EP4028773A1 - Verfahren zur durchmusterung porenbildender membranproteine, membrantransporter und molekularer schalter - Google Patents
Verfahren zur durchmusterung porenbildender membranproteine, membrantransporter und molekularer schalterInfo
- Publication number
- EP4028773A1 EP4028773A1 EP20772252.1A EP20772252A EP4028773A1 EP 4028773 A1 EP4028773 A1 EP 4028773A1 EP 20772252 A EP20772252 A EP 20772252A EP 4028773 A1 EP4028773 A1 EP 4028773A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- membrane
- cell
- seq
- pore
- protein
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C40—COMBINATORIAL TECHNOLOGY
- C40B—COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY; LIBRARIES, e.g. CHEMICAL LIBRARIES
- C40B30/00—Methods of screening libraries
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/68—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving proteins, peptides or amino acids
- G01N33/6872—Intracellular protein regulatory factors and their receptors, e.g. including ion channels
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2333/00—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature
- G01N2333/435—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature from animals; from humans
- G01N2333/46—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature from animals; from humans from vertebrates
- G01N2333/47—Assays involving proteins of known structure or function as defined in the subgroups
- G01N2333/4701—Details
- G01N2333/4727—Calcium binding proteins, e.g. calmodulin
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for screening pore-forming membrane proteins, membrane transporters and molecular switches.
- the invention also relates to a kit for carrying out the method.
- Growth-dependent screening methods are based on the intrinsic toxicity of (protein) nanopores: Specifically, pore-forming membrane peptides and proteins depolarize the membrane potential and thus prevent growth.
- growth assays have been used successfully, for example, to characterize pore-forming properties of individual membrane peptides (ACS Chemical Biology, 2016,
- Liposome Display refers to an artificial cell-based screening process.
- a first step artificial cells surrounded by phospholipid bilayers are created using a water-in-oil emulsion and centrifugation through a phospholipid bilayer.
- in-vitro proteins build themselves into the membrane autonomously.
- the formation or opening of nanopores is investigated with the addition of a dye which, depending on the (protein) nanopore, diffuses into the interior of the artificial cell and remains there for one day through covalent conjugation (PNAS, 2013, 110, 16796- 801; Nature Protocols, 2014, 9, 1578-91).
- screening systems could be visualized with both voltage-dependent membrane dyes such as DiSC3 (5) or membrane-impermeable DNA-binding dyes such as propidium iodide.
- imaging substances e.g. MRI-active reporter molecules
- a screening method was developed to determine the structural and functional properties of a (protein) nanopore (e.g. formation or opening), preferably with promiscuous permeability, combinatorially in different screening formats (e.g. in microtiter plates, by colony patterning and by means of flow cytometry), preferably on average - to be measured and selected up to a high throughput of 10 2 -10 8.
- a reporter substance flowing into a cell; Inflow of the reporter substance is in turn converted into a biophysical signal (eg fluorescence, bioluminescence or absorption) by means of a genetically encoded sensor protein and thus made visible.
- the method can also be used to screen either membrane transporters with specific permeabilities or molecular sensors / switches.
- the former includes the detection of a specific sensor that detects the inflow or outflow of a certain metabolic product.
- By forming unspecific pores (especially in the inner membrane of E. coli), the latter enables the inflow or outflow of a specific metabolic product and thus a positive-negative selection strategy at the level of individual cells with a very high throughput using flow cytometry.
- a screening method comprising the following steps: a) providing a cell and a medium surrounding the cell,
- the cell has a cell membrane which is impermeable to a reporter substance
- the quotient of the concentration of the reporter substance inside the cell and the concentration of the reporter substance in the medium surrounding the cell is at least 2 or at most 0.5; b) detecting a signal dependent on the concentration of the reporter substance in the cell, which signal is generated with the aid of a sensor protein expressed in the cell; c) inducing the expression of a membrane protein which increases the permeability of the cell membrane for the reporter substance; d) detecting the signal dependent on the concentration of the reporter substance in the cell, which signal is generated with the aid of the sensor protein expressed in the cell; e) Calculation of one or more comparison parameters from the signal strengths detected in steps b) and d), step b) being carried out before step c) and step d) being carried out after step c), steps a) to e) be carried out for at least two membrane proteins with different amino acid sequences and / or for at least two sensor proteins with different amino acid sequences.
- the screening method of the present invention can be carried out in a variety of formats.
- the method is preferably carried out in microtiter plates, by colony patterning and / or by means of flow cytometry.
- the method is particularly preferably carried out by means of microfluidics, in particular with the aid of single cell measurements, in particular dynamic single cell measurements.
- This enables light has a particularly high temporal resolution.
- Microfluidic methods enable high-resolution functional studies, especially in combination with optical measurement methods such as those based on fluorescence.
- Microfluidic processes offer a number of technical advantages such as miniaturization of bioanalytical processes (Journal of Laboratory Automation, 2013, 18, 350-66), time-resolved dynamic studies of microorganisms on the single cell level in a microfluidic cultivation chamber (see examples in the respective review articles Journal of Molecular Biology, 431, 2019, 4569-4588) or possibilities for high-throughput screening in droplet-based compartments with individual cells or in microcolonies (see examples in the respective review articles Current Opinion Structural Biology, 2018, 48, 149-156 and Current Opinion in Chemical Biology, 2017, 37, 137-1995 and specifically ACS Synthetic Biology, 2017, 6, 1988-1995).
- the quotient of the concentration of the reporter substance inside the cell and the concentration of the reporter substance in the medium surrounding the cell is at least 2 or at most 0.5, preferably at least 5 or at most 0.2, more preferably in step a) of the method according to the invention at least 10 or at most 0.1, more preferably at least 100 or at most 0.01.
- a difference in concentration of the reporter substance between the cell interior and the surrounding medium acts as a driving force for a change in the concentration of the reporter substance with increased permeability of the cell membrane. If the concentration in the surrounding medium is higher than in the interior of the cell, there will be an increase in the concentration in the interior of the cell if the permeability of the cell membrane is increased. However, if the concentration in the surrounding medium is lower than in the interior of the cell, the higher the permeability of the cell membrane results in a reduction in the concentration in the interior of the cell.
- the permeability of the cell membrane for the reporter substance is also referred to as permeability.
- a permeability for a specific molecule is difficult to determine and ultimately depends on a number of physiological factors such as the intrinsic or passive permeability of the lipid membrane and active import and export mechanisms.
- the change in the permeability of the membrane is therefore defined empirically - i.e. preferably in particular specifically by the measured difference in the signal depending on the expression of the membrane protein.
- the cell membrane is impermeable to the reporter substance therefore means that the detected signal is constant before inducing the expression of the membrane protein with a constant Ge content of sensor protein in the cell, i.e. with two or more measurements at different times, for example in one At intervals of one minute, two minutes, five minutes or ten minutes, the quotient of the highest measured signal value and the lowest measured signal value in a range from 0.75 to 1.25, further preferably from 0.8 to 1.2, more preferably from 0.85 to 1.15, more preferably from 0.9 to 1.1, more preferably from 0.95 to 1.05.
- step c) of the method the expression of a membrane protein is induced which increases the permeability of the cell membrane for the reporter substance.
- the dynamic range of the process can be specifically set by choosing the promoter. In the case of membrane proteins with strong pore-forming properties in particular, it can be advantageous to use a weaker promoter. As a result, a greater spread of the mean value with regard to the slope and the half-maximum time can be achieved, so that the dynamic range of the method can be improved. With a weaker protein expression, stronger pore structures can be differentiated better.
- a particularly preferred weaker promoter is T7.100.sRBS (SEQ ID NO: 27).
- the promoter T7.wt.sRBS (SEQ ID NO: 26), which leads to a stronger protein expression, is, however, also well suited for carrying out the method according to the invention.
- the two named SEQ ID NOs show the sequence of the promoter region, including the actual promoter sequence (which is identical for T7.100.sRBS and T7.wt.sRBS) as well as the binding site of the lac repressor and the ribosome binding site binding site (RBS) ”) ⁇
- the two promoter regions differ in the distance between the ribosombinant site and the binding site for the lac repressor. In the case of the T7.100.sRBS, this distance is shortened by eight nucleotides in the promoter region and thus causes a weaker expression of the membrane protein.
- the induction of the expression of a membrane protein according to step c) of the method can in particular take place by adding an inducer, preferably by adding isopropyl ß-d-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG), in particular in concentrations of 0.1 mM to 100 mM, for example from 0.2 mM to 50 mM, preferably 0.3 mM to 1 mM or 0.4 mM to 0.6 mM.
- an inducer preferably by adding isopropyl ß-d-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG), in particular in concentrations of 0.1 mM to 100 mM, for example from 0.2 mM to 50 mM, preferably 0.3 mM to 1 mM or 0.4 mM to 0.6 mM.
- IPTG isopropyl ß-d-1-thiogalactopyranoside
- relevant delays can occur between the addition of the inductor and the point in time at which the inductor reaches the cell. For example, times of 20 to 30 minutes between the addition of the inductor and the arrival of the inductor in the microfluidic cultivation chamber are not unusual.
- the time at which the expression of the membrane protein is induced in accordance with step c) of the method is thus clearly different from the time at which the inducer is added.
- Step d) is preferred at least twice, more preferably at least three times, more preferably at least five times, more preferably at least ten times, more preferably at least twenty times, more preferably at least fifty times, more preferably at least 100 times at different times, in particular regularly, for example at intervals of 1 to 10 minutes or 2 to 5 minutes, in particular at intervals of one minute, two minutes, five minutes or ten minutes. In this way, a profile over time can be created that is particularly helpful in evaluating the properties of the proteins under investigation.
- Step d) is preferably not carried out more than a thousand times.
- one or more comparison parameters are calculated from the signal strengths detected in steps b) and d).
- a comparison parameter is particularly helpful for comparing the effect of two or more different membrane proteins on the permeability of the cell membrane for the reporter substance, a comparison parameter being determined for each of the membrane proteins using the method of the invention.
- a comparison parameter can also be used to compare two or more different sensor proteins.
- a comparison parameter can be calculated particularly easily, for example, by forming a difference or a quotient of the signal strengths detected in steps b) and d).
- the quotient of a signal value according to step d) and a signal value according to step b) has already been described above.
- the difference between a signal value in accordance with step d) and a signal value in accordance with step b) can also be formed accordingly and serve as comparison parameters.
- Such simple comparison parameters are particularly advantageous if step d) was carried out only once, in particular when a determination is made at a point in time at which there is no longer any relevant change in signal strength, preferably if step d) is 60 to 240 minutes, for example 90 to 150 minutes is carried out after step c).
- a normalization can be carried out, for example, to the optical density at 600 nm (OD600nm).
- OD600nm optical density at 600 nm
- the OD600nm is a measure of the number of cells in a sample.
- normalization to the OD600nm has various disadvantages. For example, such a normalization can change the kinetics of the curve. Such normalization is also problematic for measurements in which the OD600nm exceeds a value of 1.
- a normalization to the OD600nm is also not advantageous for cell-lysing variants, since the OD600nm decreases over time in such variants and can falsify the signal.
- normalization can therefore preferably take place in another way, in particular via negative controls.
- the selection of the negative control depends on the reporter substance that is to be used. In particular, the negative control must be different from the reporter substance.
- normalization can be carried out using H + or K + as a negative control if H + or K + are not the reporter substance, for example in the case of Ca 2+ or glutamate as the reporter substance.
- the BM2 proton channel or a K + -specific channel are particularly relevant for these negative controls.
- normalization is dispensed with.
- normalization is preferably dispensed with when the method is carried out in microtiter plates, since with microtiter plates the signal strength is already averaged over many cells so that normalization is generally not associated with any further advantages .
- the time course of the signal strength is taken into account (e.g. with the help of half the maximum time (T1 / 2) and / or the slope of the signal strength as a function of time, see equation 1), the properties to be investigated can be mapped very well without that normalization has further advantages.
- the kinetics are independent of the expression pattern.
- normalization can be carried out. Normalization can be achieved, for example, by using one or more membrane proteins, each with known parameters, at half the maximum time and / or for the slope as control references.
- normalization can be dispensed with by ensuring that the expression level of the membrane proteins to be examined does not change or is only insignificant differs. This can be achieved, for example, by testing under comparable conditions, in particular by expressing the membrane proteins with the aid of the same promoter or the same promoter region.
- a comparison parameter calculated from the signal strengths can in particular be a kinetic parameter, that is to say a parameter with which the time course of the change in the signal strength can be characterized.
- step d) is preferably carried out several times at different times, so that a time profile of the change in the signal strength can be created.
- a temporal profile of the signal strength with a sigmoid curve profile is regularly obtained.
- the course of the signal strength over time can therefore preferably be described with a sigmoid function.
- the calculation of the comparison parameter from the signal strengths according to step e) preferably includes the data obtained on the signal strengths being empirically fitted with a sigmoid function, the comparison parameter calculated from the signal strengths being half the maximum time c and / or the maximum slope d is.
- the parameter a describes the lower signal level (baseline) and the parameter b describes the upper signal level (saturation).
- the parameter c specifies half the maximum time, that is to say the point in time x at which the signal strength f has reached half of its maximum value f max.
- the half-maximum time c corresponds in particular to the point in time at the turning point of the sigmoid curve.
- the parameter d indicates the maximum slope of f (x), i.e. the maximum rate of change of the signal strength as a function of time.
- the maximum slope d is at the turning point of the sigmoid curve.
- a comparison parameter calculated from the signal strengths is particularly preferably half the maximum time c and / or the maximum slope d Equation 1 requires that a high value for d corresponds to a low slope and that, conversely, a low value for d corresponds to a high slope.
- the method according to the invention it is possible to compare the properties of different membrane proteins with one another.
- the properties of different sensor proteins can also be compared with one another.
- the comparison parameters obtained according to step e) of the various proteins investigated are preferably compared with one another.
- Conclusions about the properties of the membrane proteins and / or sensor proteins can preferably be drawn from the comparison parameters according to step e) of the method according to the invention.
- a particularly large (high maximum value f max ) and / or rapid (low half-maximum time c and / or high slope, which is manifested by a low value d) increase in the signal strength due to the induction of the expression of the membrane protein preferably indicates that it is a particularly beneficial protein.
- a particularly small (low maximum value f max ) and / or slow (high half-maximum time c and / or low slope, which is manifested by a high value d) increase in the signal strength preferably indicates that it is a particularly disadvantageous protein acts. Ultimately, however, it depends on the application scenario. If a rapid and strong influx of the reporter substance is desired, then the slope d should be high and the half the maximum time c may be low. If, on the other hand, one would like to have a slow influx of the report substance, a small slope d and a high half-maximum time c are given before.
- the proteins examined can be classified based on the comparison results.
- a particularly large and / or rapid increase in the signal strength due to the induction of the expression of the membrane protein shows that this increases the permeability of the cell membrane for the reporter substance to a particular degree.
- a particularly small and / or slow increase in the signal strength shows that the permeability of the cell membrane for the reporter substance was only increased to a small extent.
- there is no increase in permeability at all so that there is no increase in signal strength.
- the appropriate membrane proteins can then be selected based on the results obtained. In order to obtain comparable results, it is advantageous to use the same sensor proteins in all experiments when examining different membrane proteins.
- the method according to the invention is also suitable for characterizing various sensor proteins.
- a particularly large increase in the signal strength (high maximum value f max ) due to the induction of the expression of the membrane protein shows in this case that the sensor protein achieves a particularly high signal strength per reporter substance.
- a particularly rapid increase in signal strength indicates a high temporal resolution of the sensor protein.
- a particularly small (low maximum value f max ) and / or slow (high half-maximum time c and / or low slope d) increase in the signal strength shows that the signal strength per reporter substance or the temporal resolution of the sensor protein is not high. In extreme cases, there is no increase in signal strength at all. This shows that the sensor protein tested is not at all suitable for detecting the corresponding report substance.
- the appropriate sensor proteins can be selected based on the results obtained.
- the screening process therefore preferably comprises the further step: f) determining the DNA sequence coding for the membrane protein and / or the DNA sequence coding for the sensor protein.
- the protein sequence of the membrane protein and / or sensor protein can also be determined.
- the DNA sequence can be determined with much simpler means than the protein sequence. Therefore, the DNA sequence is preferably determined.
- the DNA sequence can be determined using DNA sequencing methods. A large number of such sequencing methods are known to the person skilled in the art.
- the protein sequence can easily be determined using the known triplet coding.
- cells and a medium surrounding the cells are provided.
- the cells are preferably microorganisms, in particular selected from the group consisting of bacteria, unicellular fungi, microscopic algae, protozoa and combinations thereof. Due to their comparatively high transformation efficiency and “genetic malleability”, microorganisms are preferably used in the context of the present invention.
- the cells can be, for example, gram-negative or gram-positive bacteria or yeasts.
- the cells are particularly preferably selected from the group consisting of E. coli, S. cerevisiae, B. subtilis and combinations thereof.
- the cells are particularly preferably selected from the group consisting of E. coli, B. subtilis and combinations thereof.
- the cells are particularly preferably prokaryotic microorganisms, in particular bacteria, for example selected from the group consisting of gram-positive bacteria and gram-negative bacteria. Even more preferably, the cells are gram-positive bacteria, in particular Bacillus subtilis.
- the E. coli cell is particularly preferred.
- the E. coli cell is very particularly preferably the E. coli inner membrane and the cell membrane is the inner membrane.
- Steps a) to e), more preferably a) to f), are preferably carried out for at least 5, preferably at least 10, more preferably at least 20, further preferably at least 50, more preferably 10 2 to 10 8 membrane proteins with different amino acid sequences .
- Steps a) to e), more preferably a) to f) are preferably carried out for at least 5, preferably at least 10, more preferably at least 20, more preferably at least 50, more preferably 10 2 to 10 8 sensor proteins with different amino acid sequences.
- the method of the present invention includes the detection of a signal which is dependent on the concentration of a reporter substance in the cell and which is generated with the aid of a sensor protein expressed in the cell.
- the signal is preferably a fluorescence signal, a bioluminescence signal or an absorption signal.
- the sensor protein is preferably selected from the group consisting of cation-specific protein sensors, amino acid-specific protein sensors and combinations thereof, in particular from the group consisting of Ca 2+ -specific protein sensors, L-Glu-specific protein sensors and combinations thereof.
- the sensor protein is particularly preferably selected from the group consisting of R-GECO-1 (SEQ ID NO: 23), G-GECO-1 (SEQ ID NO: 24), iGluSnFR (SEQ ID NO: 25) and variants of the sensor proteins mentioned , in particular those variants which have a sequence identity with the protein sequence of at least one of the sensor proteins R-GECO-1, G-GECO-1 and iGluSnFR of at least 90%, more preferably at least 95%, more preferably at least 98%, more preferably at least 99%.
- the method of the present invention is particularly suitable for comparing different variants of a sensor protein with one another and selecting those with desired properties from the large number of variants.
- Relevant properties for the selection of certain sensor proteins can be, for example, the signal strength per reporter substance and / or the temporal resolution of the sensor protein. It is often desirable to select sensor proteins with particularly high sensitivity and / or specificity with regard to the respective reporter substance.
- sequence identity refers to the ratio of the number of these identical amino acids to the total number of amino acids in the sequence listed in the sequence listing of the present invention.
- the reporter substance is preferably selected from the group consisting of cations, amino acids, peptides, proteins and metabolic products and intermediates (the metabolic products and intermediates in particular aromatic substances such as 3,4-hydrobenzoic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 1, 2-catechol and cis-cis-muconic acid), and combinations thereof.
- the reporter substance is particularly preferably selected from the group consisting of cations, amino acids and combinations thereof, in particular from the group consisting of Ca 2+ , glutamate and combinations thereof.
- the reporter substance can be a cation.
- Various cations are suitable as reporter substances.
- the reporter substance is preferably selected from the group consisting of Ca 2+ , Na + , K + , Mg 2+ , Zn 2+ and combinations thereof.
- the reporter substance Ca 2+ is particularly preferred.
- the reporter substance can be an amino acid.
- Various amino acids are suitable as report substances.
- the amino acid is preferably selected from the group consisting of glutamate (L-Glu), glycine (L-Gly), threonine (L-Thr) and combinations thereof.
- a particularly preferred amino acid is glutamate (L-Glu).
- the membrane protein is selected from the group consisting of pore-forming membrane proteins, membrane transporters and combi nations thereof, in particular from the group consisting of Pinholinen (particularly S 21 -68 S 21 -71 S 21 -71 M4A, SGS ATMD1-S 21 68 , TVMV ATMD1-S 21 68), Holinen (S 105 , S 107 , S 107 -M3A, T4, ⁇ A c- Taii AN - Taii ⁇ A c- Taii ⁇ vira
- en potassium channels especially K CV NTS , K CV NTS G77S , K CV PBCV1
- components of the toxin / antitoxin (TA) system especially HokB, TisB), hemolysin proteins (especially aHLA), artificial pores (especially cWZA), proton porters (especially BM2), HCV -Membran
- S 21 -68 SEQ ID NO: 1
- S 21 -71 SEQ ID NO: 2
- S 21 -71 M4A SEQ ID NO: 3
- SG S ATMD1-S 21 68 SEQ ID NO: 4
- TVMV ATMD1-S 21 68 SEQ ID NO: 5
- S 105 SEQ ID NO: 6
- S 107 SEQ ID NO: 7
- S 107 -M3A SEQ ID NO: 8
- T4 SEQ ID NO: 9
- T4 AC - ail SEQ ID NO: 10
- AN-Taii T4A c-Taii S EQ
- K CV NTS SEQ ID NO: 12
- K C v NTS G77S SEQ ID NO: 13
- Kcv PBCV1 SEQ ID NO: 14
- HokB SEQ ID NO: 15
- TisB SEQ ID NO: 16
- the method of the present invention is particularly suitable for comparing different variants of a membrane protein with one another and for selecting those with desired properties from the large number of variants.
- a particularly relevant property for the selection of certain membrane proteins can be, for example, the degree of permeability for a reporter substance. It is often desirable to select membrane proteins with particularly high sensitivity and / or specificity with regard to the respective reporter substance.
- Another preferred membrane proteins are S 21 -66 (SEQ ID NO: 28), S 21 -64 (SEQ ID NO: 29), S 21 -62 (SEQ ID NO: 30), S 21 -60 (SEQ ID NO: 31 ), S 21 -58 (SEQ ID NO: 32), S 21 -56 (SEQ ID NO: 33), S 21 -54 (SEQ ID NO: 34), S 21 -52 (SEQ ID NO: 35), S 21 -50 (SEQ ID NO: 36), S 21 -48 (SEQ ID NO: 37), S 21 -46 (SEQ ID NO: 38), S 21 -44 (SEQ ID NO: 39), S 21 -42 (SEQ ID NO: 40), S 21 -40 (SEQ ID NO: 41), S 21 -38 (SEQ ID NO: 42) and variants of said proteins, particularly those variants that have a sequence identity with at least one of Have sequences from SEQ ID NO: 28-42 of at least 90%, more preferably at least 95%, more preferably at least 98%, more
- Membranprote ine Particularly preferred are S 21 -64 (SEQ ID NO: 29), S 21 -62 (SEQ ID NO: 30), S 21 -60 (SEQ ID NO: 31), S 21 -58 (SEQ ID NO: 32), S 21 -56 (SEQ ID NO: 33), S 21 -54 (SEQ ID NO: 34), S 21 -52 (SEQ ID NO: 35), S 21 -50 (SEQ ID NO: 36) , S 21 -48 (SEQ ID NO: 37) and variants of said proteins, particularly those variants that have a sequence identity with at least one of the sequences of SEQ ID NO: 29-37 of at least 90%, more preferably at least 95%, more preferably at least 98%, more preferably at least 99%.
- pin holin variant S 21 -48 (SEQ ID NO: 37) and variants thereof, particularly those variants that have a sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 37 of at least 90%, more preferably Minim least 95%, more preferably at least 98%, more preferably at least 99%.
- Another preferred membrane proteins are N-terminal variants of S 21 -71 of SEQ ID NO: 43 and variants thereof, particularly those variants that have a sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: of at least 90%, more preferably at least 95%, more preferably min 43 at least 98%, more preferably at least 99%.
- SEQ ID NO: 43 Ala, Arg, Asn, Asp, Gin, Glu, Gly, His, Ile, Leu, Lys, Phe, Ser, Thr, Trp, Tyr or, independently of one another, can be used at each of the positions indicated by “Xaa” Val be provided.
- membrane proteins are the N-terminal variants of S 21 -71 of SEQ ID NO: 44 (clone P14E5), SEQ ID NO: 45 (clone P14C11), SEQ ID NO: 46 (clone P15D3)
- SEQ ID NO: 47 (clone P7D10), SEQ ID NO: 48 (clone P3G3), SEQ ID NO: 49 (clone P3E5), and variants of the proteins mentioned, in particular those variants which have a sequence identity with at least one of the sequences from SEQ ID NO: 44-49 of at least 90%, more preferably at least 95%, more preferably at least 98%, more preferably at least 99%.
- the screening method of the present invention is distinguished from known methods in particular by its high temporal resolution.
- the temporal resolving power is determined in particular by the speed of expression and the speed of the membrane protein when increasing the permeability of the cell membrane for the reporter substance. There are also other factors, such as the sensitivity of the method used to detect the signal.
- a particularly high temporal resolution can be achieved, for example, with the help of dynamic single cell measurements using microfluidics.
- Step d) is preferably carried out at most 120 minutes, preferably at most 60 minutes, more preferably at most 45 minutes, more preferably at most 30 minutes, more preferably at most 15 minutes, more preferably at most 10 minutes after step c).
- maintaining a certain time interval between steps c) and d), for example at least 2 minutes or at least 5 minutes, can be advantageous, in particular to ensure particularly robust signal detection.
- step d) takes place in a period of 2 to 1000 minutes, for example 5 to 750 minutes, 10 to 500 minutes, 15 to 400 minutes, 20 to 300 minutes, 30 to 240 minutes, 45 to 180 minutes Minutes or 60 to 150 minutes after inducing according to step c) of the method.
- Step d) is preferably carried out after step c) at most 1000 minutes, preferably at most 750 minutes, more preferably at most 500 minutes, more preferably at most 400 minutes, more preferably at most 300 minutes, more preferably at most 240 minutes.
- the present invention also relates to a kit for performing the screening method.
- the kit preferably comprises i. DNA coding for at least two membrane proteins and DNA coding for a sensor protein, or ii. DNA coding for at least two sensor proteins and DNA coding for a membrane protein.
- the kit preferably contains DNA encoding at least 5, preferably at least 10, more preferably at least 20, more preferably at least 50, more preferably 10 2 to 10 8 membrane proteins.
- the kit preferably contains DNA encoding at least 5, preferably at least 10, more preferably at least 20, more preferably at least 50, more preferably 10 2 to 10 8 sensor proteins.
- the DNA for the various membrane proteins (case i.) Or sensor proteins (case ii.) Is preferably in a separate form in the kit. This makes it easier to carry out the process specifically with the desired proteins.
- the DNA is preferably in the form of plasmid DNA.
- the DNA can be present in the kit in isolated form, for example in dried form or in the form of solutions.
- the DNA can also be located within cells. In this case the cells are also part of the kit.
- the kit can also comprise the reporter substance, for example in the form of a salt.
- Figure 1 Formation or opening of a (protein) nanopore with promiscuous or specifically Ca2 + -specific permeability, for example in the inner membrane of Escherichia coli, leads to the inflow or outflow of Ca2 +.
- the possibility can consequently be used to measure the ligand-dependent fluorescence of a genetically encoded sensor inside the cell at the individual cell level.
- this enables the construction of pore-forming membrane peptides by means of various screening formats from microtiter plates down to the single cell level by means of a flow cytometer.
- Figure 2 The formation or opening of a (protein) nanopore with promiscuous permeability, for example in the inner membrane of Escherichia coli, leads to the inflow or outflow of a ligand such as a specific metabolic product.
- a ligand such as a specific metabolic product.
- the possibility can consequently be used to measure the ligand-dependent fluorescence of a genetically-coded sensor inside the cell at the individual cell level. In practice, this enables the construction of tailor-made protein sensors using various screening formats down to the individual cell level using a flow cytometer.
- Figure 3 Assay validation with (A) pACYCT2- TVMV ATMD1-S 21 68 (negative control) and (B) pACYCT2- SGS ATMD1-S 21 68 (positive control) each in double transformation with pPR ⁇ 24-R- GEC01 in the microtiter plate test. While the pACYCT2- TVMV ATMD1-S 21 68 variant shows a steady ODeoo nm increase and thus unchanged growth after induction, the growth curve of the pACYCT2-ATMD1-S 21 68 variant stagnates promptly.
- the fluorescence channel (Ex: 555 nm; Em: 600 nm) shows a sigmoidal increase in the R-GEC01 signal in the toxic SGS ATMD1-S 21 68 variant, while the negative control TVMV ATMD1-S 21 68 has a steady baseline shows;
- Figure 4 Analysis of the pore-forming properties for the wild type holins or Pinholine S 21 -68 and S 105 as well as the corresponding anti-holins / Pinholine.
- Figure 5 Analysis of the pore-forming properties for the wild-type T4 holin as well as holin fragments derived therefrom with deleted N- and C-terminal domains.
- Figure 6 Analysis of the pore-forming properties for different variants of Kcv channels with different opening states.
- Figure 7 Analysis of the pore-forming properties for various nanopores HokB, TisB, cWZA and a-hemolysin.
- Figure 8 Analysis of the pore-forming properties for various nanopores and transmembrane peptides.
- Figure 9 Model selection for the 1: 5 dilution of pACYCT2- SGS ATMD1-S 21 68 to pACY CT2- TVMV ATM D 1 -S 21 68 (20% positive control and 80% negative control) + pPR ⁇ 24-R- GEC01.
- A Blank H6, positive control H7-H9; Negative control H10-H12.
- the values of A (before induction) and B (after induction) are RFU (Ex: 555 nm; Em: 600 nm) divided by the ODeoo nm ; C shows the ratio of B to A.
- B After the induction of R-GEC01 but before the induction of the pore, the signal is consistently low.
- Figure 10 Model selection for the 1:10 dilution of pACYCT2-ATMD1-S 21 68 to pACY CT2- TVMV ATM D 1 -S 21 68 (20% positive control and 80% negative control) + pPR ⁇ 24-R-GEC01.
- A Blank H6, positive control H7-H9; Negative control H10-H12.
- the values of A (before induction) and B (after induction) are AU (Ex: 555 nm; Em: 600 nm) divided by the OD 6 oo nm; C shows the ratio of B to A. Similar to the 1: 5 model selection, the signal is low after induction of R-GEC01, but before induction of the pore.
- Figure 11 Overview of the pore-forming properties from the 3xNNK s 21 -68 library measured at the half-maximum time. Holine and pinholin fragments are each entered as a reference.
- Figure 12 Overview of the pore-forming properties from the 3xNNK s 21 -68 library measured on the slope. Holine and pinholin fragments are each entered as a reference.
- Figure 13 Characterization of five individual variants selected from the 3xNNK s 21 -68 library.
- the selected variants each have different tendencies to form pores, depending on the N-terminal mutations.
- Figure 14 After expression of various pore-forming membrane peptides, the outflow of the GECO from the cell was determined quantitatively in the cell pellet and in the supernatant by means of a fluorescent SDS-PAGE (the latter is assessed as a loss of cellular integrity). The GECO and the various nanopores were expressed for different times as indicated. In contrast to SGS ATMD1-S 21 68 and BM2, the expression of T4 holin and HokB leads to complete lysis in the exponential growth phase (- R-GECO 2h // pore 3h). The Antiholine S 21 -71 and S 107 as well as TisB lead to averaged values. In the anti-Holi- NEN S 21 -71 and S 107 is, however, to consider that the pore-forming holins can be expressed by shifting the raster translation and thus may lead to a aboveaverage high lysis of the cell.
- Figure 15 Time-resolved measurement of the GECO-related fluorescence in the pellet in comparison to the supernatant as a function of cell growth measured using the OD600.
- SGS ATMD1-S 21 68 and the BM2 proton channel the fluorescence is retained in the case of stagnant growth.
- the expression of HokB and the T4 holin leads to a loss of cellular integrity and a time-dependent increase in fluorescence in the supernatant.
- Figure 17 Example image for the model selection from pACYCT2- SGS ATMD1-S 21 68 to pACY CT2- TVMV ATM D 1 -S 21 68 (20% positive control and 80% negative control) + pPR024-R- GEC01. The colonies of the positive control appear dark to black in contrast to colonies of the negative control, which appear light gray.
- Figure 18 Exemplary FACS cytograms. All Events (left diagrams): Refers to forward and backward scatter and provides an indication of cellular integrity (remains independent of the expression of SGS ATMD1-S 21 68 and TVMV ATMD1-S 21 68) ; M (diagram on the right): Refers to fluorescence as a function of the expression of SGS ATMD1-S 21 68 and TVMV ATMD1-S 21 68 (also separated according to the Forward Scattefy.Two different populations can be seen depending on the expression of the two different membrane peptides; M (bottom diagram): Refers exclusively to the GECO-related fluorescence signal. Again, two different populations can be recognized depending on the expression of the two different membrane peptides.
- Figure 19 Exemplary FACS cytograms. All Events (diagram, top left): Refers to forward and backward scatter and provides an indication of cellular integrity (remains independent of the expression SGS ATMD1-S 21 68 and TVMV ATMD1-S 21 68) ; M: Refers to the distribution of the fluorescence signal (depending on the forward scatter).
- the marked gate (circled) marks the area that will be preselected; Fluorescence All Events (diagram, top right): Refers to the distribution of the fluorescence signal within the preselected gate (this time independent of Forward Scattefy U: Refers exclusively to the distribution of the fluorescent signal in the preselected gate in which in final instance the events (ie events) with the highest fluorescence are selected (in this case 17.1%)
- Figure 20 Expression of the iGluSNFr leads to an increase in fluorescence, which, through coexpression of the pore-forming peptide SGS ATMD1-S 21 68, causes an outflow of L-Glu from the cell and thus a reduction in fluorescence. No reduction in fluorescence was observed when the proton channel BM2 and the non-pore-forming membrane peptide TVMV ATMD1-S 21 68 were coexpressed.
- Figure 21 Expression of iGluSNFr leads to an increase in fluorescence, S107-M3A and HokB effected by coexpression of the pore-forming peptides S-21 M4A -71 to a discharge of L-Glu from the cell and thus reduction in fluorescence.
- Figure 22 Expression of the iGluSNFr leads to an increase in fluorescence. However, coexpression of different K + -conducting ion channels does not cause any outflow of L-Glu and thus no reduction in fluorescence.
- Figure 23 Exemplary image sections of the fluorescence microscopic images of cells in the microfluidic cultivation chamber shown for the S 21 68 pinholin at four different times after 21 min (0:21 h), 63 min (1:03 h), 105 min (1st : 45 h) and 399 min (6:39 h).
- FIG. 24 Summary of the fluorescent signal course for the S 21 68 pinholin as well as for the T4 holin in a microfluidic cultivation chamber.
- the fluorescence in Relative Fluorescence Units (RFU) was plotted against time for all cells from a single cultivation chamber. The induction of the nanopore is shown with a dashed line.
- Fig. 25 Comparison of the 3xNNK S21 68 library examined in the context of the two different expression vectors pCTRL2 and pCTRL2.T7.100.sRBS.
- the spread of the half maximum time c and the slope d is greater in the case of the weaker expressing promoter pCTRL2.T7.100.sRBS than in comparison to pCTRL2 in the context of the T7.wt.sRBS promoter.
- Using a weaker expressing promoter enables, for example in the context of a library selection, a better differentiation of the pore-forming properties.
- Fig. 26A Summary of the fluorescent signal course for the 3xNNK s 21 68 library in microtiter plates. The analysis was carried out for each individual amino acid at the three different positions Xi, X2 and X3 (each marked in the graph as position 1, position 2 and position 3) in order to calculate the average half-maximum time c and the average slope d. The average values were calculated regardless of the context of the sequence.
- Fig. 26B Summary of the fluorescent signal course for the 3xNNK s 21 68 library in microtiter plates.
- the individual amino acids at the three different positions Xi, X2 and X3 (each marked in the graph as position 1, position 2 and position 3) were combined into groups with comparable chemical properties by the average half-maximum time c and calculate the average slope d. The average values were calculated regardless of the context of the sequence.
- Fig. 27 Summary of the fluorescent signal curve for the S 21 68 truncation library in microtiter plates.
- the kinetic course curves for the individual truncation variants were empirically fitted with equation 1 in order to quantitatively determine the half-maximum time c and the slope d.
- Fig. 28 Summary of the fluorescent signal curve for the S 21 68 truncation library in colonies on agar plates. For the evaluation, the data from a constant image section of the agar plate were analyzed with the aid of image evaluation software and the maximum fluorescence was plotted against time. The numbers along the X-axis indicate the truncation variant.
- pPR024 The pPR024 plasmid contains a class A Ori and a titratable propionate-inducible promoter (Environmental Microbiology, 2005, 71, 6856-62). This enables flexible control of the expression of a molecular sensor such as the Ca 2+ -specific R- and G-GECOs (Science, 2011, 333, 1888-1891).
- pOSIP-CH enables the installation of gene expression cassettes of co-expression in defined locations of the E.coii genome. Specifically, the incorporation is made possible by co-expression of the HK022 integrase. Integration of gene expression cassettes e.g. for the R- and G-GECO sensors enables a more stable propagation and expression of the R- and G-GECOs cassettes in E.coii (due to uniform copy numbers).
- pACYCT2 The pACYCT2 plasmid contains a class B Ori (p15A) + chloro- mphenicol resistance and a tac promoter that can be induced by IPTG (Nucleic Acids Research, 2013, 41, e150). Is used as an expression vector for various dene Pinholine derived therefrom as well as variants of S 21 -68 Pinholine: In particular, the probe-pore and non-pore forming membrane peptides ATMD1 SGS-S 21 68 (PNAS, 2009, 106, 18966-18971) and TVMV ATMD1- S 21 -68.
- pTeT7W Dual promoter vector based on the pACYCT2 backbone with p15A Ori + chloramphenicol resistance and Lacl repressor for the independent co-expression of two proteins.
- a TetR expression cassette including promoter from pASK and tac was replaced with the T7 promoter from pET24. This enables the expression of the two proteins by means of IPTG and tetracycline.
- pCTRL2 Expression vector for the expression of toxic membrane channels and membrane peptides. Based on the pACYCT2 vector. The gene expression cassette is flanked on both sides by transcription terminators (ACS Synthetic Biology, 2015, 20, 4, 265-73) and the basal expression of potentially non-specific proteins is to be suppressed. Expression takes place under the control of a Lacl repressor mutant with increased suppression of gene expression (Microbial Cell Factories, 2013, 12, 67). The underlying promoter is referred to in the present disclosure as T7.wt.sRBS. The transcription cassette in the context of the pCTRL2 with T7.wt.sRBS promoter is shown in SEQ ID NO: 50 as an example for the expression of the fluorescent protein mkO-kappa. The fluorescent protein mkO-kappa is replaced by a membrane protein in each of the experiments.
- pCTRL2.T7.100.sRBS Expression vector for the expression of toxic membrane channels and membrane peptides. Based on the pACYCT2 vector. The gene expression cassette is flanked on both sides by transcription terminators (ACS Synthetic Biology, 2015, 20, 4, 265-73) in order to suppress the basal expression of potentially non-specific proteins. Expression takes place under the control of a Lacl repressor mother with increased suppression of gene expression (Microbial Cell Factories, 2013, 12, 67). Compared to pCTRL2, the distance between the ribosome-binding site and the binding site for the lac repressor in this expression vector is shortened in pCTRL2.T7.100.sRBS and thus causes less expression of the respective nanopore.
- the underlying promoter is referred to in the present disclosure as T7.100.sRBS.
- the transcription cassette in the context of the pCTRL2.T7.100.sRBS with T7.100.sRBS promoter is shown in SEQ ID NO: 51 as an example for the expression of the fluorescent protein mkO-kappa.
- the fluorescent protein mkO-kappa is replaced by a membrane protein in each of the experiments.
- the BL21 (DE3) E. coli were made chemically competent together with the pPR024-R-GEC01 or pPR024-G-GEC01. This strain enables efficient transformation and screening of pore-forming membrane peptides, nanopores and ion channels that are expressed via the pACYCT2, pTeT7W or pCTRL2.
- This strain contains the expression cassette for R- and G-GEC01 in a genomically integrated variant. Specifically, the gene for the R- or G-GEC01 was stably integrated into the attB site of the E. coli genome using the pOSIP-CH plasmid (ACS Synthetic Biology, 2013, 2, 537-41). This strain enables efficient transformation and screening of pore-forming membrane peptides, nanopores and ion channels that are introduced via the pACYC2, pTeT7W or pCTRL2
- R-GECO-1 Red fluorescent Ca 2+ -specific protein sensor (Science, 2011, 333, 1888-1891). Is preferably used in microtiter plates and colonies as a genetically coded reporter to detect the influence of Ca 2+ after a pore has formed in the inner membrane of E. coli.
- G-GECO-1 Green fluorescent Ca 2+ specific protein sensor (Science, 2011, 333, 1888-1891). Is preferably used in the flow cytometer as a genetically coded reporter to detect the influence of Ca 2+ after a pore has formed in the inner membrane of E. coli.
- iGluSnFR Designates a class of fluorescent protein sensors specifically for L-Glu (Nature Methods, 2013, 10, 162-70). Is used to detect low molecular weight substances and substances beyond Ca 2+ or to cause nanopore-dependent changes in the fluorescent signal. Overview of membrane proteins, ion channels and pore-forming membrane peptides:
- S 21 -68 wild type of the S 21 -68 pinholin of the bacteriophage P21 with pronounced and defined pore-forming properties (PNAS, 2009, 106, 18966-18971). The exact mechanism of pore formation is currently unclear. Initially, an inactive conformation is assumed in the form of an antiparallel a-helix with cytosolic N and C termini that accumulates in the inner membrane of E. coli. A concentration-related increase in S 21 -68 then leads to a flip of the first transmembrane domain through the lipid bilayer and to pore formation.
- S 21 -71 M4A mutant of S 21 -71 Anti-Pinholins is mutated in the fourth, the second methionine to alanine. This basically prevents the expression of the wild-type S 21 -68 pinholin, which in the case of S 21 -71 can in principle also be expressed by shifting the translation initiation site by three amino acids. Compared to S 21 -71 Anti-Pinholin, pore formation is thus further delayed.
- N-terminal S 21 -71 mutants N-terminal mutants of S 21 -71 Anti-Pinholins with the following polypeptide sequence:
- MXXXDKISTGIAYGTSAGSAGYWFLQWLDQVSPSQWAAIGVLGSLVLGFL- TYLTNLYFKIREDRRKAARGE (SEQ ID NO: 43), where A, R, N, D, Q, E, G, H, F, S, L, K, K, T, W, Y or V can be provided.
- SGS ATMD1-S 21 68 fragment of the S 21 -68 pinholin in which the first transmembrane domain ⁇ TMD1 was deleted. Expression is principally toxic, presumably due to the ability to form at least transient pores in the inner membrane of E. coli (PN AS, 2009, 106, 18966-18971; Molecular Microbiology, 2010, 76, 68-77).
- MSGSMWAAIGVLGSLVLGFLTYLTNLYFKIREDRRKAARGE SEQ ID NO: 4
- MSSSGGSETVRFQSGSMWAAIGVLGSLVLGFLTYLTNLYFKIREDRRKAARGE SEQ ID NO: 5
- S 105 wild type of S 105 pinholin of bacteriophage I with pronounced pore-forming properties (PNAS, 2010, 107, 2219-23). In contrast to the S 21 -68 Pinholin is believed that the S105 Holin big pm-large pores formed. However, the exact mechanism is unclear based on the current state of knowledge.
- S 107 wild type of the S 107 anti-pinholin of bacteriophage 1. Analogous to S 21 -71 anti-pinholin, the pore-forming properties are severely restricted due to two additional amino acids MK at the N-terminus. According to the current state of knowledge, however, the exact mechanism is unclear (Molecular Microbiology, 1993, 8, 525-33).
- Polypeptide sequence MKMPEKHDLLAAILAAKEQGIGAILAFAMAYLRGRYNGGAFTKTVIDATMCAIIA- WFIRDLLDFAGLSSNLAYITSVFIGYIGTDSIGSLIKRFAAKKAGVEDGRNQ (SEQ ID NO: 7)
- S 107 -M3A mutant of S 107 anti-pinholin in which the third methione is mutated to alanine. This basically prevents the expression of the wild-type S 105 holin, which in the case of S 107 can in principle also be expressed by shifting the translation initiation site by 3 amino acids. Compared to S 107 Anti-Holin, pore formation is thus further delayed.
- T4 pinholin wild type of the T4 pinholin of the bacteriophage T4 with strongly pronounced pore-forming properties.
- the T4 pinholin has a tansmembrane mane with a long periplasmic C-terminus and a short cytosolic N-terminus.
- both terms are regulated by an antiholin mechanism, which is completely different from the previously known Holinen S 105 and S 21 68 (Journal of Bacteriology, 2016, 198, 2448-57). This means that no flipping of individual transmembrane helices is currently postulated. However, the exact mechanism currently remains unclear.
- T4 AC Tai ' Truncated version of the T4 pinholin in which the periplasmic C-terminus was deleted. This variant is not toxic. Mechanism so far unknown.
- Polypeptide sequence AAPRISFSPSDILFGVLDRLFKDNATGKVLASRVAVVILLFIMAIVWY (SEQ ID NO: 10)
- Kcv NTS Viral potassium channel that specifically conducts potassium, but also lets calcium through.
- Kcv NTS G77S Based on Kcv NTS with a mutation at position 77 from glycine to serin. This mutation leads to a medium open probability and thus to a reduction in the conductivity of the potassium channel.
- Kcv PBCV1 Viral potassium channel that specifically conducts potassium, but is also permeable to calcium. Very low probability of opening and thus low conductivity (FEBS Lett, 2003, 552, 12-6).
- HokB pore-forming membrane peptide; Forms part of a bacterial efflux or toxin-antitoxin system. Specifically, HokB forms nanopores in the inner membrane and thus enables the unspecific outflow of toxic substances such as antibiotics (MBio. 2018, 9, pii: e00744-18).
- TisB pore-forming membrane peptide; Forms part of a bacterial efflux or toxin-antitoxin system. Specifically, TisB forms nanopores in the inner membrane and thus enables the unspecific outflow of toxic substances such as antibiotics (Biophysical Journal, 2012, 103, 1460-1469).
- aHLA refers to a pore-forming toxin from S. aureus (PN AS, 2008, 105, 19720-19725) Serves as a prototypical nanopore for a number of studies and projects in the field of nanopore engineering, especially in the development sensory applications. However, such projects are almost exclusively realized through the expression of aHLA in cell-free systems. Functional states are examined either using high-resolution biophysical methods or with blood cells as a substrate. Is basically exported extracellularly, also in E.coli.
- cWZA minimal pore-forming membrane peptide artificially derived from the transmembrane region of the membrane protein Wza (Nature Chemistry, 2017, 9, 411-419).
- cWZA has been shown to form well-defined heptameric pores; However, it is dependent on ring-shaped, low-molecular-weight substances that associate with the individual membrane peptides in order to form stable or defined nanopores in the membrane.
- MAPLVRWNRVISQLVPTITGVHDLTETVRYIKTWPN SEQ ID NO: 18
- BM2 proton channel from the influenza B virus (Chemical Sciences, 2018, 9, 2365-2375).). Permeable only for protons, depolarizes the inner membrane of E. coli, leads to cell death. Serves as a control to check the specificity of the pore-related influence of Ca 2+ in various screening formats.
- HCV TME1 and TME2 transmembrane domains of the hepatitis C virus envelope protein that bind to the membrane and have a toxic effect.
- HCV-TME1 MIAGAHWGVLAGIAYFSMVGNWAKVLVVLLLFAGVDA (SEQ ID NO: 20)
- HCV-TME2 MEYVVLLFLLLADARVCSCLWMMLLISQAEA (SEQ ID NO: 21)
- pore-forming from non-pore-forming membrane peptides can be quantitatively mapped and differentiated in E. coli using the newly developed genetic assay in microtiter plate format.
- Various parameters can be used to quantitatively characterize the pore-forming properties of a membrane peptide, a nanopore or an ion channel (Fig. 3). This includes the time-dependent influence of Ca 2+ (and the associated increase in fluorescence or the half-maximum time of the fluorescence signal) as well as the OD600:
- the intensity of the fluorescence signal reflects, among other things, the ability of a membrane peptide to form pores in the inner membrane; And the OD600 gives complementary information about the toxicity of a pore-forming peptide and the cellular integrity.
- Example 2 Investigation of the pore-forming properties of various membrane peptides, nanopores and ion channels in microtiter plates
- K + specific Kcv channels have a promiscuous permeability with regard to Ca 2+ ions, which lead to fluorescent signals of different levels depending on the opening state (Fig. 6).
- the method can thus be widely used in order to quantitatively measure the pore-forming properties or flow specificity of ion channels and nanopores in E. coli.
- Table 1 Overview of the different classes of nanopores and ion channels that were investigated using the novel method.
- the threshold value for both model selections and thus to select different properties.
- the kinetics i.e. the half-maximal time of the fluorescence signal or the slope
- the kinetics can also be analyzed, which can be seen immediately after the induction of the nanoprepore.
- the newly developed method can convert the DNA of the pore-forming membrane peptide SGS ATMD1-S 21 68 from a five- or ten-fold dilution to the non-pore-forming peptide TVMV ATMD1-S 21 68 in correspondingly equal proportions within a selection cycle in microtiter plate format re-identified, selected and thus enriched.
- this demonstrates that the link between genotype and phenotype is within the Selection cycle is retained and there is no counter-sense lesson under the given circumstances - for example, due to the toxicity of the pore-forming peptides - the desired properties takes place.
- Example 4 Selection experiments to find new properties and functions of pore-forming membrane peptides in microtiter plates
- a library of pore-forming variants of the wild-type pinholin S 21 68 in microtiter plate format was screened for new properties and functions.
- the primary goal of a real selection is to examine the extent to which a screening process can be used to identify novel properties or functions of pore-forming membrane peptides.
- analogous to the model selection experiments with the two pinholin variants TVMV ATMD1-S 21 68 and SGS ATMD1-S 21 68 (see example 3), the extent to which the pore-forming properties change in the context of a larger library when growing - i.e. before a function test is carried out - affects the relative frequency of variants.
- the three N-terminal amino acids of the natural S 21 71 pinholin were randomized by means of saturation mutagenesis in order to investigate which mutations had a positive or negative effect on the pore-forming properties of the wild-type S 21 71 pinholin.
- the mutagenesis primer for the S 21 71 antiholin is designed on the following base pair or amino acid sequence:
- R-GEC01 was first induced with 25 mM sodium propionate, pH 8.0, and the fluorescence was measured over 120 min. • The library and the positive and negative controls were then induced with 0.5 mM IPTG and the fluorescence was measured over a further 120 min.
- the screening of part of the library shows that changes in the N-terminal sequence in front of the first transmembrane domain (TMD) can change the pore-forming properties of the S 21 -68 pinholin.
- the first structure-function correlations indicate that charges have a strong influence on the slope as well as the half-maximum time of pore formation.
- the high transformation efficiency of the libraries of> 10 5 per pg DNA indicates that sufficiently large libraries of a principally toxic, pore-forming membrane peptide are routinely transformed into E.coli and its pore-forming properties using the optical reporter R-GEC01 and G-GEC01 can be read out. If necessary, the expression of the pore-forming peptides can be further suppressed in the non-induced state.
- Example 5 Preservation of the cellular integrity or extent of the cell lysis after expression of pore-forming membrane peptides
- R-GEC01 was first induced with 25 mM sodium propionate, pH 8.0, at 30 ° C and 180 rpm for 120 min.
- Example 6 Assay validation for screening pore-forming membrane peptides in individual colonies on agar plates
- the newly developed assay can also be used in the colony format on agar plates.
- screening methods based on colonies enable a higher throughput and are also not dependent on expensive laboratory equipment such as a microtiter plate spectrophotometer.
- the pore-forming membrane peptide SGS ATMD1-S 21 68 and the non-pore-forming membrane peptide TVMV ATMD1-S 21 68 served as model peptides again as positive and negative controls.
- the plate is cultivated for a further 2 hours at 37 ° C until it is subsequently stored at 4 ° C until the following day (protected from light)
- the newly developed method can also be used in the colony format on agar plates in order to distinguish pore-forming from non-pore-forming membrane peptides. Significant differences in the fluorescent signal between individual colonies can be observed after a single point in time, depending on the expression of pore-forming SGS ATMD1-S 21 68 or non-pore-forming membrane peptide TVMV ATMD1-S 21 68 (FIG. 16).
- Example 7 Model selections for screening pore-forming membrane peptides in colonies on agar plates
- model selections were used to test the extent to which the connection between genotype and phenotype was retained in individual colonies on agar plates within the entire selection cycle and the DNA of a pore-forming membrane peptide was re-identified from a larger amount of non-pore-forming membrane peptides, selected and can be enriched. Similar to the validation of the method in microtiter plates, screening for colonies enables a higher throughput and does not depend on expensive microtiter plate spectrophotometers. As before, the pore-forming membrane peptide SGS ATMD1-S 21 68 and the non-pore-forming membrane peptide TVMV ATMD1-S 21 68 served as model peptides again as positive and negative controls.
- the stamped plate is cultivated for 4 h at 37 ° C.
- the expression of the pinholin fragments is then induced with 0.5 mM IPTG.
- a filter paper is sprayed with the appropriate solution and held for approx. 10 seconds. placed on the colonies.
- the plate is cultivated for a further 2 hours at 37 ° C, protected from light, until it is subsequently stored at 4 ° C until the following day.
- Fig. 17 shows a representative picture of the fluorescence of the colonies. From the ratio 1: 5, 8 colonies with high fluorescence and 6 colonies of the 1:10 dilution were sequenced. Sequencing resulted in the positive control PACYCT2- SGS ATM D 1 -S 21 68 in all colonies.
- the pore-forming membrane peptides SGS ATMD1-S 21 68 can be distinguished from the non-pore-forming membrane peptide TVMV ATMD1-S 21 68 (a) quantitatively on agar plates and (b) selected from a greater dilution of 1: 5 and 1:10 can be enriched (Fig. 17).
- Example 8 Assay validation on single cell levels using a flow cytometer
- the newly developed assay can also be used to examine the pore-forming properties or functions of membrane peptides at the single cell level using a flow cytometer. Compared to microtiter plates (see Examples 1-5) or colonies on agar plates (see Examples 6 and 7), this has the advantage that the assay can be measured in high resolution and with a high statistical significance:> 10 6 variants within a FACS Measurement. Specifically, it was necessary to examine to what extent the quantitative evaluation or differentiation between pore-forming and non-pore-forming peptides is also possible at the level of individual cells.
- G-GEC01 was first cultured with 25 mM sodium propionate, pH 8.0, induced for 120 min at 30 ° C and 220 rpm.
- the flow cytometric analysis shows two different fluorescent populations of E. coli (depending on the expression of a pore-forming SGS ATMD1-S 21 68 compared to a non-pore-forming peptide TVMV ATMD1-S 21 68).
- a separation according to forward and backward scatter indicates that the cellular integrity is largely retained after expression of the pore-forming peptide and is therefore possible - that is, the method is in principle to distinguish suitable membrane peptides with different pore-forming properties at the individual cell level by flow cytometry.
- Example 9 Model selections at the single cell level using a flow cytometer
- the newly developed assay can be used to sort and enrich the pore-forming properties or functions of membrane peptides at the level of individual cells using a flow cytometer.
- this has the advantage that the assay can be carried out quantitatively with a very high throughput, which in principle enables> 10 6 variants to be screened within a selection cycle.
- the already known transmembrane peptides SGS ATMD1-S 21 68 and TVMV ATMD1-S 21 68 were used as positive and negative controls for this.
- G-GEC01 was first cultured with 25 mM sodium propionate, pH 8.0, induced for 120 min at 30 ° C and 220 rpm.
- the pore-forming membrane peptide SGS ATMD1-S 21 68 can be distinguished from the non-pore-forming membrane peptide TVMV ATMD1-S 21 68 (a) quantitatively at the single-cell level and (b) selected and enriched from a greater dilution of 1:10 . It should be noted that depending on the expression of a pore-forming peptide - in this case SGS ATMD1-S 21 68 - the cellular integrity of the cell is preserved to such an extent that selection by means of FACS is possible.
- the method can be reconfigured in order to optimize the combination of molecular sensors and switches.
- the challenge is to measure the molecular state of a sensor with and without a ligand (and thus to select the highest possible differential in the signal).
- a critical and technically demanding task is to feed a defined amount of a ligand to the sensor or switch in order to activate it.
- the senor or switch can e.g. be exported extracellularly or periplasmic.
- an externally added ligand can relatively easily associate with the sensor and switch.
- This also applies to sensors and switches exported periplasmic, since the outer E. coli membrane is comparatively permeable to a large number of low-molecular substances.
- fluorescent protein sensors consisting of several independently folding domains, however, this is only possible to a limited extent and also restricts folding properties and the stability of the sensor or switch.
- the challenge is to allow the ligand to flow into or out of the cell via the membrane. Due to the intrinsically impermeable membrane, however, this severely restricts the number and type of ligands.
- an increased permeability of the inner E. coli membrane should now be made possible through the expression of nanopores.
- the key development step is to investigate the extent to which low molecular weight substances, which are many times larger than Ca 2+ ions, can diffuse through nanopores of different sizes.
- the R- and G- GECOs with L-Glu-specific fluorescence sensors, so-called iGluSnFRs are exchanged in order to detect the inflow and outflow of L-Glu beyond Ca 2+ ions.
- the oboe of the precultures was set to 0.1 in microtiter plates (MTP) and the samples, each 200 ml of M9 medium, were shaken for 30 min at 37 ° C. and 180 rpm. • Then the iGluSNFr was first induced with 25 mM sodium propionate, pH 8.0, and the fluorescence was measured over 290 min.
- MTP microtiter plates
- Microfluidic methods enable high-resolution functional studies, especially in combination with optical measurement methods such as those based on fluorescence.
- Microfluidic processes offer a number of technical advantages such as miniaturization of bioanalytical processes (Journal of Laboratory Automation, 2013, 18, 350-66), time-resolved dynamic studies of microorganisms on the single cell level in a microfluidic cultivation chamber (see examples in the respective review articles Journal of Molecular Biology, 431, 2019, 4569-4588) or possibilities for high-throughput screening in droplet-sized compartments with single cells or in microcolonies (see examples in the respective review articles Current Opinion Structural Biology, 2018, 48, 149-156 and Current Opinion in Chemical Biology, 2017, 37, 137-144 and specifically ACS Synthetic Biology, 2017, 6, 1988-1995).
- the pore-forming properties of two different membrane proteins were examined in a microfluidic cultivation chamber at the individual cell level in a time-resolved form with a fluorescence microscope.
- microfluidic chip was flooded with LB medium, the cells were added and the flow rate through the microfluidic chip was set to 1 ml / min. The Cells were left in the microfluidic chip for 3 h at 37 ° C. so that they could collect and grow accordingly in the cultivation chambers.
- G-GEC01 was induced by changing to LB medium with 25 mM sodium propionate, pH 8.0, for 2 h at 30 ° C.
- nanopores were then induced by changing to LB medium with 0.5 mM IPTG and the development of the fluorescent signal was measured over 16 h.
- the fluorescent signal was measured using a fluorescence microscope at 30 ° C at an interval of 3 minutes. A transmitted light image and then a fluorescence image (Ex: 488 nm; Em: 504-539 nm) were made in the form of a Z-stack. From the induction of G-GEC01, a flow rate of 4 mI / min was applied.
- test series demonstrates the application of the method in a microfluidic device. Specifically, cells were cultivated in a microfluidic cultivation chamber and the pore-forming properties of the S 21 68 pinholin and the T4 holin were examined at the individual cell level in a time-resolved form using a fluorescence microscope.
- the expression of the S 21 68 pinholin causes the cells to rapidly stop dividing as well as a rapid increase in the fluorescent signal (Fig. 24). Measured by the shape of the cells, however, the cellular integrity remains intact for a comparatively long period of time (Fig. 23).
- the expression of the T4 holin also causes the cells to rapidly stop dividing, as well as a rapid increase in the fluorescent signal. In the case of the T4 holin, however, the fluorescent signal falls off again quickly (within 30 min). This is due to the fact that the T4 Holin is expected to form very large pores very quickly and these lead to a rapid influence of Ca 2+ and thus the cell to light up before the sensor flows out relatively quickly or the cellular integrity and cell lysis are lost (Fig. 24).
- the results obtained show that the “cellular container” remains intact despite pore-forming properties and that depending on the nanopore, Ca 2+ ions influence the cell.
- the time window is comparatively short (in this case 30 min) before either a loss of cellular integrity or leakage of the sensor occurs (Fig. 24).
- a library of pore-forming variants of the S 21 71 pinholin in microtiter plate format was also screened for changed pore-forming properties.
- the primary goal of a real selection is to examine the extent to which the process can be used to select membrane proteins with novel pore-forming properties and functions.
- the three N-terminal amino acids of the S 21 71 pinholin were randomized by means of saturation mutagenesis in order to investigate which mutations had a positive or negative effect on the pore-forming properties of the wild-type S 21 71 pinholin.
- it must be clarified to what extent the promoter strength, measured by the half-maximum time c and the slope d, has an influence on the dynamic range of the method in the context of a library selection.
- the mutagenesis primer for the S 21 71 pinholin is designed on the following DNA or amino acid sequence:
- the randomized codons are referred to as Xi, X2 and X ß or position 1, position 2 and position 3, respectively.
- the S 21 71 pinholin was amplified with the above-mentioned forward primer and a suitable reverse primer and cloned into the pCTRL2 or pCTRL2.T7.100.sRBS vector with the respective cleavage sites for Ndel / Kpnl.
- the OD600 of the precultures was set to 0.1 in microtiter plates and the samples, each 200 ml, shaken for 30 min at 37 ° C. and 180 rpm.
- the samples each 200 ml, shaken for 30 min at 37 ° C. and 180 rpm.
- pCTRL2- 3xNNK S 21 68 library were then picked with 271 clones.
- 576 clones were picked.
- the pore-forming properties of the 3xNNK s 21 68 library can be better experimentally resolved than with the stronger promoter (Fig. 25).
- this is clearly noticeable through a greater spread of the mean value with regard to the slope and the half-maximum time and consequently improves the dynamic range of the method, so that stronger pore images can be differentiated better due to the weaker protein expression.
- a sequence-structure-function analysis shows that negative charges at position 3, measured at half the maximum time c, accelerate pore formation by way of example (Fig. 26B, Tab. 1).
- aromatic amino acids at positions 1 and 3 can inhibit pore formation, measured at half the maximum time (Fig. 26B, Tab. 1).
- the S 21 68 pinholin was additionally truncated in increments of two amino acids and one functional using the method Subjected to investigations.
- Variant 1 screening of the S 21 68 truncation library in microtiter plates
- Microtiter plate read-out • After the cultivation of individual clones from 2. overnight, the oboe of the precultures was set to 0.1 in microtiter plates and the samples each 200 ⁇ l were shaken for 30 min at 37 ° C. and 180 rpm.
- Variant 2 screening of the S 21 68 truncation library in agar plates
- the reporter G-GEC01 was induced by spraying 500 mM sodium propionate pH 8.0 onto the agar plate with an airbrush so that all colonies were slightly wetted. The agar plates were then incubated for 180 minutes at 20 ° C. in the dark. • The expression of the truncation variants was then induced by spraying a 50 mM IPTG solution onto the agar plate again with an airbrush and all colonies were slightly wetted. The agar plates were then incubated for a further 240 minutes at 20 ° C. in the dark.
- a truncation of the S 21 -68 pinholin in increments of two amino acids causes different fluorescent signals and provides new insights into the structural and functional properties that are subject to the pore formation of the S 21 -68 pinholin.
- the two N-terminal amino acids D and K in the context of the S 21 -68 pinholin have an inhibitory effect on the formation of the nanopore.
- Further truncation improves the pore-forming properties up to the complete truncation of the aromatic motif YWFQLW.
- the S 21 -48 pinholin variant can now serve as a minimal nanopore motif for further construction projects.
- the course of the fluorescent signals in microtiter plates is consistent with the fluorescent signals in the colony format on agar plates (Fig. 28).
- the latter thus enables cost-effective screening of colonies on agar plates and can be used, for example, to preselect libraries with a very high throughput in order to then determine the pore-forming properties for a reduced number of variants with the help of a fluorescence spectometer with regard to half the maximum time c and the slope d to quantify.
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