EP3963113A1 - Stahlmaterial in pulverform und verfahren zu dessen herstellung - Google Patents
Stahlmaterial in pulverform und verfahren zu dessen herstellungInfo
- Publication number
- EP3963113A1 EP3963113A1 EP20723342.0A EP20723342A EP3963113A1 EP 3963113 A1 EP3963113 A1 EP 3963113A1 EP 20723342 A EP20723342 A EP 20723342A EP 3963113 A1 EP3963113 A1 EP 3963113A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- powder
- steel material
- steel
- laser
- melting
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/02—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing silicon
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
- B22F1/05—Metallic powder characterised by the size or surface area of the particles
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
- B22F1/05—Metallic powder characterised by the size or surface area of the particles
- B22F1/052—Metallic powder characterised by the size or surface area of the particles characterised by a mixture of particles of different sizes or by the particle size distribution
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/20—Direct sintering or melting
- B22F10/28—Powder bed fusion, e.g. selective laser melting [SLM] or electron beam melting [EBM]
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/30—Process control
- B22F10/36—Process control of energy beam parameters
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/60—Treatment of workpieces or articles after build-up
- B22F10/64—Treatment of workpieces or articles after build-up by thermal means
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/34—Laser welding for purposes other than joining
- B23K26/342—Build-up welding
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C64/00—Additive manufacturing, i.e. manufacturing of three-dimensional [3D] objects by additive deposition, additive agglomeration or additive layering, e.g. by 3D printing, stereolithography or selective laser sintering
- B29C64/10—Processes of additive manufacturing
- B29C64/141—Processes of additive manufacturing using only solid materials
- B29C64/153—Processes of additive manufacturing using only solid materials using layers of powder being selectively joined, e.g. by selective laser sintering or melting
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y10/00—Processes of additive manufacturing
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y40/00—Auxiliary operations or equipment, e.g. for material handling
- B33Y40/20—Post-treatment, e.g. curing, coating or polishing
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y70/00—Materials specially adapted for additive manufacturing
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/18—Hardening; Quenching with or without subsequent tempering
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C33/00—Making ferrous alloys
- C22C33/02—Making ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy
- C22C33/0257—Making ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy characterised by the range of the alloying elements
- C22C33/0264—Making ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy characterised by the range of the alloying elements the maximum content of each alloying element not exceeding 5%
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/001—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing N
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/002—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing In, Mg, or other elements not provided for in one single group C22C38/001 - C22C38/60
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/04—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing manganese
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/06—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing aluminium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/42—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with copper
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/44—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with molybdenum or tungsten
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/46—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with vanadium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/48—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with niobium or tantalum
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/50—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with titanium or zirconium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/52—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with cobalt
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/54—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with boron
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/60—Treatment of workpieces or articles after build-up
- B22F10/66—Treatment of workpieces or articles after build-up by mechanical means
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2301/00—Metallic composition of the powder or its coating
- B22F2301/35—Iron
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2304/00—Physical aspects of the powder
- B22F2304/10—Micron size particles, i.e. above 1 micrometer up to 500 micrometer
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/12—Both compacting and sintering
- B22F3/14—Both compacting and sintering simultaneously
- B22F3/15—Hot isostatic pressing
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/22—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces for producing castings from a slip
- B22F3/225—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces for producing castings from a slip by injection molding
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K2103/00—Materials to be soldered, welded or cut
- B23K2103/02—Iron or ferrous alloys
- B23K2103/04—Steel or steel alloys
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y80/00—Products made by additive manufacturing
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
- Y02P10/25—Process efficiency
Definitions
- the invention relates to a steel material for additive manufacturing, its production and a method for producing objects from the steel material.
- Additive manufacturing processes are now known and widely used.
- powder bed process When driving powder bed, a powder is applied to a carrier plate and the powder is melted ver at the points where a component or a wall or the like of a component is to be created.
- energy is introduced accordingly, for example via laser beams.
- Such powder bed processes work for a number of fusible materials, ranging from low-melting materials such as plastics to steel materials.
- the methods of selective laser melting and selective laser sintering are used in particular. If the desired fusion has taken place within one layer of the powder, another powder layer is placed on top and the carrier plate is lowered. The next powder layer is then fused, on the one hand with one another and on the other hand with the powder layer below.
- a component is built one after the other layer by layer in the additive manufacturing process.
- the properties of the steel material are adjusted via at least one or more heat treatment stages.
- These heat treatments include hardening and tempering, for example.
- the steel material is heated via Ac3 so that ferrite is completely converted into austenite and then quickly cooled down in water, oil or polymer, for example ("quenched").
- quenched water, oil or polymer, for example
- Tempering takes place at lower temperatures between 150 and 500 ° C instead and reduces the hardness in favor of a higher toughness. Tempering describes the combined heat treatment, consisting of hardening and subsequent tempering.
- the object of the invention is to provide a steel material for additive manufacturing which, with good-natured processing properties, delivers excellent results which also enable the semi-professional production of high-quality components.
- a further object of the invention can be seen as producing components with good mechanical properties, preferably high strength and high toughness, directly after additive manufacturing, in particular without heat treatment.
- Another object is to provide a method for manufacturing the steel material.
- the material according to the invention has a selected chemical composition that makes it particularly ideal for additive manufacturing.
- the proportion of undesired residual austenite in the additively manufactured component is minimized as far as possible.
- the conversion of retained austenite to martensite can lead to a volume increase of 3%.
- the resulting stresses can lead to component damage.
- the additively manufactured component can have a bainitic structure, which is advantageous in terms of higher toughness.
- the material according to the invention has a low carbon alloy content and a low sulfur content, so that it can be manufactured additively in a good way.
- the material is so good-natured in terms of its production behavior that it allows components to be manufactured in close proximity to series production that have functional properties that make them suitable for use.
- this material can be pre-hardened to different strengths or can be edge-layered or case-hardened using thermochemical processes, such as PVD coating, plasma nitriding, etc.
- the material according to the invention has a composition as follows:
- This material according to the invention differs from a number of already known materials which, however, were not used for additive manufacturing or have major differences in additive manufacturing.
- vanadium was added in order to shift pearlite formation to higher times. In contrast to the known material 17NiCrMo6-4 (material number 1.6566), this prevents the pearlite area from being reached. In order to be able to ensure that a bainitic structure is obtained in the built state, the addition of vanadium is absolutely necessary, as it turned out. If thick-walled components are also involved, the addition of vanadium can be increased up to 2% in order to stay safely in the bainite area.
- the manganese content in the invention is a maximum of 0.45% in order to prevent the formation of manganese sulphide and retained austenite.
- Manganese sulfide has a negative effect on the mechanical properties, with the increased manganese content compared to the invention in the 17NiCrMo6-4 outlined above being typical for classic case-hardening steels. However, such a classic case-hardening steel is only suitable to a limited extent for additive manufacturing processes.
- JP-2011-094169 a steel material is known which specifies very wide ranges, in addition to the table given above 0.1% aluminum, 0.055-0.09% niobium and 0.008% titanium are included. These titanium-niobium precipitates inhibit grain growth during case hardening. During the casting process, precipitates arise in the temperature range between 700 and 1000 ° C, this also being dependent on the cooling rate, the cooling rate being between 15 ° C per minute and 5 ° C per minute. The effect cannot be used in the AM process, as the cooling rate is so high that these precipitates do not have time to form.
- a low carbon content is crucial for good weldability, which is of great importance in the course of additive manufacturing, because ultimately the powder particles are welded together. Therefore the terms “weldability” and “printability” are often used synonymously.
- the primary purpose of the carbon is to form carbon martensite. Martensite is formed by rapid cooling out of the austenite area, whereby the carbon remains forcibly dissolved in the mixed crystal and thus distorts the lattice, so that this leads to an increase in volume and an increase in hardness in the steel.
- carbon lowers the melting temperature, which is particularly important when the steel is atomized to produce the powder. Even the smallest changes in the carbon content have a very large influence on the mechanical properties of a steel material.
- the carbon content should be above 0.17% so that a carbon martensite can form and the desired hardness is achieved.
- the carbon content should not exceed 0.23%, as good printability is no longer guaranteed and a purely martensitic structure would be obtained in the built-up state.
- the upper limit can also be selected at 0.22% or 0.21%, which further improves the weldability and thus the printability. Between 0.17 and 0.21% C is a preferred range in terms of good weldability and sufficient achievable hardness.
- Silicon is a solid solution hardener and not an element that forms secondary hardness carbide.
- silicon influences the carbide precipitation kinetics in steel. Silicon ensures a delay in the formation of carbide, and silicon also serves as a deoxidizer and is therefore present in low concentrations in almost all steels due to the manufacturing process. Silicon increases the scale resistance, the yield point and the tensile strength.
- the Silicon is an element that suppresses the drop in hardness in the tempering treatment after the carburizing process and ensures the hardness of the surface layer of the carburized part.
- the lower limit can be selected at 0, 15 or 0.20 or 0.25%. Silicon contents above 0.80% reduce the weldability.
- the upper limit can also be selected at 0.70 or 0.60 or 0.50 or 0.40 or 0.30%, which gradually further improves the weldability. Between 0.15 and 0.30% Si is a preferred range for good
- manganese leads to a reduction in the critical cooling speed. This leads to an increase in the hardening depth (full hardenability). Like silicon, manganese is a strong deoxidizer and one of the cheapest and most effective alloying elements in terms of hardenability and through-hardening. Excessive manganese contents have negative effects on the molten metal during deoxidation, with a manganese content below 0.45% the deoxidation can be more controlled. Higher concentrations can lead to a reduction in thermal conductivity and, in interaction with sulfur or oxygen, to the formation of undesirable, non-metallic inclusions (MnS, MnO).
- Manganese expands and stabilizes the austenite range and thus suppresses the start of the bainitic transformation and thus acts as a so-called transformation retarder .
- the bainite start temperature (Bs) is shifted to lower temperatures.
- the formation of martensite is also shifted to lower temperatures as a result, which already causes a large amount of retained austenite when water is quenched.
- retained austenite is undesirable.
- sulfur is bound to manganese sulfide, so that the formation of low-melting iron sulfide phases is prevented.
- the manganese content is a maximum of 0.45% in order to prevent the formation of manganese sulphide, since this can negatively affect the mechanical properties. Furthermore, higher manganese contents can lead to temper embrittlement and more retained austenite.
- the upper limit can also be selected at 0.40. If the manganese content is lower than 0.15%, the strength decreases and the hardenability is also reduced. The lower one The limit can also be selected at 0.20% or 0.25%, thereby increasing the strength.
- the targeted alloy adaptation according to the invention by lowering the manganese content and low sulfur content in combination with the rapid solidification conditions of the 3D printing process in additive manufacturing demonstrably leads to no formation of manganese sulfides in the invention in the as-printed state, but also in the subsequently heat-treated state, so that the mechanical properties in terms of strength, toughness and ductility are particularly good.
- chromium By adding chromium to the alloy, hardening is improved.
- the addition of chromium reduces the critical cooling rate. As a result, the hardenability or the heat treatment of the steel is significantly improved.
- chromium delays the bainite transformation, which means that the transformation range is shifted to the right in the TTT diagram, and on the other hand, the martensite start temperature (Ms) is greatly reduced. This can lead to the formation of retained austenite.
- Ms martensite start temperature
- the weldability can be reduced above 2.0% Cr.
- the upper limit can also be selected at 1, 9 or 1, 8 or 1, 7 or 1, 6 or 1, 5 or 1, 4 or 1, 3 or 1, 2 or 1, 1, which gradually improves the weldability becomes.
- Chromium contents between 0.8 and 1.1% are particularly preferred.
- Molybdenum is added to the alloy to improve hardenability. By adding molybdenum, the activation energy for carbon diffusion in austenite is increased and thus the diffusion coefficient for carbon or carbon diffusion is reduced. This leads to lower bainite start temperatures (Bs) and reduced bainite formation. The addition of molybdenum leads to a refinement of the microstructure, ie a fine structure is predominant regardless of the cooling rate. Below 0.15% Mo, the tempering resistance and hardenability are reduced. The lower limit can also be selected at 0.20. The upper limit can be chosen at 0.80 or 0.70 or 0.60 or 0.50 or 0.40 or 0.30 or 0.25% Mo. Molybdenum contents between 0.15 and 0.25% are particularly preferred. nickel
- Nickel increases the hardenability. The reason for this is the lowering of the critical quenching speed. In addition, nickel improves the toughness properties and shifts the transition temperature of the impact energy to lower values. Nickel is an austenite stabilizing element and therefore an alloy with too high a nickel content also tends to form residual austenite. Below 0.1% Ni, the through-hardenability is reduced and the toughness is reduced.
- the lower limit can also be selected at 0.2 or 0.4 or 0.6 or 0.8 or 1.0% Ni. Nickel contents of more than 2% are important for the hardening ability of larger components; additively manufactured components are usually not too large, so 2% Ni is sufficient. In addition, higher nickel contents can favor undesired retained austenite.
- the upper limit can also be selected at 1, 9 or 1, 8 or 1, 7 or 1, 6 or 1, 5% Ni. Nickel contents between 1.0 and 1.5% are particularly preferred.
- Vanadium is a ferrite stabilizer and also lowers the bainite start (Bs) temperature. If the cooling is slow, the pearlite formation is suppressed and bainite or martensite formation is enabled. Vanadium acts as a strong carbide former. Improvements in the toughness properties through finely divided carbides are already achieved at 0.1% vanadium.
- the addition of vanadium is absolutely necessary to ensure a bainitic structure in the printed state.
- the addition of vanadium can be increased up to 2% to ensure a bainitic structure.
- the upper limit can be selected for large components at 2%; for smaller components, correspondingly lower vanadium contents are sufficient.
- the upper limit can be 2.0 or 1, 8 or 1, 5 or 1, 2 or 1, 0 or 0.8 or 0.6 or 0.4 or 0.3 or 0.2%, depending on the desired component size. to get voted. For small components, a vanadium content of 0.2% is preferred for reasons of cost.
- niobium is one of the micro-alloying elements. Like vanadium, this element has a high affinity for C and N and thus forms nitrides, carbides and Carbonitride. Compared to V, Nb carbonitrides are more stable. For this reason, a higher austenitizing temperature would also be necessary to bring these carbonitrides into solution. As a result, no more than 0.5% should be added.
- the optional addition of niobium can result in grain refinement and thus an increase in strength and toughness. The grain-refining effect of niobium is somewhat stronger than that of vanadium, as little as 0.001% Nb shows a grain-refining effect.
- the addition of niobium is optional.
- the lower limit can also be selected at 0%.
- the upper limit can be selected at 0.5 or 0.4 or 0.3 or 0.2 or 0.1 or 0.05%.
- up to 1.6% tungsten can also be added, which behaves similarly to molybdenum and is usually exchangeable in a ratio of 1: 2 (double the amount of W corresponds to the single amount of Mo).
- up to 1% Cu, up to 1% Al, up to 1% Co, up to 0.5% Ti, up to 0.5% Ta, up to 0.5% Zr, up to 0.15% N, up to 1% B be alloyed.
- the mechanical parameters and especially the toughness of the additively manufactured component could be greatly improved by reducing sulfur to well below the usual limits.
- Additively manufactured components of this alloy concept are usually relatively brittle without heat treatment.
- heat treatment consisting of hardening and tempering, or even just tempering, is usually necessary in order to reduce the brittleness, characterized by a low impact energy, to such an extent that they can be used for prototype construction and not already in the event of shocks, vibrations or torsional loads be destroyed.
- the steel material according to the invention is ideally suited to produce additively manufactured components which are robust to handle even without heat treatment and can be used directly for prototype tests. Even after a heat treatment, such as Hardening and tempering, or even just tempering, the toughness is better than the non-sulfur-reduced variant.
- the sulfur content should be less than 0.015%, since otherwise a sulfur-rich phase can form at the interfaces of the weld beads. This phase then leads to a material separation.
- the sulfur content must be at least below the limit value of 0.015%, since otherwise cracks can occur near the weld beads during the printing process.
- the sulfur is not homogeneously distributed in the material, as a sulfur-rich phase forms in front of the solidification front, which has a lower melting point than the base material and thus solidifies with a delay. Since this phase represents a material separation (comparable to a non-metallic inclusion), cracks tend to form in the area of the weld bead interfaces. This could be proven by microprobe measurement, in that the sulfur concentration in the crack area is three times higher than in the base material.
- the alloy with a sulfur content of 0.003% shows no cracks after the printing process and an exceptionally high impact energy.
- the upper limit can also be selected at 0.010 or 0.008 or 0.006 or 0.005 or 0.003% sulfur. The lower the sulfur content, the higher the toughness, since the impact energy is increased.
- the additively manufactured components are also suitable for rapid use as a prototype without subsequent heat treatment.
- the components can be used at 800 to 950 ° C for 10 to 60 minutes. Preference is given to hardening at 850 ° C. for 30 minutes. The period of time refers to the point at which the component is completely heated. The lower limit results from Ac3 + 30 ° C. Higher hardening temperatures can lead to coarsening of the grain and thus to a loss of hardness. Longer holding times can also lead to undesirable coarsening of the grain. It can then be tempered at 150 to 250 ° C for 1 to 4 hours. The starting process can be repeated several times. Preferred mechanical properties can be achieved at a tempering temperature between 180 to 220 ° C., particularly preferably at 200 ° C., and a holding time of 2 hours.
- Figure 1 the influence of the sulfur content on the structure and crack formation
- FIG. 3 the grain size distribution
- FIG. 4 a table showing an exemplary powder
- FIGS. 5a and b electron micrographs of the powder produced
- FIG. 6 the available process window for processing the steel powder according to the invention.
- FIG. 7 the comparison of the structure (steel 2) with platform heating and without platform heating;
- Figure 8 a diagram showing the possible construction directions:
- FIG. 9 a comparison of the invention (steel 1) with a standard case hardener
- FIG. 11 the comparison of the materials according to FIG. 10 in the state as printed;
- FIG. 12 the comparison according to FIG. 10 with tempering at 200 ° C .;
- FIG. 13 the comparison according to FIG. 11 with tempering at 200 ° C .;
- FIG. 15 the comparison according to FIG. 14 in the standing state
- FIG. 16 the comparison according to FIG. 14, but with curing at 950 ° C .;
- FIG. 17 the comparison according to FIG. 15, but with curing at 950 ° C .;
- FIG. 18 the comparison of the material according to the invention with steel 2 with regard to the notched impact energy and the Rockwell hardness, as printed;
- FIG. 19 the comparison according to FIG. 18 in the state as if it were printed
- FIGS. 20, 21 the comparison according to FIGS. 18, 19 with an additional tempering treatment at 200 ° C .;
- Figures 24, 25 the comparison according to Figures 22, 23, but with a hardening of
- FIG. 26 the comparison of the structure between a comparison material and the material according to the invention.
- Figure 27 Influence of different sulfur contents on the impact work of the printed components (without heat treatment)
- a composition of the steel composition of the present invention is as follows:
- composition One property of this composition is that the sulfur content is below 0.015% by weight, as otherwise cracks can occur near the weld beads during the printing process.
- FIG. 1 the structure can be seen on the far left at 0.051% sulfur (steel 2) and, as an extreme counter-example, at 0.003% sulfur (steel 1).
- the two figures on the right show, on the one hand, in measurement 1 the cracks with a sulfur content of 0.051% by weight in the printed state and in the illustration to the right in the printed and heat-treated state.
- the left picture shows a higher porosity as well as isolated cracks. If this alloy (steel 2) is pressurized with a platform heater, the cracks increase drastically (FIG. 7).
- the sulfur content is very low, but also the manganese content is adapted, so that by adapting the manganese content and the low sulfur content in combination with the rapid solidification conditions of the 3D printing process of the composition according to the invention both in the printed and In the printed and heat-treated state, there is no formation of manganese sulphides, which impair the mechanical properties with regard to strength, toughness and ductility.
- the structure of the composition according to the invention can be seen on the left in FIG. 2, while a 16MnCr5 in which the manganese sulfides are visible is shown as a comparative example on the right.
- the steel composition according to the invention is melted in a manner known per se in the electric arc furnace or converter and optionally adjusted to the alloy composition by secondary metallurgy.
- the steel material thus obtained is liquefied in a vacuum induction furnace and in an atomization chamber in a manner known per se Way atomized by inert gas atomization (vacuum induction gas atomization).
- inert gas atomization vacuum induction gas atomization
- metal powders can also be produced using water atomization.
- the manganese content of the composition according to the invention is preferably melted under a protective gas atmosphere and in particular under an argon atmosphere or an argon protective gas atmosphere in order to prevent evaporation of the manganese.
- the actual atomization process then takes place with the aid of a very high gas pressure.
- the refractory crucible is tilted, whereby the liquid melt flows into a tundish (tundish, tundish) and the liquid metal flows from an opening in the bottom of the tundish into a nozzle.
- the nozzle atomizes the molten metal into fine metal particles that are less than 1 mm in size.
- the metal particles experience a sudden cooling and are in powder form after spraying.
- Argon or nitrogen, for example, can be used as the atomizing gas.
- the powder obtained in this way then needs to be processed.
- the size of the powder particles and / or the grain size distribution preferably corresponds to the requirements of the respective additive manufacturing process.
- the desired particle size distribution corresponds to, for example, 15-63 ⁇ m (narrower limits can also be set for special applications), 15-45 ⁇ m or 20-53 ⁇ m.
- the lower value is the D10 value, the upper the D90 value.
- This size of the powder particles and the desired particle size distributions can, as already stated, be achieved by sieving, whereby the sieving ensures the classification of the powder according to the particle size into different powder fractions.
- the different sieve fractions can be put together to form a desired particle size range, if necessary.
- the classification takes place by utilizing different sinking speeds of different sized particles in a gas flow. This method is particularly suitable for large quantities of powder, and sieving can also take place beforehand.
- the separating cut can be influenced by the amount of gas that is passed through the sifter and the speed of the deflector wheel.
- the particle size, the sphericity and the flowability are determined.
- an optical analysis and examination of the powder is carried out using SEM images.
- the powder With grain sizes ⁇ 20 ⁇ m, the powder is particularly suitable for the so-called metal injection molding-sintering process and the so-called binder jetting process.
- Grain size distributions of 15-63 ⁇ m, in particular 15-45 ⁇ m are used in particular in laser powder bed processes (e.g. Selective Laser Melting) or electron beam melting, while powders with a size> 45 ⁇ m are used in the laser metal deposition process and in Direct energy deposition method can be used.
- laser powder bed processes e.g. Selective Laser Melting
- electron beam melting e.g., electron beam melting
- powders with a size> 45 ⁇ m are used in the laser metal deposition process and in Direct energy deposition method can be used.
- Figures 5a and 5b show recordings with different magnifications of a typical powder produced from the material according to the invention.
- the powder obtained in this way is then ready for processing.
- Figure 6 shows the process window of the material according to the invention in powder form, whereby it can be seen that a very wide range of laser energy is possible and also a very large range of laser progression speed, so that it is shown here very spectacularly that the steel material according to the invention in powder form is can be printed in a particularly good-natured manner, so that a wide range of conventional AM or 3D printers can be used without leaving the area in which very good results are achieved. Because of the low carbon content of around 0.19% by weight, the material according to the invention does not require preheating of the powder bed, which further simplifies the printing process considerably.
- the porosity is very stable, which is 0.01-0.03%, which also shows how easily and easily the material according to the invention can be printed.
- laser powers of 200 - 275 W can be used at a scanning speed of 775 - 1000 mm / sec.
- Usable layer heights are between 30 and 60 pm with a line spacing of 110 pm and a focus diameter of the laser of 100 pm.
- the volume density is between 50 and 75 joules / mm 3 , so that the process has very large tolerances, which in turn ensure easy printability.
- samples were also tempered at 200 ° C immediately after printing without prior curing. According to FIG. 8, corresponding mechanical investigations were carried out in the Z-construction direction as well as in the XY-construction direction, which means that the mechanical sampling was carried out once according to the progress of the weld bead (XY construction direction) and once in the welding direction of the one on top of the other following positions (Z-direction of construction).
- the prototype steel powder material used as a low-alloy steel alloy with the potential for case hardening was as follows (steel 1): 0.18% C, 0.29% Si, 0.23% Mn, 0.005% P, 0.0031% S, 0, 97% Cr, 0.20% Mo, 1.27% Ni, 0.13% V, the balance iron and impurities.
- a steel with a higher sulfur content and otherwise the same composition was used as a reference (steel 2 with 0.051% S).
- a standard 16MnCr5 was also compared.
- the mechanical properties were compared with two other materials according to FIG. 9.
- the tensile test was carried out in accordance with DIN EN ISO 6892-1 with the test specimen B02 and method B.
- the impact energy was determined in accordance with the notched impact bending test ASTM E23 at room temperature and Charpy-V- Rehearse.
- the hardness in Rockwell C was determined according to ASTM E18-17.
- FIGS. 10 and 11 one can initially see the strength values, measured by the tensile strength (R m in MPa) in the printed, but not heat-treated state.
- the printed state can be seen in FIG. 10 lying down, that is in the XY direction, and in FIG. 11 standing in the printed state.
- Figures 12 and 13 show the aforementioned examples, but in addition to the state as printed with a subsequent tempering process. This does not result in a really changed picture; here too, steel 1 is far superior to steel 2 in terms of elongation at break and constriction at break.
- FIGS. 14 and 15 show a comparison of three materials with hardening after printing at 850.degree. C. and subsequent tempering treatment at 200.degree.
- the strength values (R m ) for the material according to the invention are in the range of 16MnCr5. With samples built upright, the material according to the invention shows higher strengths (R m ), namely borrowed more than 1400 MPa. The material according to the invention also exceeds 16MnCr5 in standing specimens by approx. 20% with regard to the constriction of the fracture (Z). Thus, the material according to the invention has, with a higher strength, a higher ductility compared to the known material.
- the material according to the invention exhibits a strength (R m ) that is 200 MPa higher.
- R m a strength of elongation at break and constriction at break
- the material according to the invention is also far superior here to the comparative material from the figures above.
- FIGS. 20 and 21 the two materials are compared which were tempered directly after printing.
- the image is similar to that in the merely printed state, but the impact work has decreased somewhat compared to the merely printed state. This also impressively shows that with the steel 1, excellent properties can be achieved in a simple manner even with the printed material without post-treatment.
- FIG. 26 An overview of the structure of the 16MnCr5 in comparison to the invention (steel 1) is shown in FIG. 26.
- Steel 1 (FIG. 26 a) shows a martensitic / bainitic structure which results from the addition of vanadium. The grain size is approximately 10 pm.
- FIG. 26 b shows the structure of 16MnCr5, which is purely martensitic and the grain size is approx. 20 ⁇ m. If the hardening temperature of 16MnCr5 is increased to 970 ° C, the grain becomes coarser (FIG. 26 c).
- FIG. 27 shows the impact energy Kv of the printed component without heat treatment as a function of the sulfur content.
- the remaining alloy elements are analogous to steel 1 and steel 2. 3 samples each were tested, the standard deviation is ⁇ 10%. By reducing the sulfur content, the impact work could be significantly improved. At 0.003% S it was 140 years.
- the advantage of steel 1 is that it already shows outstanding mechanical properties even without subsequent heat treatment, which can also be achieved in a very wide process window, so that this material can be printed with great success by "everyone". This makes it possible to produce not only prototypes, but also near-series components or small series in a simple manner with great success, which is necessary for widespread use of the 3D printing process and also keeps the costs of such printing processes low.
- Another advantage of the invention is that the adapted alloy layer does not change the component geometry, since retained austenite is avoided after the printing process. The undesired conversion of retained austenite to martensite would lead to a volume increase of 3%. The resulting stresses can lead to component damage.
- the material can be processed further after the printing process or after the heat-treated state.
- Other processing methods are, for example, surface treatment methods such as case hardening, nitriding and carburizing. Repair welding processes, such as the laser deposition process (LMD) or the direct energy deposition process (DED), can also be carried out.
- LMD laser deposition process
- DED direct energy deposition process
- the material is also a surface hardening process Ren accessible through mechanical action, such as shot peening or deep rolling.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE102019111236.2A DE102019111236A1 (de) | 2019-04-30 | 2019-04-30 | Stahlmaterial und Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung |
PCT/EP2020/061922 WO2020221812A1 (de) | 2019-04-30 | 2020-04-29 | Stahlmaterial in pulverform und verfahren zu dessen herstellung |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP3963113A1 true EP3963113A1 (de) | 2022-03-09 |
Family
ID=70482638
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP20723342.0A Pending EP3963113A1 (de) | 2019-04-30 | 2020-04-29 | Stahlmaterial in pulverform und verfahren zu dessen herstellung |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20220184707A1 (de) |
EP (1) | EP3963113A1 (de) |
CA (1) | CA3138382A1 (de) |
DE (1) | DE102019111236A1 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2020221812A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN113118463B (zh) * | 2021-04-13 | 2023-08-01 | 铜陵学院 | 一种提高激光选区熔化成形模具钢性能的后处理方法 |
CN113560575B (zh) * | 2021-07-29 | 2023-06-06 | 中国航发沈阳黎明航空发动机有限责任公司 | 一种激光选区熔化成形05Cr17Ni4Cu4Nb不锈钢引气管的方法 |
EP4180225A1 (de) | 2021-11-12 | 2023-05-17 | SSAB Technology AB | Stahlpulver zur verwendung in generativen fertigungsverfahren |
CN114411067B (zh) * | 2021-12-17 | 2023-08-04 | 苏州匀晶金属科技有限公司 | 一种中碳热作模具钢材料及基于其的增材制造方法 |
Family Cites Families (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE1038586B (de) * | 1953-09-01 | 1958-09-11 | Bochumer Ver Fuer Gussstahlfab | Chrom-Nickel-legierte Staehle fuer Einsatzhaertung mit hoher Kernhaerte |
DE10039144C1 (de) * | 2000-08-07 | 2001-11-22 | Fraunhofer Ges Forschung | Verfahren zur Herstellung präziser Bauteile mittels Lasersintern |
JP5350181B2 (ja) | 2009-10-27 | 2013-11-27 | 株式会社神戸製鋼所 | 結晶粒粗大化防止特性に優れた肌焼鋼 |
JP2016160454A (ja) * | 2015-02-27 | 2016-09-05 | 日本シリコロイ工業株式会社 | レーザー焼結積層方法、熱処理方法、金属粉末、及び、造形品 |
SE539646C2 (en) * | 2015-12-22 | 2017-10-24 | Uddeholms Ab | Hot work tool steel |
CN108326285B (zh) * | 2018-03-15 | 2019-12-06 | 沈阳工业大学 | 激光增材制造内韧外刚耐磨铁基合金所用粉料 |
CN108274000B (zh) * | 2018-03-15 | 2019-11-29 | 沈阳工业大学 | 一种激光增材制造CrNiV系列低合金钢的工艺方法 |
-
2019
- 2019-04-30 DE DE102019111236.2A patent/DE102019111236A1/de active Pending
-
2020
- 2020-04-29 CA CA3138382A patent/CA3138382A1/en active Pending
- 2020-04-29 US US17/607,287 patent/US20220184707A1/en active Pending
- 2020-04-29 WO PCT/EP2020/061922 patent/WO2020221812A1/de unknown
- 2020-04-29 EP EP20723342.0A patent/EP3963113A1/de active Pending
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE102019111236A1 (de) | 2020-11-05 |
CA3138382A1 (en) | 2020-11-05 |
WO2020221812A1 (de) | 2020-11-05 |
US20220184707A1 (en) | 2022-06-16 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
EP3963113A1 (de) | Stahlmaterial in pulverform und verfahren zu dessen herstellung | |
AT507215B1 (de) | Verschleissbeständiger werkstoff | |
EP3733326A1 (de) | Verfahren zur herstellung eines stahlbauteils mit einem additiven fertigungsverfahren | |
EP3591078B1 (de) | Verwendung eines stahls für ein additives fertigungsverfahren, verfahren zur herstellung eines stahlbauteils und stahlbauteil | |
EP4081362A1 (de) | Verfahren zum herstellen eines warmarbeitsstahlgegenstandes | |
EP4127256A1 (de) | Pulver aus einer kobalt-chromlegierung | |
DE102017131218A1 (de) | Verfahren zum Herstellen eines Gegenstands aus einem Maraging-Stahl | |
DE102018107291A1 (de) | Verfahren zum Schweißen beschichteter Stahlbleche | |
EP3323902B1 (de) | Pulvermetallurgisch hergestellter, hartstoffpartikel enthaltender stahlwerkstoff, verfahren zur herstellung eines bauteils aus einem solchen stahlwerkstoff und aus dem stahlwerkstoff hergestelltes bauteil | |
WO2019233962A1 (de) | Verfahren zum herstellen eines gegenstandes aus einem warmarbeitsstahl | |
WO2021084025A1 (de) | Korrosionsbeständiger und ausscheidungshärtender stahl, verfahren zur herstellung eines stahlbauteils und stahlbauteil | |
WO2001079575A1 (de) | Stickstofflegierter, sprühkompaktierter stahl, verfahren zu seiner herstellung und verbundwerkstoff hergestellt aus dem stahl | |
EP3211109A1 (de) | Verfahren zur herstellung eines warmformwerkzeuges und warmformwerkzeug hieraus | |
WO2021032893A1 (de) | Werkzeugstahl für kaltarbeits- und schnellarbeitsanwendungen | |
EP3323903B1 (de) | Pulvermetallurgisch hergestellter stahlwerkstoff, verfahren zur herstellung eines bauteils aus einem solchen stahlwerkstoff und aus dem stahlwerkstoff hergestelltes bauteil | |
EP4161720A1 (de) | Stahlmaterial zum formen von bauteilen durch additive fertigung und verwendung eines solchen stahlmaterials | |
EP3719158B1 (de) | Verwendung eines stahlpulvers, verfahren zur herstellung eines stahlbauteils durch ein additives fertigungsverfahren | |
WO2022090054A1 (de) | Pulver für die verwendung in einem pulvermetallurgischen oder additiven verfahren, stahlwerkstoff und verfahren zur herstellung eines bauteils | |
EP4000762A1 (de) | Stahlpulver, verwendung eines stahls zur erzeugung eines stahlpulvers und verfahren zur herstellung eines bauteils aus einem stahlpulver | |
EP4281591A1 (de) | Verfahren zur herstellung eines werkzeugstahls als träger für pvd-beschichtungen und ein werkzeugstahl | |
EP4119267A1 (de) | Stahlpulver, verwendung eines stahls zur erzeugung eines stahlpulvers und verfahren zur herstellung eines bauteils aus einem stahlpulver | |
DE102011079955A1 (de) | Stahl, Bauteil und Verfahren zum Herstellen von Stahl |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: UNKNOWN |
|
STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: THE INTERNATIONAL PUBLICATION HAS BEEN MADE |
|
STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: THE INTERNATIONAL PUBLICATION HAS BEEN MADE |
|
PUAI | Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012 |
|
STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: REQUEST FOR EXAMINATION WAS MADE |
|
17P | Request for examination filed |
Effective date: 20201111 |
|
AK | Designated contracting states |
Kind code of ref document: A1 Designated state(s): AL AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC MK MT NL NO PL PT RO RS SE SI SK SM TR |
|
DAV | Request for validation of the european patent (deleted) | ||
DAX | Request for extension of the european patent (deleted) | ||
P01 | Opt-out of the competence of the unified patent court (upc) registered |
Effective date: 20230706 |