EP4050258B1 - Method for controlling a burner device with power determination based on a fuel parameter - Google Patents

Description

background

The present disclosure relates to a power determination via a fuel parameter on a burner device. In particular, it concerns a direct determination of a power as a function of an air supply for a given air ratio λ.

When operating a burner, the ratio of fuel to air must be adjusted. The following adjustment options are known.

According to a first variant, the air actuator characteristic curve and fuel actuator characteristic curve are determined via the power during the adjustment process. For example, the determination can be made from a low power to a maximum power or vice versa. The air ratio λ is set for each power point. Air supply sensors can also be used to support this. Common air supply sensors are based on speed, mass flow, differential pressure, air volume flow, etc. The absolute power is then determined by measuring the fuel supply at at least one point or at several points. Using the calorific value H _u of the fuel currently fed in, the burner output is assigned to the respective characteristic curve points. The power values of the other characteristic curve points are determined by interpolation, preferably by linear interpolation.

errechnet werden, so dass sich ${\dot{V}}_B=\frac{H_{u0}}{H_u}\cdot {\dot{V}}_{B0}$

ergibt. Die Luftak-tor-Kennlinie muss allerdings gegebenenfalls korrigiert werden, damit λ unverändert bleibt. Der Heizwert ist dabei der Energieinhalt pro Brennstoffmenge.According to a second variant, the air actuator characteristic curve and the fuel actuator characteristic curve are specified. In most cases, the characteristic curves were determined empirically in the laboratory. The burner output is specified by a fixed function of one of the two characteristic curves. Different characteristic curves and/or sets of characteristic curves, which are also specified, are used for different fuels. In principle, a new characteristic curve for a fuel with the calorific value H _u can be compared to a reference characteristic curve for a fuel with the calorific value H _u0 by multiplying by the factor $\frac{H_{u0}}{H_u}$

be calculated so that ${\dot{V}}_B=\frac{H_{u0}}{H_u}\cdot {\dot{V}}_{B0}$

However, the air actuator characteristic curve may need to be corrected so that λ remains unchanged. The calorific value is the energy content per quantity of fuel.

According to a third variant, the change in fuel composition is detected by means of a λ sensor. This can be, for example, an O ₂ sensor in the exhaust gas, from which λ is calculated directly. For example, an ionization electrode can also be used, the signal of which is evaluated accordingly. In order to keep the air ratio λ constant, either the air supply can be changed or the fuel supply can be corrected until the λ sensor measures the original value of an air ratio λ again. If at least one air supply signal is adjusted in order to keep the air ratio λ constant, the power at this characteristic point almost always changes with the fuel composition. If the fuel supply signal is adjusted in order to keep the air ratio λ constant, the power changes depending on the fuel. In order to adjust the power, a new characteristic curve of the air actuator must be selected or calculated manually or automatically in the event of a power correction.

Common types of gas in burner systems are those from the E-gas group (according to EN 437:2009-09) and gases from the B/P-gas group (according to EN 437:2009-09). Like almost all gases from the second gas family (according to EN 437:2009-09), gases from the E-gas group contain methane as their main component. Like all gases from the third gas family (according to EN 437:2009-09), gases from the B/P-gas group are based on propane gas. The mixtures based on methane gas or propane gas ultimately represent mixtures of different gas sources with which the burner system can be supplied.

Characteristic curves are usually provided for different types of gas, which are selected on site during commissioning according to the existing gas group. The setting is made, for example, by selecting one or more curves stored in the memory of a control unit. These characteristic curves show the course of the amount of fuel supplied to the burner in relation to the amount of air supplied. Instead of the amount of air supplied, the speed of a fan in the burner's air supply can be plotted. The position and/or the control signal of an air flap can also be used as a measure of the air supply.

The characteristic curves can be stored in tabular form with linear interpolation or as a mathematical function using polynomials. This form of characteristic curve assignment is described in the European patent EP3299718B1, which was published on 30 October 2019 An application EP3299718A1 to the European patent EP3299718B1 was published on 21. September 2016 The European patent EP3299718B1 does not claim priority.

An air volume is suitable as a performance value if the air temperature, air pressure or air humidity only change insignificantly or are recorded by measurement. When measuring the air volume with an air mass flow sensor, the influences of air temperature and air pressure are taken into account. The influence of air humidity plays a minor role, especially at lower temperatures.

A patent application EP2682679A2 was filed on 1 July 2013 by VAILLANT GMBH, DE The application was published on 8 January 2014. EP2682679A2 deals with a method for controlling and/or monitoring a fuel gas-operated burner. EP2682679A2 takes priority from 4 July 2012 in use.

EP2682679A2 deals with the approach to operating points below and above a target air ratio. A signal from a mass flow sensor, which is arranged in a channel between an air line and a fuel gas line, is then recorded. The signal is used to determine whether the system is correctly adjusted or not.

A patent application DE102013106987A1 was filed on July 3, 2013 by Karl Dungs GmbH & Co. KG , 73660, Urbach. The application was published on January 8, 2015. DE102013106987A1 deals with a method and a device for determining a calorific value as well as a gas-operated device with such a device.

A patent application DE102006051883A1 was filed on October 31, 2006 by Gaswärme-Institut eV Essen, 45356 Essen. The application was published on 8 May 2008. DE102006051883A1 deals with a device and a method for setting, controlling or regulating the fuel/combustion air ratio for operating a burner.

A patent application EP1467149A1 was filed on 1 April 2004 by E ON RUHRGAS AG The application was published on 13 October 2004. EP1467149A1 deals with a method for monitoring combustion in a combustion device.

A European patent application EP0326494A1 was filed on 27 January 1989 by GAZ DE FRANCE, FR . The application was published on 2.

August 1989. On 27 September 1993 a European patent EP0326494B1 A corresponding translation was issued as DE68909260T2 published. DE68909260T2 deals with a device for measuring the heat capacity of a fuel flow. DE68909260T2 takes a priority from 29 January 1988 in use.

A patent application DE102013106987A1 was filed on July 3, 2013 by Karl Dungs GmbH & Co. KG The application was published on 8 January 2015. DE102013106987A1 deals with a method and device for determining a calorific value as well as gas-operated equipment with such a device.

Another patent application DE102006051883A1 was filed on October 31, 2006 by a Gaswärme-Institut eV from Essen. The application was published on May 8, 2008. DE102006051883A1 deals with a device and a method for setting, controlling or regulating the fuel/combustion air ratio for operating a burner.

A European patent application EP1467149A1 was filed on 1 April 2004 by E ON RUHRGAS AG The application was published on 13 October 2004. EP1467149A1 deals with a method for monitoring combustion in a combustion device. EP1467149A1 claims priority from 11 April 2003 in use.

The aim of the present disclosure is to achieve the most direct possible power adjustment via an air supply.

Summary

The aim of the present invention is a method with which the actual value P _ist of the output of the burner device can be determined directly via the air supply V̇ _L by determining and/or providing a fuel parameter h. An air ratio λ is included in the determination. The parameter specific to the fuel can be calculated, for example, from literature values. The actual value P _ist of the output of the burner device can be given in kilowatts. The actual value P _ist of the output of the burner device can also be given relative to a reference value, so that the relative actual value P _ist of the output of the burner device is given as a percentage of the reference value. A typical reference value is the maximum output P _max of the burner device.

zu $P=\frac{h}{\lambda }\cdot {\dot{V}}_L$

berechnet. Der Mindestluftbedarf L_min ist eine Eigenschaft des Brenngases. Der Mindestluftbedarf L_min beschreibt die Luftmenge, die für eine Menge des Brennstoffes in Stöchiometrie, das heisst bei A = 1, benötigt wird. Der Brennstoffparameter h ist einem Brennstoff zugeordnet. Der Brennstoffparameter h kann auch einer Brennstoffgruppe zugeordnet werden, die aus Brennstoffen zusammengefasst ist, deren Brennstoffparameter h nahe beieinander liegen.The advantage is that only one air supply characteristic curve needs to be present. The actual value P _is the output of the burner device can be assigned to the air supply V̇ _L. If the fuel and/or the fuel composition change, the fuel supply characteristic curve is corrected. In a system without λ detection, this is done manually. Otherwise, the correction can be made using a λ control. The actual value P _is the output of the burner device is calculated from the known air supply V̇ _L at the characteristic curve point using the known, measured value of the air ratio λ and the individual, scalar fuel parameter. $H=\frac{H_U}{L_{\mathit{min}}}$

to $P=\frac{H}{\lambda }\cdot {\dot{V}}_L$

calculated. The minimum air requirement L _min is a property of the fuel gas. The minimum air requirement L _min describes the amount of air that is required for a quantity of fuel in stoichiometry, i.e. at A = 1. The fuel parameter h is assigned to a fuel. The fuel parameter h can also be assigned to a fuel group that is made up of fuels whose fuel parameters h are close to each other.

. P_soll errechnet. Die Ist-Luftzufuhr V̇_List wird anschliessend über eine Messgrösse auf den Sollwert V̇_Lsoll eingeregelt. Die Brennstoffzufuhr V̇_B fährt aufgrund des jeweils eingestellten λ-Wertes der Luftzufuhr V̇_L nach.Conversely, the air supply V̇ _L can also be determined for a specific target value P _soll of the burner device's output. This also specifies the characteristic curve point, for example as a target value for the air supply V̇ _L. For the fuel-specific value h, the two parameters L _min and H _U must be related to the same quantity value. This means that either H _U is specified in megajoules/kilomoles and L _min in kilomoles/kilomoles or H _U in megajoules/cubic meters and L _min in cubic meters/cubic meters. These specifications assume the same ambient conditions such as temperature and pressure. The actual value P _ist of the burner device's output can therefore be set directly using a power controller. To do this, the target air supply V̇ _Lsoll is calculated from the target output value P _soll using λ and h to ${\dot{V}}_{\mathit{Ltarget}}=\frac{\lambda }{H}$

. P _soll is calculated. The actual air supply V̇ _List is then adjusted to the setpoint V̇ _Lsoll using a measured variable. The fuel supply V̇ _B follows the air supply V̇ _L based on the set λ value.

It is a further related object of the present disclosure to provide a method which enables the determination of the actual value P _actual of the power of the burner device by means of the air supply V̇ _L.

It is a further related object of the present disclosure with the determined correct fuel supply V̇ _B as the actual value and the setpoint value, which comes from a setpoint characteristic curve determined via an O ₂ control, to regulate the air ratio λ using the O ₂ control loop. Rapid performance changes are made using the stored characteristics. The current performance is always determined, particularly with changing fuels, using the λ value determined by measuring the O ₂ value and/or the target value of λ.

It is a further related object of the present disclosure that a predetermined power value is regulated using the currently determined power via a power control loop.

It is a further object of the present disclosure that, with the aid of a predetermined power cap, the maximum fuel supply V̇ _B is adjusted as the fuels change so that the power cap is achieved for each fuel. Preferably, the power cap is not exceeded for each fuel.

It is a further aim of the present disclosure that, with the aid of a predetermined lower power limit, the minimum fuel supply V̇ _B is adjusted as the fuels change, so that the lower power limit is reached for each fuel. Preferably, the lower power limit is not undercut for each fuel.

It is a further aim of the present disclosure that the individual, scalar fuel parameter h can be estimated and/or determined by means of the adjustment of the fuel actuator by the λ control.

It is also an aim of the present disclosure that the energy conversion and/or the power can be determined with the help of the calculated power value even with changing fuels.

It is a further object of the present disclosure that, even when fuels are changed, costs for the fuel are determined using the calculated power value and/or the calculated energy value.

It is further an object of the present disclosure to provide a burner device with a regulating and/or control and/or monitoring device with instructions in the memory for carrying out a method disclosed here.

It is also an object of the present disclosure to provide a method and/or a device for determining a burner output, which is used in a burner device such as an industrial combustion plant and/or a heating system.

Short description of the characters

• FIG 1 zeigt schematisch eine Brennereinrichtung ohne λ-Erfassung.
• FIG 2 zeigt eine Brennereinrichtung mit O₂-Sensor zur λ-Erfassung im Abgas.
• FIG 3 zeigt eine Brennereinrichtung mit Ionisationselektrode zur λ-Erfassung.
• FIG 4 veranschaulicht eine Kennlinie von Luftzufuhr über Luftklappen-Position.
• FIG 5 veranschaulicht eine Kennlinie von Luftzufuhr über gemessenem Luftmassenstrom, wobei die Messung des Luftmassenstromes im Bypass angeordnet sein kann.
• FIG 6 veranschaulicht eine Kennlinie von Brennstoffzufuhr über Brennstoffklappenposition.
• FIG 7 zeigt Werte h = H_U /L_min für verschiedene Gase in Gruppen zusammengefasst.
• FIG 8 zeigt Werte h = H_U /L_min für Gasgruppen ohne Spezialgase in Abhängigleit von L_min mit Detektionsgrenzen.

Various details will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description. The individual embodiments are not limiting. The drawings attached to the description can be described as follows:

• FIG 1 shows schematically a burner device without λ detection.
• FIG 2 shows a burner device with O ₂ sensor for λ detection in the exhaust gas.
• FIG 3 shows a burner device with ionization electrode for λ detection.
• FIG 4 illustrates a characteristic curve of air supply versus air flap position.
• FIG 5 illustrates a characteristic curve of air supply over measured air mass flow, whereby the measurement of the air mass flow can be arranged in the bypass.
• FIG 6 illustrates a characteristic curve of fuel supply versus fuel flap position.
• FIG 7 shows values h = H _U / L _min for different gases grouped together.
• FIG 8 shows values h = H _U / L _min for gas groups without special gases as a function of L _min with detection limits.

Detailed description

FIG 1 shows a burner device 1 such as a wall-mounted gas burner and/or an oil burner. In the combustion chamber 2 of the burner device 1, a flame of a heat generator burns during operation. The heat generator exchanges the thermal energy of the hot fuels and/or combustion gases into another fluid such as water. The warm water is used, for example, to operate a hot water heating system and/or to heat drinking water. According to another embodiment, the thermal energy of the hot combustion gases can be used to heat a product, for example in an industrial process. According to another embodiment, the heat generator is part of a combined heat and power system, for example an engine of such a system. According to another embodiment, the heat generator is a gas turbine. Furthermore, the heat generator can be used to heat water in a system for extracting lithium and/or lithium carbonate. The exhaust gases are discharged from the combustion chamber 2, for example via a chimney.

The supply air 4 for the combustion process is supplied to the burner device 1 via a (motor-driven) fan 3. The regulating and/or control and/or monitoring device 13 specifies the air supply V̇ _L that the fan 3 should deliver via the signal line 15. The fan speed thus becomes a measure of the amount of air delivered.

According to one embodiment, the fan speed of the regulating and/or control and/or monitoring device 13 is reported back by the fan 3. If the air volume is set via an air flap 4 and/or a valve, the flap and/or valve position and/or the measured value derived from the signal of a mass flow sensor 12 and/or volume flow sensor can be used as a measure of the air volume. The sensor is advantageously arranged in the channel 5 for the air supply V̇ _L. The sensor advantageously provides a signal which is converted into a flow measurement value using a suitable signal processing unit. A signal processing device ideally comprises at least one analog-digital converter. According to one embodiment, the signal processing device, in particular the analog-digital converter(s), is integrated into the regulating and/or control and/or monitoring device 13.

The measured value of a pressure sensor and/or a mass flow sensor 12 in a side channel can also be used as a measure for the air supply V̇ _L. A combustion device with a supply channel and a side channel is described, for example, in the European patent EP3301364B1 The European patent EP3301364B1 was published on 7 June 2017 and granted on August 7, 2019. A combustion device with a feed channel and a side channel is claimed, with a mass flow sensor protruding into the feed channel.

The sensor 12 determines a signal which corresponds to the pressure value dependent on the air supply V̇ _L and/or the air flow (particle and/or mass flow) in the side channel. The sensor 12 advantageously provides a signal which is converted into a measured value using a suitable signal processing device. According to a further advantageous embodiment, the signals from several sensors are converted into a common measured value. A suitable signal processing device ideally comprises at least one analog-digital converter. According to one embodiment, the signal processing device, in particular the analog-digital converter(s), is integrated into the regulating and/or control and/or monitoring device 13.

According to one embodiment, the air supply V̇ _L is the value of the current air flow rate. The air flow rate can be measured and/or indicated in cubic meters of air per hour. The air supply V̇ _L can be measured and/or indicated in cubic meters of air per hour.

Mass flow sensors 12 allow measurement at high flow velocities, especially in connection with burner devices in operation. Typical values of such flow velocities are in the range between 0.1 meters per second and 5 meters per second, 10 meters per second, 15 meters per second, 20 meters per second, or even 100 meters per second. Mass flow sensors which are suitable for the present disclosure are, for example, OMRON ^® D6F-W or type SENSOR TECHNICS ^® WBA sensors. The usable range of these sensors typically begins at velocities between 0.01 meters per second and 0.1 meters per second and ends at a speed such as 5 meters per second, 10 meters per second, 15 meters per second, 20 meters per second, or even 100 meters per second. In other words, lower limits such as 0.1 meters per second can be combined with upper limits such as 5 meters per second, 10 meters per second, 15 meters per second, 20 meters per second, or even 100 meters per second.

The fuel supply V̇ _B is set and/or regulated by the control and/or monitoring device 13 with the aid of a fuel actuator and/or a (motor-controlled) adjustable valve. In the embodiment in FIG 1 the fuel is a fuel gas. A burner device 1 can then be connected to various fuel gas sources, for example to sources with a high methane content and/or to sources with high propane content. In FIG 1 the amount of fuel gas is set by a (motor-) adjustable fuel valve 9 from the regulating and/or control and/or monitoring device 13. The control value 19, for example in the case of a pulse-width modulated signal, of the gas valve is a measure of the amount of fuel gas. It is also a value 19 for the fuel supply V̇ _B . According to a special embodiment, the fuel valve 9 is set using a stepper motor. In that case, the step position of the stepper motor is a measure of the amount of fuel gas. The fuel valve 9 can also be integrated in a unit with at least one or both of the safety shut-off valves 7 or 8. Furthermore, the fuel valve 9 can be a valve that is internally controlled via a flow sensor, which receives a setpoint 19 and regulates the actual value of the flow sensor to the setpoint 19. The flow sensor can be implemented as a volume flow sensor, for example as a turbine wheel meter, bellows meter and/or as a differential pressure sensor. The flow sensor can also be designed as a mass flow sensor, for example as a thermal mass flow sensor.

If a gas flap is used as actuator 9, the position of a flap can be used as a measure of the amount of fuel gas. Alternatively, the measured value derived from the signal of a mass flow sensor and/or a volume flow sensor can be used as a measure of the amount of fuel gas. This sensor is advantageously arranged in the fuel supply channel. This sensor generates a signal which is converted into a flow measurement value (measured value of the particle and/or mass flow and/or volume flow) using a suitable signal processing device. A suitable signal processing device ideally comprises at least one analog-digital converter. According to one embodiment, the signal processing device, in particular the analog-digital converter(s), is integrated into the regulating, control and monitoring device 13.

The person skilled in the art will recognize that the above-mentioned values can also be calculated from a combination of variables determined by sensors. These values are then masses for the supply (particle and/or mass flow and/or volume flow) of fuel gas. The person skilled in the art will also recognize that the supply of fuel of a liquid fuel can be determined in a similar manner.

FIG 2 shows a burner device 1 with an air ratio sensor 20 for detecting the air ratio λ. The air ratio sensor 20 for detecting the air ratio λ comprises, for example, an O ₂ sensor. In one embodiment, the Air ratio sensor 20 for detecting the air ratio λ is an Oa sensor. The air ratio sensor 20 for detecting the air ratio λ can be arranged, for example, in the combustion chamber 2 and/or in the exhaust gas path.

The air ratio sensor 20 for detecting the air ratio λ generates a signal 21. The signal 21 is read in by the regulating and/or control and/or monitoring device 13 and evaluated appropriately. With the help of the signal 21, a predetermined air ratio λ can be regulated for each air supply V̇ _L. The measured air supply V̇ _L is regulated to a predetermined setpoint via the actuator 9 in the fuel supply V̇ _B and/or via the actuator 3, 4 in the air supply VLauf.

FIG 3 shows a burner device 1 with an air ratio sensor 20 for detecting the air ratio λ comprising an ionization electrode. KANTHAL ^® , e.g. APM ^® or A-1 ^® , is often used as the material for an ionization electrode. Electrodes made of Nikrothal ^® are also considered by the expert. The ionization electrode can be arranged in the combustion chamber 2, for example.

The measured value for the air supply V̇ _L can be given as a direct characteristic curve from air supply V̇ _L over fan speed or from air supply V̇ _L over air flap position. The air flap position can be given as an angle of adjustment, for example. A combination of speed and angle of adjustment is also possible. FIG 4 shows such a direct characteristic curve.

Ideally, the air supply V̇ _L can be determined using an air mass flow sensor. A corresponding characteristic curve shows FIG 5 The air mass flow sensor can, for example, be arranged directly in the air supply duct 11.

The air mass flow sensor can also be arranged in a bypass on the air supply duct 11 above a cover. An arrangement with a bypass is known, for example, from the European patent EP3301362B1 The air mass flow sensor can also be arranged in a bypass above an air flap that acts as a cover.

The air supply V̇ _L is then determined, for example, from a combination of the air mass flow signal and the air flap position or from the air mass flow signal and the fan speed or from all three. In principle, the air supply V̇ _L can also be determined using a Differential pressure sensor above a panel or an air flap, also possible in any combination with air mass flow sensor, fan speed and/or air flap position.

The air supply sensors mentioned provide a different measure for the air supply V̇ _L . The measurement result from the speed and flap position depends on other ambient conditions, such as air pressure, air temperature and exhaust gas path. In order to increase the measurement accuracy of V̇ _L ., measured values of the ambient conditions such as supply air temperature, air humidity or absolute air pressure can also be included in the determination. If an air mass flow sensor or a differential pressure sensor is used, the air supply V̇ _L can also be determined without the influence of the ambient conditions. Depending on the measured variable, the unconsidered influences of the environment as well as the accuracy of the measurement result are reflected in the accuracy of the actual value P _is the output of the burner device 1. The air supply V̇ _L and/or the actual value P _is the output of the burner device 1 can be calculated absolutely or relative to the maximum value of the characteristic curve and/or another value.

The same considerations as for measuring the air supply V̇ _L apply to measuring the fuel supply V̇ _B . The measured value for the fuel supply V̇ _B can be a direct characteristic curve from the fuel supply V̇ _B over the fuel valve position. The fuel valve position can be specified, for example, as an angle of adjustment. FIG 6 shows such a direct characteristic curve.

Ideally, the air supply characteristic curve can be preset on a burner device 1 in the factory using, for example, an air mass flow sensor or a speed sensor. Alternatively, it can also be calculated on an individual burner device 1 using a fuel meter and/or fuel gas meter to determine V̇ _B with known fuel and an air ratio sensor 20 to record the air ratio λ. The relationship V̇ _L = λ · L _min · V̇ _B between air supply V̇ _L , air ratio λ, known minimum air requirement L _min and known fuel supply V̇ _B is used for the calculation.

innerhalb eines Bereichs zwischen einer maximalen Leistung P_soll-mαx und einer minimalen Leistung P_soll-min beschränkt werden. Dabei wird die Soll-Vorgabe der Luftzufuhr V̇_L entsprechend ${\dot{V}}_{\mathit{Lsoll}-\mathit{max}}=\frac{\lambda }{h}\cdot P_{\mathit{soll}-\mathit{max}}$

und/oder ${\dot{V}}_{\mathit{Lsoll}-\mathit{min}}=\frac{\lambda }{h}\cdot P_{\mathit{soll}-\mathit{min}}$

begrenzt. Bei Änderungen des Brennstoffes oder der Luftzahl λ kann der Ist-Wert P_ist der Leistung der Brennereinrichtung 1 an jedem Punkt direkt neu berechnet und/oder eingestellt und/oder begrenzt werden.If the air supply V̇ _L was set in the factory or on site at the burner device 1 as shown above, the output P _ist can be determined for each fuel after setting the air ratio λ. The known parameters are used for this purpose. With only one air supply characteristic curve, the Burner for any fuel with known parameters $H=\frac{H_U}{L_{\mathit{min}}}$

within a range between a maximum power P _soll-mαx and a minimum power P _soll-min . The target specification of the air supply V̇ _L is adjusted accordingly ${\dot{V}}_{\mathit{Ltarget}-\mathit{Max}}=\frac{\lambda }{H}\cdot P_{\mathit{should}-\mathit{Max}}$

and or ${\dot{V}}_{\mathit{Ltarget}-\mathit{min}}=\frac{\lambda }{H}\cdot P_{\mathit{should}-\mathit{min}}$

limited. If the fuel or the air ratio λ changes, the actual value P _ist of the output of the burner device 1 can be directly recalculated and/or adjusted and/or limited at any point.

und der Sollwert für die Luftzahl λ bekannt sein. Zunächst wird die Brennstoffzufuhr über ${\dot{V}}_B=\frac{{\dot{V}}_L}{\lambda \cdot L_{\mathit{min}}}$

berechnet und eingestellt. Häufig kann die Brennstoffzufuhr V̇_B nicht direkt eingegeben werden. Die Brennstoffzufuhr V̇_B ist dann nur über eine Referenz-Kennlinie V̇ _B0 in Abhängigkeit des Stellwinkels einer Brennstoffklappe oder eines Brennstoffventils gemäss FIG 6 für ein Referenzgas mit dem Mindestluftbedarf L_min0 bekannt. Dann errechnet sich für einen anderen Brennstoff mit dem Mindestluftbedarf L_min für eine gleiche Luftzahl λ und die gleiche Luftzufuhr V̇_L wie bei der Referenzeinstellung die neue Brennstoffzufuhr zu ${\dot{V}}_B=\frac{L_{min\mathrm{0}}}{L_{\mathit{min}}}\cdot {\dot{V}}_{B0}$

. Soll sich zusätzlich die Luftzahl λ gegenüber der Einstellung λ₀ mit dem Referenzgas ändern, so errechnet sich ${\dot{V}}_B=\frac{{\lambda }_0\cdot L_{\mathit{min}0}}{\lambda \cdot L_{\mathit{min}}}\cdot {\dot{V}}_{B0}$

. Bei der Änderung auf den neuen Brennstoff wird der Brennstoffaktor 9 so verstellt, dass die jedem Luftzufuhrpunkt zugeordnete Brennstoffzufuhr 6 um den Faktor $\frac{{\lambda }_0\cdot L_{\mathit{min}0}}{\lambda \cdot L_{\mathit{min}}}$

und/oder bei gleichem Wert von λ um den Faktor $\frac{L_{\mathit{min}0}}{L_{\mathit{min}}}$

verändert wird. Anhand der bekannten Kennlinie aus FIG 6 können nach Multiplikation von Brennstoffzufuhr 6 mit dem ermittelten Faktor die neuen Ansteuerwerte und/oder Stellwinkel 19 für die geänderte Brennstoffzusammensetzung direkt berechnet werden. Die Kennlinie kann dabei beispielsweise in Form einer Tabelle, deren Zwischenwerte linear interpoliert werden, gegeben sein. Die Kennlinie kann weiterhin als mathematische Formel und/oder als mathematische Beziehung gegeben sein.For manual adjustment of the power to a fuel, minimum air requirement L _min , fuel parameters $H=\frac{H_U}{L_{\mathit{min}}}$

and the target value for the air ratio λ must be known. First, the fuel supply is ${\dot{V}}_B=\frac{{\dot{V}}_L}{\lambda \cdot L_{\mathit{min}}}$

calculated and set. Often the fuel supply V̇ _B cannot be entered directly. The fuel supply V̇ _B can then only be determined via a reference characteristic V̇ _{B 0} depending on the setting angle of a fuel flap or a fuel valve according to FIG 6 for a reference gas with the minimum air requirement L _min0 . Then, for another fuel with the minimum air requirement L _min, for an identical air ratio λ and the same air supply V̇ _L as in the reference setting, the new fuel supply is calculated as ${\dot{V}}_B=\frac{L_{min\mathrm{0}}}{L_{\mathit{min}}}\cdot {\dot{V}}_{B0}$

If the air ratio λ should also change compared to the setting λ ₀ with the reference gas, the following is calculated : ${\dot{V}}_B=\frac{{\lambda }_0\cdot L_{\mathit{min}0}}{\lambda \cdot L_{\mathit{min}}}\cdot {\dot{V}}_{B0}$

. When changing to the new fuel, the fuel actuator 9 is adjusted so that the fuel supply 6 assigned to each air supply point is increased by the factor $\frac{{\lambda }_0\cdot L_{\mathit{min}0}}{\lambda \cdot L_{\mathit{min}}}$

and/or with the same value of λ by the factor $\frac{L_{\mathit{min}0}}{L_{\mathit{min}}}$

is changed. Based on the known characteristic curve from FIG 6 After multiplying the fuel supply 6 by the determined factor, the new control values and/or setting angles 19 for the changed fuel composition can be calculated directly. The characteristic curve can be given, for example, in the form of a table whose intermediate values are linearly interpolated. The characteristic curve can also be given as a mathematical formula and/or as a mathematical relationship.

und/oder bei sich ändernder Luftzahl λ zu $P_1=\frac{{\lambda }_0\cdot h_1}{{\lambda }_1\cdot h_0}\cdot P_0$

berechnet werden. Bei unveränderter Luftzahl λ ist die Leistung P ₁ ≈ P ₀, wenn h ₁ ≈ h ₀ ist. Mit Hilfe dieser einfachen Massnahme kann mit beispielsweise aus der Literatur bekannten Parametern L_min und H_U und damit bekanntem Brennstoffparameter $h=\frac{H_U}{L_{\mathit{min}}}$

ein Gerät direkt und leicht auf einen neuen Brennstoff eingestellt werden. Es müssen nicht empirisch neue Kennlinien ermittelt werden. Dabei wird auch die jeweilige Leistung P_ist an den neuen Brennstoff angepasst. Vorteilhaft kann für einen Sollwert P_soll der Leistung der Brennereinrichtung 1 die korrekte Luftzufuhr V̇_L und/oder die korrekte Brennstoffzufuhr V̇_B ermittelt werden.The performance can be calculated with the same air supply V̇ _L according to the calculations above for an unchanged air ratio λ as ${\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="1"\; label="P"\; filenames="imgf0001.png,imgf0002.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">P</figure-callout>}}_1=\frac{H_1}{H_0}\cdot P_0$

and/or with changing air ratio λ to ${\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="1"\; label="P"\; filenames="imgf0001.png,imgf0002.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">P</figure-callout>}}_1=\frac{{\lambda }_0\cdot {\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="1"\; label="H"\; filenames="imgf0001.png,imgf0002.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">H</figure-callout>}}_1}{{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="1"\; label="\lambda "\; filenames="imgf0001.png,imgf0002.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">\lambda </figure-callout>}}_1\cdot H_0}\cdot P_0$

can be calculated. With an unchanged air ratio λ, the power P ₁ ≈ P ₀ , if h ₁ ≈ h ₀ . With the help of this simple measure, with parameters known from the literature, for example , L _min and H _U and thus known fuel parameters $H=\frac{H_U}{L_{\mathit{min}}}$

A device can be directly and easily adjusted to a new fuel. New characteristics do not have to be determined empirically. The respective output P _is also adjusted to the new fuel. Advantageously, the correct air supply V̇ _L and/or the correct fuel supply V̇ _B can _be determined for a setpoint P for the output of the burner device 1.

berechnen. Mit Hilfe eines Regelkreises wird dann die Brennstoffzufuhr V̇_B so ausgeregelt, dass der Sollwert von λ erreicht wird. Der Sollwert von λ kann abhängig von der Luftzufuhr V̇_L sein. Bei Verwendung eines Ionisationssignales und/oder eines Ionisationsstromsignales zur λ-Erfassung wird der gemessene Ionisationsstrom auf einen von der Luftzufuhr V̇_L abhängigen Sollwert ausgeregelt, indem die Brennstoffzufuhr V̇_B verändert wird.If the air ratio λ is determined using an O ₂ sensor or an ionization electrode, the air ratio λ can be kept constant via a control loop when the fuel composition changes. With the O ₂ sensor, the air ratio λ is calculated directly from the sensor's result value according to the state of the art. For example, the air ratio λ can be calculated from the oxygen content O ₂ using the relationship $\lambda \approx \frac{20.9}{20.9-{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="2"\; label="O"\; filenames="imgf0001.png,imgf0002.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">O</figure-callout>}}_2}$

calculate. With the help of a control loop, the fuel supply V̇ _B is then regulated so that the setpoint value of λ is reached. The setpoint value of λ can depend on the air supply V̇ _L. When using an ionization signal and/or an ionization current signal to detect λ, the measured ionization current is regulated to a setpoint value that depends on the air supply V̇ _L by changing the fuel supply V̇ _B.

zu erkennen.Compared to a reference fuel supply V̇ _{B 0} , which was set on a burner device 1, the new fuel supply is calculated as V̇ _B = k · V̇ _{B 0} , over the entire modulation characteristic of the fuel over the power. An equal air ratio λ is assumed. The actuator is set accordingly so that V̇ _{B 1} is shifted by a factor of k compared to V̇ _{B 0} over the entire modulation range. The changed fuel therefore only needs to be regulated at one power point so that the factor k is known. With the help of this factor k, the changed fuel actuator positions are known over the entire power range and thus the changed modulation characteristic is determined. The regulated factor k is, according to the calculations above for unchanged λ, as $k=\frac{L_{\mathit{min}0}}{L_{\mathit{min}}}$

to recognize.

ausgeregelt.If different air ratio target values are specified for a different fuel, for example in the context of a fuel changeover, the factor k becomes k = $\frac{{\lambda }_0\cdot L_{\mathit{min}0}}{\lambda \cdot L_{\mathit{min}}}$

regulated.

für gleiches λ bestimmt werden. Für geändertes λ ≠ λ ₀ wird der Mindestluftbedarf zu $L_{\mathit{min}}=\frac{{\lambda }_0\cdot L_{\mathit{min}0}}{\lambda \cdot k}$

bestimmt.If the fuel modulation characteristic has been set for a reference gas with a known minimum air requirement L _min0 , then after adjusting λ with the determined factor k, the minimum air requirement necessary for the currently available fuel can be determined as $L_{\mathit{min}}=\frac{L_{\mathit{min}0}}{k}$

for the same λ. For a changed λ ≠ λ ₀ the minimum air requirement is $L_{\mathit{min}}=\frac{{\lambda }_0\cdot L_{\mathit{min}0}}{\lambda \cdot k}$

certainly.

für jeden Luftzufuhrpunkt berechnet werden. Für jeden Sollwert P_soll der Leistung der Brennereinrichtung 1 kann der Sollwert für die Luftzufuhr ${\dot{V}}_{\mathit{Lsoll}}=\frac{\lambda }{h}\cdot P_{\mathit{soll}}$

ermittelt werden.If the fuel composition is known, the new actual value P _actual can be calculated for the output of the burner device 1 even if the fuel composition changes as described above. $P_{\mathit{is}}=\frac{H}{\lambda }\cdot {\dot{V}}_L$

for each air supply point. For each setpoint P _, the output of the burner device 1 can be calculated as the setpoint for the air supply ${\dot{V}}_{\mathit{Ltarget}}=\frac{\lambda }{H}\cdot P_{\mathit{should}}$

be determined.

, für verschiedene Brenngase. Wie man dort sieht, kann man die Brenngase in Gruppen zusammenfassen. Die Gruppen bestimmen sich dadurch, dass für die aktuelle Luftzufuhr V̇_L bei einer Änderung des Gases und einer durchgeführten Ausregelung der Gaszufuhr bei unveränderter Luftzahl λ auch der Ist-Wert P_ist der Leistung der Brennereinrichtung 1 innerhalb vorgegebener Grenzen bleibt. Für jede diese Gruppen liegt dann der einzelne, skalare Brennstoffparameter h innerhalb der vorgegebenen Grenzen. Die Grenzen bestimmen sich aus dem zulässigen Fehler für den Ist-Wert P_ist der Leistung der Brennereinrichtung 1. FIG 7 shows the relationship between the minimum air requirement 22, L _min , and the individual, scalar fuel parameter 23, $H=\frac{H_U}{L_{\mathit{min}}}$

, for different fuel gases. As you can see there, the fuel gases can be grouped together. The groups are determined by the fact that for the current air supply V̇ _L, when the gas changes and the gas supply is adjusted with an unchanged air ratio λ, the actual value P _ist of the output of the burner device 1 also remains within the specified limits. For each of these groups, the individual, scalar fuel parameter h is then within the specified limits. The limits are determined from the permissible error for the actual value P _ist of the output of the burner device 1.

. Damit schwankt für diese Gase nach Ausregeln der Luftzahl λ im Brennersystem der Ist-Wert P_ist der Leistung der Brennereinrichtung 1 in einem Bereich von kleiner 2 Prozent.So in FIG 7 the gases marked with 24 are all gases of the second gas family (according to EN437:2009-09) including the special gases without the Sardinia gas (=propane-air mixture). These gases have methane as a base and are mixed with inert gases or smaller amounts of other fuel gases. If gases are changed within this group and the air ratio λ remains constant by adjusting the fuel supply V̇ _B , the individual, scalar fuel parameter h = for these gases marked with 24 is $3.55\frac{\mathit{<figure-callout\; id="3"\; label="MJ\; m"\; filenames="imgf0001.png,imgf0002.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">MJ</figure-callout>}}{m^{}},-0\%,+2\%$

. Thus, for these gases, after adjusting the air ratio λ in the burner system, the actual value _P of the output of the burner device 1 fluctuates within a range of less than 2 percent.

. Der Fehler gegenüber den mit 24 bezeichneten Gasen ist kleiner 8 Prozent. Trägt man diesen Fehler, braucht zwischen derIn the FIG 7 Gases marked with 26 are gases of the third gas family (according to EN437:2009-09) these have a fuel parameter of h = $3.73\frac{\mathit{<figure-callout\; id="3"\; label="MJ\; m"\; filenames="imgf0001.png,imgf0002.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">MJ</figure-callout>}}{m^{}},-0\%,+4.5\%$

The error compared to the gases marked 24 is less than 8 percent. If this error is taken into account, then between the

eingegeben wird.Gas group 24 and gas group 26, no power correction is required. However, since it is usually known whether liquid gas (= gases of the third family) is present, the correction can be made manually by changing the individual, scalar fuel parameter $H=3.73\frac{\mathit{<figure-callout\; id="3"\; label="MJ\; m"\; filenames="imgf0001.png,imgf0002.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">MJ</figure-callout>}}{m^{}}$

is entered.

In the FIG 7 Gases designated 25, 27, 28 and 29 form further special gas groups (Sardinia gas, process gases). It is known when these gases are present and the respective values of the fuel parameter h can be entered directly so that the performance correction can be made. The errors are then less than 5.1 percent, for example.

. In the FIG 7 The gas designated 30 is pure hydrogen with $H=4.22\frac{\mathit{<figure-callout\; id="3"\; label="MJ\; m"\; filenames="imgf0001.png,imgf0002.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">MJ</figure-callout>}}{m^{}}$

.

As already mentioned above, when changing within a gas group, no power correction is required within the specified accuracy. When changing from gas group to gas group, it is known which gas group is present. The correction can be made manually by changing h.

Sometimes the different gases or gases from gas groups come from different fuel supply lines and the shut-off valves of the respective fuel supply lines are switched on and off. Then the gas parameter can also be changed by switching the fuel supply V̇ _B. The power or the burner modulation can therefore be adjusted.

• Erdgas aus dem Versorgungsnetz,
• Flüssiggas,
• Gas auf Sardinien,
• Prozessgase mit bekannter Zusammensetzung (erste Gasfamilie),
• Flüssige Brennstoffe, wie Heizöl EL etc.,
• Mischungen umfassend Wasserstoff und
• reiner Wasserstoff.

Examples of known fuels include:

• Natural gas from the supply network,
• LPG,
• Gas in Sardinia,
• Process gases with known composition (first gas family),
• Liquid fuels, such as heating oil EL etc.,
• Mixtures comprising hydrogen and
• pure hydrogen.

Because the compositions are known, the individual scalar fuel parameter h is also known.

gegenüber einem Referenzgas. Für die Ermittlung des Faktors k muss die Gaszufuhr V́ _G0 für ein Referenzgas (mit L_min0 ) in Abhängigkeit der Stellung des mindestens einen Brennstoffaktors 9 oder ein lineares Äquivalent zu V́ _G0 bekannt sein. Solches ist in FIG 6 dargestellt. Der Faktor k kann dabei durch eine Regelung mit einer O₂-Sonde, mit einer Ionisationssonde oder einem anderen, äquivalent wirkenden Sensor ermittelt werden. Zur Veranschaulichung dieser Vorgehensweise dient FIG 8.If you exclude the special gas groups 15, 27, 28, 29, for which it is known when they are present, you can also continue to correct the power To do this, the new minimum air requirement is calculated using the factor k determined by the control system. $L_{\mathit{min}}=\frac{L_{\mathit{min}0}}{k}$

compared to a reference gas. To determine the factor k, the gas supply V́ _{G 0} for a reference gas (with L _min0 ) depending on the position of at least one fuel actuator 9 or a linear equivalent to V́ _{G 0} must be known. This is shown in FIG 6 The factor k can be determined by a control with an O ₂ sensor, an ionization sensor or another equivalent sensor. To illustrate this procedure, FIG 8 .

. Zwischen der Schwelle 31 und der Schwelle 32 kann das Gas als Methangas mit Beimischungen interpretiert werden. Solches gilt im Wesentlichen für die Gase der zweiten Gasfamilie aus dem Versorgungsnetz. Es wird hier der Wert $h=\mathrm{3,55}\frac{\mathit{MJ}}{m^3}$

verwendet. Unterhalb der Schwelle 32 wird das Gas als Wasserstoff-Methangas-Gemisch interpretiert. Das Mischungsverhältnis in FIG 8 ändert sich dort gemäss einer Kennlinie entlang der mit 30 gezeichneten Punkte mit der Zusammensetzung und damit mit L_min. Mit dem Mischungsverhältnis der Gase und/oder Brennstoffe kann so die Funktion des Brennstoffparameters h über L_min angegeben werden. Da bei Wasserstoff mit einem Gasparameter von $h=\mathrm{4,22}\frac{\mathit{MJ}}{m^3}$

die Abweichung gegenüber Methan mit $h=\mathrm{3,55}\frac{\mathit{MJ}}{m^3}$

relativ gross ist, gibt es ein besonderes Interesse an der Detektion des H2-Gehalts im Methan über einen λ-geregelten Brenner. Mit der angegebenen Methode können bei vorgegebener Luftzahl λ für Wasserstoff und beispielsweise Methan sowohl die Luftzahl als auch die Leistung einer Brennereinheit automatisch bestimmt und für die Regeleinheiten zur Verfügung gestellt werden.If the value 22 of L _min is greater than the threshold 31, the gas is liquefied petroleum gas with the value $H=3.73\frac{\mathit{<figure-callout\; id="3"\; label="MJ\; m"\; filenames="imgf0001.png,imgf0002.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">MJ</figure-callout>}}{m^{}}$

Between threshold 31 and threshold 32, the gas can be interpreted as methane gas with admixtures. This applies essentially to the gases of the second gas family from the supply network. The value $H=3.55\frac{\mathit{<figure-callout\; id="3"\; label="MJ\; m"\; filenames="imgf0001.png,imgf0002.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">MJ</figure-callout>}}{m^{}}$

Below threshold 32, the gas is interpreted as a hydrogen-methane gas mixture. The mixing ratio in FIG 8 changes there according to a characteristic curve along the points marked with 30 with the composition and thus with L _min . With the mixing ratio of the gases and/or fuels, the function of the fuel parameter h over L _min can be specified. Since hydrogen has a gas parameter of $H=4.22\frac{\mathit{<figure-callout\; id="3"\; label="MJ\; m"\; filenames="imgf0001.png,imgf0002.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">MJ</figure-callout>}}{m^{}}$

the deviation from methane with $H=3.55\frac{\mathit{<figure-callout\; id="3"\; label="MJ\; m"\; filenames="imgf0001.png,imgf0002.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">MJ</figure-callout>}}{m^{}}$

is relatively large, there is a particular interest in detecting the H2 content in methane using a λ-controlled burner. With the specified method, both the air ratio and the output of a burner unit can be determined automatically for a given air ratio λ for hydrogen and, for example, methane and made available to the control units.

For the known process gases and also other fuels, such as liquid fuels, it is assumed that these cannot occur in the general supply network. For them, the individual, scalar fuel parameter h is entered directly and/or manually into the regulating and/or control and/or monitoring device 13 when the respective fuels are fed in.

With the currently determined actual value P _is the output of the burner device 1, a power controller can be operated directly in a closed control loop. The actual value P _is the output of the burner device 1 The output of the burner device 1 can be regulated to a predetermined setpoint P _soll .

The power setpoint can be generated by a higher-level temperature control unit. It can also be specified directly to the power controller as a setpoint by an operating unit and/or a unit for heating a product and/or when burning residual fuel from a chemical process.

werden für die maximale Leistung P_max der Brennereinrichtung 1 die maximale Brennstoffzufuhr V̇_Bmax und für die minimale Leistung P_min der Brennereinrichtung 1 die minimale Brennstoffzufuhr V̇_Bmin implizit angepasst. Äquivalent können V̇_Bmax und/oder V̇_Bmin berechnet und für den jeweiligen Brennstoff nach oben und/oder unten auf diese errechneten Werte (direkt) begrenzt werden. Auf jeden Fall ist damit sichergestellt, dass die Brennereinrichtung nicht ausserhalb des vorgesehenen Leistungsbereichs betrieben wird.Because of $P_{\mathit{is}}=\frac{H}{\lambda }\cdot {\dot{V}}_L=\frac{H_u}{L_{\mathit{min}}}\cdot \frac{{\dot{V}}_L}{\lambda }=H_u\cdot {\dot{V}}_B$

the maximum fuel supply V̇ _Bmax is implicitly adjusted for the maximum output P _max of the burner device 1 and the minimum fuel supply V̇ _Bmin is implicitly adjusted for the minimum output P _min of the burner device 1. Equivalently, V̇ _Bmax and/or V̇ _Bmin can be calculated and limited (directly) to these calculated values for the respective fuel, upwards and/or downwards. In any case, this ensures that the burner device is not operated outside the intended output range.

The energy conversion can easily be calculated from the determined actual value P _of the output of the burner device 1 by integrating the actual value P _of the output of the burner device 1 over time. In this way, the energy conversion can also be calculated with changing fuels.

If it is known when the fuel is switched, the energy conversion for the individual fuels can be calculated. If the fuel parameter h is automatically recognized, the switchover can be detected via the change in h.

If the energy turnover is known, the energy costs can be determined directly, provided the costs per unit of energy are known. If the costs for individual fuels are different, this can be detected as described above. The costs for the consumption of the individual fuels can therefore be calculated.

Parts of a control unit and/or a method according to the present disclosure can be implemented as hardware and/or as a software module, which is executed by a computing unit, possibly with the addition of container virtualization, and/or using a cloud computer and/or using a combination of the aforementioned possibilities. The software may be a firmware and/or a Hardware driver that runs within an operating system and/or a container virtualization and/or an application program. The present disclosure thus also relates to a computer program product that includes the features of this disclosure and/or performs the required steps. When implemented as software, the described functions can be stored as one or more instructions on a computer-readable medium. Some examples of computer-readable media include random access memory (RAM) and/or magnetic random access memory (MRAM) and/or read-only memory (ROM) and/or flash memory and/or electronically programmable ROM (EPROM) and/or electronically programmable and erasable ROM (EEPROM) and/or registers of a computing unit and/or a hard disk and/or a removable storage unit and/or an optical storage and/or any suitable medium that can be accessed by a computer or by other IT devices and applications.

In other words, the present invention teaches a method for controlling a burner device according to claim 1. Preferred embodiments are defined in the dependent claims. The present invention also teaches a corresponding computer program product according to claim 6 and a corresponding non-volatile computer-readable storage medium according to claim 7.

The above relates to individual embodiments of the disclosure. Various changes can be made to the embodiments without departing from the underlying idea and without departing from the scope of this disclosure. The subject matter of the present invention is defined by its claims. Various changes can be made without departing from the scope of the following claims.

Reference symbols

• 1: Burner device
• 2: Firebox
• 3: Fan with (optional) variable speed
• 4: Air damper with actuator
• 5: Combustion air
• 6: Fuel for combustion or fuel supply channel
• 7: Safety shut-off valve
• 8: Safety shut-off valve
• 9: Fuel actuator with actuator for changing the fuel supply
• 10: Exhaust
• 11: Air supply duct
• 12: Sensor for detecting the air supply (air mass flow / speed etc.)
• 13: Control and/or monitoring device
• 14: Control signal for air flap (setting angle)
• 15: Control signal for fan speed (optional)
• 16: Measuring signal from the air supply sensor
• 17: Open/close signal for safety shut-off valve
• 18: Open/close signal for safety shut-off valve
• 19: Control signal for fuel actuator (e.g. setting angle / step position)
• 20: Sensor for measuring the air ratio λ (O ₂ sensor / ionization electrode etc.)
• 21: Measuring signal from the air ratio sensor for recording the air ratio
• 22: Minimum air requirement for each fuel
• 23: single, scalar fuel parameter h = H _u / L _min
• 24: various gases of the second gas family including special gases (gas mixtures with methane as base gas)
• 25: special gas of the second gas family (here propane-air mixture)
• 26: various gases of the third gas family (propane mixtures)
• 27: special gas of the first gas family
• 28: special gas of the first gas family
• 29: special gas of the first gas family
• 30: Hydrogen and methane-hydrogen mixtures
• 31: Limit value of the minimum air requirement L _min of the gases between the second and third gas families
• 32: Limit value of the minimum air requirement L _min of the gases between the second gas family and methane-hydrogen mixtures

Claims (7)

1. Method for controlling a burner facility (1), the burner facility (1) comprising a combustion chamber (2), an air supply duct (11) that leads to the combustion chamber (2) and comprises at least one air actuator (3, 4) that is embodied so as to adjust a value of an air supply V̇_L through the air supply duct (11), and a fuel supply duct (6) that leads to the combustion chamber (2) and comprises at least one fuel actuator (9) that is embodied so as to adjust a value of a fuel supply V̇_B through the fuel supply duct (6), the burner facility (1) comprising at least one air ratio sensor (20) and a open-loop control and/or closed-loop control and/or monitoring unit (13) comprising a memory in which is stored at least one characteristic value (31, 32) comprising a minimum air requirement, the method comprising the steps:

   recording at least one air ratio signal (21) by way of the at least one air ratio sensor (20) and processing the at least one air ratio signal (21) to form a value of an air ratio λ;

   recording at least one air supply signal (14 - 16) that is a measurement for a value of the air supply V̇_L through the air supply duct (11) to the combustion chamber (2), said value being adjusted with the aid of the at least one air actuator (3, 4), and processing the at least one air supply signal (14 - 16) to form a value of an air supply V̇_L ;

   recording at least one fuel supply signal (17 - 19) that is a measurement for a value of a fuel supply V̇_B through the fuel supply duct (6) to the combustion chamber (2), said value being adjusted with the aid of the at least one fuel actuator (9), and processing the at least one fuel supply signal (17 - 19) to form a value of a fuel supply V̇_B ;

   calculating a minimum air requirement (22) as a function of the value of the air supply V̇_L and as a function of the value of the fuel supply V̇_B and as a function of the value of the air ratio λ;

   comparing the calculated minimum air requirement (22) with the minimum air requirement of the at least one characteristic value (31, 32) that is stored in the memory of the open-loop control and/or closed-loop control and/or monitoring unit (13);

   allocating a fuel group from the comparison of the calculated minimum air requirement (22) with the minimum air requirement of the at least one characteristic value (31, 32) that is stored in the memory of the open-loop control and/or closed-loop control and/or monitoring unit (13);

   providing the individual scalar fuel parameter h as a function of the allocated fuel group;

   measuring and/or predetermining a value of an air supply V̇_L through the air supply duct (11);

   measuring and/or predetermining a value of an air ratio λ;

   calculating an actual value P_actual of a power output of the burner facility (1) from the measured and/or predetermined value of the air supply V̇_L, the measured and/or predetermined value of the air ratio λ and the individual scalar fuel parameter h in accordance with $P_{\mathit{ist}}=\frac{h}{\lambda }\cdot {\dot{V}}_L$

   

   ; and

   controlling the burner facility (1) with the aid of the at least one fuel actuator (9) and preferably of the at least one air actuator (3, 4) in dependence upon the actual value P_actual of the power output of the burner facility (1) and in dependence upon a target value P_target of the power output of the burner facility (1) until the target value P_target of the power output of the burner facility (1) is achieved.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the air supply duct (11) leads directly to the combustion chamber (2) and the fuel supply duct (6) leads directly to the combustion chamber (2) .
3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the air supply duct (11) and the fuel supply duct (6) issue upstream of the combustion chamber (2) into a common mixture feed that leads to the combustion chamber (2).
4. The method according to one of claims 1 to 3,

   wherein the at least one characteristic value (31, 32) that is stored in the memory of the open-loop control and/or closed-loop control and/or monitoring unit (13) comprises the minimum air requirement in the form of a limit value (31, 32);

   wherein the limit value (31, 32) delimits values of the minimum air requirement of a first and a second fuel group from one another; and

   wherein the method comprises the step:
   allocating the calculated minimum air requirement (22) to the first or to the second fuel group with the aid of the limit value (31, 32) of the at least one characteristic value (31, 32) that is stored in the open-loop control and/or closed-loop control and/or monitoring unit (13).
5. The method according to one of claims 1 to 4,

   wherein the step of calculating the minimum air requirement as a function of the value of the air supply V̇_L and as a function of the value of the fuel supply V̇_B and as a function of the value of the air ratio λ comprises the step;

   calculating the minimum air requirement as a quotient from the value of the air supply V̇_L and a product from the value of the fuel supply V̇_B and from the value of the air ratio λ.
6. Computer program product comprising commands that in the case of implementing the program by a open-loop control and/or closed-loop control and/or monitoring unit (13) for a burner facility (1), the burner facility (1) comprising a combustion chamber (2), an air supply duct (11) that leads to the combustion chamber (2) and comprises at least one air actuator (3, 4) that is embodied so as to adjust a value of an air supply V̇_L through the air supply duct (11), and a fuel supply duct (6) that leads to the combustion chamber (2) and comprises at least one fuel actuator (9) that is embodied so as to adjust a value of a fuel supply V̇_B through the fuel supply duct (6), the burner facility (1) comprising at least one air ratio sensor (20) and a open-loop control and/or closed-loop control and/or monitoring unit (13) comprising a memory in which is stored at least one characteristic value (31, 32) comprising a minimum air requirement, cause the open-loop control and/or closed-loop control and/or monitoring unit (13):

   to record at least one air ratio signal (21) by way of the at least one air ratio sensor (20) and processing the at least one air ratio signal (21) to form a value of an air ratio λ;

   to record at least one air supply signal (14 - 16) that is a measurement for a value of the air supply V̇_L through the air supply duct (11) to the combustion chamber (2), said value being adjusted with the aid of the at least one air actuator (3, 4), and to process the at least one air supply signal (14 - 16) to form a value of an air supply V̇_L ;

   to record at least one fuel supply signal (17 - 19) that is a measurement for a value of a fuel supply V̇_B through the fuel supply duct (6) to the combustion chamber (2), said value being adjusted with the aid of the at least one fuel actuator (9), and to process the at least one fuel supply signal (17 - 19) to form a value of a fuel supply V̇_B ;

   to calculate a minimum air requirement (22) as a function of the value of the air supply V̇_L and as a function of the value of the fuel supply V̇_B and as a function of the value of the air ratio λ;

   to compare the calculated minimum air requirement (22) with the minimum air requirement of the at least one characteristic value (31, 32) that is stored in the memory of the open-loop control and/or closed-loop control and/or monitoring unit (13);

   to allocate a fuel group from the comparison of the calculated minimum air requirement (22) with the minimum air requirement of the at least one characteristic value (31, 32) that is stored in the memory of the open-loop control and/or closed-loop control and/or monitoring unit (13); and

   to provide the individual scalar fuel parameter h as a function of the allocated fuel group;

   to calculate an actual value P_actual of a power output of the burner facility (1) from a measured and/or predetermined value of the air supply VL, a measured and/or predetermined value of the air ratio λ and an individual scalar fuel parameter h in accordance with $P_{\mathit{ist}}=\frac{h}{\lambda }\cdot {\dot{V}}_L$

   

   ; and

   to control the burner facility (1) with the aid of the at least one fuel actuator (9) and preferably of the at least one air actuator (3, 4) in dependence upon the actual value P_actual of the power output of the burner facility (1) and in dependence upon a target value P_target of the power output of the burner facility (1) until the target value P_target of the power output of the burner facility (1) is achieved.
7. Non-volatile computer-readable memory storage medium that stores a set of commands for implementation by at least one open-loop control and/or closed-loop control and/or monitoring unit (13) for a burner facility (1), the burner facility (1) comprising a combustion chamber (2), an air supply duct (11) that leads to the combustion chamber (2) and comprises at least one air actuator (3, 4) that is embodied so as to adjust a value of an air supply V̇_L through the air supply duct (11), and a fuel supply duct (6) that leads to the combustion chamber (2) and comprises at least one fuel actuator (9) that is embodied so as to adjust a value of a fuel supply V̇_B through the fuel supply duct (6), the burner facility (1) comprising at least one air ratio sensor (20) and a open-loop control and/or closed-loop control and/or monitoring unit (13) comprising a memory in which is stored at least one characteristic value (31, 32) comprising a minimum air requirement, wherein the set of commands, if it is implemented by the open-loop control and/or closed-loop control and/or monitoring unit (13):

   records at least one air ratio signal (21) by way of the at least one air ratio sensor (20) and processes the at least one air ratio signal (21) to form a value of an air ratio λ;

   records at least one air supply signal (14 - 16) that is a measurement for a value of the air supply V̇_L through the air supply duct (11) to the combustion chamber (2), said value being adjusted with the aid of the at least one air actuator (3, 4), and processes the at least one air supply signal (14 - 16) to form a value of an air supply V̇_L ;

   records at least one fuel supply signal (17 - 19) that is a measurement for a value of a fuel supply V̇_B through the fuel supply duct (6) to the combustion chamber (2), said value being adjusted with the aid of the at least one fuel actuator (9), and to process the at least one fuel supply signal (17 - 19) to form a value of a fuel supply V̇_B ;

   calculates a minimum air requirement (22) as a function of the value of the air supply V̇_L and as a function of the value of the fuel supply V̇_B and as a function of the value of the air ratio λ;

   compares the calculated minimum air requirement (22) with the minimum air requirement of the at least one characteristic value (31, 32) that is stored in the memory of the open-loop control and/or closed-loop control and/or monitoring unit (13);

   allocates a fuel group from the comparison of the calculated minimum air requirement (22) with the minimum air requirement of the at least one characteristic value (31, 32) that is stored in the memory of the open-loop control and/or closed-loop control and/or monitoring unit (13); and

   provides an individual scalar fuel parameter h as a function of the allocated fuel group;

   calculates an actual value P_actual of a power output of the burner facility (1) from a measured and/or predetermined value of the air supply V̇_L, a measured and/or predetermined value of the air ratio λ and an individual scalar fuel parameter h in accordance with $P_{\mathit{ist}}=\frac{h}{\lambda }\cdot {\dot{V}}_L$

   

   ; and

   controls the burner facility (1) with the aid of the at least one fuel actuator (9) and preferably of the at least one air actuator (3, 4) in dependence upon the actual value P_actual of the power output of the burner facility (1) and in dependence upon a target value P_target of the power output of the burner facility (1) until the target value P_target of the power output of the burner facility (1) is achieved.

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