EP3832205B1 - Dispositif de retraitement de gaz d'échappement, procédé de fabrication et installation de combustion à combustible solide - Google Patents

Dispositif de retraitement de gaz d'échappement, procédé de fabrication et installation de combustion à combustible solide Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3832205B1
EP3832205B1 EP20210898.1A EP20210898A EP3832205B1 EP 3832205 B1 EP3832205 B1 EP 3832205B1 EP 20210898 A EP20210898 A EP 20210898A EP 3832205 B1 EP3832205 B1 EP 3832205B1
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EP
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Prior art keywords
exhaust gas
aftertreatment device
gas aftertreatment
disk
shaped elements
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EP20210898.1A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP3832205A1 (fr
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Mohammadshayesh Aleysa
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Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur Forderung der Angewandten Forschung eV
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Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur Forderung der Angewandten Forschung eV
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23J—REMOVAL OR TREATMENT OF COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OR COMBUSTION RESIDUES; FLUES 
    • F23J15/00—Arrangements of devices for treating smoke or fumes
    • F23J15/02—Arrangements of devices for treating smoke or fumes of purifiers, e.g. for removing noxious material
    • F23J15/022—Arrangements of devices for treating smoke or fumes of purifiers, e.g. for removing noxious material for removing solid particulate material from the gasflow
    • F23J15/027—Arrangements of devices for treating smoke or fumes of purifiers, e.g. for removing noxious material for removing solid particulate material from the gasflow using cyclone separators
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23B—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING ONLY SOLID FUEL
    • F23B10/00—Combustion apparatus characterised by the combination of two or more combustion chambers
    • F23B10/02—Combustion apparatus characterised by the combination of two or more combustion chambers including separate secondary combustion chambers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23B—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING ONLY SOLID FUEL
    • F23B40/00—Combustion apparatus with driven means for feeding fuel into the combustion chamber
    • F23B40/02—Combustion apparatus with driven means for feeding fuel into the combustion chamber the fuel being fed by scattering over the fuel-supporting surface
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23B—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING ONLY SOLID FUEL
    • F23B50/00—Combustion apparatus in which the fuel is fed into or through the combustion zone by gravity, e.g. from a fuel storage situated above the combustion zone
    • F23B50/12—Combustion apparatus in which the fuel is fed into or through the combustion zone by gravity, e.g. from a fuel storage situated above the combustion zone the fuel being fed to the combustion zone by free fall or by sliding along inclined surfaces, e.g. from a conveyor terminating above the fuel bed
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23B—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING ONLY SOLID FUEL
    • F23B80/00—Combustion apparatus characterised by means creating a distinct flow path for flue gases or for non-combusted gases given off by the fuel
    • F23B80/02—Combustion apparatus characterised by means creating a distinct flow path for flue gases or for non-combusted gases given off by the fuel by means for returning flue gases to the combustion chamber or to the combustion zone
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23J—REMOVAL OR TREATMENT OF COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OR COMBUSTION RESIDUES; FLUES 
    • F23J2217/00—Intercepting solids
    • F23J2217/40—Intercepting solids by cyclones
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23J—REMOVAL OR TREATMENT OF COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OR COMBUSTION RESIDUES; FLUES 
    • F23J2900/00—Special arrangements for conducting or purifying combustion fumes; Treatment of fumes or ashes
    • F23J2900/15003—Supplying fumes with ozone

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an exhaust gas aftertreatment device.
  • the invention also relates to a combustion system equipped with such an exhaust gas aftertreatment device and to a method for producing an exhaust gas aftertreatment device.
  • Such exhaust gas aftertreatment devices can be used, for example, in solid fuel combustion systems or industrial furnaces.
  • boilers for solid fuels are known to have a cyclone combustion chamber.
  • a cyclone combustion chamber serves both as a combustion chamber and as a fine dust separator. This enables efficient mixing of fuel gas and oxidizing agent, so that lower pollutant concentrations are produced during combustion. In addition, rapid coverage of a heat exchanger with fine dust or combustion ash is avoided. This results in better heat exchange and higher boiler efficiency over a longer operating time, without the operator having to clean the boiler.
  • the cyclone combustion chamber ensures a significant extension of the residence time of the fuel gas and oxidizing agent in the combustion chamber, as well as effective mechanical separation of the dust.
  • This small combustion plant contains an installation for mixing combustible exhaust gas components with combustion air and a heat capacity that prevents the temperature from falling below a desired minimum temperature in the event of a temporarily reduced combustion efficiency.
  • the invention is therefore based on the object of specifying an exhaust gas aftertreatment device and a method for its production, which can be easily adapted to different requirements, in particular different power classes and fuels.
  • the invention is based on the object of specifying an exhaust gas aftertreatment device which enables an improved reduction of dust and/or gaseous emissions.
  • a combustion device is proposed to which a solid or liquid fuel can be supplied.
  • the fuel can in particular be a renewable raw material, for example, logs.
  • the fuel is reacted with an oxidizing agent when the combustion device is in operation.
  • the resulting exhaust gas can be fed directly to the proposed exhaust gas aftertreatment device.
  • the combustion device has an optional cyclone combustion chamber, to which a pyrolysis gas produced during the pyrolysis of the fuel and an oxidizing agent can be fed.
  • a pyrolysis gas produced during the pyrolysis of the fuel and an oxidizing agent can be fed.
  • the pyrolysis gas is reacted exothermically with the oxidizing agent, so that heat is released.
  • This heat can then be given off to a heat exchanger in order to heat a heat transfer medium in this way.
  • the heat transfer medium can be used to transport heat to a heat consumer.
  • the heat consumer can be, for example, the space heating of a building.
  • the heat can be used for drying processes in industrial production or agriculture.
  • the oxidizing agent supplied to the cyclone combustion chamber can be ambient air or contain ambient air.
  • the oxidizing agent can contain ozone (O 3 ) or oxygen radicals (O 2 ).
  • the pyrolysis gas can be obtained, for example, from the pyrolysis of a solid fuel, for example logs, wood pellets, agricultural production waste, animal manure, organic waste or other media not mentioned here. By pyrolyzing the media mentioned in an oxygen-poor atmosphere, a combustible pyrolysis gas is obtained which in particular contains or consists of carbon, carbon monoxide, hydrogen and/or hydrocarbons.
  • the pyrolysis gas and the oxidant are fed into the cyclone combustion chamber at one end. Due to the shape of the Turbulence can occur in the cyclone combustion chamber, which leads to intensive mixing of the pyrolysis gas and the oxidizing agent. This can prevent a high concentration of pollutants from occurring due to incomplete oxidation during combustion.
  • the turbulence that occurs in the cyclone combustion chamber can also cause fine dust, especially soot, to be finely dispersed and thus oxidized. Alternatively or additionally, fine dust and ash can be separated on the walls of the cyclone combustion chamber so that they can be easily removed during maintenance or replacement of the cyclone combustion chamber and do not contaminate subsequent components of a combustion system.
  • the exhaust gas emerging from the cyclone combustion chamber or the exhaust gas resulting from the direct combustion of the fuel is fed to an exhaust gas aftertreatment device, which enables a further reduction of the gaseous pollutants and/or the fine dust.
  • the exhaust gas aftertreatment device contains a flow path through which the exhaust gas flows from a first end of the exhaust gas aftertreatment device to a second end of the exhaust gas aftertreatment device when the exhaust gas aftertreatment device is in operation.
  • the exhaust gas aftertreatment device is composed in at least one longitudinal section of a plurality of disk-shaped elements, each of which forms a longitudinal section of the exhaust gas aftertreatment device and each of which has at least one recess.
  • the disk-shaped elements can be present in different shapes and sizes, so that different exhaust gas aftertreatment devices can be easily assembled by stacking a certain number of elements on top of one another and/or by selecting elements with different recesses and/or by selecting the relative orientation of the disk-shaped elements to one another. At the same time, storage is greatly simplified, since a smaller number of different disk-shaped elements can lead to a large variety of different exhaust gas aftertreatment devices for different applications.
  • the recess arranged in the disk-shaped elements can be identical in all disk-shaped elements. If the recess is arranged at least partially off-center in the disk-shaped elements, a non-rectilinear flow path through the exhaust gas aftertreatment device can be realized or impact surfaces can be introduced into the flow path by rotating the disk-shaped elements.
  • the recesses and the orientation can be identical, so that the cross-section does not change over the length of the exhaust gas aftertreatment device.
  • smaller recesses can be arranged in the disk-shaped elements at one end of the exhaust gas aftertreatment device than at the other end of the exhaust gas aftertreatment device. This allows the cross-section to be designed to be variable, in particular constantly increasing or constantly decreasing.
  • the recess can be designed in such a way that, starting from the center of the disk-shaped element, there is an open surface area at a predeterminable radius at a first angle and a closed surface area at a second angle. In polar coordinates, open and closed surface areas thus alternate depending on the angular coordinate at a constant radius.
  • This feature has the effect that by changing the orientation of the disk-shaped elements within the stack forming the exhaust gas aftertreatment device, non-linear, for example helical or spiral flow paths can be easily realized if the recesses of the disk-shaped elements are not positioned exactly one above the other, but offset by a predeterminable angular range.
  • Microturbulences can occur in the flow path, which can improve the mixing of the exhaust gas and/or the fine dust separation and/or the fine dust agglomeration.
  • the recess can have at least one partial surface starting from the center of the disk-shaped element, which extends radially outward and which has an opening angle of about 10° to about 50°.
  • Such recesses designed in the manner of a piece of pie, can also be at least partially covered by subsequent disk-shaped elements, so that the surface of a flow channel cannot be designed linearly, but rather helically or spirally.
  • Such a flow channel can contribute to the additional formation of turbulence, so that the mixing of pyrolysis gas and oxidizing agent is improved.
  • the recess can have a surface area of approximately 25% to approximately 50% of the total surface area of the disk-shaped element. This enables a compact design on the one hand and a sufficient internal cross section of the exhaust gas aftertreatment device on the other.
  • adjacent disk-shaped elements from the plurality of disk-shaped elements can be arranged rotated by a predeterminable angle relative to one another.
  • the predeterminable angle can be between approximately 5° and approximately 30° or between approximately 10° and approximately 25°.
  • the disk-shaped elements can have an outer contour that is round.
  • the disk-shaped elements thus have an approximately cylindrical outer shape. This allows the disk-shaped elements to be easily stacked on top of one another at different angular orientations without the outer contour deviating from a cylindrical shape. This facilitates the installation of the exhaust gas aftertreatment device in a device, in particular in a solid fuel combustion system.
  • the disk-shaped elements can have an outer contour that is polygonal.
  • a polygonal outer contour can be octagonal, hexagonal or quadrangular, in particular square.
  • the exhaust gas aftertreatment device has a cuboid-shaped outer contour, which allows easy installation in a device, for example a solid fuel combustion system.
  • errors during assembly are avoided because the orientation of the disk-shaped elements is fixed by their outer contour. In this case, the recesses in the disk-shaped elements can be oriented differently relative to the outer contour.
  • the disk-shaped elements can be provided with a consecutive numbering so that an exhaust gas aftertreatment device with the desired inner cross-section in shape and diameter is obtained by simply stacking them on top of one another in the correct order. Errors during assembly, such as those that can arise when stacking cylindrical elements, are thus avoided.
  • the disk-shaped elements can contain at least one connecting element.
  • a connecting element can be, for example, a pin or contain such a pin which engages in an associated bore of an adjacent disk-shaped element.
  • Such a connecting element can simplify assembly, increase the mechanical stability of the exhaust gas aftertreatment device and avoid assembly errors.
  • the surface area of the recesses of the disk-shaped elements can increase from the first end of the exhaust gas aftertreatment device to the second end of the exhaust gas aftertreatment device. This enables the production of an exhaust gas aftertreatment device which has an increasing cross-section from the first end to the second end, thereby allowing the increasing amount of gas with increasing conversion to be taken into account.
  • the exhaust gas aftertreatment device can have an increasing cross-section in the manner of a Lavalle nozzle, so that the flow velocity increases from the first end to the second end.
  • the recesses of the disk-shaped elements form a spiral path from the first end of the exhaust gas aftertreatment device to the second end of the exhaust gas aftertreatment device. This allows the path length of the pyrolysis gas within the exhaust gas aftertreatment device to be increased while the external dimensions remain unchanged, which can lead to improved conversion of the pyrolysis gas due to longer residence times. This can reduce the pollutant emissions and increase the heat yield.
  • the disc-shaped elements may be made of a metal or a Alloy. These materials are characterized by a comparatively high specific heat capacity and high thermal and mechanical stability. This ensures strong heat radiation and heat dissipation during operation, so that the oxidation of the pyrolysis gas can be guaranteed.
  • the disk-shaped elements can be joined in a material-locking manner, for example by sintering and/or welding and/or gluing.
  • the disk-shaped elements can consist of an inorganic non-metallic material.
  • An inorganic non-metallic material can in particular contain or consist of a ceramic, for example an oxide ceramic or a carbide or a nitride or an oxynitride.
  • silicon dioxide and/or aluminum oxide and/or magnesium oxide and/or calcium oxide and/or zirconium oxide and/or chromium oxide and/or silicon carbide can be used.
  • these materials can have a catalytic effect, so that the combustion temperature for fine dust, in particular soot and/or gaseous components of the pyrolysis gas, drops. The pollutant content can thus be kept low even at low combustion temperatures.
  • the surface of a ceramic can be porous or have adhesive properties, so that effective fine dust binding is possible.
  • organic particulate matter can be bound to the walls of the exhaust gas aftertreatment device in operating conditions with low exhaust gas temperatures and oxidized in operating conditions with high exhaust gas temperatures.
  • a low exhaust gas temperature In this context, an exhaust gas temperature below 450°C or below 500°C is understood.
  • a high exhaust gas temperature in this context is understood to be an exhaust gas temperature above 500°C or above 520°C.
  • inorganic fine dust can be bound to the walls of the exhaust gas aftertreatment device or form agglomerates. These agglomerates can form closed layers or crusts, which detach from the walls of the exhaust gas aftertreatment device due to internal stresses when a certain layer thickness is exceeded. These can then be removed via an inspection opening or via the combustion chamber or the ash pan.
  • the disk-shaped elements can each have between one and about 30 recesses.
  • a recess can be arranged in the disk-shaped element such that the centers of the disk-shaped element and the recess coincide.
  • several disk-shaped elements can be designed such that they each have an identical number of recesses, the centers of which are arranged at the same locations on the respective disks and which have a different angular orientation in different disks.
  • the exhaust gas aftertreatment device and/or a solid fuel combustion plant equipped therewith can contain at least one spray electrode which is designed to generate an electric field in at least one partial section.
  • the electric field can be selected below the breakdown field strength and can be, for example, less than 1 kV/mm or less than 0.7 kV/mm or less than 0.6 kV/mm. In some In embodiments of the invention, the electric field can be greater than about 0.4 kV/mm.
  • the converted electrical power can be between about 15 W and about 35 W.
  • the electric field causes fine dust to agglomerate, so that the larger dust particles can be more easily retained on the walls of the exhaust aftertreatment system or an optional filter element.
  • the electric field can generate oxygen radicals and/or ozone, so that the oxidation of organic components of the exhaust gas or resulting dust can take place more easily, especially at lower temperatures.
  • the exhaust gas aftertreatment device and/or a solid fuel combustion system equipped therewith can contain at least one electrode or a pair of electrodes which is designed to enable a dielectrically impeded discharge (DBE).
  • a dielectric can be arranged in the discharge gap, which in some embodiments of the invention is selected from a ceramic or porcelain. This allows ozone and/or atomic oxygen to be generated from ambient air with high efficiency.
  • the discharge can be designed either in the form of many filaments or as a homogeneous discharge, so that the discharge extends over the entire discharge volume or a large part of the volume.
  • the DBE has the effect that approximately only electrons are accelerated, since the discharge duration is so short that the heavier ions, due to their mass inertia, absorb only a small amount of momentum.
  • the discharge extinguishes as soon as the applied electric field is compensated by the electric charge accumulated in front of the dielectric.
  • the duration of a discharge can be in the range of a few nanoseconds.
  • a pulsed excitation or the pulsed application of an operating voltage to the at least one electrode is advantageous.
  • the DBE can be operated with unipolar or bipolar pulses with pulse durations of about 1 to about 10 ⁇ s or from about 20 ns to about 900 ns.
  • the amplitude of the operating voltage can be between about 2 kV and about 10 kV.
  • the pulse-pause ratio can be less than about 20% or less than about 15% or less than about 10%.
  • the disk-shaped elements of the exhaust gas aftertreatment device can consist of a material with a heat capacity of about 0.55 kJ/(kg ⁇ K) to about 1.2 kJ/(kg ⁇ K).
  • the exhaust gas aftertreatment device can have a mass of about 15 kg to about 50 kg or of about 20 kg to about 40 kg. This makes it possible to store an amount of heat at temperatures between 490°C and 520°C which corresponds at least to the heat released during the combustion of about 0.75 kg to about 1.1 kg of wood. This allows for consistently low-emission combustion, even if the combustion temperature temporarily drops.
  • the length of the exhaust gas aftertreatment device or the length of the spiral path can be selected such that the flow time of the pyrolysis gas is at least between about 1.2 s and about 1.8 s. This enables efficient exhaust gas aftertreatment with good efficiency and low pollutant emissions.
  • the solid fuel combustion system 1 contains a housing 10 which is made of a fire-resistant material, for example a metal or an alloy.
  • the walls of the housing 10 can also be made of multiple layers and contain, for example, thermal insulation.
  • the housing 10 is divided by inner walls into a first chamber 11, a second chamber 12 and a third chamber 13.
  • ash removal systems 111, 121 and 131 in the form of a conveyor screw.
  • these are optional and can also be omitted in other embodiments of the invention.
  • the first chamber 11 is designed as a pyrolysis chamber.
  • a fire grate 112 and a feed feeder 15 through which solid fuel, such as wood pellets, can be fed.
  • solid fuel such as wood pellets
  • logs, biomass or any other solid fuel can of course also be used.
  • the feed submission 15 may take on a different design or even be omitted.
  • the supplied fuel is pyrolyzed, producing a pyrolysis gas.
  • the pyrolysis gas can contain or consist of carbon and/or carbon monoxide and/or hydrogen and/or hydrocarbons. This pyrolysis gas is fed into the second chamber through the gas inlet 115.
  • the second chamber 12 contains a cyclone combustion chamber 125 and an exhaust gas aftertreatment device 2.
  • the pyrolysis gas is reacted with an oxidizing agent, in particular ambient air.
  • the resulting exhaust gas is fed into the exhaust gas aftertreatment device 2.
  • the exhaust gas cleaned in this way is partially fed back into the first chamber 11 via an exhaust line 122 and is used there for the pyrolysis of the fuel.
  • Another part of the exhaust gas is fed into the third chamber 13, which contains a heat exchanger 132. There, the heat contained in the exhaust gas is dissipated to a liquid or gaseous heat transfer medium and transported to the place where it is used.
  • An optional induced draft fan 135 serves to maintain the exhaust gas flow through the second chamber 12 and the third chamber 13.
  • the solid fuel combustion plant 1 shown is to be understood as an example only. In other embodiments of the invention, the solid fuel combustion plant can also take on a different design, so that some of the components mentioned can be designed differently or even omitted.
  • the invention does not teach the use of a specific solid fuel combustion plant as a solution principle. Rather, the invention primarily relates to on the exhaust aftertreatment device 2, which in embodiments below is described with reference to the Figures 2 to 6 and 14 to 15 is explained in more detail.
  • Fig.2 shows an axonometric representation of the exhaust aftertreatment device 2
  • Fig.3 shows a view
  • Fig.5 shows a top view.
  • Fig.4 is a section through the exhaust aftertreatment device along the line AA, as shown in Fig.3 is evident.
  • Fig.6 shows an axonometric sectional view, highlighting the spiral path through the exhaust aftertreatment device.
  • the exhaust gas aftertreatment device 2 is composed of a plurality of disk-shaped elements 3.
  • the number of disk-shaped elements 3 can be greater or lesser and can be, for example, between approximately 5 and approximately 100 or between approximately 10 and approximately 50 or between approximately 15 and approximately 40 or between approximately 5 and approximately 25.
  • the disk-shaped elements may have a thickness of about 10 mm to about 100 mm or about 10 mm to about 50 mm.
  • the diameter of the circular elements shown in the illustrated embodiment may be between about 70 mm and about 500 mm or between about 100 mm and about 400 mm in some embodiments of the invention.
  • each disc-shaped element 3 contains a recess 35 which has approximately the shape of a four-leaf clover, ie starting from an approximately circular central area arranged in the center 33 of the disc-shaped element, the recess 35 extends in four, in the radial direction equidistant partial surfaces radially outwards. If the recess is described in polar coordinates with a coordinate origin in the center 33 of the disk-shaped element, then under a predeterminable radius r and with different values of the angular coordinate there are both open surface areas or partial surfaces of the recess 35 and closed surface areas of the disk-shaped element 3.
  • the disk-shaped elements 3 are placed one on top of the other in different orientations to one another within the stack forming the exhaust gas aftertreatment device 2.
  • the recess 35 of a disk-shaped element 3 is thus partially covered by a partial surface of the disk-shaped element above it.
  • the recesses 35 of the disk-shaped elements 3 thus form a spiral path 36 from the first end 21 of the exhaust gas aftertreatment device 2 to the second end 22 of the exhaust gas aftertreatment device 2. This can lead to a longer residence time of the pyrolysis gas, so that an improved reaction with the oxidizing agent takes place.
  • the flow can be accelerated to a circular path by the shape of the combustion chamber, so that fine dust, soot and ash particles are carried outwards and separated inside the exhaust gas aftertreatment device 2. This can prevent or reduce clogging of the heat exchanger of a solid fuel combustion system.
  • the cross section of the flow path within the exhaust gas aftertreatment device 2 is constant from the first end 21 and the second end 22.
  • the disk-shaped elements 3 all have an identical shape and size.
  • different disk-shaped elements 3 can be used, so that the cross section of the flow path 36 from the first end 21 to the second end 22 is variable.
  • the cross-section can increase from the first end 21 to the second end 22.
  • a first partial surface 31 is located at a predeterminable angle ⁇ inside the recess 35. This means that the first partial surface 31 is free of material.
  • Second partial surfaces 32 which are closed, are formed at a second angle ⁇ , which in the illustrated embodiment is approximately 90°.
  • the recess 35 is arranged at least partially off-center in the disk-shaped element 3, so that by different angular orientation of the disk-shaped element 3, the recesses 35 come to lie offset one above the other and the Fig.6
  • the specific shape and size of the recess 35 can of course be chosen differently in other embodiments of the invention.
  • Fig.8 represents the recess 35, which, starting from the center 33 of the disk-shaped element 3, has at least one partial surface 34 which extends radially outward and has an opening angle ⁇ of approximately 10° to approximately 50°.
  • the recess 35 shown in Fig.8 shown boundary line 341 and the other edges of the recess 35 or the radially outwardly extending partial surface 34 do not necessarily have to be as in Fig.8 shown, run straight.
  • Other embodiments of the invention can also have concave or convex curved boundary lines.
  • the Figures 2 to 8 The disk-shaped elements 3 shown have an approximately circular outer contour 39. This makes it possible, depending on the length of the exhaust gas aftertreatment device 2, to stack the desired number of disk-shaped elements on top of one another in any angular relationship to one another. Each of the disk-shaped elements 3 can thus be placed approximately 1° to approximately 30° or approximately 5° to approximately 15° relative to the preceding disk-shaped element 3 in order to form the exhaust gas aftertreatment device 2.
  • Disc-shaped elements 3 are shown according to a second embodiment. These have a square outer contour 39. In other embodiments of the invention, the outer contour can of course also have a different polygonal shape.
  • the disc-shaped elements according to Figs. 9 and 10 a recess 35 which is aligned point-symmetrically to the center 33.
  • the recess 35 Figs. 9 and 10 the embodiments of the disk-shaped element 3 shown have recesses 35 which, although they have an identical shape and size, assume a different orientation relative to the outer contour 39. This makes it possible to align the disk-shaped elements 3 along their outer contours when stacking the disk-shaped elements 3 to construct an exhaust gas aftertreatment device 2. Due to the different orientation of the recesses 35, they are nevertheless offset by a certain angle to each other within the exhaust aftertreatment device 2, so that the Fig.6 visible spiral path 36 results.
  • the solid fuel combustion system according to the second embodiment also contains a housing 10, which can be made of a fire-resistant material, such as sheet steel. Partial surfaces of the wall can be double-walled, whereby the space between them can be insulated by air flow and/or insulating material such as mineral wool or vermiculite.
  • the second embodiment does not have the inner walls present in the first embodiment, which divide the housing into a number of chambers. Instead, the only chamber of the housing 10 is designed as a combustion chamber, which is accessible through a combustion chamber door 101. There, fuel can be placed on a fire grate 112. The air required for combustion can be supplied either via air inlets (not shown) or from below through the fire grate 112. Ash that is produced falls through the fire grate 112 into the ash box 113 below.
  • oxidizable gases in the flue gas are post-oxidized so that they are not released into the environment as air pollutants.
  • organic fine dust can be post-oxidized in the exhaust gas aftertreatment device 2 so that they do not enter the environment as fine dust.
  • fine dust can be agglomerated into coarse dust in at least some operating states. The coarse dust can either be deposited on the material of the exhaust gas aftertreatment device 2 until it can be oxidized at sufficiently high temperatures.
  • inorganic dust can form layers or crusts on the surfaces of the exhaust gas aftertreatment device 2, which flake off due to temperature fluctuations or due to mechanical stresses induced by the layer thickness and fall into the ash pan 113.
  • the dust can be disposed of together with the other combustion residues without being released into the atmosphere.
  • the exhaust gas aftertreatment device 2 has a polygonal, in particular quadrangular or square, floor plan.
  • the exhaust gas aftertreatment device there are a plurality of openings, each of which forms a spiral flow path, as described above with reference to the Figures 2 to 10
  • Examples of exhaust aftertreatment devices 2, which contain a plurality of parallel flow paths, are explained below with reference to the Figures 14 and 15 explained in more detail.
  • Figure 11 also shows an optional spray electrode 45, which is connected to a high voltage supply 4. This function is also explained below using the Figure 15 explained in more detail.
  • Figure 12 a cross-sectional view of the entire solid fuel combustion plant and Figure 13 shows a component of the solid fuel combustion plant.
  • the same reference numerals designate the same components of the invention, so that the following description can be limited to the essential differences.
  • the housing 10 is divided by a wall into a first chamber 11 and a second chamber 12.
  • the first chamber 11 is designed as a pyrolysis chamber.
  • the pyrolysis gas produced thereby enters the cyclone combustion chamber 125 through the gas inlet 115, which is located in the second chamber 12.
  • the pyrolysis gas is reacted with an oxidizing agent in the cyclone combustion chamber 125.
  • the exhaust gas produced in this way is then passed through the exhaust gas aftertreatment device 2 before the cleaned exhaust gas is discharged into the environment through the flue gas connection 103.
  • the exhaust gas aftertreatment device 2 has a substantially cylindrical basic shape and is composed of a plurality of disk-shaped elements. In the cylindrical basic shape of each disk-shaped element 3 there are a plurality of openings 35 so that a plurality of parallel flow paths are formed. This allows the exhaust gas back pressure of the exhaust gas aftertreatment device to be reduced and/or the flue gas throughput to be increased.
  • the second chamber 12 also contains an optional feed opening 123, which is connected to a known ozone generator 124.
  • ozone and/or oxygen radicals can be fed to the exhaust gas stream emerging from the cyclone combustion chamber 125, which improve or enable the conversion of the pollutants contained in the exhaust gas within the exhaust gas aftertreatment device.
  • the addition of ozone or oxygen radicals can cause the oxidation of pollutants and fine dust to take place at a lower temperature.
  • Figures 12 and 13 show an optional high-voltage device 4, which uses at least one spray electrode to expose the exhaust gas flow to an electric field at least in sections.
  • This electric field can promote the accumulation of unburned fine dust on the walls of the flow paths of the exhaust gas aftertreatment device 2 and/or support the agglomeration of fine dust, so that fine dust becomes coarse dust, which either sinks to the bottom against the flue gas flow and can be removed from the bottom of the cyclone combustion chamber 125.
  • the dust can be stored in the exhaust gas aftertreatment device and re-oxidized at a later time.
  • the exhaust gas aftertreatment device 2 can have a mass of about 20 kg to about 40 kg.
  • the material of the disc-shaped elements 3 forming the exhaust gas aftertreatment device 2 can have a heat capacity of about 0.55 kJ/(kg ⁇ K) to about 1.2 kJ/(kg ⁇ K). In this way, an amount of heat can be stored in the exhaust gas aftertreatment device at a temperature of about 500°C, which corresponds to the heat released when about 0.7 kg to about 1 kg of wood is burned. This amount of heat is sufficient to ensure the exhaust gas aftertreatment of the resulting flue gases when the exhaust gas temperature temporarily drops, for example when fuel is added.
  • This effect is based in particular on the fact that heat is given off to the colder flue gases in the exhaust gas aftertreatment device 2 during these operating phases until they have reached a temperature of more than approximately 500°C or more than approximately 550°C, which is favorable for minimizing pollutants.
  • the length of the exhaust gas aftertreatment device 2 or the flow paths 36 formed in the exhaust gas aftertreatment device 2 is selected such that the flow time of an exhaust gas is at least between approximately 1.2 seconds and approximately 1.8 seconds. This time is sufficient to enable efficient exhaust gas aftertreatment and to minimize pollutant emissions.
  • the installation space required for this is sufficiently small to use the exhaust gas aftertreatment device according to the invention in common small combustion systems.
  • Figure 14 shows a longitudinal section of an exhaust aftertreatment device according to a second embodiment of the invention.
  • the second embodiment differs from the first embodiment of the invention shown in particular in that each disc-shaped element 3 has a plurality of openings.
  • the openings 35a, 35b and 35c are designated by reference numerals by way of example.
  • the number of openings 35 in some embodiments of the invention can be between about 2 and about 30.
  • the openings 35 can be arranged at the same locations of different disk-shaped elements 3, whereby the openings in different disk-shaped elements 3 are rotated relative to one another by a predeterminable angle, as can be seen from the Figures 9 and 10 for a single opening.
  • spiral paths 36 are formed.
  • edges or steps in the spiral path 36 which cause microturbulence.
  • This turbulence leads on the one hand to the mixing of the exhaust gas with the oxidizing agent, so that efficient post-oxidation of gaseous or dust-like pollutants can take place.
  • the microturbulence contributes to the deposit of non-oxidizable dust on the walls until it either falls out of the exhaust gas aftertreatment device 2 as an inorganic crust or sufficient conditions, in particular sufficiently high temperatures, exist for its oxidation.
  • Figure 14 shows only eight disc-shaped elements 3 as an example. As can be seen from the Figures 1 and 11 to 13 As can be seen, the exhaust gas aftertreatment device according to the invention can of course also achieve greater longitudinal expansion, so that the desired longitudinal expansion or the desired total mass is achieved.
  • the third embodiment differs from the first and second embodiments described above in particular by the presence of a spray electrode 45.
  • the spray electrode 45 consists of a metal or an alloy.
  • the spray electrode has approximately the shape of the disk-shaped elements 3.
  • the outer contour or the total surface area of the spray electrode 45 can be smaller than the outer contour of the adjacent disk-shaped elements 3.
  • the disk-shaped elements 3 can have a recess which accommodates the spray electrode 45.
  • the spray electrode can be completely surrounded by the disk-shaped elements 3 so that it is protected against accidental contact.
  • At least the disk-shaped elements 3 immediately adjacent to the spray electrode 45 can be made of an electrically insulating material. , for example a ceramic.
  • the spray electrode 45 has identical or similar openings 35a and 35b as the disk-shaped elements 3 above and below it, so that the paths 36 remain continuous.
  • the spray electrode 45 is connected to a high-voltage generator 43 via an electrical conductor 41.
  • the high-voltage generator 43 can draw a primary voltage by means of a power cable or battery-operated or by a thermogenerator and deliver a high voltage at its output which is, for example, more than 500 V or more than 1 kV or more than 5 kV or more than 10 kV or more than 20 kV.
  • the high voltage can be selected such that electric field strengths below the breakdown voltage are generated at the spray electrode 45.
  • the field strength at the spray electrode 45 can be less than, for example, 1 kV/mm or less than 0.7 kV/mm or less than 0.6 kV/mm.
  • the voltage can be selected so high that the electric field at the spray electrode 45 is greater than approximately 0.4 kV/mm.
  • the electrical conductor 41 can be protected from contact by an electrical insulation 42.
  • the insulation 42 can have ribs in a manner known per se in order to increase the path length for creeping voltages and thereby improve the insulation.
  • the insulation 42 can be guided in a tube 44 made of a plastic or a ceramic in order to protect the user of the small fire system equipped with the device from touching the high voltage.
  • an electric field is applied to the spray electrode 45.
  • the flue gases flowing in the spiral path 36 thus pass through at least one longitudinal section in the exhaust gas aftertreatment device, in which they are exposed to an electric field.
  • the electric field can support the agglomeration of fine dust and thus the conversion of fine dust into coarse dust.
  • the electrically charged fine dust can adhere electrostatically to the walls of the spiral paths 36 and thus be filtered out of the exhaust gas flow. This measure can thus further increase the effectiveness of the exhaust gas aftertreatment device according to the invention.
  • the spray electrode can be configured to generate a dielectrically impeded discharge. This allows ozone and/or atomic oxygen to be generated from ambient air with high efficiency, so that pollutants can be efficiently oxidized.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Treating Waste Gases (AREA)
  • Exhaust Gas After Treatment (AREA)
  • Incineration Of Waste (AREA)

Claims (13)

  1. Dispositif de post-traitement des fumées (2), présentant au moins un trajet de circulation (36) qui s'étend d'une première extrémité du dispositif de post-traitement des fumées à une deuxième extrémité du dispositif de post-traitement des fumées, le dispositif de post-traitement des fumées (2) étant composé, dans au moins une portion, d'une pluralité d'éléments en forme de disque (3) qui constituent chacun une portion longitudinale du dispositif de post-traitement des fumées (2) et qui présentent chacun au moins un évidement (35),
    caractérisé en ce que
    les évidements (35) des éléments en forme de disque (3) forment un trajet hélicoïdal (36) de la première extrémité (21) du dispositif de post-traitement des fumées (2) à la deuxième extrémité (22) du dispositif de post-traitement des fumées (2).
  2. Dispositif de post-traitement des fumées selon la revendication 1,
    caractérisé en ce que
    ledit au moins un évidement (35) est conçu de telle sorte que, partant du centre (33) de l'évidement (35), à un rayon (r) prédéfinissable, une zone de surface ouverte (31) se présente selon un premier angle (α), et une zone de surface fermée (32) se présente selon un deuxième angle (β), et/ou
    en ce que l'évidement (35) présente, partant du centre (33) de l'évidement (35), au moins une surface partielle (34) qui s'étend radialement vers l'extérieur et présente un angle d'ouverture (γ) d'environ 10° à environ 50°, et/ou
    en ce que l'évidement (35) présente une proportion de surface d'environ 25 % à environ 50 % de la surface totale de l'élément en forme de disque (3).
  3. Dispositif de post-traitement des fumées selon l'une des revendications 1 ou 2,
    caractérisé en ce que
    les éléments en forme de disque (3) présentent chacun entre un et environ 30 évidements (35), et/ou
    en ce que des éléments en forme de disque (3) voisins parmi la pluralité d'éléments en forme de disque (3) sont disposés en étant tournés les uns par rapport aux autres d'un angle prédéfinissable, et/ou
    en ce que des éléments en forme de disque (3) voisins parmi la pluralité d'éléments en forme de disque (3) sont disposés en étant tournés les uns par rapport aux autres d'un angle d'environ 5° à environ 30° ou d'environ 10° à environ 25° ou d'environ 5° à environ 15°.
  4. Dispositif de post-traitement des fumées selon l'une des revendications 1 à 3,
    caractérisé en ce que
    les éléments en forme de disque (3) présentent un contour extérieur (39) qui est polygonal ou rond, ou
    en ce que les éléments en forme de disque (3) présentent un contour extérieur (39) qui est quadrangulaire, en particulier carré.
  5. Dispositif de post-traitement des fumées selon l'une des revendications 1 à 4,
    caractérisé en ce que
    la surface des évidements (35) des éléments en forme de disque (3) augmente de la première extrémité (21) du dispositif de post-traitement des fumées (2) vers la deuxième extrémité (22) du dispositif de post-traitement des fumées (2), et/ou
    en ce que le dispositif de post-traitement des fumées présente une masse d'environ 15 kg à environ 50 kg ou d'environ 20 kg à environ 40 kg.
  6. Dispositif de post-traitement des fumées selon l'une des revendications 1 à 5,
    caractérisé en ce que
    les éléments en forme de disque (3) sont constitués d'un métal ou d'un alliage ou d'un matériau inorganique non métallique, en particulier d'un matériau qui contient ou est constitué de dioxyde de silicium et/ou d'oxyde d'aluminium et/ou d'oxyde de magnésium et/ou d'oxyde de calcium et/ou d'oxyde de zirconium et/ou d'oxyde de chrome et/ou de carbure de silicium, et/ou
    en ce que les éléments en forme de disque (3) sont constitués d'un matériau ayant une capacité thermique d'environ 0,55 kJ/(kg·K) à environ 1,2 kJ/(kg·K).
  7. Dispositif de post-traitement des fumées selon l'une des revendications 1 à 6,
    caractérisé en ce que
    la longueur du trajet hélicoïdal (36) est choisie de telle sorte que la durée de passage des fumées est comprise au moins entre environ 1,2 s et environ 1,8 s.
  8. Dispositif de post-traitement des fumées selon l'une des revendications 1 à 7,
    caractérisé en ce que
    des arêtes ou des gradins sont formés dans le trajet hélicoïdal (36) aux limites des éléments en forme de disque (3) voisins.
  9. Dispositif de post-traitement des fumées selon l'une des revendications 1 à 8,
    comprenant en outre au moins une électrode de pulvérisation (45) conçue pour générer un champ électrique dans au moins une portion partielle.
  10. Dispositif de post-traitement des fumées selon la revendication 9,
    caractérisé en ce que
    ladite au moins une électrode de pulvérisation (45) est conçue pour générer une décharge à barrière diélectrique.
  11. Installation de chauffe à combustible solide (1) comprenant un dispositif de post-traitement des fumées selon l'une des revendications 1 à 10.
  12. Procédé de fabrication d'un dispositif de post-traitement des fumées selon l'une des revendications 1 à 10, comprenant les étapes suivantes consistant à :
    fournir une pluralité d'éléments en forme de disque (3), qui présentent chacun au moins un évidement (35) ;
    empiler la pluralité d'éléments en forme de disque (3) de telle sorte qu'ils forment chacun une portion longitudinale du dispositif de post-traitement des fumées (2), la pluralité d'éléments en forme de disque (3) étant empilées de telle sorte que les évidements (35) des éléments en forme de disque (3) forment un trajet hélicoïdal (36) de la première extrémité (21) du dispositif de post-traitement des fumées (2) à la deuxième extrémité (22) du dispositif de post-traitement des fumées (2).
  13. Procédé selon la revendication 12,
    caractérisé en ce que
    en outre, au moins une électrode de pulvérisation (45) est placée entre la pluralité d'éléments en forme de disque (3).
EP20210898.1A 2019-12-03 2020-12-01 Dispositif de retraitement de gaz d'échappement, procédé de fabrication et installation de combustion à combustible solide Active EP3832205B1 (fr)

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DE102019218807.9A DE102019218807A1 (de) 2019-12-03 2019-12-03 Abgasnachbehandlungseinrichtung, Bausatz und Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung und Feststofffeuerungsanlage

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DE102021205653A1 (de) 2021-06-02 2022-12-08 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung eingetragener Verein Abgasnachbehandlungseinrichtung
DE102022204799A1 (de) 2022-05-16 2023-11-16 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung eingetragener Verein Abgasbehandlungseinrichtung und damit ausgestattete Kleinfeuerungsanlage

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US20120090561A1 (en) * 2010-10-15 2012-04-19 Wen-Lo Chen Gas water heater with waste gas purification and filtration functions
KR101363689B1 (ko) * 2012-02-13 2014-02-14 (주)귀뚜라미 펠릿보일러
DE102013210985A1 (de) * 2013-06-12 2014-12-31 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. Kleinfeuerungsanlage mit Einbau
DE102016200081A1 (de) * 2016-01-07 2017-07-13 Continental Automotive Gmbh Elektrische Maschine
DE202016100216U1 (de) * 2016-01-19 2016-02-29 Schmid Feuerungstechnik GmbH & Co. KG Ofeneinsatz zur Abgasbehandlung

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