EP3942114A1

EP3942114A1 - Foundation for a tower structure and method for establishing a foundation for a tower structure

Info

Publication number: EP3942114A1
Application number: EP20711883.7A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Maria-Josefa BRAND
Original assignee: Wobben Properties GmbH
Current assignee: Wobben Properties GmbH
Priority date: 2019-03-21
Filing date: 2020-03-13
Publication date: 2022-01-26
Also published as: WO2020187785A1; US20220154418A1; JP2022524314A; CN113614313A; CA3131987A1; DE102019107266A1

Abstract

A foundation (120) for a tower structure, in particular for a tower (102) of a wind turbine (100), comprising: - a ground-improving unit (200), which has piles (210), and a plate (220), which is arranged on the piles (210) and has a foundation side (221), the foundation side (221) forming a foundation plane; and - a shallow foundation (300), which has a planar standing side (310) for placing onto the foundation plane, the shallow foundation (300) being arranged on the plate (220).

Description

FOUNDATION FOR A TOWER STRUCTURE AND PROCEDURE FOR FOUNDING A TOWER STRUCTURE

The invention relates to a foundation for a tower structure, in particular a foundation for a tower for a wind turbine. The invention further relates to a method for the foundation of a tower structure, in particular a tower of a wind energy installation. A tower structure can in particular be a tower of a wind power plant. The invention also relates to a wind power installation with a foundation described here.

Foundations represent a structural and static formation of a transition between a building and a ground and are usually designed to absorb all loads of the pending building and dissipate them to the ground. By safely diverting the loads, unwanted movements or deformation of the structures placed on the foundation can be prevented.

Different types of foundation are known. When choosing the type of foundation, the soil on which a structure is to be erected is particularly important. In order to be able to ensure long-term stability of a structure to be erected, it is necessary that compressions of the soil resulting from the loads of the structure being created preferably have no significant, in particular no negative, effects on the structure. The foundation should therefore preferably be designed to absorb static and dynamic loads, for example resulting from snow and dead weight, wind and / or water and / or earth pressure and / or vibrations, in particular vertical and horizontal forces as well as moments, and in to be able to derive the underground. In addition, the pressure exerted by the foundation on the ground should preferably be taken into account in order to reduce any subsidence that occurs to a harmless level limit. Furthermore, it is necessary to determine the homogeneity of the soil in order to be able to take into account any inhomogeneities and thereby avoid different settlement of different parts of the building. It is also necessary to avoid and / or take into account elevations and depressions associated with a frost-thaw alternation. Before setting up a foundation, cavities located below the surface of the earth should also be secured against buoyancy from ground, Sieker or flood water.

Due to the numerous prerequisites that are necessary in order to reliably guarantee the long-term stability of the structure, foundations must be individually adapted to the respective soil properties and environmental conditions. The individual adaptation of a start-up requires a relatively high investment of time and personnel. In addition, there is usually complex planning work. This often results in high costs.

The German Patent and Trademark Office researched the following prior art in the priority application for the present application: EP 2 799 622 A1.

The invention is therefore based on the object of providing an improved solution which addresses at least one of the problems mentioned. In particular, it is an object of the invention to provide a solution which ensures that the loads acting on a tower structure are safely absorbed and these loads are safely diverted to a floor by means of a foundation that can be produced easily and / or inexpensively. Furthermore, it is a particular task to increase the reliability of the long-term stability of a tower structure that is being built. At least an alternative solution to previously known solutions should be found.

According to a first aspect, the aforementioned object is achieved by a foundation for a tower structure, in particular for a tower of a wind turbine, comprising a soil improvement unit with piles and a plate arranged on the piles, which has a foundation side, the foundation side forming a foundation plane, and a shallow foundation, which has a flat contact side for placing on the foundation plane, wherein the shallow foundation is arranged on the plate.

The invention is based on the knowledge that preparatory work for establishing a foundation comprises complex and time-consuming work steps. To the stability To be able to guarantee a building in the long term, soil conditions can preferably be determined before a building is erected, in particular before the foundation is established. Often it may be necessary to have a soil survey carried out, which in particular assesses the settlement behavior and the load-bearing capacity of the soil. Such preliminary work requires a relatively large amount of time and personnel. In addition, there is usually complex planning work to select and individually adapt a suitable type of foundation taking into account the structure to be constructed, in particular the expected loads, as well as the nature of the soil. Well-known types of foundations include, for example, deep foundations, pile-slab foundations and shallow foundations. Basically, for example, a shallow foundation can be preferred to a deep foundation due to its economic efficiency. However, if there is no reliable information about the foundation conditions, in particular the soil, or if there are stable soil layers only at greater depths, the foundation of the structure can preferably be formed by a deep foundation. As an alternative to a deep foundation, soil can also be replaced. However, this assumes that the load-bearing soil layers are formed at easily accessible depths. In the case of a pile-slab foundation, a support system can be divided into piles, a foundation slab and a floor. In the case of pile-slab foundations, the structural loads can be transferred both via the foundation slab and via the piles. Complex geotechnical calculations are therefore required, taking into account the expected structural loads with regard to the pile arrangements, the pile dimensions, the plate dimensions, in particular the plate thickness, and the stiffness of the piles and the foundation slabs. In the solution described here, a foundation for a tower structure is provided, which comprises a soil improvement unit and a shallow foundation. A soil improvement measure is therefore initially carried out in order to prepare a soil that is not suitable for a shallow foundation in such a way that a shallow foundation can be used for the structure to be built. The soil improvement unit here comprises piles that are inserted into the ground. At these piles, in particular at their upper ends, a plate is arranged which has a foundation side. This foundation side forms a foundation level on which the shallow foundation is arranged. For this purpose, the flat foundation has a flat uprising side. The flat uprising side can preferably be formed by a substantially flat underside of the flat foundation.

With the solution described here, regardless of the nature of the soil, a shallow foundation can be used to establish a tower building. The soil improvement unit forms the foundation level, which is designed to absorb loads over a large area and divert them into the ground via the piles. Due to the design of the soil improvement unit with the plate arranged on the piles, preferably placed on the piles, the advantages of a deep foundation can be combined with the advantages of a shallow foundation and the disadvantages of a pile-plate foundation can be eliminated. In particular, there is no need for extensive preparatory work to determine an individual foundation that is tailored to the specific soil conditions. Rather, a shallow foundation can be used, which must essentially be designed for the requirements of the building, since the

Soil improvement unit, an underground suitable for shallow foundations has already been created. The soil improvement unit, in turn, can be designed so that it can be used for one or more building categories (e.g. wind turbine towers of a certain size) and a range of soil conditions. This can lead to cost and time savings, since in this way constructions can be used both for the soil improvement unit and for the shallow foundation which are the same for a large number of applications.

The piles can preferably be designed as round and / or angular components which extend in a longitudinal direction and which can be introduced into a ground and fixed in the ground. The piles here have a length extending in the longitudinal direction, which is greater, in particular many times greater, than a maximum diameter of a cross section vertical to a longitudinal axis.

If reference is made to piles, in particular to designs of the piles, this information preferably relates to at least two piles, in particular a plurality of piles, in particular a group of piles, in particular a plurality of piles, in particular all piles. For example, it can be advantageous that at least two piles, in particular a plurality of the piles, in particular a group of piles, in particular a plurality of the piles, in particular all the piles, are oriented essentially vertically and / or at an angle. Furthermore, it can be advantageous, for example, to manufacture all piles in the same way or to use piles manufactured differently, with preferably at least two piles, in particular a plurality of the Piles, in particular a group of piles, in particular a plurality of the piles, in particular all of the piles, can be manufactured differently.

Because of the piles, the soil improvement unit can also be used on soft and / or watery soil and / or in narrow construction sites. The piles can preferably be driven into the ground by ramming and / or drilling and / or flushing and / or pressing and / or vibrating and / or screwing. Here, for example, a pile foundation method with soil displacement and / or displacement drilling method and / or pile foundation method with excavation can be carried out. A shallow foundation can preferably be understood as a flat foundation, which is preferably arranged directly below the tower structure, in particular below a lowermost structural part, preferably a lowermost tower segment, and is designed to transfer a load to the soil improvement unit over a large area. The shallow foundation can preferably be designed as a shallow foundation without buoyancy.

The shallow foundation is particularly preferably designed to be introduced into the ground with a maximum penetration depth of approximately 80 to 150 cm. A shallow foundation can preferably be introduced into the ground at a maximum of 50% or 40% or 30% or 20% of a total height. Alternatively, the uprising side of the flat foundation can be aligned with an upper edge of the ground.

The shallow foundation can preferably be designed as a single foundation and / or strip foundation and / or strip foundation and / or plate foundation.

The shallow foundation can preferably be designed in order to arrange a lower part of the structure to be erected on it, in particular a lower tower segment of a tower structure. The lower part of the structure can preferably form a wall of the structure to be erected and in particular have a door. Furthermore, a lower structural part can preferably be designed to be arranged on a foundation and in particular to be connected to at least one further structural part. The lowermost structural part can preferably support the structure, in particular the further structural parts. More preferably, the lowermost structural part can be prestressed together with further, in particular all, structural parts. The lowermost structural part can preferably be a part of a substantially cylindrical one or conical tower. In contrast to this, the shallow foundation is not part of the structure, in particular the tower structure, and also does not form part of a lateral surface of the structure. The shallow foundation is designed as a load-bearing unit between the soil improvement unit and the lowest part of the structure. In this case, the shallow foundation can preferably be designed according to the structure to be constructed and the expected structural loads.

An upper side of the plate is designed as the foundation side. The foundation side here forms the foundation plane, which is preferably flat in the sense of flat, ie essentially flat and without major elevations and depressions, in particular horizontally in an installed state. The underside of the flat foundation, which is preferably designed as a flat contact side, is arranged on this foundation side. The contact side can preferably also be flat in the sense of flat, that is to say essentially flat and without any major elevations and depressions. In contrast to a pile-plate foundation, in which the structure is erected directly on the plate arranged on the piles, according to the solution proposed here, a soil improvement unit with piles and a plate arranged on the piles is provided on which the actual foundation of the Structure, i.e. the flat foundation is arranged or erected. The structure itself can then preferably be erected on the flat foundation. The shallow foundation can preferably be designed to absorb structural loads and direct them into the subsoil via the soil improvement unit. The flat foundation can preferably ensure overall stability and avoid a ground break. Due to the arrangement of the shallow foundation on the soil improvement unit, limit states must preferably affect the soil, such as

Excessive subsidence, excessive uplift due to swelling, frost or other causes and the like are not taken into account, or only to a limited extent, since these limit states relating to the soil can preferably be avoided or at least limited by the soil improvement unit. In the case of a shallow foundation, structural loads can preferably be transferred to the plate of the soil improvement unit over a large area. In this case, the shallow foundation can preferably be designed to absorb bending forces and thereby distribute the structural load. Such bending forces preferably no longer occur in the soil improvement unit. The shallow foundation can preferably be held in position on the plate by means of a butt joint and / or a contact connection. Due to the weight of the shallow foundation, no further connection between the plate and the shallow foundation can be required. This can simplify the manufacture and erection of the foundation. In particular, it can be preferred that the shallow foundation, in particular its contact side, and / or the soil improvement unit, in particular the foundation side of the slab, are made of concrete or have concrete. The resulting concrete-to-concrete contact surface has a coefficient of friction that is advantageous for stability. Due to the two-part construction of the foundation, a load that was taken up by the shallow foundation can be introduced into the slab of the soil improvement unit and diverted into deeper soil layers via the piles.

Such a foundation is advantageous in that a shallow foundation can be used regardless of the actual soil conditions in order to be able to absorb all loads of the building under construction and to be able to transfer them to the ground. With this configuration, the reliability of the long-term stability of a tower structure to be erected and at the same time the economy of the foundation can be increased.

By dividing the foundation into a soil improvement unit and a shallow foundation, the construction of the foundation can preferably be equalized in terms of time. For example, the soil improvement unit can be built first and then the shallow foundation, possibly with a longer time interval, for example after a winter.

A further advantage of such a foundation can be seen in the fact that the soil improvement unit can preferably be manufactured in series and used for different shallow foundations, in particular with regard to the dimensions.

Overall, such a foundation with a soil improvement unit and a shallow foundation can be produced significantly more cost-effectively and / or faster and / or easier than known solutions for a foundation. As a result, the personnel and / or time expenditure can be reduced and / or costs can be saved. Furthermore, foundations made in this way can also make tower structures more cost-effective overall and / or faster and / or easier to manufacture. In particular, time-consuming preparatory work for planning the foundation can be significantly reduced.

Foundations, in particular slabs and / or flat foundations, can preferably have a generally ring-shaped or a round, preferably a circular, and / or a polygonal, preferably a square and / or rectangular, cross section orthogonal to a vertical axis. Foundations, in particular slabs and / or flat foundations, can particularly preferably be adapted to the geometry of a tower structure, in particular a wind turbine tower. Tower structures can, for example, generally have an annular cross section orthogonal to the vertical longitudinal axis. This annular cross section can be designed in the shape of a circular ring or also have a polygonal shape. In the present case, the term ring-shaped is therefore not only to be understood as a circular configuration, but also a polygonal and / or polygonal configuration with a plurality of straight sections. If reference is made here to an arrangement and / or direction of extension of the foundation and / or the soil improvement unit, in particular the piles and / or the slab, and / or the shallow foundation, the information relates to the installation state of the foundation and / or the soil improvement unit , in particular the piles and / or the plate, and / or the shallow foundation. Information such as horizontal, vertical, bottom, top etc. as well as designations such as bottom,

Top side etc. on the installation state of the foundation and / or the

Soil improvement unit, in particular the piles and / or the slab, and / or the shallow foundation.

The installed state can be understood as the state in which the piles are inserted into the ground and surrounded by the ground, the plate is arranged on the piles, in particular at their upper ends, and the shallow foundation is arranged on the plate.

A soil can be understood as a subsoil which comprises at least one soil layer, preferably soil layers, which is designed to accommodate the soil improvement unit and thus also the shallow foundation. Before the foundation is erected, especially before the piles are driven into the ground, the ground can be worked. For example, a soil can be excavated and / or leveling and / or compaction can be carried out. Particularly preferred a subsoil can be formed that defines a surface of the soil. The subsoil can in this case preferably be formed below the upper edge of the terrain or be flush with the upper edge of the terrain. The subsoil can preferably be designed horizontally. The solution described here is not limited to use in tower structures, in particular wind turbine towers, even if it can be used here particularly advantageously and in an economical manner. Rather, a foundation defined here can also be used for structures of other types, in particular pile-like structures. The plate can preferably have the foundation side and a connection side, with the connection side preferably being designed as an underside of the plate and opposite the foundation side. Particularly preferably, the connection side can be designed parallel to the foundation side and preferably horizontally. The connection side can preferably be designed to be arranged on the piles, preferably in the sense of being designed and / or to be penetrated by the piles. The piles, in particular their upper ends, which are also referred to as connecting reinforcement, are preferably designed in one piece with the plate. It is particularly preferred that in particular the upper ends of the piles are concreted together with the slab. Particularly preferably, the piles can be oriented essentially vertically. A vertical alignment can preferably be understood to mean that the longitudinal axis of the piles and thus also the length of the piles extend in the vertical direction. The vertical direction can preferably be essentially orthogonal to the subsoil and / or to the plate, in particular the connection side. It is particularly preferred here that the piles are introduced into the ground essentially in a vertical direction. Furthermore, the piles can in particular be arranged parallel to one another and introduced into the ground.

Some or all of the stakes can also be angled. Angled can preferably be understood to mean that the piles in the installed state have an inclination to a vertical. The piles can preferably have an incline of a maximum of 8: 1 and / or 4: 1. In the installed state, the plate can preferably be arranged horizontally. In particular, the plate can be oriented orthogonally to the piles, in particular in the case of essentially vertically oriented piles. The plate can preferably be oriented in such a way that a horizontally oriented foundation plane is formed. The shallow foundation can particularly preferably have a maximum external diameter of at least 12 m to a maximum of 30 m. The surface foundation can preferably have a minimum outer diameter of at least 12 m to a maximum of 30 m. The shallow foundation can preferably have a maximum inner diameter of at least 2.2 m or at least 5 m. The shallow foundation can preferably have a minimum inner diameter of at least 2.2 m or at least 5 m. The maximum external diameter and / or the minimum external diameter and / or the maximum internal diameter and / or the minimum internal diameter can preferably be selected as a function of the tower structure to be erected. For example, in the case of a steel tower, the inner diameter can be at least 2.2 m. Furthermore, in the case of a concrete or hybrid tower, for example, a maximum internal diameter of at least 5 m can be selected.

Preferably, a soil improvement unit can comprise differently manufactured piles. In particular, a soil improvement unit can comprise piles that are manufactured in the same way. The piles can preferably consist of different materials or be manufactured in different ways, depending on the intended use, soil and environmental conditions. A distinction can be made between prefabricated piles, in-situ concrete piles and composite piles. Prefabricated piles can preferably be prefabricated and installed in full length or in sections. In-situ concrete piles can preferably be concreted in the borehole. In the case of composite piles, a prefabricated support member, in particular steel or concrete, can preferably be inserted into a borehole and grouted there with cement mortar. In this case, a composite of the floor and the support member can preferably be created. For example, a grouted anchor can also be used, which is produced as a grouted pile and grouted anchor with prestressing.

Particularly preferably, the piles, preferably two and / or a plurality and / or a plurality and / or all of the piles, can be configured as prefabricated piles and / or in-situ concrete piles and / or bored piles and / or micropiles and / or prestressed piles. The piles can preferably be designed as prefabricated piles, which in particular have dimensions width / thickness of 40 cm / 40 cm to 60 cm / 60 cm, preferably 45 cm / 45 cm or 50 cm / 50 cm. The prefabricated piles can preferably be made of concrete or comprise concrete. The prefabricated piles can particularly preferably be designed as driven piles.

Furthermore, the piles can be designed as in-situ concrete piles, which preferably have a diameter of at least 46 cm to a maximum of 56 cm, preferably a diameter of 46 cm or 51 cm or 56 cm.

In addition, the piles can be designed as bored piles, which preferably have a diameter of at least 60 cm to a maximum of 120 cm, preferably a diameter of 60 cm or 80 cm or 100 cm or 120 cm.

In particular, the piles can be designed as micropiles, preferably small injection piles. Micropiles can preferably have a diameter of less than 30 cm. Micropiles can preferably be distinguished by the fact that their load can be transferred into the surrounding soil, preferably via skin friction. In order to be able to achieve an internal load-bearing capacity, a steel support member, which is in particular arranged centrally, can preferably be installed inside a micropile.

Furthermore, prestressed piles can preferably be used, which can comprise a prestressing steel.

The type of piles and / or the dimensions, in particular the length and / or the diameter, of the piles can preferably be selected as a function of the nature of the soil and / or the ambient conditions and / or loads occurring. A number of piles and / or an arrangement, in particular a distribution, of the piles can also be selected depending on the nature of the soil and / or the ambient conditions and / or loads occurring and / or in particular the type of piles.

In particular, the number of piles required can also be reduced if, for example, the dimensions, preferably the diameter, of the piles is increased. Conversely, the number of piles required can also be increased if, for example, the dimensions, preferably the diameter, of the piles is reduced. With this configuration, the soil improvement unit and in particular a method for inserting the piles of the soil improvement unit can also be adapted to the soil conditions and the environmental conditions.

In a particularly preferred embodiment of the foundation it is provided that the flat foundation has a maximum extension in the width direction which is greater than a maximum extension in the height direction. The maximum extension in the width direction can preferably be a maximum diameter of the flat foundation. The maximum extent in the vertical direction extends essentially from the underside of the flat foundation, which is designed as a contact side, to an upper side of the flat foundation. To determine the maximum extent in the vertical direction, a maximum distance between the top and the bottom of the flat foundation can accordingly be measured. A maximum height of the flat foundation can preferably be between 40 cm and 400 cm, preferably between 80 cm and 250 cm.

The extension in the width direction of the shallow foundation and / or the maximum outer diameter and / or the maximum inner diameter of the shallow foundation can preferably be selected as a function of the dimensions of the structure to be erected on the shallow foundation. It is particularly preferred here if the maximum outer diameter of the shallow foundation is at least as large, preferably larger, than a maximum diameter of the structure to be erected.

In particular, it is preferred if the flat foundation has dimensions in order to be arranged wholly or partially below the upper edge of the terrain. Preferably, at least a part of the shallow foundation that lies above the upper edge of the terrain can be completely or partially covered by an embankment. This means that the shallow foundation can be integrated into the embankment and additionally stabilized. The plate can preferably have a maximum diameter of at least 13 m and / or at most 31 m.

According to a further preferred embodiment, it is provided that the plate has a maximum diameter of at least 13 m to a maximum of 31 m. With this configuration, the soil improvement unit can be combined with different flat foundations and therefore preferably manufactured in series. The maximum diameter can preferably be selected depending on the flat foundation to be built. It is advantageous if the maximum diameter the plate is larger than the maximum diameter of the shallow foundation or the maximum diameter of the plate corresponds to the maximum diameter of the shallow foundation.

The plate can particularly preferably have a maximum thickness of at least 40 cm to a maximum of 80 cm. This maximum thickness enables the soil improvement unit, and thus the plate, to be arranged essentially below an upper edge of the terrain, without any major excavation. The foundation side of the slab can preferably be below the top of the ground or be flush with the top of the ground.

The plate can preferably have a maximum diameter of at least 13 m to a maximum of 31 m and / or a maximum thickness of at least 40 cm to a maximum of 80 cm.

Another preferred development of the foundation is characterized in that the plate comprises reinforced concrete. The plate can preferably be formed from reinforced concrete. It is preferred if the piles comprise reinforced concrete. The piles can preferably be formed from reinforced concrete. It is also preferred if the shallow foundation comprises reinforced concrete. The shallow foundation can preferably be formed from reinforced concrete. In particular, it is preferred that the plate and / or the piles and / or the flat foundation comprise / comprise reinforced concrete, in particular is / are formed from reinforced concrete. The plate and / or the piles and / or the shallow foundation can consequently comprise concrete and reinforcement, in particular reinforcing steel. In this way, both high compressive strength and high tensile strength can be achieved.

In general, reinforcement can be understood as a three-dimensional strut construction. The reinforcement basically serves to reinforce, in particular the load-bearing behavior, in connection with concrete or another composite material of the reinforced element. The reinforcement can absorb compressive, tensile and bending forces. The reinforcement can preferably comprise rods or fibers made of materials of high tensile strength, such as metal, in particular steel, glass and / or carbon.

In particular, it is preferred if the plate is connected to the piles. In this case, the plate can preferably not be detachably connected to the piles, in particular in one piece with the piles, in particular their upper ends, for example by concreting together. As a result, the plate can be used in Position are held and in particular ensure a safe transfer of occurring loads via the piles into the ground. In addition, relative movements between the piles and the plate can be avoided.

Preferably, the piles can each include a connection reinforcement, which preferably extends into the plate. The piles can be connected to the slab through the connection reinforcement. This allows the plate to be connected to the piles.

It is particularly preferred if the connecting reinforcement is formed headed in a pile. The pile head can be defined here as that part of a pile that protrudes from the ground in the installed state. This pile head can in particular protrude essentially vertically from the ground and / or extend orthogonally to the subsoil. In particular, an upper end of a pole can form the pole head or be referred to as a pole head.

To connect the plate to the piles, the connecting reinforcement can preferably be exposed. For this purpose, the concrete surrounding the connecting reinforcement is preferably removed. The exposure can preferably be done by hydraulic capping. Hydraulic capping can preferably be understood to mean that the concrete of the piles is removed, preferably at an upper end of the piles, and the connecting reinforcement is thereby exposed. A part of the pile which comprises reinforced concrete is thus shorter in length after the capping than the pile with reinforced concrete before capping, preferably by a length of the pile head which comprises the connecting reinforcement. For this purpose, hydraulic pile cutting devices and / or carrier devices with a hydraulic cutting unit can preferably be used. The hydraulic chopping unit can preferably include breaking chisels. In particular, it is preferred if the connection reinforcement, in particular the exposed connection reinforcement, of the piles is received and integrated into the plate during the manufacture of the plate. For example, a reinforcement of the slab can connect to the connecting reinforcement and integrate it. By subsequently filling the volume of the slab with potting material, in particular concrete, and curing the potting material, the connecting reinforcement of the pile heads can be integrated into the slab and thus the slab can be connected to the piles, in particular in one piece. Particularly preferably, the piles can have reinforcement, wherein the connecting reinforcement of the pile head can be designed as structural (additional) reinforcement. The connection reinforcement can preferably be configured in such a way that it is possible to expose this connection reinforcement without destroying or damaging the connection reinforcement.

The connection reinforcement can preferably be designed as a longitudinal reinforcement and / or comprise a longitudinal reinforcement. The longitudinal reinforcement can preferably extend in the longitudinal direction, preferably essentially parallel to the longitudinal axis, of the piles. Reinforcement struts, in particular struts of connecting reinforcement, can particularly preferably be formed in the corners and spaced apart from one another, preferably in the case of angular piles. In the case of round piles, the reinforcement struts, in particular struts of a connecting reinforcement, can preferably be formed at a sufficient distance from one another. The requirement of a sufficient spacing can be regarded as fulfilled if the reinforcement struts can be exposed, in particular by hydraulic capping, without damaging the reinforcement struts.

Alternatively, the plate can be held in position relative to the piles by a contact connection and / or a butt connection. Here, the plate can be held in position relative to the piles in particular by the weight of the plate and / or the weight of the plate and the shallow foundation and / or the weight of the plate and the shallow foundation and the tower construction plant.

In particular, it is preferred to provide connecting reinforcement that is incorporated into the plate in order to produce a bond between the piles and the plate. The piles can preferably be arranged at a distance from one another. In particular, a minimum distance between the piles, preferably between the pile heads, can be at least 60 cm. A maximum distance between the piles and / or between the pile heads can preferably be a maximum of 3 m. In particular, it is preferred if a minimum distance and / or a maximum distance is selected as a function of the loads to be expected that are to be transferred to the lower soil layers via the piles. This distance enables the connection reinforcement to be exposed by hydraulic capping. Thereby In particular, manual work steps for exposing the connecting reinforcement, for example using a jackhammer, can be reduced. As a result, on the one hand time, costs and personnel expenditure can be reduced and, at the same time, occupational safety can be increased. Particularly preferably, the piles can be evenly distributed and / or evenly spaced from one another. In particular, the posts can also be arranged in a randomly distributed manner and / or randomly spaced from one another. Here, the piles can be arranged in a ring, for example, in particular a ring below a wall of the tower construction plant. The piles can also be distributed over the entire area of the subsoil, in particular the slab and / or the foundation plane, which is delimited by the dimensions of the slab. It is particularly preferred if the piles are arranged in a row. It is preferred here that the piles are arranged in one and / or two and / or three and / or more rows. For example, the piles can also be arranged in intersecting rows and / or in rows arranged essentially parallel to one another

The piles can preferably also be distributed and arranged depending on the nature of the soil and / or the ambient conditions and / or the loads.

Another preferred development of the foundation is characterized in that the plate has a connection side which is designed to be arranged on the piles, and the plate has a projection on the connection side. In particular, it is preferred that the plate has at least two and / or at least three and / or more projections. Here, the projection or the projections can extend in the direction of the piles. In particular, it is preferred that the plate is arranged on the piles, preferably in the sense of being made on the piles, that one end face of the projections adjoins the piles, preferably that the end face of the projections with the upper ends of the piles with the plate concreted together. The end face may preferably have dimensions that are larger than the dimensions of the pile. In this case, the end face can preferably have a larger surface extension than a cross section of a post which is formed vertically to the longitudinal axis of the post.

Preferably, the piles can first be arranged and preferably the pile heads can be capped. Subsequently, for example, soil can be excavated in an area, in particular around a formwork, preferably a lost one Formwork to be able to produce the projections. The area in which the soil is excavated can preferably have the dimensions of the projections. Particularly preferably, the projections can be cast together with the plate.

A projection can generally be understood to mean an element that extends from an extension of the plate, in particular the connection side, in the direction of the piles. The projections can preferably be used as individual elements, in particular in the form of a bar and / or a round elevation and / or an angular elevation, e.g. in the form of a cuboid and / or square, or as coherent elements, in particular in the form of a grid, preferably comprising intersecting bars.

By designing the plate with projections, loads can be transferred particularly reliably from the plate onto the piles and into the ground. Furthermore, a base body of the plate can be made thinner. The main body of the plate can preferably be defined as that part of the plate which has no protrusion. Material and weight can be saved through a thinner design of the base body. The formation of the projections enables the base body, that is, preferably the plate, to be reinforced at required points, in particular at points that are exposed to higher loads and or at the points that the loads absorbed by the plate are transferred to the ground via the piles. In principle, the projection or the projections and the base body can be formed in one piece. Alternatively, the base body can be arranged on the projection or on the projections. The base body can preferably be connected to the projection or the projections.

In particular, it is preferred if the plate with a projection has a maximum thickness of 80 cm, with points on the plate where no projection is formed preferably having a thickness of at least 25 cm.

The projection can preferably have a maximum width of at least 50 cm to a maximum of 80 cm and / or a maximum thickness of approximately 55 cm. This configuration can have a positive influence on the distribution of the load and promote the transfer of the loads occurring via the piles. In particular, it is preferred if the plate and / or the piles and / or the shallow foundation are designed as a prefabricated part or a semi-finished part and / or comprise in-situ concrete or consist of in-situ concrete.

According to a second aspect, the object mentioned at the beginning is achieved by a tower for a wind power installation, comprising a foundation.

The tower, in particular a lower tower section, can preferably be arranged on the flat foundation. In particular, the tower can be connected to the flat foundation. The tower, preferably a lower part of the structure, can be held in position by means of a butt connection and / or a contact connection. Due to the tower's own weight, there may preferably be no need for any further connection between the tower and the shallow foundation. This can simplify the erection of the tower and / or the manufacture of the shallow foundation. In particular, it can be preferred that the shallow foundation, in particular its contact side, and / or the tower, in particular the lower structural part, are made of concrete or have concrete. The resulting concrete-to-concrete contact surface has a coefficient of friction that is advantageous for stability.

The shallow foundation can preferably have tendons or an anchorage in order to anchor tendons therein and prestress the tower.

It is particularly preferred if the tower is a steel tower and preferably has a maximum diameter of at least 4 m, particularly preferably up to a maximum of 4.9 m.

It is further preferred that the tower is a concrete or hybrid tower and preferably has a maximum diameter of at least 6 m to a maximum of 13.5 m. According to a third aspect, the object mentioned at the beginning is achieved by a wind energy installation comprising a tower and / or a foundation.

The tower according to the second aspect and / or the wind power plant according to the third aspect and the possible further developments have features that make them particularly suitable for being used for a foundation according to the invention and its further development, as well as for a tower of a wind energy plant and a wind energy plant. For further advantages, design variants and design details of these further aspects and the possible further developments, reference is also made to the description of the corresponding features and further developments of the first aspect.

According to a further aspect, the above-mentioned object is achieved by a method for founding a tower structure, in particular a tower of a wind turbine, comprising the steps of: preparing a soil, creating a soil improvement unit, comprising the steps of: arranging piles on the ground and introducing them the piles in the ground and placing a slab on the piles, and placing a shallow foundation on the slab. Here, the piles are preferably placed in the ground in such a way that a pile head of each pile protrudes from the ground. Furthermore, the piles are preferably arranged such that the piles and / or the pile heads are spaced apart, preferably at least 60 cm apart.

By arranging the plate on the piles, a foundation plane can preferably be formed on which the shallow foundation can be placed.

A further preferred development of the foundation is characterized in that the preparation of a soil comprises: digging a soil and / or creating a subgrade.

In particular, it is preferred if the ground is excavated so that the plate can be aligned and arranged below an upper edge of the terrain and / or with the upper edge of the terrain. Here it is particularly preferred that at least 40 cm, preferably at least 80 cm, soil is excavated.

A subgrade should generally be understood to mean a technically processed surface of the soil, in particular a soil layer, with specified properties. It is particularly preferred here if, for example, the subgrade is formed essentially horizontally.

The subgrade can preferably be made with excavators and / or bulldozers and / or graders. Furthermore, the creation of a subgrade can also include compacting the soil. Vibratory plates and / or rollers and / or plate compactors can preferably be used here. The method may preferably include backfilling a soil material. In this case, it is particularly preferred if, after the shallow foundation has been arranged on the plate, soil material is heaped up so that the shallow foundation is at least partially surrounded by the embankment. The filling of the soil material can take place in particular when the shallow foundation is at least partially arranged above the upper edge of the ground.

A preferred development of the foundation is characterized in that the arrangement of the plate on the piles comprises: exposing a connecting reinforcement of the piles, arranging the plate on the piles, the plate comprising a recess provided for receiving the connecting reinforcement, filling at least the recess with Potting material and curing of the potting.

Preferably, the plate can also be arranged as a semi-finished part on the piles and the semi-finished part can be filled with potting material after it has been placed on the piles. The connection reinforcement of the piles can preferably be exposed by hydraulic capping. Accordingly, piles can be shortened to the required length by exposing the connecting reinforcement.

The connection reinforcement can preferably be exposed from the edge of the construction pit and / or from an upper edge of the terrain and / or from a prepared soil. Finally, it is preferred that the step of uncovering includes cutting the piles. The piles can preferably be cut up to a prestressing steel. This makes it easier to expose the connecting reinforcement. Wet cutters can preferably be used to cut the foundation piles.

After the connection reinforcement has been exposed, a connection surface can preferably be created by post-cutting. The connection surface should in particular be designed in such a way that the plate can be arranged on it or the concrete of the plate directly adjoins it, which can lead to a one-piece design of the plate with the piles. Post-cutting can preferably be done with a jackhammer. In this way, connection reinforcements with a high reinforcement content can also be exposed. In particular, the connection surface can be created in such a way that the plate, preferably the projections of the plate, can be placed on the connection surface of the posts. It is particularly advantageous if the connection surface of the piles is designed to be horizontal and preferably flat in the installed state. The method according to the invention and the possible further developments have features or method steps which make them particularly suitable for being used for a foundation according to the invention and its further developments and for a tower of a wind energy installation and a wind energy installation. For further advantages, design variants and design details of this further aspect and the possible further developments, reference is also made to the description of the corresponding features and further developments of the other aspects.

Preferred exemplary embodiments are explained by way of example using the attached figures. Show it:

1 shows a three-dimensional view of a wind power installation with a foundation, a tower and a nacelle;

Fig. 2 is a construction drawing of a first embodiment of a

Founding;

Fig. 3 is a construction drawing of a second embodiment of a

Founding; 4 shows an exemplary illustration of a soil improvement unit;

5 shows an exemplary representation of a pile, in particular one

Pile head, with connecting reinforcement;

6 shows an exemplary representation of a pile with an exposed

Connection reinforcement; Fig. 7 exemplary method steps for establishing a tower building plant; and

8 shows exemplary method steps for arranging the plate on the piles. Identical or essentially functionally identical or similar elements are denoted by the same reference symbols in the figures.

FIG. 1 shows a three-dimensional view of a wind energy installation 100. The wind energy installation 100 has a tower 102 and a gondola 104 on the tower 102. An aerodynamic rotor 106 with three rotor blades 108 and a spinner 110 is provided on the nacelle 104. The aerodynamic rotor 106 is caused to rotate by the wind during operation of the wind energy installation and thus also rotates an electrodynamic rotor or rotor of a generator which is coupled directly or indirectly to the aerodynamic rotor 106. The electrical generator is arranged in the nacelle 104 and generates electrical energy. The pitch angle of the rotor blades 108 can be changed by pitch motors at the rotor blade roots of the respective rotor blades 108. The tower 102 of the wind energy installation 100 is erected on a foundation 120 comprising a soil improvement unit and a shallow foundation.

Figures 2 and 3 each show a foundation 120 with a soil improvement unit 200, comprising piles 210 and a plate 220 arranged on the piles 210, and a shallow foundation 300. The piles 210 are in the ground according to the examples shown in FIG. 2 and FIG 602 introduced so that they extend into the floor 602. The piles 210 are here arranged at a distance from one another. The spacing can preferably be uniform. As an alternative to this, for example, some of the piles 210 can be spaced equally from one another and another part of the piles 210 can have a greater and / or a smaller spacing from adjacent piles 210. In particular, the piles 210 can be spaced apart from one another as a function of the loads to be expected.

Furthermore, a plate 220 is shown in each of FIGS. 2 and 3, which has a connection side 222 and a foundation side 221. The connection side 222 of the plate 220 is arranged on the piles 210. The foundation side 221 is designed opposite the connection side 222 and forms the foundation plane of the slab 220. According to these exemplary embodiments, the foundation side 221 is aligned with a top edge 601. Alternatively, the foundation side 221 can also be arranged below and / or above the top edge 601, for example.

The foundation plane can preferably be flat and / or flat in order to be able to arrange a flat contact side 310 of the flat foundation 300 thereon. The flat foundation 300 according to the embodiments of Figures 1 and 2 is on the The foundation side 221 of the plate 220 and thus arranged above the top edge 601 of the terrain. Furthermore, FIGS. 2 and 3 each show an embankment 603 which is applied to the soil 602 in order to surround a large part of the shallow foundation 300. In this way, the shallow foundation can be additionally stabilized. Figure 2 shows an exemplary embodiment of a foundation for a concrete or hybrid tower. The plate 220 can preferably have a thickness 2202 of at least 40 cm to a maximum of 80 cm. The plate 220 can preferably be designed as a reinforced concrete plate. The plate 220 can preferably have a diameter 2201 between at least 13 m and a maximum of 30 m. In addition, the shallow foundation can have a maximum external diameter 3001, preferably between at least 12 m and a maximum of 30 m. The maximum inner diameter 3002 can preferably be greater than 5 m.

According to this exemplary embodiment, a tower 120 for a wind energy installation 100 can be designed as a concrete or hybrid tower. Here, the tower can preferably have a maximum diameter between 6 m and 13.50 m. The tower 102 is arranged on the shallow foundation 300, the shallow foundation 300 having a section provided for this purpose which is not covered by the embankment 603.

Figure 3 shows an exemplary embodiment of a foundation for a steel tower. The plate 220 can preferably have a thickness 2202 of at least 40 cm to a maximum of 80 cm. The plate 220 can preferably be designed as a reinforced concrete plate.

The plate 220 can preferably have a diameter 2201 between at least 13 m and a maximum of 30 m. In addition, the shallow foundation can have a maximum external diameter 3001, preferably between at least 12 m and a maximum of 30 m. The maximum inner diameter 3002 can preferably be greater than 2.20 m.

According to this exemplary embodiment, a tower 120 for a wind energy installation 100 can be designed as a steel tower. The tower can preferably have a maximum diameter between 4 m and 4.90 m. The tower 102 is arranged on the shallow foundation 300, the shallow foundation 300 having a section provided for this purpose which is not covered by the embankment 603.

An embodiment of a soil improvement unit 200 in the installed state in the soil 602 is shown on the basis of FIG. The soil improvement unit 200 here has a plate 220 with a foundation side 221 and a connection side 222. According to this embodiment, projections 223 are formed on the connection side 222 of the plate 220. The projections 223 extend in the direction of the piles 210 on which the plate 220 is arranged. Here, the plate 220 is arranged on the piles 210 in such a way that an end face of the projections 223 adjoins the piles 210, preferably that the end face of the projections 223 with the upper ends of the piles 210 are concreted together with the plate 220. In FIG. 5, the projections have a width 2231 and a thickness 2232.

FIG. 5 shows an exemplary representation of an arrangement of a reinforcement 211 within a pile 210. For illustration, a cross section of a pile 210, which extends vertically to a longitudinal axis 2100 of the pile, is shown in FIG. On the other hand, FIG. 5 below shows a cross section of a post 210 which extends parallel to the longitudinal axis of the arrow. In particular, Figure 5 shows the bottom section A of Figure 5 above. The reinforcement 211 is designed here as a three-dimensional strut construction, comprising vertical struts 2111, horizontal struts 2112 and connecting struts 21 13. As a result, the pile 210, in particular the load-bearing behavior, can be reinforced and, in particular, compressive, tensile and bending forces can be absorbed.

FIG. 6 shows a pile 210 with an exposed connecting reinforcement 2114. According to this exemplary embodiment, the connection reinforcement 21 14 is designed as a longitudinal reinforcement which extends essentially vertically. The struts of the connection reinforcement 2114 are arranged at a distance from one another, so that exposure of this connection reinforcement 2114 is possible without damaging the struts.

By designing a post 210 with a connection reinforcement 2114, the plate can be connected to the pile in that the struts of the connection reinforcement 2114 extend into the plate arranged on the pile 210.

In addition, exemplary method steps for the foundation of a tower structure are shown in FIG. According to this exemplary method, a soil on which the foundation is to be built is first prepared 510. The preparation of the soil 510 here comprises the step of excavating a soil 511 and the step of creating a subgrade 512. Here, as much soil is excavated as that the foundation, in particular the soil improvement unit, is placed in the excavated soil can. After the soil 511 has been excavated, the subgrade is created 512. In this way, an essentially horizontal subsoil can preferably be provided and the soil can be compacted at the same time. In a next method step, a soil improvement unit is created 520. The creation of the soil improvement unit 520 includes the steps of arranging piles on the ground 521, driving the piles into the ground 522 and arranging a plate on the piles 523 Soil improvement unit 25 is followed by the method step of arranging a shallow foundation on slab 524.

In addition to FIG. 7, detailed method steps for arranging the plate on the piles are shown in FIG. First, a connection reinforcement of the piles is exposed 5231. This can preferably be done by hydraulic capping. The plate can then be arranged 5232 on the piles, the plate preferably comprising recesses for this purpose in order to be able to accommodate the exposed connection reinforcement of the piles. To connect the plate to the piles, in particular to the connection reinforcement, the recess is filled with potting material 5233 and this potting is cured 5234.

The foundation and / or the tower structure and / or the wind turbine and / or the method of foundation have various advantages. In particular, foundations can be produced simply and / or inexpensively in this way. Furthermore, such foundations can be used regardless of the nature of the soil and / or environmental conditions. In particular, with such foundations, loads that occur can be safely transferred into the ground and, at the same time, the reliability of the long-term stability of a structure can be increased.

Reference list

100 wind turbine

102 tower

104 gondola

106 aerodynamic rotor

108 rotor blades

1 10 spinners

120 Foundation

200 soil improvement unit

210 piles

211 reinforcement

220 plate

221 founding page

222 connection side

223 advantage

300 shallow foundation

310 uprising site

400 connection reinforcement

510 Preparing a floor

51 1 Digging a soil

512 Creation of a subgrade

520 Create a Soil Improvement Unit

521 Arranging stakes

522 Driving piles

523 Placing a Plate

524 Arranging a shallow foundation

601 ground level 602 soil

603 Landfill

2100 Longitudinal axis of a pile

21 1 1 vertical struts

2112 horizontal struts

2113 connecting struts

2114 connecting reinforcement

2201 diameter of the plate

2202 thickness of the plate

2231 maximum width of the projection

2232 maximum thickness of the protrusion

3001 outer diameter of the shallow foundation

3002 Inner diameter of the shallow foundation 5231 Exposing a connection reinforcement

5232 Put on the plate

5233 Filling a recess with potting material

5234 curing of a potting compound

Claims

EXPECTATIONS

1 foundation (120) for a tower structure, in particular for a tower (102) of a wind turbine (100), comprising

- A soil improvement unit (200) with

o stakes (210) and

o a plate (220) which is arranged on the piles (210) and has a foundation side (221),

wherein the foundation side (221) forms a foundation plane, and

- A shallow foundation (300) which has a flat contact side (310) for placing on the foundation level,

- wherein the flat foundation (300) is arranged on the plate (220).

2 foundation (120) according to the preceding claim, wherein the flat foundation (300) has a maximum extension in the width direction which is greater than a maximum extension in the height direction. 3 foundation (120) according to at least one of the preceding claims, wherein the plate

- a maximum diameter (2201) of at least 13 m to a maximum of 31 m and / or

- Has a maximum thickness (2202) of at least 40 cm to a maximum of 80 cm. 4 foundation (120) according to at least one of the preceding claims, wherein the plate (220) and / or the piles (210) and / or the flat foundation (300) comprises reinforced concrete, in particular is formed from reinforced concrete.

5 foundation (120) according to at least one of the preceding claims, wherein the plate (220) is connected to the piles (210). 6 foundation (120) according to at least one of the preceding claims, wherein the piles (210) each comprise a connection reinforcement (400), which preferably extends into the plate (220). 7. foundation (120) according to at least one of the preceding claims, wherein the piles (210) are arranged at a distance from one another.

8. foundation (120) according to at least one of the preceding claims,

- wherein the plate (220) has a connection side (222) which is designed to be arranged on the piles (210), and

- wherein the plate (220) has a projection (223) on the connection side (222).

9. foundation (120) according to at least the preceding claim, wherein the projection (223)

- a maximum width (2231) of at least 50 cm to a maximum of 80 cm and / or

- Has a maximum thickness (2232) of about 55 cm.

10. Tower (102) for a wind turbine (100), comprising a foundation (120) according to at least one of the preceding claims.

11. Wind energy installation (100), comprising a tower (102) according to at least the preceding claim and / or a foundation (120) according to at least one of

Claims 1 to 9.

12. A method for founding a tower structure, in particular a tower (102) of a wind turbine (100), comprising the steps:

- preparing a floor (510),

- Creating a soil improvement unit (520), comprising the steps:

o Placing piles (521) on the ground and driving the piles (522) into the ground and

o placing a plate (523) on the piles, and

- Placing a shallow foundation (524) on the plate. 13. The method according to the preceding claim, wherein preparing a soil

(510) includes:

Excavation of a floor (511) and / or - Creation of a subgrade (512).

14. The method of at least one of claims 12 or 13, wherein arranging the plate on the piles comprises:

- Exposing a connecting reinforcement of the piles (5231),

- Arranging the plate on the piles (5232), the plate comprising a recess provided for receiving the connecting reinforcement,

- Filling at least the recess with potting material (5233) and

- hardening of the grout (5234).

15. The method of at least claim 14, wherein the step of exposing comprises cutting the piles.