Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K7/00—Peptides having 5 to 20 amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
  • C07K7/04—Linear peptides containing only normal peptide links
  • C07K7/06—Linear peptides containing only normal peptide links having 5 to 11 amino acids
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23K—FODDER
  • A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
  • A23K20/10—Organic substances
  • A23K20/142—Amino acids; Derivatives thereof
  • A23K20/147—Polymeric derivatives, e.g. peptides or proteins
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
  • A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
  • A23L33/10—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof using additives
  • A23L33/17—Amino acids, peptides or proteins
  • A23L33/18—Peptides; Protein hydrolysates
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
  • A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
  • A61K8/30—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds
  • A61K8/64—Proteins; Peptides; Derivatives or degradation products thereof
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
  • A61L29/00—Materials for catheters, medical tubing, cannulae, or endoscopes or for coating catheters
  • A61L29/14—Materials characterised by their function or physical properties, e.g. lubricating compositions
  • A61L29/16—Biologically active materials, e.g. therapeutic substances
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
  • A61L31/00—Materials for other surgical articles, e.g. stents, stent-grafts, shunts, surgical drapes, guide wires, materials for adhesion prevention, occluding devices, surgical gloves, tissue fixation devices
  • A61L31/14—Materials characterised by their function or physical properties, e.g. injectable or lubricating compositions, shape-memory materials, surface modified materials
  • A61L31/16—Biologically active materials, e.g. therapeutic substances
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/04—Antibacterial agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
  • A61Q19/00—Preparations for care of the skin
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
  • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
  • C07K14/43504—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from invertebrates
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K7/00—Peptides having 5 to 20 amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
  • C07K7/04—Linear peptides containing only normal peptide links
  • C07K7/08—Linear peptides containing only normal peptide links having 12 to 20 amino acids
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K2800/00—Properties of cosmetic compositions or active ingredients thereof or formulation aids used therein and process related aspects
  • A61K2800/10—General cosmetic use
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
  • A61L2300/00—Biologically active materials used in bandages, wound dressings, absorbent pads or medical devices
  • A61L2300/20—Biologically active materials used in bandages, wound dressings, absorbent pads or medical devices containing or releasing organic materials
  • A61L2300/25—Peptides having up to 20 amino acids in a defined sequence
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
  • A61L2300/00—Biologically active materials used in bandages, wound dressings, absorbent pads or medical devices
  • A61L2300/40—Biologically active materials used in bandages, wound dressings, absorbent pads or medical devices characterised by a specific therapeutic activity or mode of action
  • A61L2300/404—Biocides, antimicrobial agents, antiseptic agents
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
  • Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change

Definitions

• the present invention relates to peptides comprising or consisting of a sequence of 5 to 25 amino acid residues. Said peptides are further characterized in that at least 35% of said amino acid residues are Pro.
• novel antibiotic agents which novel antibiotic agents are either alternative or improved as compared to the prior art antibiotic agents.
• a novel antibiotic agent which exhibits reduced efficacy as compared to prior art antibiotic agents might constitute an improved agent - this may be the case when a novel antibiotic agent can be used against a broader spectrum of bacteria owing to absence of resistance against the novel agent in said bacteria.
• Silver and Graf (ISJ 8, 173 (2011)) describe innate and procured immunity inside the digestive tract of the medicinal leech.
• Nelson and Graf (Gut Microbes 3, 322 (2012)) describe bacterial symbioses of the medicinal leech.
• the present invention relates to a peptide comprising or consisting of a sequence of 5 to 25 amino acid residues, more preferred is a sequence of 5-15 amino acid residues, wherein at least 35% of said amino acid residues are Pro, more preferred are at least 40% of said amino acid residues are Pro.
• the term “peptide” has its art-established meaning. It refers to a polycondensate of amino acids. Typically, the length of a peptide does not exceed 50 amino acids. In accordance with the invention, the peptide in accordance with the first aspect has a length of 5 to 25 amino acids.
• peptides in accordance with the present invention may have a length of 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 or 25 amino acids.
• a particularly preferred length range is from 5 to 15 amino acids.
• Preferred specific lengths are 9, 10 and 11 amino acids.
• Preferred amino acids are L-a-amino acids.
• a peptide in accordance with the present invention may also comprise one or more, preferably 1 , 2, 3, 4 or 5 amino acids which are selected from D-amino acids such as D-a-amino acids, b-amino acids as well as further non-proteinogenic amino acids, which non-proteinogenic amino acids may also include L-a-amino acids.
• the peptides according to the present invention surprisingly exhibit antibiotic activity, wherein said antibiotic activity is even found in those instances where art-established antibiotic agents fail in view of resistances raised against them.
• Preferred bacteria, especially resistant or multiple resistant bacteria against which the peptides in accordance with the present invention exhibit activity are subject of preferred embodiments disclosed further below.
• Peptides in accordance with the present invention are characterized by further surprising and advantageous properties. These properties include one or more of the following:
• Extraordinary stability is determined by incubation for 24, 48 or 72 hours in simulated gastric fluid at 37°C wherein preferably after each of these time spans at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99% or 100% activity are retained.
• structure and activity were retained at a level of approximately 100%.
• said extraordinary stability is determined by incubation of the peptides according to this invention with typical intestine proteases, namely chymotrypsin and trypsin at 37°C for 1 , 2, 5, 24 and 48 hours, wherein preferably after these timespans at least 50%, at least 60 %, at least 70% or at least 80% activity are retained.
• said extraordinary stability is detemened by incubation of the peptides according to this invention in 100% human serum, at 37°C for 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 24 hours, wherein preferably after these timespans at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 60 %, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95% or at least 100% activity are retained. Activity assays are disclosed further below.
• Peptides in accordance with the present invention are easily accessible via chemical synthesis.
• they may be obtained from natural sources, especially from leeches.
• Preferred leeches include Hirudo medicinalis, Hirudo orientalis and Hirudo verbana.
• peptides in accordance with the present invention contain a high proportion of proline residues.
• circular dichroism spectroscopy did not reveal a distinct secondary structure in aqueous solution for peptides of the invention.
• said sequence comprises at least one positively charged amino acid, said positively charged amino acid preferably being selected from K, R, H and ornithine.
• said positively charged amino acid in case there would be one positively charged amino acid
• at least one of the positively charged amino acids are located in a position of the sequence of the peptide which is after a cluster of proline residues. Between said cluster and the positively charged amino acid, one or more further amino acids may occur, but do not have to occur. In a particular preferred embodiment, there is one intervening amino acid between the proline cluster and a positively charged amino acid.
• said one amino acid is glycine.
• said peptide comprising or consisting of a sequence of 9 or 10 or 11 amino acids, wherein the amino acids in positions 1 to 10, counted from the N- terminus, are as follows: (1) P, G, X or absent; (2) G; (3) P, G or X; (4) P; (5) P; (6) P; (7) G; (8) K, H, R or ornithine; (9) P or X; (10) Q, N or X, where X depicts any amino acid residue that carries no charge.
• the peptide has a sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2.
• the peptides of the invention may be derivatized as compared to a mere polycondensate of amino acids.
• the N-terminus of said peptide is free or protected, preferably acylated, for example with Ci to C 8 acyl, preferred are acyls with C 2 to C 4 ; to C 8 may be branched or unbranched, unbranched being preferred.
• the N-Terminus of said peptide is modified by 1 to 10 additional amino acids selected from motifs of the so-called cell penetrating peptides, preferred are 3 to 5 additional amino acids.
• the preferred motifs are well known to a person skilled in the art and include but are not limited to sequences like MIIFR or RWRW;
• the C-terminus of said peptide is free or protected, preferably amidated, for example with ammonia or Ci to C 4 alkylamine;
• the C-terminus of said peptide is prolonged by 1-10 amino acids, which contain 2-5 Pro and 1 to 3 positive charges, preferrably 3-4 Pro and 1 or 2 positive charges
• the N-terminus, the C-terminus and/or the side-chain N of Lys are linked to natural or synthetic polymers like PEG, HES and/or PAS or are linked to a carrier protein like serum albumins, antibodies or any fragments thereof.
• Modifications according to (e) increase the half-life in the patients body.
• any art- established measure for half-life extension (HLE) may be used.
• HLE half-life extension
• PEGylation is especially preferred (for reference see: Fee & Domaries, Eur. Pharm. Rev., Issue 1 (2010))
• HESylation is a covalent modification of a peptide by the attachment of hydroxyacyl starch (Liebner et. al tension Eur J Pharm Biopharm., 87(2):378-85 (2014), US7541328 B2).
• PASylation refers to the attachment of a conformationally disordered polypeptide chain comprising or consisting of Pro, Ala and Ser residues to a peptide of the present invention.
• fusion constructs are obtained by PASylation (Ahmadpour & Hosseiniyak, Curr Drug Deliv. 15(3):331-341 (2016)).
• the mentioned derivatization can lead to a significantly increased hydrodynamic volume and/or molecular weight.
• An additional molecular weight of between 1 and 500 kDa is deliberately envisaged, a preferred range being between 30 and 250 kDa. In terms of pharmacokinetics, this provides for a dramatic reduction of peptide loss owing to filtration in the kidneys. Given that significantly more active agent is retained in the body, half-life is dramatically extended, for example between 10- and 100-fold, preferably between 30- and 50-fold, such as 40-fold.
• the linker between peptide and carrier is any cleavable linker, preferred is a disulfide linker, which may be cleaved under reducing conditions.
• said peptide has antibiotic activity, preferably against bacteria, more preferably against Gram negative bacteria such as E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococci, including those that are resistant to state-of-the-art antibiotics.
• Gram negative bacteria such as E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococci, including those that are resistant to state-of-the-art antibiotics.
• Examples of peptides and peptide derivatives according to the invention have the sequences according to SEQ ID No. 3 to 62 (for reference see Table 2 in example 5).
• antibiotic activity For the purpose of determining antibiotic activity, art-established assays may be used. In a preferred embodiment, dilution series of a given peptide of the invention are prepared and antibiotic activity is determined as a function of concentration. This approach allows the determination of IC 50 values.
• Antibiotic activity comprises or consists of retardation of growth, inhibition of growth and/or killing of bacteria.
• Peptides having antibiotic activity in accordance with the present invention preferably have an IC 50 value below 100 mM, below 10 mM, below 1 mM, below 100 nM, below 10 nM or below 1 nM.
• Exemplary data can be found, for example, in Figure 9 as enclosed herewith.
• the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more peptides as defined in the first aspect of the invention.
• said pharmaceutical composition comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient or diluent; and/or (b) (i) said peptide(s) is/are the only pharmaceutically active agents comprised in said pharmaceutical composition; or (ii) said pharmaceutical composition comprises one or more antibiotics selected from penicillins, cephalosporins, polymyxins, rifamycins, lipiarmycins, quinolones, sulfonamides, macrolides, lincosamides, tetracyclines, lipopeptides, glycylcyclines, oxazolidinones and lipiarmycins.
• antibiotics selected from penicillins, cephalosporins, polymyxins, rifamycins, lipiarmycins, quinolones, sulfonamides, macrolides, lincosamides, tetracyclines, lipopeptides, glycylcyclines, oxazolidinones
• the pharmaceutical composition may further comprise pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients and/or diluents.
• suitable pharmaceutical carriers, excipients and/or diluents are well known in the art and include phosphate buffered saline solutions, water, emulsions, such as oil/water emulsions, various types of wetting agents, sterile solutions etc.
• Compositions comprising such carriers can be formulated by well known conventional methods.
• These pharmaceutical compositions can be administered to the subject at a suitable dose.
• Administration of the suitable compositions may be affected by different ways, e.g., by oral, intravenous, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, topical, intradermal, intranasal or intrabronchial administration.
• oral administration is deliberately envisaged and preferred.
• the dosage regimen will be determined by the attending physician and clinical factors. As is well known in the medical arts, dosages for any one patient depends upon many factors, including the patient's size, body surface area, age, the particular compound to be administered, sex, time and route of administration, general health, and other drugs being administered concurrently.
• peptides of the invention may be present in amounts between 1 pg and 50 mg/kg body weight per dose; however, doses below or above this exemplary range are envisioned, especially considering the aforementioned factors.
• the pharmaceutical composition is a broad-spectrum antibiotic.
• broad-spectrum antibiotic has its art-established meaning. It refers to an antibiotic that acts against a wide range of bacteria. In the widest sense, said bacteria include both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. In accordance with the invention, preference is given to broad-spectrum antibiotics which act against a range of Gram negative bacteria.
• said pharmaceutical composition is active against multidrug resistant bacteria.
• multi-drug-resistance has its art-established meaning. Preferred embodiments disclosed further below illustrate this term.
• the present invention relates to a peptide in accordance with the first aspect or the pharmaceutical composition in accordance with the second aspect for use in a method of treating, ameliorating or preventing an infection by bacteria, preferably Gram negative bacteria including multi-drug resistant Gram negative bacteria.
• bacterial infections are the medical indications amenable to treatment with the peptides or pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention.
• a bacterial infection defines a medical indication as it would be diagnosed by a practitioner or clinician.
• the medical indication which is a bacterial infection may, but does not have to be further characterized in terms of the causative bacteria.
• antibiotic agents are administered against bacterial infections which bacterial infections are not further defined in terms of their causative agent.
• said bacteria are selected from E. coli, Staphylococci, Klebsiella spp, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii and Enterococci.
• said bacteria are multidrug resistant strains and selected from E. coli including ESBL and cephalosporin-resistant strains, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Carbapenem-resistant and ESBL Klebsiella pneumonia including strains KPC-2, SHV-11 , IHIT 19222, Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci, multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii including CTX-M15 strains.
• MRSA Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
• Carbapenem-resistant and ESBL Klebsiella pneumonia including strains KPC-2, SHV-11 , IHIT 19222, Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci, multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii including CTX-M15 strains.
• said infection is an infection of the respiratory tract, of the urogenital tract, a wound infection or a systemic infection, which may lead to sepsis.
• said infection of the respiratory tract is pneumonia.
• said infection (a) is a nosocomial infection; and/or (b) affects a human or an animal such as a mammal.
• the present invention relates to an animal feed comprising a peptide of the first aspect or a pharmaceutical composition of the second aspect of the present invention.
• the peptides in accordance with the present invention surprisingly exhibit a high degree of resistance against gastric juice, intestinal proteases like chymotrypsin and trypsin and human serum. For that reason, they can advantageously be administered orally. For that reason, the present invention also provides an animal feed.
• the peptides of the invention are biodegradable. This confers a distinct advantage to their use in an animal feed as well as to their use in a clinical environment.
• said peptide is present in an amount of 0.1 to 5% (w/w).
• the present invention provides a process of biotechnological production using a medium and/or culture, said process comprising the addition of a peptide in accordance with the first aspect to said medium or culture.
• the present invention provides a cosmetic composition comprising a peptide in accordance with the first aspect.
• the present invention provides an in vitro method of controlling the growth of bacteria, preferably of Gram negative bacteria including multi-drug resistant Gram negative bacteria, said method comprising bringing into contact said bacteria with one or more peptides as defined in accordance with the first aspect.
• the present invention provides, in a further aspect, the use of one or more peptides as defined in accordance with the first aspect for controlling in vitro the growth of bacteria, preferably of Gram negative bacteria including multi-drug resistant Gram negative bacteria.
• the latter two aspects generally relate to in vitro applications of the antibiotic peptides in accordance with the present invention. Said method and said use may overlap with the previously disclosed aspect relating to biotechnological production.
• the culture media including culture media which comprise cells in culture or bacteria, may suffer from bacterial superinfections.
• the peptides of the present invention are suitable means for controlling such superinfections.
• said controlling the growth comprises or consists of reducing, slowing down, inhibiting or abolishing said growth.
• Said reducing and said slowing down are preferably by at least 10%, at least 20%, at least
• inhibitors and “abolishing said growth” refer to situations where the administration of peptides in accordance with the present invention leads to non-detectable growth. It also extends to those cases where partial or complete killing of the bacteria occurs. Partial killing preferably refers to killing of at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least
• the present invention provides a method of preventing or reducing formation of a biofilm on a device for intracorporeal use and/or of removing of a biofilm from a device for intracorporeal use, wherein said device is not present in a human or animal body, said method comprising bringing said device into contact with a peptide in accordance with the first aspect.
• the present invention provides a use of a peptide in accordance with the first aspect for preparing an intracorporeal device, wherein said device is not present in a human or animal body.
• the present invention furthermore provides an intracorporeal device which is coated and/or loaded with in accordance with the first aspect.
• said device is a catheter, an implant, an endoscope, a drainage, a chirurgical instrument, a contact lens or a hearing aid.
• each embodiment mentioned in a dependent claim is combined with each embodiment of each claim (independent or dependent) said dependent claim depends from.
• a dependent claim 2 reciting 3 alternatives D, E and F and a claim 3 depending from claims 1 and 2 and reciting 3 alternatives G, H and I
• the specification unambiguously discloses embodiments corresponding to combinations A, D, G; A, D, H; A, D, I; A, E, G; A, E, H; A, E, I; A, F, G; A, F, H; A, F, I; B, D, G; B, D, H; B, D, I; B, E, G; B, E, H; B, E, I; B, F, G; B, F, H; B, F, I; C, D, G; C, D, H; C, D, I; C,
• Figure 3 MS spectrum the peptide eluted at 12.1 min from the nano-LC column, mass is 486.27 doubly charged.
• Figure 4 MS/MS spectrum with annotation of the b- und y- ion series, resolution 7,500 at 200 m/z.
• Figure 6 Stability testing (A), Recovered peptide SEQ ID 1 after incubation with chymotrypsin at 37°C . (B) Recovered peptide SEQ ID 1 after incubation with trypsin at 37°C. (C) Stability of peptide SEQ ID 1 in human serum at 37°C.
• Figure 7 Effect of peptide SEQ ID 1 on hemolysis in whole blood. Various concentrations of peptide were added to freshly drawn human blood and hemoglobin concentration was measured after 1 hour incubation at 37°C.
• Figure 8 Cytotoxicity assay. Effect of peptide SEQ ID 1 at various concentrations on HeLa cells as determined by the MTT assay.
• Blank Z control HeLa cells in medium;
• NC PBS negative control (20% PBS in medium);
• PC DOX positive control Doxorubicin (10mM in medium);
• PC SDS positive control SDS (2.5 mg/ml in medium)
• Saliva from the leech Hirudo verbana was collected by standard methods as described for example in Rigbi et al. (1996).
• the leech saliva was then fractionated by ultrafiltration (UF). Centrifuge UF units equipped with a membrane having a cut-off of 3 kD were loaded with crude saliva and centrifuged for 40 min at 4000 rpm at 4 °C. The filtrate was tested for antimicrobial activity as described in example 1.
• Table 1 RP-HPLC gradient for further purification of antibiotic activity Detection of the peptides was done photometrically at 214 nm. Major peaks were collected manually and the antimicrobial activity measured as described above.
• Fig. 2A shows an overlay of RP-HPLC runs from several batches of the 3 kD fraction performed under the same conditions.
• C18-stage tips were activated with MeOH, washed with 80% ACN, 0.1% acetic acid and equilibrated with 0.1% acetic acid.
• RP-HPLC fraction 10 was mixed 1 :1 with 0.2% acetic acid and loaded onto the C18-stage tips and washed twice with 0.1% acetic acid. Elution was performed by addition of 80% ACN, 0.1% acetic acid and incubation for 30 min at room temperature. The purified fractions were further concentrated in a Speed-Vac and dissolved in 0.1% acetic acid. 4 pi of the purified concentrated sample were used for LC/MS studies.
• LC was done on an Easy-LC chromatography station (Thermo Fisher). Elution conditions were 5% ACN to 35% ACN in 20 min at 250 nl/min and 40 °C. The column was washed for 10 min with 95% ACN and re-equilibrated for 5 min with 5% ACN. The total measurement time was 30 min per sample.
• a LTQ Orbitrap Velos (Thermo) with the higher-energy collisional induced dissociation (HCD) fragmentation mode was used. Applying a maximal aquisition time of 150 ms (target value: 1e6), the MS spectra were measured at a resolution of 30000 (200 m/z). For the HCD MS/MS spectra a target value of 5e4 and a resolution of 7500 at a normalized collision energy of 35 eV was chosen.
• Fig. 3 displays the MS spectrum of the LC peak at 12.1 min with a major MS peak at 486.27 m/z corresponding to the doubly labelled mol peak.
• Fig. 4 the MS/MS spectrum of the peak at 486.27 m/z together with the annotation of the b- and y-ions is shown.
• the individual MS and MS/MS spectra were analyzed manually and the sequence implemented into a EST database from Hirudo verbana translated into all 6 frames using MaxQuant (Cox & Mann, 2008).
• the sequence could be validated as [P,G]PPPPGKPQ with the Andromeda Search Engine (Cox et al., 2011).
• the peptide synthesis was performed with the solid phase automated synthesizer "Liberty blue” (CEM).
• CEM solid phase automated synthesizer
• the amino acid sequence and conditions for the synthesis reaction were defined in the "Liberty” software.
• Amino acids were dissolved at a concentration of 0.2 mol/L in DMF and connected to the synthesizer.
• the reaction vessel was filled with the respective Wang res- in, activator and activator base were filled in at concentrations of 0.5 mol/L and 1 mol/L respectively.
• the reaction vessel was washed twice with DMF followed by two washings with DCM, transferred into a 50 ml centrifuge tube and dried over night.
• Cleavage of the peptide from the resin is performed with 2.5 ml cleavage cocktail (95% TFA, 2.5% TIS and 2.5% purified water).
• the resin is removed by filtration and washed with cleavage cocktail.
• For precipitation of peptide ice-cold diethyl ether is added (4 times the volume of the peptide solution). The precipitate is isolated by centrifugation and washed again with ice-cold diethyl ether. The pellet is then dissolved in water and lyophilized. Purity of the synthetic peptides was checked by RP-HPLC, the sequence identity was validated by MALDI MS.
• Table 2 depicts the peptides and peptide derivatives which were synthesized by this method.
• Table 2 List of peptides synthesized (small characters refer to D-aminoacids)
• Stability of the antimicrobial peptide 1. Stability in simulated gastric fluid
• a 2 mM stock solution of the peptide SEQ ID 01 was prepared in DMSO. 10 mI peptide solution (20 mM) was added to 30 mI water, 50 mI of buffer and 10 mI of protease solution. This mix was incubated at 37°C for up to 48 hours. After 1, 2, 5, 24 and 48 hours 10 mI of the reaction mix was removed and added to 90 mI of a quenching solution. 25 mI of the quenched solution was applied to RP-HPLC as described above.
• Enzym 0.5 mg/ml with 2500 USP units/mg Buffer: 100 mM NH 4 HC0 3 + 0.1 mM CaCI 2 Quencher: 0.08% TFA in water
• Fig. 6A Chomotrypsin
• Fig. 6B trypsin
• Fig 6C shows the results of the stability in human serum.
• Freshly drawn human blood was rinsed three times with PBS and resuspended in PBS to 4% (v/v).
• One hundred microliters of the suspension was added to 96-well microtiter plate containing equal volume of peptides to give final concentrations of peptides encompassing the range of 0.0625 - 10 mg/ml in PBS.
• PBS was used as blank control. Plates were incubated at 37 °C for 1 hr with gentle shaking. Subsequently, the plate was centrifuged and the supernatant was transferred to a new plate. The release of hemoglobin in the supernatant was monitored at absorbance of 450 nm using a Tecan plate reader (Tecan Group, Maennedorf, Switzerland). Results were pooled from three independent experiments and expressed as mean. Hemoglobin concentrations were calculated from a standard curve using purified hemoglobin (Hb).
• test compound was, depending on sequence and solubility, dissolved in water or 0.1% acetic acid respectively.
• growth medium for the bacteria Mueller-Hinton-Broth or equivalent was chosen.
• the assay was performed in 96-well microtiter plates with flat bottom and assigned as non-binding. Adsorption of the peptides to the plates has to be avoided.
• Fig. 9A shows the effect of the peptide on an E. coli K12 strain. 100% growth inhibition was reached at a concentration of 68.4 nM and the IC 50 was found to be about 6 nM. A similar pronounced effect was accomplished with a multiresitant clinical isolate of Klebsiella pneumoniae with an IC 50 also in the range of 6 nM, as shown in Fig. 9B.
• the peptide was also effective against clinical isolates resistant ESBL strains of Acinetobacter baumannii from humans and dogs respectively. As can be seen from Fig 9C the IC 50 of the human isolate was about 15 nM.
• Table 4 lists peptides according to this invention together with their antibiotic activity against the Gram negative model strain E. coli K12.
• Table 4 Antibiotic activity of peptides according to this invention against E. coli K12

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