  • FIG. 11 shows the rotary grate 25 in the state of universal cleaning or in an open state, which is preferably carried out during a plant standstill. All three rotary grate elements 252, 253 and 254 are rotated, with the first and second rotary grate element 252, 253 preferably being rotated in the opposite direction to the third rotary grate element 254. On the one hand, complete emptying of the rotary grate 25 is thereby achieved, and on the other hand, the slag now broken on four odd outer edges. In other words, an advantageous 4-fold breaker function is realized.
  • the above in relation to 9 What is explained with regard to the geometry of the outer edges also applies with regard to 10 .
  • the present rotary grate 25 realizes in addition to normal operation (cf. 9 ) advantageously two different types of cleaning (cf. 10 and 11 ), whereby the partial cleaning allows a cleaning during the operation of the plant 1.
  • the inventor of the present application has made investigations to improve the cleaning device of the (in-house and post-published) prior art EP 3 789 676 B1 made, the results of these investigations below with reference to 22 be explained.
  • the biomass heating system 1 was put into operation, and regular stocktaking and chemical investigations were carried out on the ash and slag residues on rotary grate 25.
  • the rotary grate 25 of the prior art has 4 cleaning devices 125 according to the falling hammer principle with a rotatably mounted mass element for striking a stop of the rotary grate, with two cleaning devices 125 being provided on the middle rotary grate element 253 and one each on the left and right rotary grate elements 252 and 254.
  • the mass element of these cleaning devices strikes in certain areas which are roughly indicated by the lightly hatched circles 299. In these areas 299 there is a really good cleaning effect, also because the attack takes place immediately.
  • the cleaning effect is not so optimal, also because the respective impact on the rotary grate 25 by the cleaning device 125 does not take place immediately, and the impact impulse thus only spreads (damped) through the grate must.
  • the cleaning effect in the areas 298 was not optimal or the grate 25 is only partially cleaned.
  • the openings 256 slowly close from the edge and that a kind of ash or slag edge first forms at the openings 256 .
  • the ash or slag forms a layer which grows inwards from the edges of the openings 256, with a layer of slag being formed which, however, does not cover the depths of the openings 256.
  • the molar potassium/calcium ratio is well below 1 for the ash samples from the openings 256 and just above 1 for the ash samples from the surface of the grate 25.
  • potassium and calcium can form double carbonates in the temperature range below approx. 800°C (K 2 Ca 2 (CO 3 ) 2 and K 2 CO 3 (CO 2 ) 2 ).
  • K 2 Ca 2 (CO 3 ) 2 and K 2 CO 3 (CO 2 ) 2 At potassium/calcium ratios of >1, the proportion of K 2 CO 3 in the ash increases.
  • K 2 CO 3 can form melting phases in the temperature range from approx. 1000°C.
  • the results of these calculations only provide rough guide values, since they depend on the surrounding gas phase composition (reducing, oxidizing, CO 2 content).
  • the different carbonate contents of the ash deposits on the grate 25 and at the openings 25 can be explained by different dwell times and gas atmospheres, since in the areas in which no air acts (ie away from the openings 256 for the air flow), the CO 2 content in the gas is usually even higher.
  • Potassium and calcium carbonates form on the grate due to the largely substoichiometric conditions in the fuel bed 28 and the CO 2 present in the gas or air.
  • these can form sintering or even local melting phases.
  • the ash particles begin to combine to form a planar lattice, which builds up in sequence and the openings 256 can close.
  • This sintering has the property that it breaks apart over a large area when force is applied, since the lattice structure is destroyed.
  • an indirect impact on the sintering often has little effect, since its adhesion to the rust as a flat structure is too large for efficient cleaning.
  • a rotary grate 25 with a rotary grate element 252 is shown in a first state.
  • the closed position or the working position of the 9 may correspond, the combustion surface 258 is oriented approximately horizontally.
  • the fuel may lie on the combustion surface 258 for combustion.
  • the dash-dot line of the 12a indicates an example horizontal line H. This is at least approximately perpendicular to the direction of the gravitational acceleration.
  • the working position of the rotating grate 25 or the rotating grate element 252 can be based on this horizontal line H, with the combustion surface 258 being aligned at least approximately parallel to the horizontal line H.
  • the rotary grate element 252 is rotatably mounted by means of a bearing shaft 81, in the present case with a rectangular cross section, shown as an example.
  • a bearing shaft 81 In the present case with a rectangular cross section, shown as an example.
  • One of the directions of rotation is indicated by the arrow D1.
  • the axis of rotation of the bearing shaft 81 is in 12a marked with a circle with a dot inside the bearing shaft 81.
  • the bearing shaft 81 supports the rotary grate element 252 , it being possible for the rotary grate element 252 to be fixed on the bearing shaft 81 .
  • the bearing shaft can also be provided on the side of the rotary grate element 252 , or (not shown) the bearing shaft 81 can be an integral part of the rotary grate element 252 .
  • the bearing shaft 81 is in turn rotatably mounted relative to the biomass heating system 1 .
  • the rotation of the bearing shaft 81 and thus of the rotary grate element 252 takes place via a (in the Figures 12a to 12d drive device (not shown for the sake of simplicity), for example via an electric motor 231.
  • the coupling between the drive device and the bearing shaft 81 can preferably be flexible and not rigid.
  • the coupling can take place by means of a flexible toothed belt.
  • the coupling can also take place by means of a toothed gear with play.
  • the cleaning device 125 is attached to the bearing shaft 81 of the rotating grate element 252 .
  • the cleaning device 125 can also be attached directly to the rotary grate element 252 .
  • the bearing shaft 81 has a (geometric) axis of rotation 832 about which the rotary grate element 252 is rotated.
  • the cleaning device 125 is provided on the underside of the rotary grate element 252 .
  • the cleaning device 125 can hang freely on the rotary grate element 252 without touching other parts of the biomass heating system 1 .
  • the cleaning device 125 has a suspension 122 with a joint 123 .
  • the suspension 112 extends away from the rotary grate element 252 and spaces the joint 123 from the bearing shaft 81.
  • the joint 123 provides an axis of rotation for a beating arm 124 which is rotatably mounted by the joint 123 in relation to the longitudinal extent of the beating arm 124 approximately centrally.
  • the striking arm 124 is elongate and has, for example, the shape of a rod or shaft.
  • the striking arm 124 has a first end 124a and a second end 124b.
  • the second end 124b may provide a striking arm head 126 for striking against a striking surface 128b.
  • a mass member 127 is attached at the first end 124a of the beater arm 124.
  • the mass element 127 is preferably made of metal and can serve as a weight and also as an impact element in the sense of a hammer head. In this respect, the mass element 127 can also represent a striking arm head 126 .
  • the mass element 127 itself can be provided in one piece or also in several pieces.
  • the mass element 127 can be a single cast element, or it can consist of several pieces of metal that are welded or bolted together.
  • the mass element 127 can also be provided in one piece or in several pieces with the striking arm 124 .
  • the mass element 127 can be manufactured with the beater arm 124 as a single casting.
  • the impact arm 124 with the mass element 127 of Figures 12a to 12d can also be referred to as a drop hammer.
  • At least one lancing element 129 with projections 130 is also provided on the striking arm head 126 or on the mass element.
  • the piercing element 129 is set up in such a way that its projections 130 can penetrate into a (preferably slot-shaped) opening 256 of the rotating grate element 252 .
  • the projections 130 can preferably be designed to taper towards the end of the projections 130 . In other words, the projections 130 can be provided in such a way that they taper towards their distal end (preferably continuously) or are provided in the shape of a wedge.
  • the at least one lancing element 129 is designed with its projections 130 in the shape of a comb.
  • several projections (130) are provided next to each other in a row.
  • a bevel is provided at the second end 124b of the hammer arm 124, with which a hammer arm head 126 is provided with a surface which, in the first state, rests flat on the underside of the rotary grate element 252 or on a stop surface 128b of the rotary grate element 252.
  • the mass element 127 which is attached to the beating arm 124, is arranged at a maximum distance from the rotary grate element 252. Due to the weight of the mass element 127, the beating arm 124 remains stable in the in position in the first state 12a position shown in its starting position.
  • the angle ⁇ shown with its dashed legs indicates the range of movement of the beating arm 124 .
  • the cleaning device 215 is set up in such a way that the beating arm 124 can move freely in this angular range ⁇ .
  • the drive for rotating the rotary grate element 252 is also used indirectly for the function of the cleaning device 125 and thus for knocking off the rotary grate 25 . Due to the position of the beater arm and the defined angular range ⁇ , the rotating grate 25 is knocked off precisely when the rotating grate 25 is rotated to clean combustion residues.
  • the drop starting point of the drop hammer configuration can be mechanically arranged such that the rotating grate 25 is tapped off when the combustion surface 258 overhangs downward.
  • the combustion of the fuel can take place on the combustion surface 258 of the rotary grate element 252 .
  • Combustion residues including ash and slag, remain on the grate. These combustion residues can also stick or cake on the rotary grate element 252, and in particular openings 256 (in 12a not shown) of the rotary grate element 252 clog, which worsens the combustion.
  • Figure 12b shows the rotary grate 25 in a second state, in which the rotary grate 25 with the rotary grate element 252 and the cleaning device 125 together with respect to the 12a have been further rotated in the direction of arrow D1.
  • the cleaning device 125 In the course of rotating in the direction of arrow D ⁇ b>1 from the first state to the second state, the cleaning device 125 is moved integrally with the rotating grate member 252 . During this movement, the beating arm 124 is raised together with the mass element 127; the potential energy of the mass element 127 is increased.
  • the beating arm 124 remains in its starting angular position in the second state.
  • the impact arm 124 has not yet moved relative to the rotating grate element 252 with the mass element 127 .
  • the impact arm 124 with the mass element 127 exceeds the fall start position F1, from which the impact arm 124 with the mass element 127 falls under the influence of gravitational acceleration onto a stop surface 128a of the rotary grate element 252, or from which the Impact arm 124 leaves its initial angular position relative to the rotary grate element 252 with the mass element 127 .
  • the impact arm 124 tips over with the mass element 127 in the third state, covers the angular range ⁇ , and reaches a fall end position Fe or an end angle position, in which the mass element 127 hits the rotating grate element 252 .
  • the at least one lancing element 129 penetrates into the opening 256 with its projections first, and preferably penetrates the opening 256 completely.
  • the piercing element 129 pierces through the opening 256 in such a way that its projections 130 pass completely through the rotary grate element 252 and the projections 130 protrude from the front side of the rotary grate element 252 in the third state.
  • the continued rotation of the rotary grate element 252 beyond the fall start position F1 initiates an acceleration movement of the mass element 127, in which the potential energy or potential energy of the mass element 127 is converted into kinetic energy.
  • the energy of the fall first serves to pierce (i.e. before the Striking is first stabbed), whereby a stabbing action resulting from the falling movement into the opening 256 concentrates on the removal of the ash and slag deposits in, on and at the opening 256.
  • the stinging effect from the energy of the fall is advantageously concentrated on the tips or distal ends of the projections 256, since these hit the ash or slag deposits first with a relatively small impact area.
  • the projections 130 can break up these sinterings with the piercing effect more effectively than simply hitting the grate element 252 as is the case in the prior art.
  • the comb-shaped design of the projections 130 takes into account the slit-shaped or elongated design of the opening 256, so that the opening 256 can be cleaned completely. In this way, sinterings are removed over the entire length of the opening 256, which is also relevant because the opening 256 is clogged from the outside in and the middle of the openings 256 is therefore the last to be closed. In this respect, for example, a single projection 130 that would only be formed for the center of the opening 256 would possibly only pass through the (not yet) sintered center of the opening 256 and would not clean off the sintered edges of the opening 256 .
  • the fall start position F1 results from the usual laws of mechanics, taking into account the direction of action of the gravitational acceleration.
  • the fall start position F1 can be determined, for example, by the relative position of the center of mass Ms (which is Figure 12b is only drawn in schematically for illustration purposes) relative to the position of the bearing 124 with its axis of rotation.
  • a start of the (down) falling movement of the beating arm 124 from a fall start position F1 with the mass element 127 is shown in detail in dashed lines, and an end of the falling movement of the beating arm 124 with the mass element 127 is shown with shown in solid lines.
  • the fall start position generally represents a position of the mass element 127 and/or the impact arm 124 when the rotary grate 25 rotates, from which the fall movement begins.
  • the falling movement of the beating arm 124 with the mass element 127 is in principle a rotary movement.
  • the impulse of the impact arm 124 with the mass element 127 when it hits the stop surface 128a is equal to the impulse sum of the distributed mass ⁇ mi * vi of the drop hammer, with the speed vi of the individual mass increments mi of the drop hammer depending on the radius of the rotary movement of the individual mass increments .
  • This impulse causes an impact or knocking on or against the rotary grate element 252 and also penetration or piercing (or depending on the length of the projections 130 also piercing or piercing) into the opening 256.
  • the impact or knocking causes the rotary grate element 252 to shake and, particularly in the case of a flexible coupling between the drive device and the bearing shaft 81, a rapid back and forth movement of the rotary grate element 252 about its axis of rotation. Combustion residues on the rotary grate element 252 are thus knocked off and also shaken off.
  • the impact or knocking of the mass element 127 on the stop surface 128a of the rotary grate element 252 results in a knocking effect with which the rotary grate element 252 can be cleaned of combustion residues, for example ash or slag.
  • Penetrating into the opening 256 also causes the ash or slag deposits and, in particular, planar sinterings to break up in, above and on the opening, since the tips of the projections 130 strike the deposits and sinterings in a targeted manner and break them.
  • the penetration ensures that even surface sinterings are broken up, which for example only occurred above the opening 256 but not in it.
  • the investigations described above have shown that the sintering does not occur in the opening 256 or in its interior volume, but rather similar to the overgrowth of a layer of ice on a lake from its edges only at and above the opening 256, starting from the surface of the rotary grate element 252 .
  • the present cleaning device 125 thus combines two measures for grate cleaning: beating and piercing.
  • FIG 12d a fourth state is shown, in which the rotating grate element 252 has rotated further in the direction of arrow D1.
  • the mass element 127 rests on the first stop surface 128a, and the second end 124b of the striking arm 124 does not rest on the stop surface 128.
  • the rotary movement in the direction of arrow D1 can now either stop at a predefined position and then continue in the opposite direction in the direction of arrow D2, or the rotary movement can be continued in the direction of arrow D1 until a 360 degree rotation has taken place.
  • the rotary movement in the direction of arrow D2 can be continued in particular in such a way that the rotary grate element 252 returns to its working position 12a is moved back.
  • the mechanism explained above can be used to make a second impact or a second knock on the rotary grate element 252 , which improves the cleaning of the rotary grate element 252 .
  • the tapping on the rotary grate element 252 also takes place directly on the rotary grate element 252 itself when the first tap is applied.
  • the mass element 127 can also have a considerable weight compared to the mass of the rotary grate element 252, for example 100 to 1000 grams. Due to the fall distance explained above and the gravitational acceleration, the resulting impulse is comparatively large, which means that in addition to the loose ash also more firmly adhering impurities or slag are removed can become. Due to the pointed ends of the projections 130, the impulse prior to tapping also concentrates on breaking up the ash or slag deposits and in particular the sintering at the openings 256.
  • the acceleration movement is initiated by rotating the rotary grate element 252, ie immanently at the point in time at which the grate is tilted for cleaning, but without requiring its own drive or a specially controlled triggering device. In this way, the knocking effect and the piercing effect are effected automatically at the right time due to the design.
  • the fall start position can advantageously be set in such a way that the combustion surface 258 points downwards when knocked, so that the combustion residues removed when knocked or knocked can fall directly into the ash container or space of the biomass heating system 1 .
  • the drop hammer configuration shown is done in a linear manner, explained as follows:
  • the 13a shows a rotary grate element 252 of a rotary grate 25 with a bearing axis 81 in a working position of the rotary grate element 252 or in a first state of the rotary grate element 252, as also in FIG 12a is shown.
  • This is the working condition of the grate 25 where fuel rests on the combustion surface 258, is burned and combustion residues are formed.
  • combustion residues such as ash or slag, lie on the grate 25 and can also adhere more firmly to the grate 25.
  • combustion residues can also get into the perforation or the openings 256 of the grate and adhere to these openings 256, with the flow through the fuel bed 28 being impaired here.
  • a suspension 122 for a mass element 127 with a corresponding counter bearing 133 or sliding bearing 133, for example a bushing 133 can now serve as a (linear) guide.
  • the sliding bearings 133 can be guide openings 133 .
  • the suspension 122 can be in the form of a pin or rod with an end stop having a stop surface 128b.
  • the mass element 127 can be movably provided on the suspension 122 in such a way that it can move back and forth in the longitudinal direction of the suspension 122 (cf.
  • the mass element 127 can be in the form of a perforated disk, through the central hole of which the suspension 122 is passed (as a bushing or plain bearing).
  • the mass member has a first surface 127a and a second surface 127b on both sides thereof. in the in 12a In the position shown, the second surface 127b of the mass element 127 rests on the end stop or the (second) stop surface 128b of the suspension 122 .
  • the mass element 127 can be designed as a plate 127, which is provided, for example, as a polygon or shaped body.
  • the (surface) outline of the plate-shaped mass element 127 can be designed in such a way that it is adapted to the shape of the respective associated rotary grate element 252, 253, 254.
  • a plurality of lancing elements 129 can now be provided on this plate 127, with the lancing elements 129 being arranged in such a way that they can pierce or pierce their opposite opening 256 in each case.
  • the mass element 127 as a plate 127 thus has the advantage that the piercing elements 127 can be provided to match openings 256 which are provided in a grate element 252, 253, 254 in a complex pattern.
  • a complex pattern with a flow guidance-related distribution of the openings 256 is shown in FIG 14 shown what is referred to.
  • the lancing elements 129 can be attached to the mass element 127 in such a way that the lancing elements 129 are provided complementary to the openings 256 .
  • the tips of the projections 130 of the lancing elements 129 are the openings 256 in the first state 13a each across an air gap.
  • This spacing of the piercing elements 129 from the openings in the first state or in the working position of the rotary grate 25 is advantageous since an undisturbed flow of air through the rotary grate 25 for combustion can be ensured (cf. the arrows LU in 13a ), although the piercing elements 129 are provided in close proximity to the opening.
  • the shape of the projections 130 also contributes to this. These taper in the direction of their distal end or taper to a point, with the result that only minimal disturbances in the air flow at the entrance into the opening 256 are generated at the lower entrance of the openings 256 .
  • a mass element 127 which is provided as a plate 127 under the respective rotary grate element 252, 25, 3, 254, can have a very considerable mass, with which the knocking and piercing effect can be improved.
  • two piercing elements 130 are provided on the mass element 127 for piercing or piercing into the openings 256 .
  • the lancing elements 130 are only shown as individual projections 130 in a side view, but these can also extend in the form of a comb with a plurality of projections 130 (in Figures 13a and 13b e.g. perpendicular to the plane of the paper).
  • the mass element 127 will slide or fall downwards on the suspension 122 when it reaches a fall start position (cf. the arrow ST in Fig Figure 13b ), and initially develop a piercing effect in the openings 256, and then (subsequently) strike with its first surface 127a on the (first) stop surface 128b. This can create a stabbing action and then a tapping action, just like that in relation to the Figures 12a to 12d is described.
  • the 14a shows a rotary grate 25 with three rotary grate elements 252, 253, 254 and with a plurality of cleaning devices 125 from a plan view of the rotary grate 25 in its working position or in the working state, which is referred to as the first state.
  • the Figure 14b shows the rotary grate 25 of 14 a with three rotating grate elements 252, 253, 254 and with respective cleaning devices 125 from a bottom view of the rotating grate 25.
  • the Figure 14c shows the rotary grate 25 of Figures 14a and 14b in a sectional view along the line A3-A3.
  • FIGS. 14a to c show an implementation of the principle of Figures 13a and 13b .
  • the Figures 14a and 14b and 14c show the rotary grate 25 in the closed position or in a working position, with all rotary grate elements 252, 253 and 254 being aligned horizontally or closed. This is the position in normal operation.
  • the rotary grate 25 has a base plate 251 and a transition element 255 from the base plate 251 to the rotary grate elements 252, 253, 254.
  • the direction or axis of insertion of the fuel onto the rotary grate 25 is indicated by the arrow E.
  • the motors 31 can drive the bearing axles 81 of the three rotary grate elements 252, 253, 254 via a rotary mechanism 23 in order to rotate them.
  • all three rotary grate elements 252, 253, 254 can also be rotated independently of one another if, for example, three motors 231 are provided.
  • the result of the rotation of the rotary grate elements 252, 253 and 254 is shown in FIGS figures 16 ff. are shown as an example of process steps for cleaning the rotary grate 25 .
  • rotational position sensors 259 which can detect the rotational position of the bearing axles 81 .
  • These rotational position sensors 259 can be magnetic-inductive sensors, for example. This serves to regulate the rotational position of the three rotary grate elements 252, 253, 254.
  • the rotary grate 25 is shown without a fuel bed with its three rotary grate elements 252, 253, 254, which have elongated or slit-shaped openings 256, which serve to supply air into the fuel bed from below.
  • the exemplary, relatively evenly distributed arrangement of the large number of openings 256 ensures a uniform flow through the fuel bed 28 (this is shown in 14a and 14b not shown) on the combustion surface 285 of the rotary grate 25 with primary air.
  • This arrangement of the slit-shaped openings 256 which is generally provided at an angle to the direction of insertion, prevents the formation of an air barrier when the pellets or wood chips are inserted, since these are significantly less likely to accumulate on the combustion surface 258 .
  • the probability is greater that the pellets or wood chips will stick to the catch the edges of the openings and fuel cannot be pushed through evenly.
  • a grate 25 in particular with the above-described complex geometry of the rotary grate elements 252, 253, 254, with the partial angular arrangement of the slot-shaped openings 256, it is advantageously possible to provide an arrangement of the openings 256 with the most uniform possible distribution of the air flow through the fuel bed .
  • this orientation of the openings 256 which is optimized in terms of flow technology and process technology, means that these also have to be cleaned off accordingly.
  • elongated or slit-shaped openings 256 have the advantage that they are easy to produce and that they have a significant opening area for the air flow, but without the fuel being able to fall through the grate.
  • these openings 256 also have the disadvantage that these openings 256 can slag, which can interrupt the air supply to the fuel bed.
  • These slit-shaped openings 256 can preferably have a width of 4.6 mm +/- 0.5 mm (or + 0.4 mm and - 1 mm) and/or a length of 35 mm +/- 10 mm.
  • the slit-shaped openings 256 can also have a width of 4.5 mm +/- 0.6 mm and/or a length of 40 mm +/- 20 mm.
  • slot-shaped openings 256 also extend through the bearing axles 81 or the shafts 81, which also allows the primary air to flow into the fuel bed in the areas of the rotary grate elements 252, 253, 254 that are located above the shafts 81.
  • these openings 256 which extend through the shafts 81 and through the respective rotary grate element 252, 253, 254, have a significantly greater depth (and thus clog more easily) than the openings 256, which only extend through the respective rotary grate element 252 , 253, 254 extend.
  • FIG 14b which shows the rotary grate 25 from below, nine cleaning devices 125 are also shown.
  • the rotary grate elements 252, 253, 254 each have three cleaning devices 125, with which (preferably all) openings 256 can be cleaned by means of the piercing elements 129.
  • two or four (or more) cleaning devices 125 can also be provided for each rotary grate element 252, 253, 254.
  • the nine cleaning devices 125 are provided on the underside of the rotary grate elements 252, 253, 254.
  • the cleaning devices 125 have two suspensions 122 as part of (linear) guides and one movable ingot element 127x each.
  • At least one piercing element 129 is attached to the mass element 127x, which protrudes from the mass element 127x in the direction of the rotating grate element 252, 253, 254.
  • the cleaning devices 125 with their mass element 127x are movably attached to the respective rotary grate elements 252, 253, 254 by means of the suspension 122.
  • the suspensions 122 enable a substantially linear or rectilinear movement of the mass elements 127x away from the rotary grate element 252, 253, 254 and towards it.
  • the mass elements 127x are suspended or guided in such a way that they perform a translational movement when the rotating grate element 252, 253, 254 rotates.
  • the suspensions 122 are in the working position Figures 14a , 14b and 14c downwards and store the mass elements 127x.
  • the mass elements 127x are preferably mounted or guided exclusively by the suspensions 122 .
  • the suspensions 122 are designed as linear suspensions in the form of rods or pins and are attached to the rotating grate element 252 , 253 , 254 or to the bearing axis 81 .
  • the suspensions 122 can be designed as round rods or as guide bolts 122 .
  • the present linear suspension serves as a linear bearing with relatively low friction and a guide that is as free of play as possible.
  • the length of the suspensions 122 defines the length of the stroke of the mass element 127x when the rotary grate element 252, 253, 254 rotates, which in turn defines the impact and piercing energy of the cleaning device 125.
  • bushings 133 are provided in the mass elements 127x. These bushings 133 or plain bearings 133 can be referred to somewhat more generally as guide openings 133 .
  • Guide openings 133 are thus provided in the mass elements 127x as plain bearings 133 for receiving the rod-shaped suspensions 122 or for receiving the guide bolts 122 .
  • the guide openings 133 are preferably deburred and smoothed on the inside, for example polished.
  • the guide openings 133 can be produced by means of laser cutting, which means that they have a good surface quality and fitting accuracy.
  • two suspensions 122 with two complementary guide openings 133 are provided in the mass elements 127x, whereby a linear carriage guide is provided for a movable carriage in the form of the mass element 127x.
  • the mass element 127x tilts or jams much less with a carriage guide, since the guide can be equipped with a relatively large amount of play, and it nevertheless has a clearly defined range of movement.
  • a large mass such as that of the mass element 127x, can be reliably movably supported with a linear slide guide without the usual soot, dust or slag deposits leading to guide failure.
  • the guide must be designed in such a way that it is possible for the piercing elements 129 to pierce or pierce the openings 256 .
  • the lancing elements 129 moved with the mass element 127x must be provided with an exact fit for the respective corresponding openings 256 in order to prevent the lancing elements 129 from tilting or wedging in the openings 256 .
  • a reliable linear guide is provided for this purpose.
  • piercing elements 129 are located in the openings 256 in every position of the mass element 127x, so that, on the one hand, no foreign bodies can accumulate on the underside of the grate 25 in front of the openings 256 (which prevent the piercing element 129 from entering the opening 256 from could prevent the underside) and thus, on the other hand, the position of the lancing elements 129 in the Openings experience a further guidance of the mass element 127x with its piercing elements 129 in relation to the rotating grate element 252, 253, 254.
  • the movement of the mass element 127x with its pricking elements 129 can be defined not only by the linear guide, but also by the pricking elements 129 in the respective openings 256.
  • the piercing elements 129 are moved through only part of the openings 256 and for the piercing elements 129 to pierce the openings 256 on the upper side with their projections 130, i.e. for the piercing elements 129 during cleaning or the falling movement of the mass element 127x through the upper opening level of the openings 256 (which is formed by the upper side of the rotating grate elements 252, 253, 254.
  • the projections 130 of the lancing elements 129 are preferably designed in the form of a comb or a fork.
  • a lancing element 129 has a plurality of projections 130 which are arranged one after the other in one plane.
  • An opening 256 can thus be cleaned over its entire length, since the slag or ash deposits are broken up at several points.
  • it unfolds the puncturing effect of puncturing elements 129 with projections 130 arranged in the form of a comb is nevertheless selective, as a result of which the falling energy can also act selectively in the areal slag or ash deposits. This also breaks up very stubborn or solid deposits of slag or ash.
  • the projections 130 push further through the slag or ash deposits. It is advantageous that the projections 130 taper continuously in the direction of their distal ends (in at least one sectional plane of the projection 130) (cf. Figure 14c , centre), or steadily expand in the direction of their proximal ends, so that "wedges" are driven into the slag or ash deposits, which may further break away and break up any slag or ash deposits remaining at the opening 256 after impact become.
  • the projections 130 do not disadvantageously impede the supply of air into the openings 256, although the projections 130 are already partly in the openings 256 in their initial position (i.e. in the working position of the rotating grate elements 252, 253, 254) (as also in FIG Figure 14c you can see).
  • the mass elements 127x of Figure 14b are adapted in their shape to the shape of the respective rotary grate elements 252, 253, 254 in such a way that mass elements 127x do not protrude beyond the surface of the respective rotary grate element 252, 253, 254 when they rest on the rotary grate element.
  • the mass members 127 hang down to their original position, and the mass members 127 are spaced from the rotating grate members 252,253,254.
  • the rotary grate elements 252, 253, 254 are cleaned by the respective cleaning device 125, as in principle with respect to Figures 13a and 13b is explained, and how this is explained below in detail with reference to the following figures 16 ff. is explained.
  • Each rotary grate element 252, 253, 254 is rotatably mounted by means of a shaft 81 or bearing axis 81. This results in the shaft 81 being provided below the rotary grate element 252, 253, 254 (usually in the middle), which arranges the cleaning device 125 at a distance from the rotary grate element 252, 253, 254 and thus impairs the cleaning effect of the tapping.
  • one cleaning device 125 can be provided on the left and one on the right of the shaft 81, and a cleaning device 125 can be provided on the shaft 81 or on the bearing axis 81.
  • the cleaning devices 125 to the left and right of the shaft 81 hit the rotary grate element 252, 253, 254 directly (without the shaft 81 in between) in the event of impact on the latter, which means that the knocking effect can have a direct effect on the rotary grate element 252, 253, 254 .
  • the cleaning device 125 which is arranged above or adjacent to the shaft 81 or the bearing axis 81, is also provided specifically for cleaning the central area of the rotary grate element 252, 253, 254, so that its impact energy is only provided for this area.
  • the different areas of the rotary grate element 252, 253, 254 can be applied separately with the impact energy, with which the problem of "Incomplete" cleaning of conventional rotary grates is remedied with conventional cleaning equipment.
  • the present concept of a cleaning device 125 can also be flexibly adapted to different and/or complex grate shapes.
  • the cleaning device 125 can also be used at precisely that point or surface of the grate 25 at which the greatest accumulation of contamination can be expected.
  • the cleaning device can advantageously be set up in such a way that the knocking effect is generated directly at the points of the grate 25 to be cleaned and that the piercing effect also covers (preferably all) openings 256 of the grate 25 .
  • the lancing elements 129 with their linear guide ensure reliable cleaning of the openings 256, while at the same time the form and arrangement of the majority of the cleaning devices 215 also improves the tapping effect and at the same time the space required for such a cleaning device 125 is lower. than with conventional cleaning devices.
  • the present cleaning device 125 combined a tapping and a stabbing cleaning means for a grate 25 in a single compact and effective mechanism.
  • FIGS 15a to 15o show views of parts of the cleaning devices 125 of FIG Figures 14a to 14c .
  • FIG. 15a, 15b and 15c a mass element 127x with its lancing elements 129 from three different views, specifically in a side view, in a plan view and in a three-dimensional oblique view.
  • the terms “top” and “bottom” refer to the position of the features shown in the working position of the rotary grate 25, ie, the Rotating grate elements 252, 253, 254 are not rotated or tilted.
  • proximal and distal relate to the lancing elements 129 and their position relative to the mass element 127x, which is regarded as the starting body.
  • these mass elements 127x have pricking elements 129 provided corresponding to the corresponding openings 256 .
  • the lancing elements 129 are also adapted to the respective extension direction of the respective corresponding openings 256, for example rotated.
  • the mass elements 127x consist (preferably) of stacked metal plates, which can be laser cut. In this case, the lowermost and the uppermost plate of the mass elements 127 can have a different outline.
  • the mass elements 127x are each provided with two slide bearings 133 for receiving the suspensions 122 .
  • Recesses 134 are provided in the slide bearings 133 in such a way that they enlarge the space in the slide bearing 133 in the middle.
  • the recesses 134 are preferably provided open to the outside of the mass element 127x, so that ash and slag, which is introduced into the plain bearing 133, for example when the mass element 127x moves, can leave the plain bearing 133 again without complications.
  • the recesses 134 in the respective mass elements 127x also serve to further minimize the so-called “drawer effect" in the present linear carriage guide.
  • the drawer effect refers to the mechanical jamming of a carriage on a guideway as a result of tilting. It is triggered by a torque acting on the carriage, which means there is a risk of self-locking.
  • the recesses 134 In order to make the present (sliding) guides as smooth-running as possible, the greatest possible guide play is sought with the recesses 134 .
  • the outer edges or the end areas of the plain bearings 133 or bushings 133 or guide openings 133 touch the guide track, whereby the guide length is maximized.
  • the guide with the recesses 134 is more tolerant of shape errors such as unevenness or changes in shape due to stress-related or thermally-related deflection.
  • the contact surface for the sliding of the suspension 122 in the plain bearings 133 is reduced, which generally reduces friction.
  • slag, ash, foreign bodies in the fuel e.g. metal residues in pellets
  • the recesses 134 optimize the function of the present linear guide.
  • the mass elements 127x are adapted to the shape of the respective rotary grate elements 252, 253, 254 in terms of their shape or their outer contours in a plan view (i.e. viewed from above or below).
  • the mass elements 127x are shaped in such a way that they can be arranged next to one another under the respective rotating grate element 252, 253, 254 without interfering with one another and without protruding beyond the outline of the respective rotating grate element 252, 253, 254.
  • the mass elements 127x are of such a flat design that all the openings 256 of the grate 25 can be "reached" or pierced by the piercing elements 129 .
  • the available area under the respective rotary grate element 252, 253, 254 is optimally utilized in order to be able to accommodate a lot of mass (for a good cleaning effect) on the one hand and to close all or at least many openings 256 of the rotary grate with the piercing elements 129 on the other achieve, while the entire structure is still space-saving and compact.
  • the approximately elongate (and preferably plate-shaped) lancing elements 129 also have three sections: at one (proximal) end, a fastening part 131 for fastening the lancing element 129 to the mass element 127x (whereby the fastening part 31 is fully inserted in the mass element 127x in the present case), at which other (distal) end the tapered projections 130, and between the Fastening part 131 and the projections 130 is a middle part 132.
  • the transition between the projections 130 and the middle part 132 is roughly indicated by the dotted line.
  • the Figures 16 to 21 show the grate 25 of the Figures 14a , 14b and 14c successively in the execution of an exemplary step-by-step and / or complete cleaning process or method, the first state as the initial state in the Figures 14a , 14b and 14c is shown.
  • each rotating grate element 252, 253, 254 can be rotated individually and thus cleaned individually.
  • all rotary grate elements 252, 253, 254 could be rotated simultaneously if, for example, no rotary grate lips or no mutual rotation limitations are present.
  • a rotary grate element 252, 253, 254 can be rotated fully by 360 degrees, or a rotary grate element 252, 253, 254 can be rotated back and forth, for example by only up to 180 degrees.
  • the grate 25 can also have only one rotary grate element or only two rotary grate elements.
  • FIG 16 shows a vertical cross-sectional view of the grate 25 of FIG 14a in a second state.
  • a system controller determines that the grate 25 should be partially or fully cleaned. In the present case, the system control determines that the grate 25 should be completely cleaned in stages.
  • the third rotating grate element 254 has been rotated in the direction of arrow D1.
  • the mass element 127 of the cleaning device 125 of the third rotary grate element 254 is raised with the force of one of the motors 231 of the rotary mechanism 23, with its potential energy being increased.
  • the other rotating grate elements 252, 253 remain in the starting position.
  • that rotary grate element which is at the furthest distance from the fuel insert E is rotated first.
  • the loose ash falls down from the third rotary grate member 254 for ash discharge.
  • ash or slag can still adhere to the third rotary grate element 254 .
  • FIG. 17 shows a vertical cross-sectional view of the grate 14a in a third state.
  • the third rotary grate element 254 has been rotated even further in the direction of arrow D1.
  • the combustion surface 258 of the third rotary grate element 254 now overhangs, with the result that the loose or detached ash can fall off the rotary grate element 254 even better.
  • ash or slag can still adhere to the third rotary grate element 254 .
  • the purpose of the cleaning device 125 according to the invention is to remove precisely these combustion residues from the grate 25, which are more difficult to remove.
  • the arrow ST indicates the movement of the falling and the distance of this falling of the mass elements 1271, 274 of the rotary grate element 254. It can be seen that the piercing elements 129 have passed through the openings 256 and thus clean these openings 256 of ash and slag deposits.
  • the lancing elements 129 with their projections 130 are designed in such a way that the projections 130 have also passed completely through the openings 130, and that consequently the central part 132 of the lancing elements 129 is located in the openings. In other words, the lancing element passes through the upper opening surface of the respective opening 256 with its middle part 132 as it falls.
  • the configuration of the lancing element 129 explained above also leads to a temporally advantageous sequence of the cleaning effects of the present cleaning devices 125:
  • the tips of the projections 130 first push through the openings 256, with the result that the falling energy first acts very selectively on the ash or slag deposits above and in the openings 256. In the process, even quite hard slagging or sintering is broken up for the first time.
  • the projections 130 then penetrate further into the ash or slag deposits and blast them further onto or away from the grate 25 .
  • the center portion 132 enters the opening 256 and passes through the opening 256, removing any remaining ash or slag from the openings 256.
  • the length of the projections 130 can preferably be at least the thickness of the rotary grate element 254 . Additionally, the length of the central portion 132 may be at least twice the thickness of the rotary grate member 254 .
  • the third rotating grate element 254 has been rotated even further in the direction of arrow D1.
  • gravity is used so that ash or slag that is still slightly adhering (this can also be electrostatically charged, for example) falls down into the funnel-shaped ash container 74 .
  • the first and second rotating grate elements 252, 253 have been rotated together in the direction of arrow D3.
  • the direction of rotation is the opposite of the direction of rotation D1.
  • the mass elements 127x of the cleaning devices 25 of the first and second rotary grate elements 252, 253 are then further raised.
  • the third rotary grate element 254 remains in a stationary rotary position.
  • the first and second rotary grate elements 252, 253 have been rotated further together in the direction of arrow D3.
  • the mass elements 127 have exceeded their fall start positions and have fallen onto the stop surfaces 128a of the first and second rotary grate elements 252, 253, respectively, and have punctured and knocked off the rotary grate elements 252, 253.
  • the third rotary grate element 254 remains in a stationary rotary position.
  • the mass elements 127x have thus fallen down and the piercing elements 129 have passed through the openings 256 .
  • the third rotary grate element 254 remains in a stationary rotary position.
  • FIG. 21 shows a vertical cross-sectional view of the grate 14a in a seventh state.
  • the rotating grate elements 252, 253, 254 can be rotated back into their working positions. A cleaning by tapping and piercing the openings 256 has taken place. The cleaning process can thus return to the first state.
  • the rotary grate 25 of Figures 9 to 11 is shown without the cleaning device 125, but can be combined at any time with one of the cleaning devices 125 shown in the following figures.
  • the rotary grate 25 is described here as an example with three rotary grate elements 252, 253, 254. However, the rotary grate 25 can also have only one rotary grate element 252, or also two rotary grate elements 252, 253. In principle, a rotary grate 25 with a plurality of rotary grate elements is conceivable. In this respect, the present disclosure is not limited to a specific number of rotary grate elements 252, 253, 254.
  • each rotary grate element 252, 253, 254 can have two or more cleaning devices 125.
  • a rotary grate element or several rotary grate elements from the total number of rotary grate elements of the rotary grate 25 can also have no cleaning device 125 .
  • only one of the rotary grate elements 252, 253, 254 can have at least two cleaning devices 125.
  • cleaning devices 125 can also be provided for each rotating grate element 252, 253, 254. At least one piercing element 129 can be provided for each cleaning device 125 .
  • a lancing element 129 does not necessarily have to be provided for each opening 256 . Fewer lancing elements 129 than openings 256 can also be provided.
  • more than two guides or suspensions 122 with plain bearings 133 can also be provided per cleaning device 125, as long as these enable a linear movement of the respective mass element 127x.
  • the recirculation device 5 is described here with a primary recirculation and a secondary recirculation. However, in its basic configuration, the recirculation device 5 can also only have a primary recirculation and no secondary recirculation. With this basic configuration of the recirculation device, the components required for the secondary recirculation can be omitted completely, for example the recirculation inlet channel divider 532, the secondary recirculation channel 57 and an associated secondary mixing unit 5b, which will be explained, and the recirculation nozzles 291 can be omitted.
  • only one primary recirculation can be provided in such a way that the secondary mixing unit 5b and the associated channels are omitted, and the mixture of the primary recirculation is not only fed under the rotary grate 25, but also (e.g. via another channel) to the is supplied to the recirculation nozzles 291 provided in this variant.
  • This variant is mechanically simpler and therefore less expensive, and nevertheless has the recirculation nozzles 291 for creating a swirl in the flow in the combustion chamber 24 .
  • An air quantity sensor, a vacuum unit, a temperature sensor, an exhaust gas sensor and/or a lambda sensor can be provided at the inlet of the flue gas recirculation device 5 .
  • rotary grate elements 252, 253 and 254 instead of only three rotary grate elements 252, 253 and 254, two, four or more rotary grate elements can also be provided.
  • five rotary grate elements could be arranged with the same symmetry and functionality as the three rotary grate elements presented.
  • the rotary grate elements can also be shaped or designed differently from one another. More rotary grate elements have the advantage that the crushing function is increased.
  • convex sides of the rotary grate elements 252 and 254 concave sides of these can also be provided, in which case the sides of the rotary grate element 253 can be shaped in a complementary convex manner. This is functionally almost equivalent.
  • Fuels other than wood chips or pellets can also be used as fuels in the biomass heating system.
  • the rotary grate can also be referred to as a tipping grate.
  • the biomass heating system disclosed here can also be fired exclusively with one type of fuel, for example only with pellets.
  • the combustion chamber blocks 29 can also be provided without the recirculation nozzles 291 . This can apply in particular to the case in which no secondary recirculation is provided.
  • the geometry in particular of the circumference of the rotating grate elements 252, 253, 254, can vary from that in 14a geometry shown.
  • the doctrine relating to the angular arrangement of the slot-shaped openings 256 of 14a can also be applied to other types and shapes of gratings.
  • tilting or sliding grates with the angled arrangement of the slot-shaped openings 256 can also be provided, for example.

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  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
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Claims (17)

  1. Grille rotative (25) pour une installation de chauffage à biomasse (1) comprenant :
    - au moins un élément de grille rotative (252, 253, 254) muni d'une perforation composée d'un ensemble d'orifices en forme de fentes (256),
    - au moins un axe de palier (81) par lequel l'élément de grille rotative (252, 253, 254) est monté à rotation,
    - au moins une installation de nettoyage (125) équipant l'un des éléments de grille rotative (252, 253, 254), cette installation de nettoyage (125) comportant un élément massique (127x) mobile par rapport à l'élément de grille rotative (252, 253, 254) et des éléments de piquage (129) montés sur l'élément massique (127x) pour les orifices (256),
    - l'installation de nettoyage (125) étant conçue pour que la rotation de l'élément de grille rotative (252, 253, 254) initie un mouvement d'accélération de l'élément massique (127x) pour que l'installation de nettoyage (125) produise un effet de frappe sur l'élément de grille rotative (252, 253, 254) et un effet de piquage des orifices (256) pour nettoyer l'élément de grille rotative (252, 253, 254) et ses orifices (256).
  2. Grille rotative (25) pour une installation de chauffage à biomasse (1) selon la revendication 1,
    dans laquelle
    l'installation de nettoyage (125) est conçu pour :
    - soulever l'élément massique (127x) lors de la rotation de l'élément de grille rotative (252, 253, 254) pour initier le mouvement d'accélération, à une position de début de chute (F1) à partir de laquelle l'élément massique (127x), sous l'influence de la gravité, tombe suivant un mouvement linéaire par un guidage linéaire (122, 133) pour produire l'effet de frappe sur l'élément de grille rotative (252, 253, 254) et en même temps, l'effet de piquage des orifices (256).
  3. Grille rotative (25) pour une installation de chauffage à biomasse (1) selon la revendication 1 ou 2,
    dans laquelle
    la hauteur de chute de l'élément massique (127x) et la masse de l'élément massique (127x) sont conçues pour que par la chute, on puisse enlever par l'effet de piquage les dépôts de cendre dans et sur les orifices (256), produits par le frittage.
  4. Grille rotative (25) pour une installation de chauffage à biomasse (1) selon la revendication 2,
    dans laquelle
    le guidage linéaire (122, 133) est un guidage linéaire à chariot avec deux suspensions (122) et deux orifices de guidage (133) complémentaires.
  5. Grille rotative (25) pour une installation de chauffage à biomasse (1) selon les revendications précédentes,
    dans laquelle
    les éléments de piquage (129) sont réalisés sous la forme d'un peigne avec un ensemble de parties en saillie (130).
  6. Grille rotative (25) pour une installation de chauffage à biomasse (1) selon les revendications précédentes,
    dans laquelle
    - les éléments de piquage (129) ont une longueur pour traverser complètement les orifices (256), et
    les éléments de piquage (129) sont équipés de parties en saillie (130) qui diminuent de façon continue en direction de leur extrémité distale, et
    - les éléments de piquage (129) sont disposés pour être respectivement complémentaires aux orifices (256).
  7. Grille rotative (25) pour une installation de chauffage à biomasse (1) selon les revendications précédentes,
    dans laquelle
    - les éléments de piquage (129) sont en forme de plaque, et
    - les éléments de piquage (129) ont une pièce de fixation (131) pour leur fixation à l'élément massique (127x), et
    - les éléments de piquage (129) ont un ensemble de parties en saillie (130) allant en diminuant selon la direction longitudinale de l'élément de piquage (129), et
    - les éléments de piquage (129) ont une partie médiane (132) entre la partie de fixation (132) et la partie en saillie (130).
  8. Grille rotative (25) pour une installation de chauffage à biomasse (1) selon la revendication 7,
    dans laquelle
    la longueur de la partie médiane (132) est dimensionnée pour traverser complètement l'élément de grille rotative (252, 253, 254).
  9. Grille rotative (25) pour une installation de chauffage à biomasse (1) selon les revendications précédentes,
    dans laquelle
    l'élément massique (127x) comporte des évidements en forme de fentes dans lesquelles arrivent les éléments de piquage (129) pour la fixation des éléments de piquage (129) à l'élément massique (127x).
  10. Grille rotative (25) pour une installation de chauffage à biomasse (1) selon les revendications précédentes,
    dans laquelle
    l'élément massique (127x) auquel sont fixés les éléments de piquage (129) est conçu pour avoir un élément de piquage (129) pour chaque orifice (256) de l'élément de grille rotative (252, 253, 254).
  11. Grille rotative (25) pour une installation de chauffage à biomasse (1) selon les revendications précédentes,
    dans laquelle
    l'installation de nettoyage (125) comprend :
    - une suspension (122) sur l'élément de grille rotative (252, 253, 254) et un palier lisse (133) dans l'élément massique (127x) qui forment en commun un guidage linéaire de chariot permettant le mouvement linéaire de l'élément massique (127x) par rapport à l'élément de grille rotative (252, 253, 254) dans le sens vers celui-ci et partant de celui-ci.
  12. Grille rotative (25) pour une installation de chauffage à biomasse (1) selon les revendications précédentes,
    avec au moins trois installation de nettoyage (125) pour un élément de grille rotative (252, 253, 254), une installation de nettoyage étant prévue selon l'axe de palier (81) de l'élément de grille rotative (252, 253, 254) et les autres installations de nettoyage (125) étant respectivement voisines l'une de l'autre.
  13. Grille rotative (25) pour une installation de chauffage à biomasse (1) selon les revendications 5 à 12 dans la mesure où elles dépendent de la revendication 4,
    dans laquelle
    - l'élément massique (127x) comporte des paliers lisses (133) comme orifices de guidage (133) recevant la suspension (122),
    - l'élément massique (127x) comporte deux plaques extérieures entre lesquelles, en sandwich, on a plusieurs plaques intérieures,
    * les plaques intérieures comportant des évidements (134) qui arrivent jusqu'au palier lisse (133).
  14. Grille rotative (25) pour une installation de chauffage à biomasse (1) selon les revendications précédentes,
    dans laquelle
    l'installation de nettoyage (125) est sur le côté inférieur de l'élément de grille rotative (252, 253, 254) qui est à l'opposé de la surface de combustion (258) de l'élément de grille rotative (252, 253, 254).
  15. Grille rotative (25) pour une installation de chauffage à biomasse (1) selon les revendications précédentes,
    dans laquelle
    la grille rotative (25) comporte un premier élément de grille rotative (252), un second élément de grille rotative (253) et un troisième élément de grille rotative (254) qui sont montés respectivement à rotation sur au moins 90 degrés autour de l'axe de palier (81) respectif.
  16. Procédé pour nettoyer une grille rotative (25) d'une installation de chauffage à biomasse (1) selon les revendications précédentes,
    selon lequel
    la grille rotative (25) comprend :
    - au moins un élément de grille rotative (252, 253, 254) avec une perforation composée d'un ensemble d'orifices en forme de fente (256),
    - au moins un axe de palier (81) par lequel l'élément de grille rotative (252, 253, 254) est monté à rotation,
    - au moins une installation de nettoyage (125) sur l'un des éléments de grille rotative (252, 253, 254), l'installation de nettoyage (125) ayant un élément massique (127x) avec un ensemble d'éléments de piquage (129) et étant mobile linéairement par rapport à l'élément de grille (252, 253, 254),
    - le procédé comprenant les étapes consistant à :
    - tourner l'élément de grille rotative (252, 253, 254) dans une première direction (D1) et produire ainsi le mouvement consécutif de l'élément massique (127x) de l'installation de nettoyage (125),
    - initier un mouvement d'accélération de l'élément massique (127x),
    - faire frapper l'élément massique (127x) avec un effet de frappe sur une surface de frappe (128a, 128b) de l'élément de grille rotative (252, 253, 254) ou de l'installation de nettoyage (125) pour nettoyer l'élément de grille rotative (252, 253, 254) et avec un effet de piquage dans les orifices (256) par les éléments de piquage (129).
  17. Procédé pour nettoyer une grille rotative (25) d'une installation de chauffage à biomasse (1) selon la revendication 16,
    selon lequel
    l'élément massique (127x) est soulevé par la rotation de l'élément de grille rotative (252, 253, 254) pour initier le mouvement d'accélération à une position de début de chute (F1, F2), à partir de laquelle, l'élément massique (127x) sous l'effet de la gravité, tombe suivant un mouvement linéaire pour appliquer l'effet de frappe sur l'élément de grille rotative (252, 253, 254).
EP21218434.5A 2021-03-09 2021-12-31 Grille rotative dotée d'un dispositif de nettoyage indépendant du combustible pour une installation de chauffage à biomasse et procédé de nettoyage de la grille Active EP4056899B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP21161524.0A EP4056900B1 (fr) 2021-03-09 2021-03-09 Installation de chauffage à biomasse dotée d'un dispositif amélioré de nettoyage
EP21161799.8A EP4056895A1 (fr) 2021-03-10 2021-03-10 Installation de chauffage à biomasse destinée à la combustion flexible des combustibles biogéniques et procédure de fonctionnement de l'installation

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP4056899A1 EP4056899A1 (fr) 2022-09-14
EP4056899B1 true EP4056899B1 (fr) 2023-07-05
EP4056899C0 EP4056899C0 (fr) 2023-07-05

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EP21218434.5A Active EP4056899B1 (fr) 2021-03-09 2021-12-31 Grille rotative dotée d'un dispositif de nettoyage indépendant du combustible pour une installation de chauffage à biomasse et procédé de nettoyage de la grille
EP21218435.2A Active EP4056898B1 (fr) 2021-03-09 2021-12-31 Installation de chauffage à biomasse dotée d'un dispositif de commande optimisé par apprentissage automatique et procédé correspondant

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DE102022106628A1 (de) 2022-03-22 2023-09-28 Uniper Technologies GmbH Verfahren zur Prädiktion verfahrenstechnischer Prozesswerte einer Verbrennungsanlage mittels eines trainierten neuronalen Netzes
CN117847989B (zh) * 2024-03-07 2024-05-28 中际(江苏)智能暖通设备有限公司 一种空气源高温热泵除湿干燥设备

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US422472A (en) * 1890-03-04 Parlor-grate
US36055A (en) * 1862-07-29 Improvement in stove-grates
US2933057A (en) * 1958-01-20 1960-04-19 Babcock & Wilcox Co Furnace with dumping hearth
US4567610A (en) 1982-07-22 1986-01-28 Wayland Research Inc. Method of and apparatus for pattern recognition
CZ20032262A3 (cs) * 2001-03-02 2003-12-17 Powitec Intelligent Technologies Gmbh Způsob regulace termodynamického procesu, zejména procesu spalování, a zařízení k provádění tohoto způsobu
DE10219251B3 (de) * 2002-04-30 2004-01-22 Robert Bosch Gmbh Heizeinrichtung
AT6972U1 (de) * 2003-06-13 2004-06-25 Hartl Energy Technology Keg Kleinfeuerungsanlage oder ofen für rieselfähige brennstoffe, insbesondere holzpellets, mit automatischer brennkammerentschlackung
EP2048553B1 (fr) * 2007-10-12 2010-10-27 Powitec Intelligent Technologies GmbH Circuit régulateur destiné au réglage d'un processus, en particulier d'un processus de combustion
AT13825U1 (de) * 2013-05-31 2014-09-15 Hargassner Gmbh Heizkessel
AT518707B1 (de) * 2016-06-02 2018-02-15 DISTAND GmbH Festbrennstoffbrenner
US10626817B1 (en) * 2018-09-27 2020-04-21 General Electric Company Control and tuning of gas turbine combustion
EP3892918A1 (fr) 2019-09-03 2021-10-13 SL-Technik GmbH Dispositif de nettoyage pour une grille rotative d'une installation de chauffage à biomasse, procédé de nettoyage de la grille
EP4184056A1 (fr) 2019-09-03 2023-05-24 SL-Technik GmbH Chambre de combustion pour une installation de chauffage de biomasse

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Publication number Publication date
EP4056898A1 (fr) 2022-09-14
EP4056898C0 (fr) 2023-08-09
EP4056899A1 (fr) 2022-09-14
EP4056899C0 (fr) 2023-07-05
EP4056898B1 (fr) 2023-08-09

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