EP4332436A1 - Installation de chauffage à biomasse dotée d'un dispositif de filtre électrostatique amélioré - Google Patents

Installation de chauffage à biomasse dotée d'un dispositif de filtre électrostatique amélioré Download PDF

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Publication number
EP4332436A1
EP4332436A1 EP22193463.1A EP22193463A EP4332436A1 EP 4332436 A1 EP4332436 A1 EP 4332436A1 EP 22193463 A EP22193463 A EP 22193463A EP 4332436 A1 EP4332436 A1 EP 4332436A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
filter
heating system
electrode
insulator
biomass heating
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
EP22193463.1A
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German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Thilo SOMMERAUER
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SL Technik GmbH
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SL Technik GmbH
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Publication date
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Priority to EP22193463.1A priority Critical patent/EP4332436A1/fr
Publication of EP4332436A1 publication Critical patent/EP4332436A1/fr
Pending legal-status Critical Current

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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23J—REMOVAL OR TREATMENT OF COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OR COMBUSTION RESIDUES; FLUES 
    • F23J15/00—Arrangements of devices for treating smoke or fumes
    • F23J15/02—Arrangements of devices for treating smoke or fumes of purifiers, e.g. for removing noxious material
    • F23J15/022—Arrangements of devices for treating smoke or fumes of purifiers, e.g. for removing noxious material for removing solid particulate material from the gasflow
    • F23J15/025—Arrangements of devices for treating smoke or fumes of purifiers, e.g. for removing noxious material for removing solid particulate material from the gasflow using filters
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C3/00—Separating dispersed particles from gases or vapour, e.g. air, by electrostatic effect
    • B03C3/01—Pretreatment of the gases prior to electrostatic precipitation
    • B03C3/014—Addition of water; Heat exchange, e.g. by condensation
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C3/00—Separating dispersed particles from gases or vapour, e.g. air, by electrostatic effect
    • B03C3/017—Combinations of electrostatic separation with other processes, not otherwise provided for
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C3/00—Separating dispersed particles from gases or vapour, e.g. air, by electrostatic effect
    • B03C3/34—Constructional details or accessories or operation thereof
    • B03C3/36—Controlling flow of gases or vapour
    • B03C3/368—Controlling flow of gases or vapour by other than static mechanical means, e.g. internal ventilator or recycler
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C3/00—Separating dispersed particles from gases or vapour, e.g. air, by electrostatic effect
    • B03C3/34—Constructional details or accessories or operation thereof
    • B03C3/40—Electrode constructions
    • B03C3/41—Ionising-electrodes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C3/00—Separating dispersed particles from gases or vapour, e.g. air, by electrostatic effect
    • B03C3/34—Constructional details or accessories or operation thereof
    • B03C3/40—Electrode constructions
    • B03C3/45—Collecting-electrodes
    • B03C3/49—Collecting-electrodes tubular
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C3/00—Separating dispersed particles from gases or vapour, e.g. air, by electrostatic effect
    • B03C3/34—Constructional details or accessories or operation thereof
    • B03C3/66—Applications of electricity supply techniques
    • B03C3/68—Control systems therefor
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C3/00—Separating dispersed particles from gases or vapour, e.g. air, by electrostatic effect
    • B03C3/34—Constructional details or accessories or operation thereof
    • B03C3/66—Applications of electricity supply techniques
    • B03C3/70—Applications of electricity supply techniques insulating in electric separators
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C3/00—Separating dispersed particles from gases or vapour, e.g. air, by electrostatic effect
    • B03C3/34—Constructional details or accessories or operation thereof
    • B03C3/74—Cleaning the electrodes
    • B03C3/76—Cleaning the electrodes by using a mechanical vibrator, e.g. rapping gear ; by using impact
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C2201/00—Details of magnetic or electrostatic separation
    • B03C2201/08—Ionising electrode being a rod
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C2201/00—Details of magnetic or electrostatic separation
    • B03C2201/10—Ionising electrode has multiple serrated ends or parts
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C2201/00—Details of magnetic or electrostatic separation
    • B03C2201/12—Cleaning the device by burning the trapped particles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C2201/00—Details of magnetic or electrostatic separation
    • B03C2201/32—Checking the quality of the result or the well-functioning of the device
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G2209/00—Specific waste
    • F23G2209/26—Biowaste
    • F23G2209/261—Woodwaste
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23J—REMOVAL OR TREATMENT OF COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OR COMBUSTION RESIDUES; FLUES 
    • F23J2217/00—Intercepting solids
    • F23J2217/10—Intercepting solids by filters
    • F23J2217/102—Intercepting solids by filters electrostatic

Definitions

  • This application relates to a biomass heating system with an improved electrostatic filter device.
  • the invention relates to a biomass heating system with an electrostatic filter device with an improved electrode, an improved insulator, an improved cleaning mechanism and an improved control.
  • Biomass heating systems in particular biomass boilers, with an output range of 20 to 500 kW are known.
  • Biomass can be viewed as a cheap, domestic, crisis-proof and environmentally friendly fuel.
  • wood chips or pellets as combustible biomass or as biogenic solid fuels.
  • the pellets usually consist of wood chips, sawdust, biomass or other materials that have been compressed into small disks or cylinders with a diameter of approximately 3 to 15 mm and a length of 5 to 30 mm.
  • Wood chips also known as wood chips, wood chips, or wood chips
  • wood chips are wood that has been chopped up using cutting tools.
  • Biomass heating systems for fuels in the form of pellets and wood chips essentially have a boiler with a combustion chamber (the combustion chamber) and with a subsequent heat exchange device. Due to the stricter legal regulations in many countries, some biomass heating systems also have a fine dust filter or an electrostatic filter device (also referred to as a "separator” or "e-filter”).
  • Such filter devices or filters are in the prior art EP 3 789 670 B1 , the EP 3 789 671 B1 and also that one EP 3 789 676 B1 disclosed.
  • Biomass heating systems regularly come with a variety of other accessories, such as fuel delivery devices, control devices, probes, safety thermostats, pressure switches, flue gas or exhaust gas recirculation, boiler cleaning and a separate fuel container.
  • the combustion chamber is regularly provided with a device for supplying fuel, a device for supplying air and an ignition device for the fuel.
  • the device for supplying the air in turn normally has a low pressure fan in order to advantageously influence the thermodynamic factors during combustion in the combustion chamber.
  • a device for supplying fuel can, for example, be provided with a side insertion (so-called transverse insertion firing). The fuel is pushed into the combustion chamber from the side via a screw or piston.
  • a firing grate In the combustion chamber of a fixed bed furnace, a firing grate is usually provided, on which the fuel is essentially continuously supplied and burned.
  • This fire grate stores the fuel for combustion and has openings, for example slots, which allow the passage of some of the combustion air as primary air to the fuel.
  • the grate can also be rigid or movable.
  • the grate When the primary air flows through the grate, the grate is cooled, which protects the material. In addition, if there is insufficient air supply, slag can form on the grate.
  • furnaces that are to be charged with different fuels which is what the present disclosure is particularly concerned with, have the inherent problem that the different fuels have different ash melting points, water contents and different burning behavior. This makes it problematic to provide a heating system that is equally suitable for different fuels.
  • the combustion chamber can continue to be regularly converted into a primary combustion zone (immediate combustion of the fuel on the grate as well as in the gas space above before further combustion air is supplied) and a secondary combustion zone (post-combustion zone of the flue gas after further air supply).
  • the combustion of the pellets or wood chips essentially has two phases.
  • the fuel is at least partially pyrolytically decomposed and converted into gas by high temperatures and air, which can be blown into the combustion chamber.
  • the combustion of the part converted into gas as well as the combustion of any remaining solids e.g. charcoal
  • the fuel gases out and the resulting gas and the charcoal present in it are also burned.
  • Pyrolysis is the thermal decomposition of a solid substance in the absence of oxygen. Pyrolysis can be divided into primary and secondary pyrolysis.
  • the products of primary pyrolysis are pyrolysis coke and pyrolysis gases, whereby the pyrolysis gases can be divided into gases that are condensable and non-condensable at room temperature.
  • the primary pyrolysis takes place at approximately 250-450°C and the secondary pyrolysis at approximately 450-600°C.
  • the secondary pyrolysis that subsequently occurs is based on the further reaction of the primarily formed pyrolysis products.
  • the drying and pyrolysis take place at least largely without the use of air, since volatile CH compounds escape from the particle and therefore no air reaches the particle surface.
  • Gasification can be seen as part of oxidation;
  • the solid, liquid and gaseous products formed during the pyrolytic decomposition are reacted by further heat. This is done by adding a gasification agent such as air, oxygen, water vapor or carbon dioxide.
  • a gasification agent such as air, oxygen, water vapor or carbon dioxide.
  • the lambda value during gasification is greater than zero and less than one. Gasification takes place at around 300 to 850°C or even up to 1,200 °C instead. Complete oxidation with excess air (lambda greater than 1) takes place after these processes are added by further air.
  • the reaction end products are essentially carbon dioxide, water vapor and ash. In all phases the boundaries are not rigid, but fluid.
  • the combustion process can be advantageously regulated using a lambda probe provided at the exhaust gas outlet of the boiler.
  • the efficiency of combustion is increased by converting the pellets into gas because gaseous fuel is better mixed with the combustion air and therefore converted more completely, and lower emissions of pollutants, fewer unburned particles and ash (fly ash or dust particles) are produced .
  • gaseous or airborne combustion products are created, the main components of which are carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. These can be differentiated into emissions from complete oxidation, from incomplete oxidation and substances from trace elements or impurities.
  • the emissions from complete oxidation are essentially carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and water vapor (H 2 O).
  • the formation of carbon dioxide from the carbon in the biomass is the goal of combustion, as this allows the energy released to be used more fully.
  • the release of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is largely proportional to the carbon content of the amount of fuel burned; The carbon dioxide is therefore also dependent on the useful energy to be provided. A reduction can essentially only be achieved by improving the efficiency. Combustion residues, such as ash or slag, are also created.
  • flue gas or exhaust gas recirculation devices which return exhaust gas from the boiler to the combustion chamber for cooling and renewed combustion.
  • Flue gas recirculation can take place below or above the grate.
  • the flue gas recirculation can be mixed with the combustion air or carried out separately.
  • the flue gas or exhaust gas from combustion in the combustion chamber is fed to the heat exchanger so that the hot combustion gases flow through the heat exchanger to transfer heat to a heat exchange medium, which is usually water at about 80 ° C (usually between 70 °C and 110°C).
  • the boiler usually also has a radiation part that is integrated into the combustion chamber and a convection part (the heat exchanger connected to it).
  • the ignition device is usually a hot air device or a glow device.
  • combustion is started by supplying hot air to the combustion chamber, the hot air being heated by an electrical resistance.
  • the ignition device has a glow plug/glow rod or several glow plugs to heat the pellets or wood chips by direct contact until combustion begins.
  • the glow plugs can also be equipped with a motor to remain in contact with the pellets or wood chips during the ignition phase and then retract to avoid remaining exposed to the flames. This solution is prone to wear and is complex.
  • Another problem is the varying quality of the fuel due to the varying water content and the lumpiness of the fuel, which makes it difficult for the fuel to burn evenly with low emissions.
  • the varying quality and consistency of the fuel makes it difficult to maintain a consistently high efficiency of the biomass heating system. This can result in significantly increased particle and soot emissions, particularly when the fuel is moist or when non-standard fuel is used or the biomass heating system is not operated at the optimal operating point with incorrectly stored fuel.
  • the hybrid technology should enable the use of both pellets and wood chips with water contents between 8 and 35 percent by weight.
  • Gaseous emissions that are as low as possible should be achieved.
  • Very low dust emissions of less than 15 mg/Nm 3 without and less than 5 mg/Nm 3 with electrostatic filter operation are aimed for.
  • the task(s) mentioned above or the potential individual problems can also relate to individual aspects of the overall system, for example the regulation and/or control.
  • a biomass heating system for burning fuel in the form of pellets and/or wood chips; this biomass heating system comprising: a boiler with a housing; a combustion device with a combustion chamber; a heat exchanger disposed downstream of the combustion chamber and fluidly connected to the combustion chamber; an electrostatic filter device for filtering a flue gas generated in the combustion device, the filter device being arranged downstream of the heat exchanger and fluidly connected to the heat exchanger; a control device for controlling the electrostatic filter device; wherein the electrostatic filter device comprises: a tubular internal volume in which the flue gas flows; a first rod-shaped electrode, which is designed as a spray electrode; and a second tubular electrode formed as a counter electrode; and an insulator for holding the spray electrode; and a filter inlet through which the flue gas can enter the filter device; and a filter outlet through which the flue gas can exit the filter device.
  • a biomass heating system wherein the spray electrode has a cross profile or a star profile; the spray electrode is suspended on the insulator so that it can swing and has a vertical longitudinal axis (LAE) in the rest position, the biomass heating system being set up in such a way that the spray electrode can be deflected for cleaning in such a way that it can swing in at least two directions.
  • LAE vertical longitudinal axis
  • Biomass heating system wherein the spray electrode is provided from at least two interconnected, elongated and plate-shaped electrode parts, at least one of the electrode parts having sawtooth-shaped projections.
  • the insulator is a rod-shaped ceramic or porcelain insulator; and the insulator has ribs, wherein recesses are provided between the ribs of the insulator for providing a plurality of target burn-off points for conductive deposition on the surface of the insulator.
  • Biomass heating system wherein between the ribs of the insulator, a recess, an intermediate cone part with an end edge facing the recess and an intermediate cylinder part are provided.
  • Biomass heating system wherein a main body of the insulator is arranged offset from an opening of the filter outlet in a longitudinal direction of the tubular filter device; and wherein the insulator is arranged at an end of the filter device which is arranged opposite the end at which the filter inlet is provided.
  • Biomass heating system according to one of the preceding aspects, wherein the biomass heating system is set up such that the average flow velocity in the filter device during full load operation of the biomass heating system is in a range of 0.5 to 3 m/s, preferably in a range of 1 up to 2 m/s.
  • Biomass heating system according to one of the preceding aspects, wherein the biomass heating system is set up such that the temperature of the flue gas in the filter inlet during full load operation of the biomass heating system is less than 220 ° C, preferably less than 200 ° C.
  • Biomass heating system according to one of the preceding aspects, wherein the combustion device, the heat exchanger and the electrostatic filter device are arranged together in the boiler, and turbulators are arranged in the heat exchanger as flow brakes such that the maximum entry velocity of the flue gas into the filter device is 2 m/s in full load operation amounts.
  • Biomass heating system further comprising: a cleaning device with a cleaning drive for actuating a hammer lever, the hammer lever having a cone-shaped striking head.
  • Biomass heating system according to one of the preceding aspects, wherein at least one main body of the insulator is arranged in an end dead volume of the internal volume of the filter device.
  • Biomass heating system according to one of the preceding aspects, wherein the filter outlet of the filter is arranged such that it is provided at a relative longitudinal position or height of the filter which is, preferably completely, different from a longitudinal position or height of a main body of the insulator.
  • Biomass heating system according to one of the preceding aspects, wherein the control device is set up in such a way that: in the operating state of a burnout of the boiler after a fuel supply has ended, a filter voltage (Vf) is successively increased, so that conductive deposits on the surface of the insulator are burned off by means of a glow discharge become.
  • Vf filter voltage
  • “Horizontal” in this case can refer to a flat orientation of an axis or a cross section, assuming that the boiler is also positioned horizontally, which means that the ground level can be the reference, for example.
  • “horizontal” in this case can mean “parallel” to the base plane of the boiler, as this is usually defined. Further alternatively, particularly in the absence of a reference plane, “horizontal” can only be understood as “parallel” to the combustion plane of the grate.
  • the insulator, the electrode and the cleaning lever are also disclosed independently of the biomass heating system and can also be claimed independently of the biomass heating system in the generic term.
  • control procedures for a biomass heating system are described independently of the biomass heating system and can be used independently of it.
  • an electrostatic filter device independent of the biomass heating system, the electrostatic filter device having the following: a tubular internal volume in which the flue gas flows; a first rod-shaped electrode, which is designed as a spray electrode; and a second tubular electrode formed as a counter electrode; and an insulator for holding the spray electrode; and a filter inlet through which the flue gas can enter the filter device; and a filter outlet through which the flue gas can exit the filter device.
  • This electrostatic filter device can also be combined with individual aspects or features of the following embodiments independently of the present biomass heating system.
  • an expression such as “A or B”, “at least one of “A or/and B” or “one or more of A or/and B” can include all possible combinations of features listed together.
  • Expressions such as “first “, “second”, “primary” or “secondary” used herein may represent different elements regardless of their order and/or meaning and do not limit corresponding elements.
  • an element e.g., a first element
  • another element e.g., a second element
  • the element may be directly connected to the other element or be connected to the other element via another element (e.g. a third element).
  • a term “configured to” (or “set up”) used in the present disclosure may be replaced by “suitable for,” “suited to,” “adapted to,” “made to,” “capable of,” or “designed to.” depending on what is technically possible.
  • a phrase “device configured to” or “set up to” may mean that the device can operate in conjunction with another device or component, or can perform a corresponding function.
  • Fig. 1 shows a three-dimensional overview view of the biomass heating system 1 according to an embodiment of the invention.
  • the arrow V denotes the front view of the system 1 in the figures
  • the arrow S denotes the side view of the system 1 in the figures.
  • the biomass heating system 1 has a boiler 11 which is mounted on a boiler base 12.
  • the boiler 11 has a boiler housing 13, for example made of sheet steel. Insulation of the boiler 11 is not completely shown.
  • a combustion device 2 (not shown), which can be reached via a first maintenance opening with a closure 21.
  • a rotating mechanism holder 22 for a rotating grate 25 (not shown) supports a rotating mechanism 23 with which driving forces can be transmitted to bearing axes 81 of the rotating grate 25.
  • an electrostatic filter device 4 (also referred to as filter 4 for short) with an electrode 45 (cf. Fig. 2 ff.), which is suspended with an insulating electrode holder 43 and which is energized via an electrode supply line 42.
  • the filter device 4 has a tubular inner volume 46b, which extends in a longitudinal direction of the filter device 4.
  • the exhaust gas from the biomass heating system 1, which has flowed through the filter device 4 is discharged via an exhaust gas outlet 41, which is arranged downstream (fluidically) of the filter device 4.
  • a fan or a blower can be provided here.
  • a recirculation device 5 is provided behind the boiler 11, which recirculates part of the smoke or exhaust gas via recirculation channels 51, 53 and 54 and flaps 52 for cooling the combustion process and reusing it during the combustion process.
  • the biomass heating system 1 has a fuel supply 6, with which the fuel is conveyed in a controlled manner to the combustion device 2 in the primary combustion zone 26 from the side onto the rotating grate 25.
  • the fuel supply 6 has a rotary valve 61 with a fuel supply opening 65, the rotary valve 61 having a drive motor 66 with control electronics.
  • An axle 62 driven by the drive motor 66 drives a translation mechanism 63, which can drive a fuel conveyor screw 67 (not shown), so that the fuel is conveyed to the combustion device 2 in a fuel supply channel 64.
  • an ash removal device 7 which has an ash discharge screw 71 in an ash discharge channel, which is operated by a motor 72.
  • the biomass heating system 1 also has a control device 100.
  • This control device 100 is provided with a conventional processor, volatile and non-volatile memory (for example (S-)RAM, ROM, flash and/or cache memory), as well as various interfaces. Analog or digital inputs and outputs can be provided as interfaces. For example, CAN bus interfaces, 0-10V analog inputs or 4-20 mA analog inputs/outputs for sensors and actuators and/or RS-232 interfaces can be provided.
  • the control device preferably (optionally) has at least one interface with an Internet protocol (IP, Ethernet, WLAN) according to the known standards. This allows the control device to communicate, preferably via the Internet, with the data processing devices installed remotely from the biomass heating system 1.
  • IP Internet protocol
  • control device 100 can represent part of a distributed system for machine learning, which will be discussed later in relation to Figures 19 is explained in more detail.
  • control device 100 can have a keyboard and/or a display for displaying operating data.
  • the display can also have a so-called touch function, in which an operator can make entries on the display.
  • the control device 100 can also have a voltage generation unit, which provides the voltage required for the operation of the filter device 4.
  • a plurality of sensors for detecting physical and/or chemical variables of the biomass heating system 1 are provided. Examples of such sensors are related to the Fig. 2 described in more detail.
  • One of the sensors that can be communicatively connected to the control device 100 can be a boiler temperature sensor 115.
  • a combustion chamber 24 or boiler tubes 32 (cf. Fig. 2 ) are at least partially from a heat exchange medium 38 (cf. Fig. 2 ), for example (heating) water.
  • the boiler temperature sensor 115 preferably measures or detects the temperature of the heat exchange medium 38 in the boiler 11 at a location that is representative of an average temperature of the heat exchange medium 38 in the boiler 11.
  • the temperature detected by the boiler temperature sensor 115 is communicated to the control device 100 (preferably as a signal, for example as a voltage signal, as a current signal or as a digital signal), which gives the control device 100 the temperature (which may still have to be calculated from the signal, for example the Voltage of 1 volt corresponds to 10 degrees Celsius above a zero point) is available for further processing.
  • a signal for example as a voltage signal, as a current signal or as a digital signal
  • the control device can store the temperature detected by the boiler temperature sensor 115 in a (permanent or volatile) memory and/or use the temperature as training data for machine learning.
  • boiler temperature sensor 115 and the detected temperature can also apply to other sensors and physical or chemical quantities, in particular to the sensors which relate to Fig. 2 to be discribed.
  • sensors of the fuel bed height or ember bed height 86, the lambda sensor 112, the exhaust gas temperature sensor 111, the vacuum sensor 113, the heating water temperature sensor 114 can be used as sensors.
  • control device 100 can have sensors with which the (target) voltage that should be present at the electrode 45 of the filter device 100 and the current If that flows in the filter device 4 can be detected.
  • the control device 100 can therefore have current detection means for detecting the current through the electrode 45.
  • the control device 100 can have voltage detection means for detecting the filter voltage Vf which is applied to the electrode 45.
  • the actuators of the biomass heating system 1 can also be communicatively connected to the control device 100.
  • the air valves 52 of the recirculation device 5, the ignition device 201, the motors 231 and 66, the electrostatic filter 4 or the electrostatic filter 4 (e.g. its on/off state Sf,), the ash removal 7 or its motor 72 , the fuel supply 6 with its rotary valve 61 or its drive motor 66 or the cleaning device 9 with its drive 91 are controlled by the control device 100.
  • the filter device 4 is also communicatively connected to the control device 100 in such a way that the state, the voltage and/or the current supply to the electrode 45 can be controlled.
  • the control device 100 can be set up in such a way that the on/off state Sf of the electrode 45 and its voltage Vf are set can.
  • the voltage can be set in a range of 10-80 kV, preferably in a range of 10-60 kV.
  • the control device 100 can thus regulate the biomass heating system 1. At least one recorded physical/chemical quantity and/or at least one electrotechnical quantity of at least one sensor of the biomass heating system 1 is communicated to the control device 100, the biomass heating system 1 uses these quantity(s) to calculate a control response, the control response in turn being used Setting at least one actuator of the biomass heating system 1 is used. Due to the setting of the at least one actuator, the physical/chemical processes in the biomass heating system 1 (in particular those of combustion) are influenced, which in turn is detected by the at least one sensor. This at least closes a loop. Due to the large number of possible control tasks of the control device 100, the control device 100 can also control more than one control circuit of the biomass heating system at the same time.
  • the filter device (voltage control of the electrode 45) can be controlled based on various recorded variables. This will be discussed in more detail later.
  • Fig. 2 shows a cross-sectional view through the biomass heating system 1 Fig. 1 , which was made along a cutting line SL1 and which is shown viewed from the side view S.
  • Fig. 3 which has the same cut as Fig. 2
  • the flows "S" of the flue gas and flow cross-sections are shown schematically (these flows also correspond to process steps S1..., from the generation of the flue gas to the exit from the biomass heating system 11).
  • Fig. 3 It should be noted that individual areas compared to the Fig. 2 are shown dimmed. This is just for clarity Fig. 3 and the visibility of the flow arrows S5, S6 and S7.
  • Fig. 2 From left to right are in Fig. 2 the combustion device 2, the heat exchanger 3 and an (optional) filter device 4 of the boiler 11 are provided.
  • the boiler 11 is mounted on the boiler base 12 and has a multi-walled boiler housing 13 in which water or another fluid heat exchange medium 38 can circulate.
  • a water circulation device 14 with a pump, valves, lines, etc. is provided to supply and remove the heat exchange medium.
  • the combustion device 2 has a combustion chamber 24 in which the combustion process of the fuel takes place in the core.
  • the combustion chamber 24 has a multi-part rotating grate 25 on which the fuel bed 28 rests.
  • the multi-part rotating grate 25 is rotatably mounted by means of a plurality of bearing axles 81.
  • Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 is the primary combustion zone 26 of the combustion chamber 24 by (a plurality of) combustion chamber bricks 29, whereby the combustion chamber bricks 29 define the geometry of the primary combustion zone 26.
  • the cross section of the primary combustion zone 26 (for example) along the horizontal section line A1 is substantially oval (for example 380 mm +- 60 mm x 320 mm +- 60 mm; it should be noted that some of the above size combinations can also result in a circular cross section).
  • the arrow S1 shows the flow from the secondary air nozzle 291 schematically, this flow (this is shown purely schematically) having a swirl induced by the secondary air nozzles 291 in order to improve the mixing of the flue gas.
  • the secondary air nozzles 291 are designed in such a way that they introduce the secondary air (preheated by the combustion chamber bricks 29) tangentially into the combustion chamber 24 with its oval cross-section there. This creates a vortex or swirling flow S1, which runs roughly upwards in a spiral or helical shape. In other words, a spiral flow that runs upward and rotates about a vertical axis is formed.
  • the secondary air nozzles 291 are thus aligned in such a way that they direct the secondary air - viewed in the horizontal plane - tangentially into the combustion chamber 24 introduce.
  • the secondary air nozzles 291 are each provided as an inlet for the secondary air that is not aligned with the center of the combustion chamber.
  • such a tangential entry can also be used with a circular combustion chamber geometry.
  • All secondary air nozzles 291 are aligned in such a way that they each cause either a clockwise or a counterclockwise flow.
  • each secondary air nozzle 291 can contribute to the creation of the vortex flows, with each secondary air nozzle 291 having a similar orientation.
  • individual secondary air nozzles 291 can also be arranged neutrally (with an orientation towards the center) or in opposite directions (with an opposite orientation), although this can worsen the fluidic efficiency of the arrangement.
  • the combustion chamber bricks 29 form the inner lining of the primary combustion zone 26, store heat and are directly exposed to fire.
  • the combustion chamber stones 29 thus also protect the other material of the combustion chamber 24, for example cast iron, from the direct action of flames in the combustion chamber 24.
  • the combustion chamber stones 29 are preferably adapted to the shape of the grate 25.
  • the combustion chamber bricks 29 also have secondary air or recirculation nozzles 291, which recirculate the flue gas into the primary combustion zone 26 for renewed participation in the combustion process and in particular for cooling as required.
  • the secondary air nozzles 291 are not aligned with the center of the primary combustion zone 26, but are aligned acentrically in order to cause a swirl of the flow in the primary combustion zone 26 (ie a swirl and vortex flow, which will be explained in more detail later).
  • the combustion chamber bricks 29 will be explained in more detail later.
  • Insulation 311 is provided at the boiler pipe inlet.
  • the oval cross-sectional shape of the primary combustion zone 26 (and the nozzle) as well as the length and position of the secondary air nozzles 291 favor the formation and maintenance of a vortex flow, preferably up to the ceiling of the combustion chamber 24.
  • a secondary combustion zone 27 adjoins the primary combustion zone 26 of the combustion chamber 26, either at the level of the combustion chamber nozzles 291 (from a functional or combustion technology point of view) or at the level of the combustion chamber nozzle 203 (from a purely structural or structural point of view) and defines the radiation part of the combustion chamber 26.
  • the flue gas produced during combustion releases its thermal energy mainly through thermal radiation, in particular to the heat exchange medium, which is located in the two left-hand chambers for the heat exchange medium 38.
  • the corresponding flue gas flows are in Fig. 3 indicated purely as an example by the arrows S2 and S3.
  • These vortex flows will possibly also contain slight backflows or further turbulence, which are not shown by the purely schematic arrows S2 and S3.
  • the basic principle of the flow in the combustion chamber 24 is clear and calculable to the person skilled in the art, starting from the arrows S2 and S3.
  • the oval combustion chamber geometry 24 in particular contributes to ensuring that the vortex flow can develop undisturbed or optimally.
  • candle-flame-shaped rotational flows S2 appear, which can advantageously extend to the combustion chamber ceiling 204, whereby the available space in the combustion chamber 24 is better utilized.
  • the vortex flows are concentrated in the center of the combustion chamber and make ideal use of the volume of the secondary combustion zone 27.
  • the constriction that the combustion chamber nozzle 203 represents for the vortex flows reduces the rotational flows, which creates turbulence to improve the mixing of the air-flue gas mixture. So there is a cross-mixing due to the constriction or narrowing through the combustion chamber nozzle 203.
  • the rotational momentum of the flows remains at least partially above the combustion chamber nozzle 203, which maintains the spread of these flows up to the combustion chamber ceiling 204.
  • the secondary air nozzles 291 are integrated into the elliptical or oval cross section of the combustion chamber 24 in such a way that, due to their length and orientation, they induce vortex currents which cause the flue gas-secondary air mixture to rotate and thereby (again in combination with the combustion chamber nozzle 203 positioned above it improved) enable complete combustion with minimal excess air and thus maximum efficiency.
  • the secondary air supply is designed in such a way that it cools the hot combustion chamber stones 29 by flowing around them and the secondary air itself is preheated in return, whereby the burnout rate of the flue gases is accelerated and the completeness of the burnout even at extreme partial load (e.g. 30% the nominal load) is ensured.
  • the first maintenance opening 21 is insulated with an insulating material, for example Vermiculite TM .
  • the present secondary combustion zone 27 is set up in such a way that the flue gas burns out. The special geometric design of the secondary combustion zone 27 will be explained in more detail later.
  • the flue gas flows into the heat exchange device 3, which has a bundle of boiler tubes 32 provided parallel to one another.
  • the flue gas now flows downwards in the boiler tubes 32, as in Fig. 3 indicated by arrows S4.
  • This part of the flow can also be referred to as the convection part, since the heat release of the flue gas essentially takes place on the boiler tube walls via forced convection. Due to the temperature gradients in the heat exchange medium, for example in the water, caused in the boiler 11, natural convection of the water occurs, which promotes mixing of the boiler water.
  • the outlet of the boiler tubes 32 opens into the turning chamber 35 via the turning chamber inlet 34 or inlet.
  • the turning chamber 35 is sealed from the combustion chamber 24 in such a way that no flue gas can flow from the turning chamber 35 directly back into the combustion chamber 24.
  • a common (removal) transport route is still provided for the combustion residues, which can occur in the entire flow area of the boiler 11.
  • the filter device 4 is not provided, the flue gas is discharged upwards again in the boiler 11.
  • the other case of the optional filter device 4 is in the Fig. 2 and 3 shown.
  • the flue gas is introduced back up into the filter device 4 (see arrows S5), which in the present case is an electrostatic filter device 4 as an example. 4 flow panels can be provided at the inlet 44 of the filter device, which even out the flow of flue gas into the filter.
  • Electrostatic dust filters also known in science as electrostatic precipitators, are devices for separating particles from gases that are based on the electrostatic principle. These filter devices are used in particular for the electrical cleaning of exhaust gases.
  • electrostatic precipitators dust particles are electrically charged by a corona discharge from a spray electrode and drawn to the oppositely charged electrode (precipitation electrode). The corona discharge takes place on a suitable, charged high-voltage electrode (also known as a spray electrode) inside the electrostatic precipitator.
  • the (spray) electrode 45 is designed with protruding tips and possibly with sharp edges because that is where the density of the field lines and thus also the electric field strength is greatest and thus the corona discharge is favored. More information about optimized geometry can be found later in relation to Figures 4 to 6 .
  • the opposing electrode usually consists of a grounded exhaust pipe section or a cage-like arrangement which is mounted or provided around the electrode.
  • the degree of separation of an electrostatic precipitator depends in particular on the residence time of the exhaust gases in the filter system and the voltage between the spray and separation electrode.
  • the rectified high voltage required for this is provided by the voltage generating unit of the control device 100 (not shown).
  • the electrode 45 consists at least largely of a high-quality spring steel or chrome steel and is supported by an electrode holder 43 via an insulator 46, i.e. H. an electrode insulation 46, held.
  • the holder 43 for the electrode 45 and in particular the insulator 46 are exposed to dust and contamination in the present case, since they are arranged on or in the interior space carrying flue gas. In this respect, special measures are required to avoid unwanted leakage currents, which will be discussed later in relation to the Figures 8 ff. are described.
  • Fig. 2 shown is an optimized rod-shaped electrode 45 (which is described in more detail later, cf. Figures 4 to 7 ) held approximately in the middle of an approximately chimney-shaped or elongated interior of the filter device 4.
  • This (spray) electrode 45 hangs downwards in the interior of the filter device 4 so that it can oscillate or swing.
  • the electrode 45 can, for example, swing back and forth transversely to the longitudinal axis of the electrode 45.
  • a cage 48 simultaneously serves as a counter electrode and as a cleaning mechanism for the filter device 4.
  • the cage 48 is connected to the ground or earth potential. Due to the existing potential difference, the flue gas or exhaust gas flowing in the filter device 4, see arrows S6, is filtered, as explained above.
  • the arrows S6 roughly indicate the area in which a flow velocity of the flue gas is to be determined as a reference. In this area inside the tubular filter device 4, the flow velocity is in a range of 0.5 to 3 m/s, preferably in a range of 1 to 2 m/s, when the biomass heating system is operated at full load.
  • the one will Operation of the biomass heating system is understood to mean that at least 90% of the nominal power [kW] (for which the boiler 11 is designed and regularly certified) is delivered, for which the boiler 11 or the biomass heating system 1 is designed.
  • Partial load operation means operation of the boiler 11 or the biomass heating system 1 below this 90%.
  • the indicator line WT3 indicates an exemplary cross-sectional line through the filter device 4, in which the flow is set up as homogeneously as possible or is roughly evenly distributed over the cross section of the boiler tubes 32 (among other things due to flow panels at the entrance to the filter device 4 and due to the geometry of the turning chamber 35).
  • a uniform flow through the filter device 3 or the last boiler pass minimizes the formation of strands and thereby also optimizes the separation efficiency of the filter device 4 as well as the heat transfer in the biomass heating system 1.
  • the cage 48 preferably has an octagonal regular cross-sectional profile, as shown, for example, in the view of Fig. 13 can be removed.
  • the cage 48 can preferably be laser cut during manufacture.
  • the flue gas flows through the turning chamber 34 into the inlet 44 of the filter device 4.
  • the filter device 4 is advantageously fully integrated into the boiler 11, so that the wall surface facing the heat exchanger 3 and through which the heat exchange medium is flushed is also used from the direction of the filter device 4 for heat exchange, which further improves the efficiency of the system 1. This means that at least part of the wall of the filter device 4 can be flushed with the heat exchange medium, whereby at least part of this wall is cooled with boiler water.
  • the cleaned exhaust gas flows out of the filter device 4, as indicated by the arrows S7. After the filter exits, part of the exhaust gas is returned to the primary combustion zone 26 via the recirculation device 5. This will also be explained in more detail later.
  • This exhaust gas or flue gas intended for recirculation can also be referred to as “Rezi” or “Rezi-Gas”. The remaining part of the exhaust gas is led out of the boiler 11 via the exhaust gas outlet 41.
  • the arrow S8 indicates a flue gas flow or turbulence in which flue gas does not emerge directly from the filter 4, but rather in a dead volume of the filter 4 (which, in terms of flow, is located behind the outlet 47, which means that it is not in the main through-flow S6, S7 through the Filter 4 is located), a reversal or vortex flow forms and in particular the insulator 46 can flow. This can cause soot and ash to build up on the insulator. In addition to non-mineral combustion residues, carbon-containing combustion residues can also be deposited on the insulator, which impairs the function of the insulator. Further information on this will be provided in relation to the Fig. 9 explained.
  • An ash removal 7 is arranged in the lower part of the boiler 11.
  • the ash separated and falling out of the combustion chamber 24, the boiler pipes 32 and the filter device 4 is conveyed laterally out of the boiler 11 via an ash discharge screw 71.
  • Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 Further sensors are shown, which are at least communicatively connected to the control device 100. The sensors are used to record (physical and/or chemical) variables of the biomass heating system 1.
  • An exhaust gas temperature sensor 111 is provided downstream of the outlet of the heat exchanger 3. This measures a temperature of the exhaust gas or flue gas after it has flowed through the heat exchanger 3. This sensor 111 can preferably be used to control the temperature of the flue gas flowing into the filter 4 for filtering purposes. This especially for the Compliance with the maximum temperature of the flue gas for filter 4 described later.
  • a conventional temperature sensor or a PT-100 or PT-1000 sensor can be used as the exhaust gas temperature sensor 111, which is provided in the wall of the exhaust duct or protrudes into the exhaust duct. With the help of the exhaust gas temperature sensor 111, the temperature of the exhaust gas can be determined in degrees Celsius.
  • the exhaust gas temperature sensor 111 can be provided, for example, before or after the optional filter device 4. Likewise, for example, the exhaust gas sensor 111 can be provided in front of the exhaust gas outlet 41. Furthermore, more than one exhaust gas temperature sensor 111 can also be provided in order to increase the accuracy of the measurement or to provide measurement redundancies. For example, an exhaust gas temperature sensor 111 can be provided directly after the output of the heat exchanger 3 and a further exhaust gas temperature sensor 111 can be provided after the filter device 4.
  • At least one lambda sensor 112 is provided. It is intended as a sensor for the lambda control of the biomass heating system 1.
  • the lambda probe detects at least one physical/chemical quantity that enables the combustion process in the boiler 11 to be regulated.
  • the lambda probe 112 enables an O2 content measurement or an oxygen content measurement of the exhaust gas or the flue gas after the combustion chamber 24.
  • a lambda sensor can usually compare the residual oxygen content in the exhaust gas with the oxygen content of a reference, usually the current atmospheric or ambient air. From this, the combustion air ratio ⁇ (ratio of combustion air to fuel) can be determined and adjusted. Two measuring principles can be used: voltage of a solid electrolyte (Nernst probe) and change in resistance of a ceramic (resistance probe).
  • the lambda probe 112 can measure the oxygen content of the exhaust gas (for example in vol%) and so an optimal mixture can be regulated on the boiler 11, preferably using an AI model, in order to avoid an oversupply cooling supply air or carbon monoxide (with unused residual calorific value) produced as a result of a lack of oxygen, which would "steal" energy from the heating system.
  • the lambda probe 112 can be provided at any position in the exhaust gas duct of the boiler 11, as long as it can measure the exhaust gas or flue gas.
  • An (optional) vacuum sensor 113 or pressure difference sensor 113 is also provided.
  • This negative pressure sensor 113 measures the (negative) pressure in the combustion chamber 24, for example in the unit [mPas], or the differential pressure of the combustion chamber 24 to the ambient air pressure.
  • the primary air (and optionally the secondary air) is sucked into the combustion chamber 24 for combustion via the negative pressure.
  • an (optional) return (or flow) temperature sensor 114 or a heating water temperature sensor 114 is provided. This is provided and recorded, for example, in the return or in the forward flow of a conventional water circulation device 14 the temperature of the heating water in the water circuit in which the boiler 11 is provided.
  • the heat exchange medium 38 is preferably the heating water.
  • the temperature of the heat exchange medium 38 in or outside the boiler can be detected with the previously explained boiler temperature sensor 115 or with the heating water temperature sensor 114 (preferably a return temperature sensor 114).
  • a fuel bed height sensor 116 detects the height of the fuel bed 28 above the grate and thus a quantity of fuel, for example wood chips, on the grate 25.
  • a quantity of fuel for example wood chips
  • An example of such a sensor in a mechanical design is in the EP 3 789 670 B1 in relation to their Fig. 17 and 18 described before reference is made.
  • the fuel bed height sensor 116 can be provided as an ultrasonic sensor, for example.
  • a combustion chamber temperature sensor 117 is also provided. This records a temperature of the combustion chamber 24, for example in degrees Celsius.
  • the combustion chamber temperature sensor 117 can be provided at the exit of the combustion chamber 24 or in the combustion chamber 24.
  • the locations of the sensors of the Fig. 2 and 3 may also deviate from the locations shown, as deemed appropriate by the expert.
  • the combustion chamber temperature can also be recorded at another location.
  • the combustion chamber 24 and also the geometry of the filter device 4 and the upstream turning chamber 35 of this embodiment were calculated using CFD simulations. Practical experiments were also carried out to confirm the CFD simulations. The starting point for the considerations were calculations for a 100 kW boiler, although a power range of 20 to 500 kW was taken into account.
  • the flow processes can be laminar and/or turbulent, accompanied by chemical reactions, or it can be a multi-phase system.
  • CFD simulations are therefore well suited as a design and optimization tool.
  • CFD simulations were used to optimize the fluidic parameters in such a way that the tasks of the invention listed above are solved.
  • the mechanical design and dimensioning of the boiler 11, the combustion chamber 24, the secondary air nozzles 291 and the combustion chamber nozzle 203 were largely defined by the CFD simulation and also by associated practical experiments.
  • the simulation results are based on a flow simulation taking heat transfer into account.
  • the biomass heating system 1 described above is provided with a filter device 4, which is discussed in more detail below.
  • Fig. 4 shows a highlighted part of the filter device 4 from a side view of the biomass heating system 1.
  • Fig. 5 time the exposed part of the filter device 4 Fig. 4 from a perspective view and the side and from below.
  • a filter insert 451 with which the spray electrode 45 is held approximately centrally in the tubular inner volume of the filter device 4.
  • This filter insert 451 can be used as a unit from the boiler 11 or removed from the biomass heating system 1 and reinserted into it. This means that one of the core elements of the filter device 4 can be easily maintained (ie replaced or exposed for cleaning) and can also be installed with little effort during the initial assembly.
  • the spray electrode 45 is in its rest position or in the rest state Figures 16a and 16b and is not deflected, for example for cleaning.
  • the filter insert 45 holds in particular the elongated or rod-shaped spray electrode 45, which extends along the longitudinal axis LAE, which is in the Figures 4 and 5 is marked with the dashed line LAE.
  • the spray electrode 45 has a cross profile or a cross-shaped profile.
  • the spray electrode 45 is arranged such that its longitudinal axis LAE at least approximately coincides with a center axis of the tubular inner volume of the filter device 4.
  • the longitudinal axis LAE can also be understood approximately as the longitudinal (center) axis of the filter device 4.
  • Directions which are angular, in particular perpendicular, to the longitudinal axis LAE are referred to below as “transverse” or “radial”.
  • the longitudinal center axis LAE also defines a rest position of the movably mounted spray electrode 45.
  • the spray electrode 45 in the present case is an electrode with projections 457, which can also be colloquially referred to as a sawtooth electrode. Alternatively, this can be provided with non-triangular projections, for example with fin-shaped or square projections.
  • the spray electrode has a plurality of triangular or sawtooth-shaped projections 457, which are provided with a single tip, at which a high electric field strength is caused when the spray electrode 45 is energized. These projections 457 extend transversely to the longitudinal axis LAE.
  • the spray electrode 45 has a length EL, which can be dimensioned such that the electrode 45 extends over a larger part (more than 50%) of the longitudinal extent of the filter device 4.
  • the spray electrode 45 has a plurality of laterally arranged tips or projections 457, each of which causes a local increase in the electric field strength in the electrostatic filter device 4.
  • the filter insert 451 also has the electrode holder 43, which can also be referred to as the filter insert cover 43, and the insulator 46 for holding the spray electrode 45.
  • An insulator-side or proximal suspension element 452 connects one end of the spray electrode 45 to the insulator 46.
  • An (optional) tip-side or distal spring element 453 can flexibly connect a filter tip 454 to the lower or distal end of the spray electrode 45.
  • a suspension element 452 can be provided at one end of the spray electrode 45 and a spring element 453 can be provided at the other end of the spray electrode 45.
  • the electrode holder 43 or the filter insert cover 43 has a holder plate 431 made of a conductive material, which is provided on the inside of the electrode holder 43.
  • the mounting plate 431 is grounded and provides at least partial shielding from the outside.
  • the electrode holder 43 can contain insulation in order to provide thermal insulation of the filter device 4 or the boiler 11.
  • a connection 421 for the electrode supply line 42 is provided on the outside of the filter insert cover 43.
  • the insulator-side suspension element 452 is preferably designed to be flexible, so that the spray electrode 45 is suspended in the filter device 4 so that it can oscillate or swing. This freedom of movement for commuting is in the Fig. 4 indicated with the double arrow SCH. The spray electrode 45 is thus suspended in such a way that it can swing back and forth like a pendulum.
  • the suspension element 452 allows the spray electrode 45 to move at least in one plane (for example the paper plane). Fig. 4 ), however, it is preferable (and for the comments regarding the Figures 16a ff. also desired) that this Suspension element 452 allows movement of the spray electrode 45 in several directions.
  • the suspension element 452 can be, for example, a joint or a coil spring. It is preferable that the suspension element 452 is a spiral spring 452, which exerts a spring-like restoring effect on the spray electrode 45 in the direction of its rest position or its rest state.
  • the spring element 453 is, for example, a spiral spring which is provided at the distal end of the spray electrode 45.
  • the spiral spring can, for example, consist of spring steel.
  • the filter tip 454 is made of an insulating (preferably with a specific resistance of greater than 10 10 ⁇ cm, better greater than 10 13 ⁇ cm, even better greater than 10 16 ⁇ cm) and heat-resistant material, for example PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene, or . Teflon) or made of PEEK (polyetheretherketone).
  • PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene, or . Teflon
  • PEEK polyetheretherketone
  • the filter tip can consist of a temperature- and chemical-resistant plastic.
  • plastics from the polyhaloolefin class.
  • the material of the filter tip 454 can be provided such that it is resistant to temperatures of up to at least 200 degrees Celsius (preferably at least 250 degrees Celsius).
  • the plastic of the filter tip 454 can be provided in such a way that it is resistant to the chemistry of the combustion gases.
  • the filter tip 454 can preferably be provided in the shape of a pin with a conical or truncated cone-shaped end.
  • the filter tip 454 can be round in cross section.
  • Fig. 5 In the view of Fig. 5 is the arrangement of the spray electrode 45 with the filter insert 451 and in particular the cross profile of the spray electrode 45 visible in three dimensions.
  • the Fig. 6 shows different views of the spray electrode 45 Fig. 5 , wherein individual parts of the spray electrode 45 are shown as electrode parts 45a, 45b, as well as a bottom view of the assembled electrode 45 from the direction F1 and a sectional view of the assembled electrode 45 along the section line F2.
  • the spray electrode 45 consists of a conductive material, preferably a metal.
  • the spray electrode 45 can be composed of two electrode parts 45a, 45b. These metal pieces can preferably be designed identically in such a way that they can be inserted into one another by means of a respective recess 458 in order to form the spray electrode 45 with the cross profile. This makes manufacturing easier and reduces manufacturing costs because two identical parts can be made.
  • the electrode parts 45a, 45b can be made from a metal sheet using a laser cutting process.
  • the electrode parts 45a, 45b have projections 457, which are preferably arranged at regular intervals over the entire length EL (or more than 90% of the total length) of the spray electrode 45.
  • the electrode parts 45a, 45b can have a width (viewed horizontally) of 20-35 mm. Furthermore, the electrode parts 45a, 45b can have a thickness of 1.5 mm to 4.5 mm, preferably a thickness of 2.5 mm to 3.5 mm.
  • the electrode parts 45a, 45b are thus generally elongated, plate-shaped parts which are connected (for example welded) to one another in such a way that they form a spray electrode 45 with a profile, for example a cross profile or a star profile.
  • the section view F2 of the Fig. 6 shows that the cross profile of the spray electrode 45 has projections which point in four directions and thus into the four main quadrants of the tubular inner volume of the filter device 4.
  • a first and a second transition element 455, 456 are provided at the ends of the electrode parts 45a, 45b.
  • These optional transition elements 455, 456 (the suspension element 452 and the spring element 453 could also be attached differently, for example directly welded) can be accommodated in recesses at the ends of the spray electrode 455 and, for example, have a bolt shape.
  • the transition elements 455, 456 allow a more stable and simpler transition from the spray electrode with its profile, for example, to a spiral spring, which can form the suspension element 452 and the spring element 453.
  • the transition elements 455, 456 can be made of a plastic, for example Teflon, or of a metal.
  • the view F1 of the Fig. 6 from below shows that the transition element 456 is arranged to be accommodated in the electrode parts 45a, b.
  • FIGS. 7a to 7d show alternative spray electrodes 45 with alternative (star) profiles.
  • the profiles are as cross sections at the level of line F2 Fig. 6 shown.
  • the spray electrodes 45 of the Figures 7a to 7d correspond to the basic structure of the spray electrode Figures 5 and 6 , for example, all spray electrodes 45 have projections 457, which means that only the differences between the various spray electrodes will be discussed below.
  • Fig. 7a shows a first alternative spray electrode 45 with a star or Y profile.
  • Three electrode parts 45a, 45b, 45c can be connected to one another in a star shape, for example welded, in order to provide the first alternative spray electrode 45.
  • the first alternative spray electrode 45 can thus, analogous to the spray electrode 45 of Figures 5 and 6 , a rod-shaped spray electrode 45 provided with projections, which provides its field maxima in three directions.
  • the Y profile in other words, has three legs 45a, 45b, 45c.
  • the angle between the three electrode parts 45a, 45b, 45c in cross section is preferably 120 degrees (+-10° degrees of manufacturing inaccuracy) in order to provide a symmetrical electrode 45.
  • This first alternative spray electrode 45 can also be made, for example (not shown), from a first electrode part 45a, which is bent by 120 degrees, and a second electrode part 45b, which is welded to the kick of the first electrode part 45a.
  • Fig. 7b shows a second alternative spray electrode 45 with a further star profile.
  • Three electrode parts 45a, 45b, 45c can be connected.
  • the electrode part 45a can be provided as a rod-shaped plate, and two other folded plates can be connected thereto as the electrode parts 45b and 45c.
  • the second alternative spray electrode 45 can also be made from more electrode parts, for example four, five or six. In Fig. 7b six legs are shown.
  • the angle between the electrode parts 45a, 45b, 45c, ... in cross section is preferably 60 degrees (+-5° degrees of manufacturing inaccuracy) in order to provide a symmetrical electrode 45.
  • the second alternative spray electrode 45 can thus, analogous to the spray electrode 45 of Figures 5 and 6 , a rod-shaped spray electrode 45 provided with projections, which provides its field maxima in six directions.
  • the dashed circle of the Fig. 7b shows a preferred maximum circumference or a preferred maximum extension of the spray electrode in a direction that is perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the electrode 45.
  • the maximum extension of all electrode parts 45a, 45b, 45c can preferably be identical, which promotes field formation in the filter that is as uniform as possible.
  • Fig. 7c shows a third alternative spray electrode 45 with another star profile.
  • a plurality of plate-shaped electrode parts 45a, 45b, 45c can be connected to one another, for example welded.
  • Fig. 7c five legs are shown.
  • Fig. 7d three legs are shown.
  • the angle between the electrode parts 45a, 45b, 45c, 45d, 45e in cross section is preferably 72 degrees (+-5° degrees of manufacturing inaccuracy) in order to provide a symmetrical electrode 45.
  • the third alternative spray electrode 45 can thus, analogous to the spray electrode 45 of Figures 5 and 6 , a rod-shaped spray electrode 45 provided with projections, which provides its field maxima in five directions.
  • Fig. 7d shows a fourth alternative spray electrode 45 with a star or Y profile.
  • Three electrode parts 45a, 45b, 45c can be connected in a star shape to an inner tube 45f, for example welded, in order to provide the first alternative spray electrode 45.
  • the fourth alternative spray electrode 45 can thus, analogous to the spray electrode 45 of Figures 5 and 6 , a rod-shaped spray electrode 45 provided with projections, which provides field maxima in three directions.
  • the angle between the three electrode parts 45a, 45b, 45c in cross section is preferably 120 degrees (+-10° degrees of manufacturing inaccuracy) in order to provide a symmetrical electrode 45.
  • This fourth alternative spray electrode 45 thus has a core 45f, for example the inner tube 45f, and three electrode parts 45a, 45b and 45c attached thereto, which are elongated and plate-shaped, and which each have projections 457 analogous to those of the spray electrode 45 Figures 5 and 6 exhibit.
  • the spray electrode 45 of the Fig. 5 to 7d has a cross-sectional profile with at least three legs to improve the field training in filter 4.
  • the field becomes a compromise between one in comparison to a usual elongated plate electrode (with 2 strong field maxima on the two longitudinal edges) or in comparison to a conventional wire or round rod (with uniform field strength but low maximum field strength) as a spray electrode 45
  • a spray electrode 45 with uniform field strength but low maximum field strength
  • the spray electrode consists of a simple plate electrode, so that the resulting electric field has preferred directions in one plane, and the electric field perpendicular to the plate plane of this spray electrode is weaker than in the plate plane. In contrast to that described here, this conventional field training leads to a sub-optimal filter efficiency.
  • Another effect is the reaction of the charged particles on the electric field. Since the charging time of the particles is relatively short compared to the separation time in the filter 4, a cloud of negatively charged particles is created.
  • the negatively charged particles influence each other on the way to the deposition electrode (repulsion of the same polarity) and thereby limit the ion current. This is a general occurrence that usually occurs to a small extent in electrical precipitators. With very high input concentrations, especially fine particles, However, this particle space charge can become so strong that the current of the corona discharge drops to parts per mille of the pure gas current consumption. This is then referred to as corona quenching.
  • the Fig. 8a shows a side view of an insulator 46, which is suitable as a high-voltage insulator 46 for insulation against voltages of a few kV or even a few 10 kV and for use in the filter device 4.
  • the insulator 46 is designed to provide insulation against a voltage of at least 40 kV, preferably at least 60 kV.
  • the Fig. 8b shows a section of the IS Fig. 8a .
  • the Fig. 9 shows a side view of the insulator 46 Fig. 8a together with a mounting plate 431, which can also be referred to as a mounting plate 431.
  • the height or longitudinal position of the insulator 46 is slightly different than in Fig. 3 . This is a variant of the embodiment Fig. 2 and 3 .
  • the insulator 46 has a column-shaped basic shape, which has an internal approximately centrally arranged or axial passage 469 for the passage of a pin-shaped or tubular high-voltage conductor for supplying the spray electrode 45.
  • the center axis of the insulator 46 and the center axis of the passage 469 coincide.
  • the insulator 46 has a plurality of (preferably umbrella-like or ring-shaped) ribs 461, recesses 462, flanks 463 of the ribs 461, a foot 464, a (proximal) end rib 467, a (distal or electrode-side) transition element 468 (preferred a bushing made of a heat- and chemical-resistant and insulating material, for example Teflon or PEEK), as well as frusto-conical first intermediate parts 465 (also referred to as intermediate cone parts 465) and cylindrical second intermediate parts 466 (also referred to as intermediate cylinder parts 466) lying between the ribs 416.
  • a bushing made of a heat- and chemical-resistant and insulating material for example Teflon or PEEK
  • the central axis IMI can preferably coincide with the longitudinal axis LAE of the electrode 45.
  • the intermediate cone part 465 has an outer conical surface 4651, which is provided at an angle with respect to the (longitudinal) central axis IMI of the insulator 46. An angular arrangement of this surface over the entire outer circumference of the surface is preferably provided in a range of 15 to 35 degrees.
  • the intermediate cylinder part 466 has an outer cylinder surface 4661, which is provided at least approximately parallel to the central axis IMI.
  • the intermediate cone part 465 serves to space the recess 462 from the passage 496 by at least the depth TI1, which ensures an effective thickness TI2 or minimum thickness TI2 of the insulator 46 to maintain the insulating capability of the insulator 46 despite the presence of the recess 462 is.
  • the intermediate cone part 465 ensures a sufficient depth of the recess 462 with its function (see later on this), while at the same time the thickness of the insulator 46 does not have to be oversized.
  • the depth TI1 is preferably at least 2, better at least 3 mm, particularly preferably at least 5 mm. The same applies to the elevation height of the intermediate cone part 465 in the radial direction above the intermediate cylinder part 466.
  • Recesses 462 border directly on lower flanks 463 on one side the ribs 461. Furthermore, the recesses 462 directly adjoin the sharp (ie >90 degree tip angle) end edges 4652 of the intermediate cone parts 465. These end edges 4652 are set back from the outer diameter of the annular ribs 461. Furthermore, the end edges 4652 are preferably circular.
  • the adjoining intermediate cone parts 465 also taper conically towards the electrode-side end of the insulator 62 or towards the next rib 461, such that the smallest diameter of the insulator TI2 at the transition to the next rib 461 corresponds approximately to the diameter of the insulator at the recesses 462 .
  • the lower flanks 463 are preferably concave, ie curved inwards (in the manner of a groove). This extends the effect of the recess 462 to the area of the flank 463, and parts of the flank or the groove also burn free and/or are protected against soot infestation by field effects.
  • the insulator 46 has at least 5 ribs.
  • the insulator 46 preferably has six (6) to eight (8) ribs 461.
  • the insulator 46 has eight (8) to ten (10) ribs 461.
  • the insulator 46 can be provided in one piece, but also in several pieces, preferably in three pieces (as shown, with a supplementary rib 467a, the columnar main part 46a, and the transition element 468).
  • the main part 46a of the insulator 46 is preferably made of a common ceramic, which is used in high-voltage insulators.
  • the supplementary rib 467a can also be made of ceramic, but can alternatively also be made of an insulating high-performance plastic, for example Teflon or PEEK.
  • the supplementary rib 467a creates a widening of the insulator 46 and thus the insulator section without having to increase the overall height.
  • the supplementary rib 467a serves to increase the insulation resistance of the insulator 46 in a space-saving manner. With the supplementary rib 467a, at least one further rib 461 (which would require an increase in the overall height) of the insulator 46 can be saved.
  • the transition element 468 is provided in the shape of a socket or tube and serves the transition between the main part of the insulator 46 and the suspension element 452 of the spray electrode 45. Since the spray electrode 45 is struck or moved for cleaning, the transition element 468 also serves to mechanically protect the brittle ceramic of the main part 46a of the insulator 46, since the break point for a pendulum-like movement of the spray electrode 45 lies at the distal end of the main part 45a and therefore a transverse load occurs on the insulator 46. However, the transition element 468 can also be omitted, for example for cost reasons, and is therefore optional.
  • the high voltage insulator 46 is used in the electrostatic filter 4 to remove small foreign particles such as dust from the combustion gases.
  • the commonly used high-voltage insulators have a columnar basic structure with annular ribs and serve to hold the electrode(s) subjected to high voltage inside the filter.
  • the high-voltage system for supplying voltage to the filter 4 in combustion mode should be able to be operated, if possible, without a shunt and with the lowest possible losses of high-voltage power.
  • the insulator shown is designed in such a way that the power losses due to leakage currents are kept as small as possible through a kind of self-cleaning of the insulator surface, while at the same time the size and the cost of materials for the insulator 46 are kept small.
  • the insulator surface is quickly evenly coated with a layer of soot, which may also contain other foreign substances.
  • this coating or soot layer is geometrically interrupted or specially shaped in the area of the recesses 462.
  • the high potential differences required for this between the end edge 4652 and the flank 463 arise from locally increased covering resistances in the area Surface of the recess (which can be viewed as a single resistance in a series of resistances).
  • the reason for this is, on the one hand, the locally tapered diameter of the insulator at this point, but on the other hand, the coating thicknesses in the area of the recesses 462 are also smaller because the electric fields E basically also shield the volume of the recesses 462 against large amounts of coating particles.
  • Incoming combustion residues or soot particles are deposited by the field forces either on the cylinder surface 4661 or on the further outer surface of the ribs 12 before they reach the surface in the area of the recesses 462.
  • the ignited partial surface discharges burn off the soot that has deposited in the area of the recesses 462 despite the field shielding with good effectiveness.
  • Low average total power losses of a few watts, e.g. B. 5 watts are sufficient to heat the soot locally to temperatures of around 1000 °C.
  • the first reason for this is that in the area of the recesses 462 there is a locally highly concentrated conversion of the total power taken from the insulator due to the large voltage requirement of the burning partial surface discharge.
  • the energy conversion from electrical to heating energy essentially takes place within the covering itself. Leakage heat flows through heat dissipation and heat transfer, as would occur if the soot layer was heated externally, are largely avoided.
  • the insulator surface is ideally cleaned until bright in the glow discharge by the ion bombardment of the ions accelerated in the glow discharge.
  • Thicker soot deposits with a layer thickness of greater than 0.5 mm, which can occur when a large amount of soot is applied, for example when the boiler is operated at partial load, are caused by the high heat development in the area of approximately 3500 Kelvin in the cathode-side base point of an arc discharge from the end edge 4652 to the flank 463. Due to these temperatures, a heat-resistant material is required for the main body 46a of the insulator 46.
  • the insulator 46 For the insulator 46 to work stably, the insulator must generally have sufficient flashover resistance. On the one hand, this increases with the number of soot burn-off points, the recesses 462, but on the other hand, it is also necessary that remnants of the insulator surface, which are arranged between the burn-off points, remain covered with layers of soot that are as thin and evenly distributed as possible.
  • the contaminated insulator surface is then comparable to a series connection of gas discharge paths in the area of the recesses 462 and ohmic resistances in the area of the remaining surfaces, i.e. H. the surface of the ribs 461 and the cylinder surface 4661 to the base of the partial surface discharge.
  • the intermediate soot deposits act as current-stabilizing series resistors in the series connection of the equivalent circuit. If the ohmic resistance of these coatings is not sufficiently large, then after the surface discharges have been ignited there would be a continuous increase in the current due to the falling current-voltage characteristics of discharges. A constant advance of the partial discharge on the insulator surface and thus a foreign layer flashover would be the unavoidable consequence.
  • the umbrella-like, annular ribs 461 result in a maximum creepage path for a given insulation length if the diameter ratio of the outer rib diameter/diameter of the intermediate cylinder part 466 is correctly dimensioned.
  • the diameter of the struts of the intermediate cylinder part 466 should be chosen to be as small as possible and the soot layer thickness should remain as small as possible.
  • the length of the insulator is selected according to these parameters and dimensioned so that flashovers occur as rarely as possible at a given operating voltage.
  • the design of the high-voltage insulator 46 specifically provides a mechanism for self-cleaning and protection using an electric field of the insulator surface. Further additional devices for cleaning the insulator surface can be omitted. This makes it possible in particular to integrate the filter device 4 into the boiler 11 in a space-saving (compact) manner, in particular since the insulator 46 can be provided in the flue gas-laden interior of the filter device 4.
  • the position of the insulator 46 in the exhaust gas flow is also an important parameter, not only in order to make the above effects more effective, but also in order to advantageously use the flow formation in the filter 4 to maintain the function of the insulator 46.
  • the electric field between the end edge 4652 and the flank 463 has a certain repelling effect for particles, although the exhaust gas flow can at least partially cancel out this effect.
  • the filter outlet 47 of the filter 4 is arranged in such a way that it is provided at a height or longitudinal position of the filter 4 that is (preferably completely) different from the height or longitudinal position of the main body 46a of the insulator 46.
  • the relevant longitudinal direction, in which the height is measured, is marked with the correspondingly labeled double arrow in the Fig. 9 specified (this applies analogously to the Figures 2 and 3 ). Therefore - given the present vertical orientation of the filter 4 - the Filter outlet 47 of the filter 4 is arranged such that it is provided below the main body 46a of the insulator 46.
  • the main body 46a of the insulator 46 can be arranged in such a way that it is not arranged in the area of a main outlet flow S7 in the internal volume of the filter 4, the upper limit of which, for the sake of simplicity, is defined in the present case by the arrangement of the opening of the filter outlet 47 of the filter 4 (cf. the upper long-dash-short-dash line in Fig. 9 ).
  • at least the main body 46a of the insulator 46 (or the entire insulator 46) is not in the (height) range (cf. the range between the upper and lower long-dash-short-dash lines in Fig. 9 ) of the exit 47 arranged.
  • the outlet 47 with its opening is thus provided completely below the main body 46a of the insulator 46 when the filter 4 is arranged vertically. If the filter 4 were arranged horizontally in an embodiment not shown, the outlet 47 would be provided with its opening completely laterally offset from the main body 46a of the insulator 46.
  • the insulator 46 is provided at one end of the filter 4, which is opposite the other end of the filter 4 with its filter inlet 44.
  • the tubular internal volume 46b of the filter 4 has two ends, with the filter inlet 44 at one end and the filter outlet 47 at the other end, and at least the main body 46a of the insulator 46 (or even better the entire insulator 46) on the End of the filter outlet 47 is provided such that it is arranged offset in the longitudinal direction to the opening of the filter outlet 47.
  • At least the main body 46a of the insulator 46 (or preferably the entire insulator 46) is not arranged in the main flow S6, S7 between the filter inlet 44 and the filter outlet 47.
  • the insulator 46 is in a position at which the flue gas has already been at least largely filtered. In this respect, there is an impact on the insulator 46 with soot in normal or full load operation is significantly reduced, since the insulator 46 is only provided after filtering, which means that the soot load in the flow is already reduced.
  • the arrangement of the insulator 46 in the uppermost end of the filter also contributes to the fact that it is less exposed to soot or particles, since (with this vertical arrangement of the filter 4) the gravity at low air flows (especially at low partial loads) can contribute to the fact that the soot statistically tends to remain in the lower part of the filter 4 or is sucked out of the filter 4 via the main flow S7.
  • At least the main body 46a of the insulator 46 lies in a dead volume in which eddy flows S8 occur to a lesser extent and the particle or soot load is therefore lower.
  • the ribs 461 can also serve as umbrella-like flow diverters for the flue gas flow, which under certain circumstances can direct larger parts of the vortex flow S8 away from the recesses 462. This allows the effect of the E field at the end edge 4652 to the flank 463 to be better demonstrated. It is therefore advantageous that the recesses 462 are provided directly below the ribs 461.
  • the particle or soot load applied to the insulator 46 decreases. In other words, this arrangement saves time until the insulator 46 is cleaned.
  • Fig. 10 shows a highlighted perspective view of the Fig. 8a from diagonally above. This is intended to change the geometries of the Fig. 8a, 8b and 9 be made clear again. Furthermore, the mounting plate 431 is in two parts and slotted and is provided with a maintenance opening from above. However, this design is optional.
  • Fig. 11 a combustion operation or an operating method of the biomass heating system 1 is explained.
  • Fig. 11 shows a general operating procedure of the biomass heating system 1.
  • the combustion process can first be prepared in the optional step S50.
  • the biomass heating system may be initialized mechanically and electronically.
  • the operating system of the control device 100 starts up, a self-test of the electronics is carried out and/or the rotating grate elements 252, 253, 254 are turned (opened) by a predetermined angle in order to remove any deposits on the grate and to prepare the mechanics to test a combustion process.
  • the rotary (encoder) sensors can be used to check whether controlling the motors 231 of the rotary mechanism leads to the desired result or whether something is blocked.
  • Mechanical boiler cleaning via tubulators), ash removal and optional electrostatic filter cleaning can also be operated for a predefined time (e.g. 30 seconds).
  • the air passages of the boiler 11 can also be flushed.
  • the biomass heating system is flushed with air by opening the primary air and secondary air valves. The air slides are then closed and the flue gas recirculation line is flushed.
  • the combustion chamber 24 is filled with fuel.
  • the fuel is conveyed to the rotating grate 25 via the fuel supply 6 until a predetermined fuel bed height is reached.
  • the fuel bed height is measured with the fuel bed height sensor 116.
  • the fuel bed height sensor 116 is for example a mechanical level flap 86 with a rotation angle sensor.
  • step S52 the fuel is ignited in step S52.
  • This can also be referred to as the ignition phase.
  • Energy is supplied to the fuel via the ignition device 201 until it burns.
  • the valves or valve positions when igniting the fuel can be adjusted in such a way that they promote the ignition of the fuel.
  • the fan 15 is also activated in order to generate a corresponding negative pressure in the combustion chamber 24.
  • the primary air and secondary valves can be set to predefined values (e.g.: 60% and 15%) and a predefined negative pressure is regulated in the combustion chamber (e.g. 75 Pa).
  • step S53 the stabilization of the combustion.
  • This step also known as the stabilization phase, further promotes ignition of the fuel bed.
  • the positions of the air valves 52, the function of the blower 15 and also the fuel supply are adjusted accordingly.
  • the boiler 11 and also the combustion chamber 24 should continue to heat up.
  • the combustion process should gradually transition to a stationary state in which equilibrium prevails from a thermodynamic point of view. If the combustion temperature increases to a predetermined value, for example 400 ° C, step S53 is completed.
  • step S54 the stabilized combustion and the actual heating operation.
  • the power output or the combustion intensity is regulated by means of the fuel supply 6, the blower 15, the position of the valves 52, and other actuators based on the sensor data from sensors of the biomass heating system 1, for example based on the combustion chamber temperature Lambda value and/or the boiler (water or medium) temperature.
  • a fuel-dependent power control can be used here.
  • Step S54 is ended when, for example, sufficient heat output has been made available and/or complete burning of the fuel in the boiler 11 is detected and calculated.
  • the combustion chamber 24 and in particular the rotating grate 25 are then burned out in step S55.
  • the fuel supply is stopped and the combustion chamber temperature drops.
  • the remaining fuel burns on the rotating grate 25.
  • the positions of the valves 52 and the fan 15 can also be adjusted accordingly.
  • the rotating grate 25 is cleaned by appropriately turning or opening the rotating grate elements.
  • step S55 the process can be deactivated (END), or after some time the process can go back to step S50, whereby a new heating cycle begins.
  • the Figures 12a , b , c and d show various methods for controlling the filter device 4, which can be used together or individually.
  • the various processes can be integrated into the operating process of the biomass heating system 1 and can be used depending on the operating status of the boiler 11.
  • the procedure of Fig. 12d can also be used in any operating state of the filter 4 if the boiler 11 is active in order to avoid damage to the biomass heating system 1.
  • the filter device 4 either has a separate control device or its own controller, or the filter device 4 is regulated via the control device 100 explained above.
  • the control device (100) and thus the methods are set up in such a way that the operating state of the biomass heating system 1 (see steps S50 to S55 of Fig. 11 ), and at least one of the parameters of the filter voltage Vf [kV], the filter current If [ ⁇ A], the filter power Wf [W], the filter status Sf [On/Off] and / or the boiler power Wk [kW] are recorded and therefore known are.
  • the control device or the methods are set up in such a way that they can set the filter status [On/Off] and at least the parameter of the filter voltage Vf [kV] can be set.
  • the various filter voltages Vf of these methods refer to the voltage applied to the spray electrode in relation to the counter electrode or ground.
  • Fig. 12a shows a method for controlling the filter device 4 during the stabilization S53 of the combustion, ie a filter stabilization control method HO.
  • step S60 a query is made as to whether the boiler 11 is in operation. Only in this case does the process begin with step S61.
  • step S61 it is determined whether or not the operating state of the boiler 11 is in the combustion stabilization state (S53). If this is not the case, S61 is repeated at regular time intervals. If this is the case, the method continues with step S62.
  • a preset voltage Vmin of the filter 4 is set as a preset minimum voltage of the filter 4.
  • Vmin can be 30 kV. This voltage is therefore the starting voltage of filter 4.
  • the voltage of the filter 4 Vf is gradually increased by a predetermined voltage increase value Vew in a predetermined period of time Terh.
  • the time period Terh can be one minute, for example.
  • the voltage increase value Vew can be, for example, 500V.
  • the filter voltage therefore increases over a (voltage increasing) ramp of 500V per minute. This ramp can be defined depending on the boiler output. For example, if the boiler 11 is operating at maximum output, then it can Voltage increase value can be defined to be lower than if the boiler 11 only runs in partial load operation, since higher soot emissions are to be expected in partial load operation.
  • step S63 a query is made in step S54 as to whether the filter voltage Vf has reached a predetermined maximum voltage Vmax or not.
  • Vmax can be 48 kV or 60 kV. If the maximum voltage Vmax is not reached by the filter voltage Vf, the process returns to S63. If the maximum voltage Vmax is reached by the filter voltage Vf, the method continues with S65 and keeps the filter voltage Vf at the maximum voltage Vmax.
  • step S66 a query is made again as to whether the operating state of the boiler is in the state of combustion stabilization (S54) or not. If this is no longer the case, the procedure ends. If this is the case, the process continues to step S65 and maintains the filter voltage Vf at the maximum voltage Vmax.
  • step S66 as in step S61, it is inquired whether the operating state of the boiler 11 is in the combustion stabilization state (S53) or not. If this is not the case, S65 is repeated, i.e. H. the maximum voltage is maintained. If this is the case, the procedure ends.
  • This increase of the filter voltage Vf via a ramp serves to adapt the filter effect to the processes during combustion during the stabilization of the combustion, in which more combustion residues are usually contained in the flue gas, as well as higher boiler temperatures and thus flue gas velocities due to the boiler output being above the desired setpoint are expected.
  • this regulation takes into account the special conditions or requirements for the stabilization of combustion.
  • Fig. 12b shows a method for controlling the filter device 4 during combustion S54 (in normal combustion operation of the boiler 11), ie a filter combustion control method VR.
  • step S70 a query is made as to whether the boiler 11 is in operation. Only in this case does the procedure begin with step 71.
  • step S71 it is inquired whether the operating state of the boiler is in the combustion stabilization state (S61) or not. If this is not the case, S71 is repeated at regular intervals. If this is the case, the method continues with step S72.
  • This function f can, for example, be a linear function in which a linear increasing regulation of the filter voltage Vf from a predefined minimum voltage Vfmin to a predefined maximum voltage Vfmax is carried out in a predefined power range (e.g. 30% to 70%).
  • the function Vf can alternatively consist of a predefined table in which 11 predefined filter voltages Vf are specified for certain performance values (or value ranges) of the boiler.
  • step S72 a query is made in step S73 as to whether the boiler operation is still in the burning state (S54) or not. If the boiler operation is in the burning state (S54), the process returns to step S72 and continues the power-dependent control of the filter voltage Vf.
  • Such a regulation VR saves energy (filter power) and puts less strain on the power source of the filter voltage Vf, since the regulation of the filter voltage Vf takes place as a function of demand.
  • the procedure of Fig. 12b can optionally only be carried out if at least one predefined type of fuel, for example pellets, is recorded in the boiler 11 for combustion. If fuel types other than the at least one predefined type of fuel are still detected, the filter voltage Vf can be regulated differently, for example a fixed voltage can be set. If, for example, wood chips are detected, the filter voltage Vf can be set to a fixed value, for example 45 kV.
  • Fig. 12c shows a method for controlling the filter device 4 during burnout S55, ie a filter burnout control method
  • step S80 a query is made as to whether the boiler 11 is in operation. Only in this case does the procedure begin.
  • step S81 it is determined whether or not the operating state of the boiler 11 is in the burnout stabilization state (S55). If this is not the case, S61 is repeated at regular time intervals. If this is the case, the method continues with step S82.
  • a preset voltage Vmin of the filter 4 is set as a predetermined minimum voltage Vmin of the filter 4. For example, Vmin can be 30 kV. This voltage is also the starting voltage of a ramp to increase the filter voltage Vf (see the following steps).
  • the voltage of the filter Vf is gradually increased by a predetermined voltage increase value Vew1 in the predetermined time period Terhl.
  • the time period Terh can be one minute, for example.
  • the voltage increase value Vew can be, for example, 500V.
  • the filter voltage Vf therefore increases over a (voltage increase) ramp of 500V per minute. This ramp can be defined depending on the boiler output. For example, if the boiler 11 runs at maximum power, then the voltage increase value can be defined lower than if the boiler 11 only runs in partial load operation, since higher soot emissions are to be expected in partial load operation.
  • step S84 a query is made in step S84 as to whether or not the filter voltage Vf has reached a predetermined maximum voltage Vmax.
  • Vmax can be 48 kV or 60 kV. If the maximum voltage Vmax is not reached by the filter voltage Vf, the process returns to S82. If the maximum voltage Vmax is reached by the filter voltage Vf, the method continues with S85 and keeps the filter voltage Vf at the maximum voltage Vmax.
  • step S86 it is queried again whether the operating state of the boiler is in the burnout stabilization state (S55) or not. If this is no longer the case, the procedure ends. If this is the case, the process continues to step S85 and maintains the filter voltage Vf at the maximum voltage Vmax.
  • a threshold for igniting surface sliding discharges is reduced. These surface sliding discharges regularly only occur for a short time, as the voltage drops that occur due to the limited performance of the high-voltage system cause the discharges to be interrupted again.
  • the insulator 46 can be burned out in a targeted manner, since the threshold for the ignition of surface sliding discharges is reached by increasing the filter voltage Vf, with which these surface sliding discharges can become effective.
  • Fig. 12d shows a method for controlling the filter device 4 during the entire operation to avoid breakdowns in the filter 4, i.e. a filter breakdown control method DU.
  • This method serves to protect the biomass heating system 1, in particular to protect the filter device 4 and the control device 100 from overload and damage.
  • this procedure has priority over the procedures of Fig. 12a to 12c .
  • the predefined maximum voltage Vmax of the methods in FIGS. 12a to 12c can therefore be “overwritten” or temporarily reduced using this method.
  • step S90 a query is made as to whether the boiler 11 is in operation. Only in this case the procedure begins.
  • At step S91, at least one of the in Fig. 12d The conditions described are queried: 1) If the filter current If exceeds a predetermined maximum permissible filter current (e.g. 5000 ⁇ A) or 2) the filter voltage Vf drops below a predetermined minimum voltage Vfmin of the filter (e.g. 15 kV).
  • a predetermined maximum permissible filter current e.g. 5000 ⁇ A
  • the filter voltage Vf drops below a predetermined minimum voltage Vfmin of the filter (e.g. 15 kV).
  • the maximum permissible filter current and/or the predetermined minimum voltage Vfmin of the filter can be predefined differently depending on the operating state (S53, S54, S55).
  • the insulator 64 should also be burned off by the soot.
  • a more generous design of the upper limit of the filter current If or the minimum voltage Vfmin of the filter 4 is generally desired in order to improve the burning of the insulator 64.
  • step S91 is repeated.
  • a breakdown or short circuit in filter 4 is recorded positively.
  • a breakdown can be, for example, a flashover from the spray electrode 45 to the counter electrode 48 or a flashover over the insulator 46.
  • the maximum voltage of the filter Vfmax is temporarily (e.g. for 10 minutes) reduced by a voltage reduction value Vvw (e.g. 1 kV). This regulates the filter voltage Vf to a breakdown-free maximum, which on the one hand prevents damage, but on the other hand maximizes the filter effect (particle removal and insulator erosion).
  • the filter voltage Vf may be set to zero for a predetermined period of time.
  • Fig. 12d can, for example, use the methods of Fig. 12a and/or 12b and/or 12c can be combined.
  • the filter breakdown control method DU can be used Fig. 12d include a time component not shown there.
  • This time component may consist of detecting whether there were a predefined number of breakthroughs (ie S91: Yes) within a predetermined period of time. If this number of breakdowns (e.g. 5) is exceeded, it is assumed that there is a fundamental problem in filter 4 and filter 4 is deactivated (filter status Sf: Off).
  • the respective procedure can be restarted.
  • the ramps for increasing the filter voltage Vf can be started again from the minimum voltage.
  • the degree of separation of an electrostatic filter device depends in particular on the voltage between the spray and separation electrode.
  • a high voltage brings with it the problem of electrical flashovers in the electrostatic filter device 4.
  • the formation of electrical flashovers in the filter is promoted by the deposition of conductive combustion residues, such as soot.
  • the standard procedures explained above take these circumstances into account.
  • functions for detecting the type of breakdown can be subordinated: If a breakdown is detected, the ramp-up ramp can be aborted, the high voltage for deionization can possibly be set to zero for a predetermined period of time, and a new ramp-up ramp is created, possibly with a lower maximum voltage values, started.
  • Fig. 13 shows a performance diagram, a voltage diagram and a current diagram with a common timeline of an exemplary cycle of the combustion operation of the biomass heating system 1 from ignition (S52) to burnout (S55).
  • ignition S52
  • burnout S55
  • the processes of preparing (S50) and filling (S50) are omitted here.
  • the arrow S52 roughly indicates the process of (re)igniting the fuel.
  • the fuel catches fire and the performance increases quickly due to the still unused fuel.
  • the combustion process is stabilized approximately in the area of arrow S53, whereby the power is stabilized to the desired target power value after some fluctuation.
  • the (stabilized) combustion process takes place approximately in the area of arrows S54, which results in a relatively constant power output from the boiler 11.
  • the biomass heating system burns out associated performance peak takes place. This cycle then ends and performance drops.
  • the filter voltage Vf (ie the voltage applied to the spray electrode 45) is shown in the voltage diagram and the filter current If flowing in the filter 4 due to the applied filter voltage Vf is shown in the current diagram, which is the result of the control method of the Fig. 12a to 12d are.
  • arrows labeled HO1 and HO2 point to exemplary control results in voltage and current of the filter stabilization control method HO.
  • the normal combustion operation is prepared by promoting or enabling the insulator 56 to burn free by increasing the filter voltage Vf in a ramp-like manner.
  • the filter voltage Vf is increased, often bulk-like soot loads in the combustion air, which are also countered with a filter voltage Vf that is increased over the voltage ramp up to the breakdown limit.
  • ABB1 and ABB2 point to exemplary control results in voltage and current of the filter burnout control method ABB.
  • the voltage Vf is ramped to cause a smoldering burn on the insulator 46.
  • the arrows labeled VR1, VR2 and VR3 point to exemplary (section-by-section) control results in voltage and current of the filter combustion control method VR.
  • the filter voltage Vf correlates approximately linearly with the boiler performance and is characterized by various outliers (e.g. bulk-like particle accumulations flying through or breakdowns).
  • the arrows labeled DU1, DU2 and DU3 indicate locations where the filter breakdown control method DU is used.
  • DU1 it is The voltage of the filter Vf has fallen below the preset minimum voltage Vfmin, which means that a breakdown has been detected.
  • the voltage increase ramp for the filter stabilization control method becomes the Fig. 12a started again with the minimum voltage Vfmin.
  • DU2 there was a single breakdown due to exceeding a maximum current of 5000 ⁇ A.
  • the filter voltage Vf was set to zero for a predetermined period of time (one minute), which solved the breakdown problem.
  • DU2 there were a number of breakdowns, although the number per period of time was not large enough to cause permanent deactivation of filter 4.
  • the filter was simply set to zero several times for a specified period of time (one minute).
  • DU4 there was a voltage drop below the minimum filter voltage Vfmin during the burning of the insulator or the burning out of the boiler 11. This can happen, for example, if soot comes off in bulk from the combustion chamber 24 or the heat exchanger 3.
  • the filter voltage Vf was set to zero for a predetermined period of time (1 minute), and the voltage ramp was started again at the minimum voltage according to the filter burnout control method ABB. This causes another attempt to burn off the insulator 46.
  • Fig. 14 shows a cross section through the biomass heating system Fig. 2 with the result of a CFD temperature simulation, which is combined with practical measurements on a prototype of the biomass heating system 1 Fig. 2 verified at 100 kW (at 120 kW maximum output of the boiler).
  • Fig. 15 shows a cross section through the biomass heating system Fig. 2 with the result of a CFD flow simulation, which is combined with the CFD temperature simulation Fig. 14 corresponds, whereby the CFD flow simulation corresponds to practical measurements on a prototype of the biomass heating system 1 of the Fig. 2 verified at 100 kW (at 120 kW maximum output of the boiler).
  • FIG. 14 and 15 show speed and temperature distributions in the internal volume of the boiler 11 (e.g. the combustion chamber, the heat exchanger 3 and the electrostatic filter device 4) using isosurfaces in gray tones.
  • the so-called particle transport in an electrostatic filter device depends on the applied electric field, as well as on the flow dynamics (e.g. the residence time of the particle in the electric field) of the gas flowing through and the dust to be separated.
  • This flow dynamic is largely determined by the geometry of the filter device 4 and the flue gas routing in the boiler 11. Furthermore, the electrical conditions are determined in particular by the geometry of the deposition and spray electrode.
  • the flue gas routing in the boiler 11 is set up in such a way that the flue gas velocity in the filter device 4 is below 2 m/s, preferably below 1.5 m/s.
  • the boiler 11 or the heat exchanger is equipped with special turbulators 35, 36 developed using CFD simulations as flow brakes 35, 36, which also promote heat exchange in the heat exchanger.
  • a heat exchanger outlet temperature of a maximum of 180°C, preferably a maximum of 160°C can be achieved, which results in an inlet temperature into the filter of a maximum of 170°C, preferably a maximum of 150°C.
  • the temperature of the flue gas should be in Filter inlet 44 in full load operation of the biomass heating system 1 must be less than 220 ° C, preferably less than 200 ° C, in order to optimize the filter effect.
  • the flue gas routing in the boiler 11 is set up in such a way that the flue gas velocity in the inlet of the filter is achieved at a maximum of 2 m/s, preferably a maximum of 1.8 m/s or is in a range of 1 to 2 m/s.
  • this flue gas velocity is reduced to a maximum of approximately 1.2 m/s, preferably a maximum of 1.0 m/s.
  • the reversing chamber 35 and the filter inlet 44 can optionally be designed in such a way that the flow is further slowed down during full load operation.
  • flow guide plates or braking flows can be provided.
  • the turning chamber 35 and the filter inlet 44 can be designed such that the inflow into the filter 4 takes place homogeneously.
  • the boiler operation can be regulated in such a way that based on the data in relation to Fig. 2 Sensors described, the operating state of the biomass heating system 1 is regulated in such a way that the flow velocities and temperatures explained above are achieved.
  • further sensors not explicitly mentioned here can be present in order to achieve this regulation of the operating state of the biomass heating system 1 to the above-mentioned temperatures and flow velocities.
  • the biomass heating system 1 can be regulated in such a way (for example the air supply for combustion or the power of the induced draft fan or fan) that the filter is operated in the above-mentioned physical ranges regarding temperature and flow velocity, at least during combustion S54.
  • Reentrainment refers to the entrainment of already separated dust with the gas flow.
  • the majority of reentrainment occurs when the electrodes are tapped (so-called tapping losses).
  • tapping losses the majority of reentrainment occurs when the electrodes are tapped.
  • reentrainment by tapping the electrodes is avoided or at least reduced by either completely stopping the boiler operation (ie it is tapped after the burnout) or the fan 15 is briefly deactivated during tapping.
  • FIG. 16a to 20b each show sections of the embodiment Figures 1 ff. in different states.
  • FIG. 16a to 20b correspond to those of Figures 1 ff, whereby for reasons of clarity many reference symbols are not shown again but are therefore accordingly disclosed to the person skilled in the art.
  • the conditions of the Figures 17a to 20b represent a chronological sequence of a cleaning process of the filter device 4 in the order of these figures.
  • the Fig. 16a shows a three-dimensional sectional view into the filter device 4 of the biomass heating system 1 from behind (ie from a direction opposite to the arrow V of the Fig. 1 is) in a resting state of cleaning.
  • the Fig. 16b shows a flat sectional view of the filter device 4 of the biomass heating system 1 from behind in a resting state of cleaning.
  • the spray electrode 45 (which itself is inflexible) which is suspended from the insulator 46 in a pendulum manner, hangs downwards with the axis LAE as the rest axis.
  • the suspension element 452 in this case a spring, is also at rest and therefore does not exert any actuating force on the electrode 45.
  • the spring element 453 and the filter tip 454 attached to it are also at rest and are aligned with the axis LAE.
  • This idle state is the standard state during combustion operation of the boiler 11.
  • the electrode 45 is energized, the filter 4 exerts an electrostatic cleaning effect, and both the spray electrode 45 and the precipitation electrode 48 or the cage 48 are fogged up by flue gas residues. Residues are also deposited on the inner wall of the filter 4 and also on the insulator 46.
  • the Fig. 17a shows a three-dimensional sectional view of the filter device 4 of the biomass heating system 1 from behind in a first cleaning state.
  • the Fig. 17b shows a flat sectional view of the filter device 4 of the biomass heating system 1 from behind in the first cleaning state.
  • the filter 4 is usually cleaned after the boiler burns out (S55).
  • the filter 4 can also be cleaned manually, or - if necessary - also during the combustion operation of the boiler.
  • the current supply to the electrode 45 is deactivated.
  • a (preferably two-armed) hammer lever 96 with a conical striking head is deflected by means of a motor (not shown) which is deflected about an axis of rotation SDREH in the direction of arrow FE1 via a translation mechanism (also not shown).
  • the cage 48 can be raised to clean the inner walls of the filter 4, thereby scraping off deposits on the inner walls.
  • the Fig. 18a shows a three-dimensional sectional view of the filter device 4 of the biomass heating system 1 from behind in a second cleaning state.
  • the Fig. 18b shows a flat sectional view of the filter device 4 of the biomass heating system 1 from behind in the second cleaning state.
  • the hammer lever has been deflected further in the direction of arrow FE2. Because the path of the stop head 97 runs through the position of the filter tip 454 (and optionally also through the position of the spring element 453), the electrode 45 is deflected laterally (in the direction V (front) of the boiler 11) and oscillates due to gravity and optionally due to the restoring force of the suspension element 452 back to the rest position along the axis LAE. This movement is indicated by the double arrow FE3. In the present case, the electrode 45 has returned to the starting position after oscillating in the direction of the double arrow FE3.
  • the electrode 45 is deflected in a first direction and back (cf. double arrow FE3), which is angular to the direction of movement of the hammer 96.
  • the reason for this is the conical design of the striking head, with the surfaces of which are arranged at an angle to the direction of movement of the striking lever 96, causing the electrode 45 to move in the same angular manner.
  • the tapping in the first direction preferably cleans those surfaces with the main direction perpendicular to the force direction of the tapping, ie a first part of the surfaces of the electrode 45.
  • the striking lever 96 moves quickly enough (optionally), the deflection of the electrode 45 is also large enough that it can strike the cage 48, which also results in further knocking on the cage 48.
  • the Fig. 19a shows a three-dimensional sectional view of the filter device 4 of the biomass heating system 1 from behind in a third cleaning state.
  • the Fig. 19b shows a flat sectional view of the filter device 4 of the biomass heating system 1 from behind in the third cleaning state.
  • the impact arm snaps out of the position in a jerky or strongly accelerated manner Figures 18a and b back, and hits the filter tip 454 and optionally the spring element 453 with the flat side of the cone base of the stop head 97.
  • the result of this hitting is in the Figures 20a and 20b shown, which is a snapshot shortly after striking in the third cleaning state.
  • the Fig. 20a shows a three-dimensional sectional view of the filter device 4 of the biomass heating system 1 from behind in a fourth cleaning state.
  • the Fig. 20b shows a flat sectional view of the filter device 4 of the biomass heating system 1 from behind in the fourth cleaning state.
  • the electrode 45 oscillates in a second direction (cf. double arrow FE5), which is different from the first direction, and (optionally) strikes the cage 48, which has a further cleaning effect.
  • a force is applied to the core in the second direction, which is clearly different from the first direction.
  • the angle is between the first direction and the second direction greater than 45 degrees, preferably greater than 60 degrees.
  • the knocking in the third/fourth cleaning state has a preferred direction regarding the knocking, which is different from the preferred direction in the second cleaning state.
  • the present implementation of the tapping mechanism causes the electrode to be tapped from two different directions with two cleaning pulses, which takes the special shape of the electrode 45 into account and effectively cleans it.
  • the spring element 453 also protects the electrode 45 from the impact of the stop lever 96 in order to protect the electrode 45 and in particular the insulator 46 from damage (e.g. deformation, breakage).
  • the insulator-side suspension 452 can be set up in such a way that it promptly returns the electrode 45 to the rest position (along the axis LAE) after the second strike. In this respect, a longer and undesirable swing of the electrode 45 can be avoided.
  • the second striking can take place with a force with which the electrode 45 strikes the cage 48 with its tip 454, which advantageously results in a second cleaning pulse on the cage 48 and a third cleaning pulse on the electrode 45 (each in a further direction).
  • FIGS. 21a to 21d show different views of the stop lever 96 with its conical striking head 97 to show the special design of the striking head in the context of the explanations Figures 16a to 20b to clarify.
  • the electrode 45 is suspended from above so that it can oscillate. However, this does not have to be the case.
  • the electrode 45 can also be mounted so that it can oscillate in such a way that the electrode 45 is suspended from below and the tip of the electrode swings back and forth at the top.
  • the electrode 45 can not be suspended vertically, but horizontally or at an angle.
  • suspension element 452 and also the spring element 453 can be omitted and are not absolutely necessary for the operation of the filter device 4.
  • the filter tip 454 can also be omitted.
  • the recirculation device 5 is described with a primary recirculation and a secondary recirculation.
  • the recirculation device 5 can only have primary recirculation and no secondary recirculation. With this basic configuration of the recirculation device, the components required for secondary recirculation can be completely eliminated.
  • an air quantity sensor At the entrance of the flue gas recirculation device 5, an air quantity sensor, a vacuum cell, a temperature sensor, an exhaust gas sensor and/or a lambda sensor can be provided.
  • tubular refers not only to round cross-sections or shapes of the tube, but also, for example, angular (e.g. four-, six- or octagonal) cross-sections or shapes of the tube.
  • rotating grate elements 252, 253 and 254 instead of just three rotating grate elements 252, 253 and 254, two, four or more rotating grate elements can also be provided.
  • five rotating grate elements could be arranged with the same symmetry and functionality as the three rotating grate elements presented.
  • the rotating grate elements can also be shaped or designed differently from one another. More rotary grate elements have the advantage that the crusher function is strengthened.
  • Fuels other than wood chips or pellets, such as elephant grass, can also be used as fuels for the biomass heating system.
  • the biomass heating system disclosed here can also be fired exclusively with one type of fuel, for example only with pellets.
  • the combustion chamber stones 29 can also be provided without the recirculation nozzles 291. This can apply in particular to the case in which no secondary recirculation is provided.
  • the rotational flow or vortex flow in the combustion chamber 24 can be provided clockwise or counterclockwise.
  • the combustion chamber ceiling 204 can also be provided inclined in sections, for example in a step shape.
  • the secondary (re)circulation can also only be supplied with secondary air or fresh air, and in this respect the flue gas cannot be recirculated, but only fresh air can be supplied.
  • the secondary air nozzles 291 are not limited to purely cylindrical bores in the combustion chamber bricks 291. These can also be designed as frustoconical openings or waisted openings.
  • the information “above” and “below” refers only by way of example to the embodiment shown with a filter 4 with vertical orientation. This information can, for example, be understood as “right” and “left” for a filter 4 with horizontal orientation. Likewise, the filter can also be arranged obliquely or at an angle to the horizontal plane, which is included in the present disclosure.
  • a sawtooth-shaped electrode generally has tips or tapered extensions on.
  • a nominal heat output of the biomass heating system 1 of the boiler 11 of 100 kW is given here merely as an example.
  • the boiler 11 can also be designed for other nominal outputs, for example 50 kW or 70 kW or 250 kW.
  • Temperature information and information on flow velocity should preferably be understood within the scope of the usual measurement errors when recording these physical parameters.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
  • Chimneys And Flues (AREA)
EP22193463.1A 2022-09-01 2022-09-01 Installation de chauffage à biomasse dotée d'un dispositif de filtre électrostatique amélioré Pending EP4332436A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

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EP22193463.1A EP4332436A1 (fr) 2022-09-01 2022-09-01 Installation de chauffage à biomasse dotée d'un dispositif de filtre électrostatique amélioré

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EP22193463.1A EP4332436A1 (fr) 2022-09-01 2022-09-01 Installation de chauffage à biomasse dotée d'un dispositif de filtre électrostatique amélioré

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Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1193445A2 (fr) * 2000-10-02 2002-04-03 Eidgenössische Materialprüfungs- und Forschungsanstalt Empa Dispositif pour épurer les gaz de combustion de petites installations de chauffe
WO2006015504A1 (fr) * 2004-08-11 2006-02-16 Eidgenössische Materialprüfungs- und Forschungsanstalt Empa Electrofiltre pour installation de combustion
EP2208538A1 (fr) * 2007-10-29 2010-07-21 Daikin Industries, Ltd. Dispositif de charge, dispositif de traitement d'air, procédé de charge et procédé de traitement d'air
US20110047976A1 (en) * 2009-08-31 2011-03-03 Ngk Insulators, Ltd. Exhaust gas treatment apparatus
EP3064276A2 (fr) * 2015-03-04 2016-09-07 Ernst Gerlinger Chaudiere
DE202018105322U1 (de) * 2018-09-18 2019-12-19 Kutzner + Weber Gmbh Partikelabscheider zur Verwendung mit einem Schornstein
EP3789672A1 (fr) * 2019-09-03 2021-03-10 SL-Technik GmbH Installation de chauffage à la biomasse ayant une conduite d'air secondaire, ainsi que ses parties intégrantes
EP3789670B1 (fr) 2019-09-03 2021-05-26 SL-Technik GmbH Installation de chauffage à la biomasse ainsi que ses parties intégrantes
EP3789676B1 (fr) 2019-09-03 2021-06-16 SL-Technik GmbH Grille rotative dotée d'un dispositif de nettoyage pour une installation de chauffage à biomasse

Patent Citations (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1193445A2 (fr) * 2000-10-02 2002-04-03 Eidgenössische Materialprüfungs- und Forschungsanstalt Empa Dispositif pour épurer les gaz de combustion de petites installations de chauffe
WO2006015504A1 (fr) * 2004-08-11 2006-02-16 Eidgenössische Materialprüfungs- und Forschungsanstalt Empa Electrofiltre pour installation de combustion
EP2208538A1 (fr) * 2007-10-29 2010-07-21 Daikin Industries, Ltd. Dispositif de charge, dispositif de traitement d'air, procédé de charge et procédé de traitement d'air
US20110047976A1 (en) * 2009-08-31 2011-03-03 Ngk Insulators, Ltd. Exhaust gas treatment apparatus
EP3064276A2 (fr) * 2015-03-04 2016-09-07 Ernst Gerlinger Chaudiere
DE202018105322U1 (de) * 2018-09-18 2019-12-19 Kutzner + Weber Gmbh Partikelabscheider zur Verwendung mit einem Schornstein
EP3789672A1 (fr) * 2019-09-03 2021-03-10 SL-Technik GmbH Installation de chauffage à la biomasse ayant une conduite d'air secondaire, ainsi que ses parties intégrantes
EP3789670B1 (fr) 2019-09-03 2021-05-26 SL-Technik GmbH Installation de chauffage à la biomasse ainsi que ses parties intégrantes
EP3789676B1 (fr) 2019-09-03 2021-06-16 SL-Technik GmbH Grille rotative dotée d'un dispositif de nettoyage pour une installation de chauffage à biomasse
EP3789671B1 (fr) 2019-09-03 2021-06-23 SL-Technik GmbH Installation de chauffage à biomasse à système de recirculation à traitement optimisé des gaz de fumée

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