EP3875221A1 - Method for machining workpieces and embossing device and clamping device - Google Patents
Method for machining workpieces and embossing device and clamping device Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP3875221A1 EP3875221A1 EP20207248.4A EP20207248A EP3875221A1 EP 3875221 A1 EP3875221 A1 EP 3875221A1 EP 20207248 A EP20207248 A EP 20207248A EP 3875221 A1 EP3875221 A1 EP 3875221A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- embossing
- workpiece
- clamping
- depressions
- teeth
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 43
- 238000004049 embossing Methods 0.000 title claims description 125
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 title description 7
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 45
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 22
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 21
- 238000007373 indentation Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910001092 metal group alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000295 complement effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001276 controlling effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011835 investigation Methods 0.000 description 1
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Images
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B25—HAND TOOLS; PORTABLE POWER-DRIVEN TOOLS; MANIPULATORS
- B25B—TOOLS OR BENCH DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR, FOR FASTENING, CONNECTING, DISENGAGING OR HOLDING
- B25B1/00—Vices
- B25B1/24—Details, e.g. jaws of special shape, slideways
- B25B1/2405—Construction of the jaws
- B25B1/241—Construction of the jaws characterised by surface features or material
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B25—HAND TOOLS; PORTABLE POWER-DRIVEN TOOLS; MANIPULATORS
- B25B—TOOLS OR BENCH DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR, FOR FASTENING, CONNECTING, DISENGAGING OR HOLDING
- B25B5/00—Clamps
- B25B5/02—Clamps with sliding jaws
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B25—HAND TOOLS; PORTABLE POWER-DRIVEN TOOLS; MANIPULATORS
- B25B—TOOLS OR BENCH DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR, FOR FASTENING, CONNECTING, DISENGAGING OR HOLDING
- B25B5/00—Clamps
- B25B5/16—Details, e.g. jaws, jaw attachments
- B25B5/163—Jaws or jaw attachments
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B44—DECORATIVE ARTS
- B44B—MACHINES, APPARATUS OR TOOLS FOR ARTISTIC WORK, e.g. FOR SCULPTURING, GUILLOCHING, CARVING, BRANDING, INLAYING
- B44B5/00—Machines or apparatus for embossing decorations or marks, e.g. embossing coins
- B44B5/0052—Machines or apparatus for embossing decorations or marks, e.g. embossing coins by pressing
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B44—DECORATIVE ARTS
- B44B—MACHINES, APPARATUS OR TOOLS FOR ARTISTIC WORK, e.g. FOR SCULPTURING, GUILLOCHING, CARVING, BRANDING, INLAYING
- B44B5/00—Machines or apparatus for embossing decorations or marks, e.g. embossing coins
- B44B5/02—Dies; Accessories
- B44B5/026—Dies
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for clamping workpieces, in particular workpieces made of ductile material, as well as an embossing device for use in this method and a clamping device also for use in this method.
- the workpieces For machining workpieces in machine tools, especially for machining, the workpieces must be firmly clamped and held in suitable clamping positions.
- the clamping must be designed in such a way that greater forces can be absorbed during machining operations to be carried out on the workpiece without the workpiece moving in the clamping device or being released from it.
- the workpiece should be accessible as easily as possible in order to be able to carry out as many machining operations as possible one after the other on the workpiece with a single clamping.
- the EP 1 071 542 B1 a method for clamping workpieces, in which, in a preparatory work step, evenly spaced depressions are made on the workpiece, which only serve as coupling elements when clamping with a corresponding clamping device, but are otherwise inoperative.
- the workpieces are held in vices, which are used for frictional holding have contact surfaces on their clamping jaws and which have form-locking elements complementary to the recesses of the workpiece for positive positioning and securing in position.
- the workpiece is mixed with it and clamped positively and frictionally.
- This tensioning system has basically proven itself.
- a clamping method has become known in which the workpiece is provided with a clamping structure in the vicinity of its base.
- This includes two grooves provided on the flanks of the workpiece, into which corresponding strip-like projections of two clamping jaws of a vice grip.
- the grooves are made, for example, in a milling process and produce a form-fitting connection between the clamping jaws and the workpiece.
- the wall that remains on the workpiece and delimits the groove must be resistant to bending and breaking, which requires a certain minimum wall thickness of the groove wall. This determines the space required by the clamping structure on the workpiece.
- clamping device When designing clamping systems, it must be expected that users will want to machine a spectrum of different workpieces made from different materials without wanting to commit to a specific workpiece type and material type. This must be taken into account when designing clamping systems. On the one hand, the clamping device must hold the workpieces securely, even if they are exposed to great machining forces, and on the other hand, the workpieces must not be damaged by the clamping device, such as inadmissible deformations or breakouts.
- the clamping method according to the invention is based on the fact that, in a preparatory work step, deformations are applied to the workpieces to be clamped in a defined grid, for example in the form of a series of evenly spaced depressions. These depressions (or other deformations) serve as positioning and coupling elements when clamping in a corresponding clamping device, but they otherwise have no function on the workpiece.
- the clamping jaws To clamp the workpieces, the clamping jaws have contact surfaces to hold the workpiece in a frictionally engaged manner.
- the clamping jaws are provided with form-locking elements, which are preferably arranged on the contact surfaces and are used for form-locking positioning and for securing the position of the workpiece. The workpiece is thus clamped in a mixed frictional and form-fitting manner.
- the deformations applied to the workpiece are arranged in a grid with a center-to-center distance of 2.5 mm to 3.5 mm from one another. It has been shown that with such a grid an optimum can be achieved with regard to the holding force and the area stressed on the workpiece for holding. Local stress peaks in the workpiece are reduced to a level that is tolerable for most materials and a uniform transfer of holding force between the clamping jaw and the workpiece is achieved. Breakouts, cracks on the workpiece or other workpiece damage are avoided.
- the depressions are preferably arranged in a row which extends along the lower edge of the workpiece adjacent to the base surface of the workpiece.
- the row is an even row.
- the depressions can, however, also be arranged in two or more rows, preferably arranged parallel to one another.
- the depressions of the two rows can be arranged adjacent to one another in pairs or alternatively also offset from one another.
- the grid spacing is set to a value between 2.5 mm and 3.5 mm, preferably 3 mm.
- the deformations to be applied to the workpiece are preferably depressions which are made in the workpiece by means of an embossing device by means of plastic deformation, in that each depression is produced by means of a stamping tooth through material displacement.
- the depressions are preferably arranged in a straight row and at constant intervals from one another. Non-recessed or slightly raised areas are formed between the recesses, which separate the individual recesses from one another.
- the depressions preferably have a rectangular cross section with rounded corners, which decreases towards the bottom of the depression.
- the rectangular indentations preferably have a length in the direction of the row in which they are arranged which is at least as great as the length to be measured in the same direction of the area between two adjacent depressions.
- the displacement of the material which occurs when the indentations are produced leads to a flow of the material of the workpiece, as a result of which a zone of solidified material can be produced under and around the indentation.
- this zone can have an increased strength so that it is particularly suitable for absorbing and distributing forces in the workpiece.
- the embossing tool when embossing between adjacent embossing teeth, a distance is left between the embossing tool and the workpiece, into which the displaced material can penetrate.
- the workpiece surface which was smooth before the embossing process, for example cylindrical or flat, is thereby given the desired deformations, for example depressions, during the preparatory work step.
- desired deformations for example depressions
- wavy or raised deformations of the workpiece surface can also form.
- the clamping surfaces of the clamping jaws are opened when the workpiece is clamped preferably brought into full contact with the workpiece surface.
- the clamping surface of the clamping jaw is pressed strongly against the workpiece surface which may have been somewhat deformed in the preparatory work step.
- the workpiece surface can be smoothed in that material pushed out of the workpiece surface is deformed again (elastically or plastically) until, in the ideal case, the flat clamping surface is in full contact with the workpiece. This can be accompanied by less further plastic deformation of the workpiece, as a result of which the workpiece is held particularly securely in the clamping device between the clamping jaws.
- the embossing device is used to carry out the method according to the invention.
- the embossing device includes at least one embossing die which has an embossed structure defining a grid, the grid dimension being between 2.5 mm and 3.5 mm.
- the stamp can be a linearly movable stamp, a roller stamp or the like.
- the embossing device contains an abutment for receiving the workpiece, the abutment being arranged opposite the embossing die.
- the abutment itself can be designed as an embossing die, so that the desired positioning and coupling elements are attached to the workpiece in a single operation on two opposite sides facing away from one another.
- the embossing die or dies are preferably pressed against the workpiece by means of a force generating device.
- the force generating device is preferably set up to allow the die (s) to act on the workpiece with a predetermined force. This means that the embossing depth is determined by the ductility determined by the material of the workpiece. In any case, damage to the workpiece due to excessive force is prevented.
- the depressions are produced by means of the embossing device, preferably by measuring the penetration depth of the embossing teeth. It can thereby be ensured that the depressions reach a desired depth in the embossing process, but that a maximum depth is not exceeded. There are no mechanical means to limit the penetration depth, such as stop teeth on the embossing jaws (between the embossing teeth). Rather, a free space is formed between two embossing teeth, the delimitation of which does not come into contact with the workpiece.
- the penetration depth of the embossing teeth is preferably set to a value that is greater than the tooth height of the retaining teeth. This prevents uncontrolled workpiece deformation during clamping as well as excessive wear on the retaining teeth.
- the embossing device preferably has several embossing teeth, the center distance of which corresponds to the grid dimension.
- Each embossing tooth is preferably provided with at least one, preferably with two or more concavely rounded flanks, so that the flank angle decreases more and more during embossing at the point of penetration of the workpiece as the embossing tooth penetrates. In this way, even with different ductile materials, similar penetration depths result, so that the workpieces embossed in this way always fit on the clamping device.
- a low variability in the penetration depths of the embossing teeth is achieved. This ensures that the form-fitting elements of the clamping device fit into the recesses made there regardless of the material used for the workpiece. This is true at least for a wide range of workpiece materials.
- the embossed depressions always have a depth that is greater than the tooth height of the retaining teeth.
- the retaining teeth of the clamping jaws are so small that they fit into the smallest depressions to be expected. Therefore, if the workpiece is made of a very ductile material and the depressions are rather large, they can grip into the depressions with some lateral play. However, due to the compressive force that the clamping surfaces of the clamping jaws exert on the workpiece surface and thus on the surroundings of each recess, the recesses can be narrowed again somewhat, so that the holding teeth ultimately grip into the recesses without play.
- the embossing teeth of the embossing punch delimit a gap between each other, into which some workpiece material can flow during the embossing process.
- the intermediate space preferably has a boundary following a cylinder contour.
- the embossing teeth are preferably formed on a ledge projection of the embossing die. This ensures that no flat surface outside of the embossing teeth comes into contact with the workpiece surface during the embossing process.
- the individual depressions can be surrounded by a more or less large annular elevation, depending on the workpiece ductility.
- the workpiece surface can freely deform outside of the indentations. This is achieved by the coining force acting only and exclusively between the coining teeth and the workpiece.
- the clamping device has at least one, preferably several clamping jaws, the workpiece clamping surface of which is provided with form-fitting elements which are arranged in the predetermined grid of the depressions, i.e. have a uniform center-to-center distance of 2.5 mm to 3.5 mm, preferably 3 mm.
- the form-fit elements are preferably teeth whose shape is similar to the shape of the embossing teeth, the retaining teeth preferably being smaller than the embossing teeth. Therefore, in the case of less ductile materials, the size and shape of a recess can match the shape and size of a retaining tooth.
- the depressions created by the embossing teeth can also be larger and deeper, so that the retaining teeth initially grasp into the depressions with a little play.
- the retaining teeth (or other form-locking elements) are preferably less high than the deep depressions embossed in the workpiece.
- some of the material displaced by the embossing teeth can flow back and ultimately enclose the holding teeth of the clamping device completely and preferably without gaps.
- a planar contact between the workpiece clamping surface and the workpiece can be achieved. In this way, the form fit and the frictional fit are maximized.
- Different embossing jaws with differently sized embossing teeth can be provided for different workpiece materials. Additionally or alternatively, different stamping forces can be used for different workpiece materials be used.
- the embossing device can be designed in such a way that the embossing force can be adjusted accordingly.
- a measuring or monitoring device can be provided which is set up to measure or monitor the depth of penetration of the embossing teeth into the workpiece.
- the embossing device can be designed in such a way that it ends the embossing process when the desired depth of the depressions is reached.
- the depth of the depressions is preferably between 0.2 mm and 2 mm.
- the depth of the embossed depression is preferably 0.02 mm to 0.05 mm greater than the height of the retaining tooth.
- Figure 1 illustrates a method for clamping workpieces 10.
- deformations for example in the form of a series of depressions 12, have been applied to the workpiece 10, which is illustrated schematically and by way of example.
- the clamping device 13 comprises at least one movable clamping jaw 14 and an abutment 15 assigned to this, which can also be designed as clamping jaws mirror-symmetrically to the clamping jaw 14.
- Other abutments such as clamping jaws with smooth clamping surfaces, are also possible.
- clamping jaw 14 applies accordingly to the present and all further exemplary embodiments, to the abutment 15 designed as clamping jaws or to further clamping jaws and abutments.
- the clamping jaw 14 has a number of form-locking elements 16 which can have the shape of retaining teeth 17 which match the recesses 12 in terms of shape, position and size.
- the holding teeth 17 are arranged, for example, in a straight row, which are arranged at a distance from a support surface 18 formed on the clamping jaw 14.
- the retaining teeth can, however, also be arranged in a different pattern, for example in a zigzag row or in two or more rows.
- the preferably flat support surface 18 is arranged at right angles to a clamping surface 19 from which the retaining teeth 17 protrude.
- the clamping surface 19 is preferably a flat surface.
- the retaining teeth 17 are preferably all of uniform design.
- the depressions 12 and also the retaining teeth 17 are arranged in a matching grid R, which is shown in FIG Figure 1 is symbolically marked on the workpiece 10.
- the grid R sets the center distances of the depressions 11 as well as the center distances of the retaining teeth 17 to a uniform value, which is between 2.5 mm and 3.5 mm.
- the center-to-center spacing of the retaining teeth 17 and the depressions 12 in the razor R is preferably set at 3 mm.
- the holding teeth 17 engage in the depressions 12 and the clamping surface 19 comes into contact with the workpiece surface 20 which surrounds the depressions 12.
- the clamping surface 19 exerts a compressive force on the workpiece surface 20.
- the holding teeth 17 are free of play in the depressions 12.
- the workpiece 10 is thereby frictionally and positively clamped. Because of the small grid spacing of preferably 3 mm, this results in a quasi-continuous, form-fitting mounting of the workpiece 10 with low local force peaks.
- the workpiece position is fixed parallel to the clamping jaws 14, 15.
- Figure 2 illustrates part of a tool for forming the depressions 12 on the workpiece 10.
- the depressions 12 are not part of the desired workpiece geometry, but are only used to clamp the workpiece 10. They are attached in a region of the workpiece 10 on the one selected in the Clamping no machining operations are required.
- FIG 9 illustrates an embossing device 31 for producing the depressions 12 on the workpiece 10.
- the Embossing device 31 preferably has two embossing dies 21, 21 ′, which can be moved and tensioned towards one another by means of a force generating device 30.
- the force generating device is connected to the two embossing dies 21, 21 ′ and is set up to exert a controlled force on a workpiece 10 held between the two embossing dies 21, 21 ′.
- the two stamps 21, 21 ' are preferably configured in the same way and arranged in mirror image to one another.
- the stamping die 21 illustrated has a support surface 22 on which the workpiece 10 can be placed before an stamping process is carried out.
- the support surface 22 can be a plane surface or a surface that is interrupted several times. It is also possible to dispense with such a support surface 22.
- These recesses 24 preferably each follow a cylindrical surface and delimit the embossing teeth 25, which are arranged in the grid R, between one another. In other words, their center-to-center distances are set in the preferred grid of 2.5 mm to 3.5 mm and are, for example, uniformly 3 mm.
- the bar 23 can otherwise be designed with parallel flanks or also wedge-shaped, i.e. tapering towards the tips of the embossing teeth 25 in a wedge-shaped manner.
- the embossing teeth can also be designed to be rounded on these flanks.
- Figure 3 illustrates the ratio of the size of the embossing teeth 25 to those in FIG
- the embossing teeth 25 are only partially pressed into the material of the workpiece 10 during the embossing process, ie their respective height H (see FIG Figure 3 ) is greater than the depth T of the generated depressions 12.
- the height H of the embossing teeth 25 can be based on an in Figure 3
- the imaginary connecting line, shown in dashed lines, of the deepest points of the depressions 24 up to the tooth tip can be measured and, for example, be 3 mm.
- the depth T of the recesses 12 then corresponds to the depth of penetration of the teeth.
- the embossing dies 21 are preferably moved towards one another in a force-operated manner, the embossing process preferably being force-controlled, but at least being force-limited.
- the depth T results from an interplay of the material ductility of the workpiece 10 and the stamping force applied.
- path-controlled embossing processes which have a defined penetration depth, damage to the workpiece 10 is prevented.
- the penetration depth of the embossing teeth can be measured during the embossing process. The penetration depth is the distance that the embossing jaws cover after the first contact of the workpiece with the face of the embossing teeth.
- the embossing device can be set up to end the embossing process when the desired depth of penetration and thus the desired depth of the recess has been reached.
- the depth T of the recess 12 is preferably at least slightly greater than the height of a retaining tooth 17. The difference can be, for example, 0.02 to 0.05 mm, if necessary also less or more.
- Figure 4 illustrates the embossing process on a material that is easy to flow and therefore ductile, such as, for example ductile aluminum.
- the embossing tooth 25 locally penetrates the workpiece surface 20, the material of the workpiece 10 evading the embossing tooth 25 and being deformed.
- An influenced zone 26 is formed in which the material of the workpiece 10 can be compressed and also hardened by deformation.
- a non-planar deformation of the workpiece surface 20 can form around the depression 12 generated, for example in the form of a wall-like bulge or elevation 27 or in some other slight elevation of the workpiece surface 20 against the penetration direction of the embossing tooth 25. This is in Figure 5 and 6th illustrated again in exaggeratedly exaggerated representation.
- the cross section of the embossing tooth increases from its end face 25a towards its tooth base.
- the penetration resistance of the embossing tooth increases disproportionately with increasing penetration depth.
- the embossing teeth 25 have, like especially the Figures 2 and 6th can be seen, preferably two or four concavely rounded flanks 24a, 24b, so that the resistance of each embossing tooth 25 increases non-linearly with increasing penetration depth during the embossing process. That’s why when embossing various ductile materials, depressions with a depth T are reached, which in any case is sufficient to accommodate the retaining teeth 17. If the material is more ductile, the penetration depth is even greater. The variability of the depth T is, however, much less than the variability of the ductility of the various materials of the materials in question. In addition, the depth of penetration during embossing can be monitored and regulated to a target value.
- Workpieces 10 can for example consist of aluminum, aluminum alloys, various other metals and metal alloys or plastic. It can be achieved by the rounding of the surface 24 that complete penetration of the embossing tooth 25 into the workpiece 10 is not to be expected even with soft materials.
- the height h of a retaining tooth measured in the clamping direction S is preferably less than the depth T of the recess 12.
- the wall-like elevation 27 is now at least partially leveled by the clamping surface 19, so that the material of the workpiece, in particular of the zone 26, is further deformed and fits tightly around the retaining tooth 17. The material can flow again, so that more can flow into Figure 7 in deformation areas 28, 29 shown hatched.
- a large part of the clamping surface 20, preferably the entire clamping surface 20 and the outer surface (24a, 24b) of the holding teeth 17 is used as a surface that transmits holding force.
- the material of the workpiece 10 is pretensioned against the flanks and, if necessary, also against the end face of the retaining teeth 17.
- the depth of the recess 12 is so great that the end face of the retaining tooth 17 does not lie against the bottom of the recess 12 when the workpiece 10 is clamped (see FIG Figure 7 ).
- the predetermined grid spacing of preferably 3 mm ensures that the influenced zones 26 of the various embossing teeth 25 in the workpiece 10 touch or overlap. This enables the workpiece 10 to be held in a quasi-continuous manner. Investigations show that both larger and smaller grid spacings lead to lower workpiece holding forces. Figure 8 illustrates this in a diagram. The ratio of the achievable holding force F and the available clamping surface A is plotted on the vertical axis (ordinate). In order to obtain comparable curves for different materials, the force F is standardized to the maximum holding force without holding teeth.
- the grid dimension of the grid R is plotted on the horizontal axis (abscissa).
- the grid dimension is the center-to-center distance of the embossing teeth 25 and at the same time the center-to-center distance of the depressions 12 as well as the center-to-center distance of the retaining teeth 17. It can be seen that the maximum achievable holding force F related to area A reaches a maximum at a grid dimension of 3 mm, with in Good holding force values can still be achieved in the range between 2.5 mm and 3.5 mm.
- the decrease compared to the maximum holding force within this range is usually less than 30%, often less than 10%. This applies to almost all practically occurring at least somewhat ductile and thus stampable materials.
- the holding force F is a force that acts perpendicular to the support surface 18 and thus tries to pull the workpiece 10 clamped between the clamping jaws 14, 15 out of the clamping jaws 14, 15 (in Figure 1 vertically up).
- the embossing teeth and correspondingly also the holding teeth 17 can have essentially flat flanks, otherwise the previous description applies accordingly.
- FIG 11 Another modification of the invention described above, according to which the workpiece 10 is held between four jaws 14, 15, 14a, 15a, each of which has retaining teeth 17 and for which the description of the clamping jaw 14 applies accordingly.
- Clamping jaws 14, 15, 14a, 15a lying opposite each other are moved towards or away from each other by clamping drives and can thus clamp the workpiece 10 on four sides.
- Figure 12 shows the clamping of a workpiece 10 'on a cylindrical section of the same by means of corresponding cylinder-shell-shaped, adapted clamping jaws 14, 14a, 15, the workpiece 10' as in all other embodiments of the invention prior to clamping in a preparatory work step has been provided with the necessary depressions, preferably by embossing.
- a workpiece 10 is first provided with depressions 12, these being arranged, for example, in a row or in a field in a grid dimension of 3 mm grid width.
- the grid dimension is measured as the center-to-center distance of the depressions 12, the depth T of which is preferably less than the length of the depression 12, measured in the direction of the row of depressions 12.
- the distances between the depressions 12 preferably correspond approximately to the length of the depressions 12.
- These recesses 12 are preferably formed with embossing tools which have embossing teeth 25 with rounded flanks 24a, 24b.
- the flanks 24a, 24b are preferably rounded in a concave manner.
- the embossing process is preferably carried out in such a way that raised areas 27 are formed between the depressions 12 which, when the workpiece 10 is clamped between clamping jaws 14, 15, come into contact first with its flat clamping surface 19. Deformation of these raised areas 27 during the clamping process increases the holding force.
- the grid dimension of 2.5 mm to 3 mm has proven to be optimal for a wide range of usable workpieces and materials.
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Abstract
Bei einem erfindungsgemäßen Spannverfahren wird ein Werkstück (10) zunächst mit Vertiefungen (12) versehen, wobei diese zum Beispiel in einer Reihe oder in einem Feld in einem Rastermaß mit 3 mm Rasterweite angeordnet sind. Das Rastermaß bemisst sich dabei als Mittenabstand der Vertiefungen (12), deren Tiefe vorzugsweise geringer ist als die Länge der Vertiefung (12), gemessen in Richtung der Reihe der Vertiefungen (12). Die Abstände zwischen den Vertiefungen (12) entsprechen vorzugsweise ungefähr eben jener Länge der Vertiefungen 12. Das Rastermaß von 2,5 mm bis 3 mm hat sich für ein großes Spektrum verwendbarer Werkstücke und Werkstoffe als optimal erwiesen. In a tensioning method according to the invention, a workpiece (10) is first provided with depressions (12), these being arranged, for example, in a row or in a field in a grid dimension of 3 mm grid width. The grid dimension is measured as the center-to-center spacing of the depressions (12), the depth of which is preferably less than the length of the depression (12), measured in the direction of the row of depressions (12). The distances between the depressions (12) preferably correspond approximately to the length of the depressions 12. The grid dimension of 2.5 mm to 3 mm has proven to be optimal for a wide range of usable workpieces and materials.
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zum Spannen von Werkstücken, insbesondere von Werkstücken aus duktilem Material, sowie eine Prägevorrichtung zum Einsatz in diesem Verfahren sowie eine Spannvorrichtung ebenfalls zum Einsatz in diesem Verfahren.The invention relates to a method for clamping workpieces, in particular workpieces made of ductile material, as well as an embossing device for use in this method and a clamping device also for use in this method.
Zur Bearbeitung von Werkstücken in Werkzeugmaschinen, insbesondere zur spanenden Bearbeitung, müssen die Werkstücke auf geeigneten Spannplätzen fest aufgespannt und gehalten werden. Die Aufspannung muss dabei so beschaffen sein, dass bei an dem Werkstück durchzuführenden Bearbeitungsvorgängen auch größere Kräfte aufgenommen werden können, ohne dass sich das Werkstück in der Spannvorrichtung bewegt oder aus dieser löst. Andererseits soll das Werkstück möglichst gut zugänglich sein, um nacheinander möglichst viele Bearbeitungsvorgänge an dem Werkstück mit einer einzigen Aufspannung durchführen zu können.For machining workpieces in machine tools, especially for machining, the workpieces must be firmly clamped and held in suitable clamping positions. The clamping must be designed in such a way that greater forces can be absorbed during machining operations to be carried out on the workpiece without the workpiece moving in the clamping device or being released from it. On the other hand, the workpiece should be accessible as easily as possible in order to be able to carry out as many machining operations as possible one after the other on the workpiece with a single clamping.
Dazu schlägt die
Weiter ist aus der
Bei der Gestaltung von Spannsystemen muss damit gerechnet werden, dass die Anwender ein Spektrum verschiedener Werkstück aus unterschiedlichen Werkstoffen bearbeiten wollen, ohne sich auf einen bestimmten Werkstücktyp und Werkstofftyp festlegen zu wollen. Bei der Konzeption von Spannsystemen ist dies zu berücksichtigen. Die Spannvorrichtung muss einerseits die Werkstücke, auch wenn sie großen Bearbeitungskräften ausgesetzt sind, sicher halten, wobei es andererseits auch nicht zu Beschädigungen der Werkstücke durch die Spannvorrichtung kommen darf, wie z.B. zu unzulässigen Verformungen oder Ausbrüchen.When designing clamping systems, it must be expected that users will want to machine a spectrum of different workpieces made from different materials without wanting to commit to a specific workpiece type and material type. This must be taken into account when designing clamping systems. On the one hand, the clamping device must hold the workpieces securely, even if they are exposed to great machining forces, and on the other hand, the workpieces must not be damaged by the clamping device, such as inadmissible deformations or breakouts.
Davon ausgehend ist es Aufgabe der Erfindung, ein Spannverfahren anzugeben, mit dem sich ein großes Spektrum von aus verschiedenen Werkstoffen bestehenden Werkstücken sicher spannen lässt, wobei der von der Spannvorrichtung am Werkstück beanspruchte Platz möglichst gering sein soll.Based on this, it is the object of the invention to specify a clamping method with which a large spectrum of workpieces made of different materials can be securely clamped, with the space required by the clamping device on the workpiece being as small as possible.
Das erfindungsgemäße Spannverfahren beruht darauf, dass in einem vorbereitenden Arbeitsgang an den zu spannenden Werkstücken in einem definierten Raster Verformungen angebracht werden, beispielsweise in Form einer Reihe von gleichmäßig beabstandeten Vertiefungen. Diese Vertiefungen (oder sonstigen Verformungen) dienen als Positionier- und Kupplungselemente beim Spannen in einer entsprechenden Spannvorrichtung, wobei sie aber sonst an dem Werkstück keine Funktion erfüllen. Zum Spannen der Werkstücke weisen die Spannbacken zum reibschlüssigen Halten des Werkstücks Anlageflächen auf. Zusätzlich sind die Spannbacken mit vorzugsweise an den Anlageflächen angeordneten Formschlusselementen versehen, die zur formschlüssigen Positionierung und zur Lagesicherung des Werkstücks dienen. Das Werkstück wird somit gemischt reib- und formschlüssig gespannt.The clamping method according to the invention is based on the fact that, in a preparatory work step, deformations are applied to the workpieces to be clamped in a defined grid, for example in the form of a series of evenly spaced depressions. These depressions (or other deformations) serve as positioning and coupling elements when clamping in a corresponding clamping device, but they otherwise have no function on the workpiece. To clamp the workpieces, the clamping jaws have contact surfaces to hold the workpiece in a frictionally engaged manner. In addition, the clamping jaws are provided with form-locking elements, which are preferably arranged on the contact surfaces and are used for form-locking positioning and for securing the position of the workpiece. The workpiece is thus clamped in a mixed frictional and form-fitting manner.
Erfindungsgemäß sind die an dem Werkstück angebrachten Verformungen in einem Raster mit einem Mittenabstand von 2,5 mm bis 3,5 mm zueinander angeordnet. Es zeigt sich, dass mit einem solchen Raster ein Optimum hinsichtlich der Haltekraft und der an dem Werkstück zum Halten beanspruchten Fläche zu erzielen ist. Es werden lokale Spannungsspitzen in dem Werkstück auf ein für die meisten Werkstoffe erträgliches Maß reduziert und eine gleichmäßige Haltekraftübertragung zwischen Spannbacke und Werkstück erreicht. Ausbrüche, Rissbildungen am Werkstück oder sonstige Werkstückbeschädigungen werden vermieden. Bei einem Rastermaß von 3 mm ergibt sich ein Optimum des Verhältnisses aus erreichbarer Haltekraft und beanspruchter Fläche, das für die weitaus meisten duktilen Werkstoffe, wie Kunststoffe, insbesondere plastisch verformbare Kunststoffe, Aluminium, Aluminiumlegierungen sowie auch andere Metalllegierungen und Metalle gilt.According to the invention, the deformations applied to the workpiece are arranged in a grid with a center-to-center distance of 2.5 mm to 3.5 mm from one another. It has been shown that with such a grid an optimum can be achieved with regard to the holding force and the area stressed on the workpiece for holding. Local stress peaks in the workpiece are reduced to a level that is tolerable for most materials and a uniform transfer of holding force between the clamping jaw and the workpiece is achieved. Breakouts, cracks on the workpiece or other workpiece damage are avoided. With a grid dimension of 3 mm results in an optimum ratio of achievable holding force and stressed area, which applies to the vast majority of ductile materials, such as plastics, in particular plastically deformable plastics, aluminum, aluminum alloys and also other metal alloys and metals.
Die Vertiefungen sind vorzugsweise in einer Reihe angeordnet, die sich entlang der unteren, der Basisfläche des Werkstücks benachbarten Kante des Werkstücks erstreckt. Vorzugsweise ist die Reihe eine gerade Reihe. Die Vertiefungen können aber auch in zwei oder mehreren vorzugsweise parallel zueinander angeordneten Reihen angeordnet. Die Vertiefungen der beiden Reihen können zueinander paarweise benachbart oder alternativ auch gegeneinander versetzt angeordnet sein. In mindestens einer der beiden (oder mehreren) Reihen, vorzugsweise in allen Reihen ist der Rasterabstand auf einen zwischen 2,5 mm und 3,5 mm liegenden Wert, vorzugsweise auf 3 mm festgelegt.The depressions are preferably arranged in a row which extends along the lower edge of the workpiece adjacent to the base surface of the workpiece. Preferably the row is an even row. The depressions can, however, also be arranged in two or more rows, preferably arranged parallel to one another. The depressions of the two rows can be arranged adjacent to one another in pairs or alternatively also offset from one another. In at least one of the two (or more) rows, preferably in all rows, the grid spacing is set to a value between 2.5 mm and 3.5 mm, preferably 3 mm.
Vorzugsweise sind die an dem Werkstück anzubringenden Verformungen Vertiefungen, die mittels einer Prägevorrichtung durch plastische Verformung in das Werkstück eingebracht werden, indem jede Vertiefung mittels eines Prägezahns durch Materialverdrängung erzeugt wird. Die Vertiefungen sind vorzugsweise in einer geraden Reihe und in konstanten Abständen zueinander angeordnet. Zwischen den Vertiefungen sind nicht vertiefte oder auch leicht erhabene Bereiche ausgebildet, die die einzelnen Vertiefungen voneinander trennen.The deformations to be applied to the workpiece are preferably depressions which are made in the workpiece by means of an embossing device by means of plastic deformation, in that each depression is produced by means of a stamping tooth through material displacement. The depressions are preferably arranged in a straight row and at constant intervals from one another. Non-recessed or slightly raised areas are formed between the recesses, which separate the individual recesses from one another.
Die Vertiefungen weisen vorzugsweise einen rechteckigen Querschnitt mit abgerundeten Ecken auf, der zum Boden der Vertiefung hin abnimmt. Die rechteckigen Vertiefungen weisen in Richtung der Reihe, in der sie angeordnet sind, vorzugsweise eine Länge auf, die mindestens so groß ist, wie die in gleicher Richtung zu messende Länge der Bereich jeweils zwischen zwei benachbarten Vertiefungen.The depressions preferably have a rectangular cross section with rounded corners, which decreases towards the bottom of the depression. The rectangular indentations preferably have a length in the direction of the row in which they are arranged which is at least as great as the length to be measured in the same direction of the area between two adjacent depressions.
Die beim Herstellen der Vertiefungen erfolgende Materialverdrängung führt zu einem Fließen des Materials des Werkstücks, wodurch unter der Vertiefung und um diese herum eine Zone verfestigten Werkstoffs erzeugt werden kann. Insbesondere bei Metallen und Metalllegierungen kann diese Zone eine erhöhte Festigkeit aufweisen, so dass sie sich besonders gut zur Aufnahme und Verteilung von Kräften im Werkstück eignet.The displacement of the material which occurs when the indentations are produced leads to a flow of the material of the workpiece, as a result of which a zone of solidified material can be produced under and around the indentation. In the case of metals and metal alloys in particular, this zone can have an increased strength so that it is particularly suitable for absorbing and distributing forces in the workpiece.
Vorzugsweise wird beim Prägen zwischen benachbarten Prägezähnen ein Abstand zwischen dem Prägewerkzeug und dem Werkstück freigelassen, in den verdrängtes Material eindringen kann. Die vor dem Prägevorgang glatte, beispielsweise zylindrische oder ebene Werkstückfläche erhält dadurch bei dem vorbereitenden Arbeitsgang die gewünschten Verformungen, beispielsweise Vertiefungen. Dabei können sich durch Materialverdrängung zwischen diesen Vertiefungen auch wellige oder erhabene Verformungen der Werkstückfläche bilden. Daraus resultiert eine Werkstückfläche, die nicht nur Vertiefungen zur Aufnahme der Formschlusselemente des Spannbackens aufweist, sondern darüber hinaus mehrfach gekrümmt ist. Mit anderen Worten, die ehemals glatte Werkstückoberfläche kann nach der Ausbildung der Vertiefungen eine gewisse regelmäßige Deformation insbesondere in den Bereichen zwischen den Vertiefungen oder um diese herum aufweisen.Preferably, when embossing between adjacent embossing teeth, a distance is left between the embossing tool and the workpiece, into which the displaced material can penetrate. The workpiece surface, which was smooth before the embossing process, for example cylindrical or flat, is thereby given the desired deformations, for example depressions, during the preparatory work step. As a result of material displacement between these depressions, wavy or raised deformations of the workpiece surface can also form. This results in a workpiece surface which not only has depressions for receiving the form-fitting elements of the clamping jaw, but is also curved several times. In other words, after the depressions have been formed, the previously smooth workpiece surface can have a certain regular deformation, in particular in the areas between the depressions or around them.
Bei dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren werden die Spannflächen der Spannbacken beim Spannen des Werkstücks mit der Werkstückfläche vorzugsweise in vollständige Flächenanlage gebracht. Mit anderen Worten, die der Spannfläche des Spannbackens wird an die im vorbereitenden Arbeitsschritt möglicherweise etwas verformte Werkstückfläche stark angepresst. Die Werkstückfläche kann dabei geglättet werden, indem aus der Werkstückfläche heraus gedrängtes Material erneut (elastisch oder plastisch) verformt wird, bis, im Idealfalle, die ebene Spannfläche vollflächig an dem Werkstück anliegt. Dies kann mit einer geringeren weiteren plastischen Verformung des Werkstücks einhergehen, wodurch das Werkstück in der Spannvorrichtung zwischen den Spannbacken besonders sicher gehalten ist.In the method according to the invention, the clamping surfaces of the clamping jaws are opened when the workpiece is clamped preferably brought into full contact with the workpiece surface. In other words, the clamping surface of the clamping jaw is pressed strongly against the workpiece surface which may have been somewhat deformed in the preparatory work step. The workpiece surface can be smoothed in that material pushed out of the workpiece surface is deformed again (elastically or plastically) until, in the ideal case, the flat clamping surface is in full contact with the workpiece. This can be accompanied by less further plastic deformation of the workpiece, as a result of which the workpiece is held particularly securely in the clamping device between the clamping jaws.
Die erfindungsgemäße Prägevorrichtung dient der Durchführung des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens. Zu der Prägevorrichtung gehört mindestens ein Prägestempel, der eine ein Raster festlegende Prägestruktur aufweist, wobei das Rastermaß zwischen 2,5 mm und 3,5 mm liegt. Der Prägestempel kann ein linear beweglicher Stempel, ein Rollstempel oder dergleichen sein. Die Prägevorrichtung enthält ein Widerlager zur Aufnahme des Werkstücks, wobei das Widerlager dem Prägestempel gegenüber angeordnet ist. Das Widerlager kann dabei selbst als Prägestempel ausgebildet sein, sodass an dem Werkstück an zwei einander gegenüberliegenden voneinander weg weisenden Seiten die gewünschten Positionier- und Kupplungselemente in einem einzigen Arbeitsgang angebracht werden.The embossing device according to the invention is used to carry out the method according to the invention. The embossing device includes at least one embossing die which has an embossed structure defining a grid, the grid dimension being between 2.5 mm and 3.5 mm. The stamp can be a linearly movable stamp, a roller stamp or the like. The embossing device contains an abutment for receiving the workpiece, the abutment being arranged opposite the embossing die. The abutment itself can be designed as an embossing die, so that the desired positioning and coupling elements are attached to the workpiece in a single operation on two opposite sides facing away from one another.
Zum Prägen werden der oder die Prägestempel vorzugsweise mittels einer Krafterzeugungseinrichtung an das Werkstück gepresst. Die Krafterzeugungseinrichtung ist vorzugsweise darauf eingerichtet, den oder die Prägestempel mit einer vorbestimmten Kraft auf das Werkstück einwirken zu lassen. Damit wird die Prägetiefe durch die Duktilität des Werkstoffs des Werkstücks bestimmt. Jedenfalls aber wird einer Beschädigung des Werkstücks durch übermäßige Krafteinwirkung verhindert.For the embossing, the embossing die or dies are preferably pressed against the workpiece by means of a force generating device. The force generating device is preferably set up to allow the die (s) to act on the workpiece with a predetermined force. This means that the embossing depth is determined by the ductility determined by the material of the workpiece. In any case, damage to the workpiece due to excessive force is prevented.
Die Vertiefungen werden mittels der Prägevorrichtung vorzugsweise unter Messung der Eindringtiefe der Prägezähne erzeugt. Es kann dadurch sichergestellt werden, dass die Vertiefungen in dem Prägevorgang eine Solltiefe erreichen, eine maximale Tiefe jedoch nicht überschritten wird. Mechanische Mittel zur Begrenzung der Eindringtiefe, wie z.B. an den Prägebacken (zwischen den Prägezähnen) vorgesehene Anschlagzähne sind nicht vorhanden. Vielmehr ist zwischen zwei Prägezähnen jeweils ein Freiraum ausgebildet, dessen Begrenzung mit dem Werkstück nicht in Berührung tritt. Die Eindringtiefe der Prägezähne ist vorzugsweise auf einen Wert festgelegt, der größer ist als die Zahnhöhe der Haltezähne. Dadurch wird eine unkontrollierte Werkstückverformung beim Spannen ebenso verhindert wie eine übermäßige Abnutzung der Haltezähne.The depressions are produced by means of the embossing device, preferably by measuring the penetration depth of the embossing teeth. It can thereby be ensured that the depressions reach a desired depth in the embossing process, but that a maximum depth is not exceeded. There are no mechanical means to limit the penetration depth, such as stop teeth on the embossing jaws (between the embossing teeth). Rather, a free space is formed between two embossing teeth, the delimitation of which does not come into contact with the workpiece. The penetration depth of the embossing teeth is preferably set to a value that is greater than the tooth height of the retaining teeth. This prevents uncontrolled workpiece deformation during clamping as well as excessive wear on the retaining teeth.
Die Prägevorrichtung weist vorzugsweise mehrere Prägezähne auf, deren Mittenabstand mit dem Rastermaß übereinstimmt. Vorzugsweise ist jeder Prägezahn mit mindestens einer, vorzugsweise mit zwei oder mehreren konkav gerundeten Flanken versehen, sodass der Flankenwinkel beim Prägen an der Eindringstelle des Werkstücks mit fortschreitendem Eindringen des Prägezahns immer weiter abnimmt. Auf diese Weise ergeben sich auch bei unterschiedlich duktilen Werkstoffen ähnliche Eindringtiefen, sodass die so geprägten Werkstücke jedenfalls auf die Spannvorrichtung passen. Bei großer Variabilität der Duktilität der verschiedenen Werkstückwerkstoffe wird eine geringe Variabilität der Eindringtiefen der Prägezähne erreicht. Dadurch wird sichergestellt, dass die Formschlusselemente der Spannvorrichtung unabhängig von dem verwendeten Werkstoff des Werkstücks in die dort angebrachten Vertiefungen passen. Dies gilt zumindest für ein weites Spektrum von Werkstückwerkstoffen.The embossing device preferably has several embossing teeth, the center distance of which corresponds to the grid dimension. Each embossing tooth is preferably provided with at least one, preferably with two or more concavely rounded flanks, so that the flank angle decreases more and more during embossing at the point of penetration of the workpiece as the embossing tooth penetrates. In this way, even with different ductile materials, similar penetration depths result, so that the workpieces embossed in this way always fit on the clamping device. With great variability in the ductility of the various workpiece materials, a low variability in the penetration depths of the embossing teeth is achieved. This ensures that the form-fitting elements of the clamping device fit into the recesses made there regardless of the material used for the workpiece. This is true at least for a wide range of workpiece materials.
Wie erwähnt ergeben sich bei verschieden duktilen Werkstoffen zumindest etwas verschiedene Eindringtiefen der Prägezähne und somit etwas unterschiedliche Querschnitte der Vertiefungen. Durch die Kontrolle bzw. Regulierung der Prägekraft kann aber erreicht werden, dass die geprägten Vertiefungen immer eine Tiefe haben, die größer ist, als die Zahnhöhe der Haltezähne.As mentioned, with different ductile materials there are at least slightly different penetration depths of the embossing teeth and thus slightly different cross-sections of the depressions. By controlling or regulating the embossing force, however, it can be achieved that the embossed depressions always have a depth that is greater than the tooth height of the retaining teeth.
Die Haltezähne der Spannbacken sind so klein, dass sie jedenfalls in die kleinsten zu erwartenden Vertiefungen passen. Deswegen können sie, wenn das Werkstück aus sehr duktilem Material besteht und die Vertiefungen eher groß sind, mit etwas seitlichen Spiel in die Vertiefungen fassen. Durch die Druckkraft, die die Spannflächen der Spannbacken auf die Werkstückfläche und somit auf die Umgebung jeder Vertiefung ausüben, könne die Vertiefungen jedoch wieder etwas verengt werden, so dass die Haltezähne letztendlich spielfrei in die Vertiefungen fassen.The retaining teeth of the clamping jaws are so small that they fit into the smallest depressions to be expected. Therefore, if the workpiece is made of a very ductile material and the depressions are rather large, they can grip into the depressions with some lateral play. However, due to the compressive force that the clamping surfaces of the clamping jaws exert on the workpiece surface and thus on the surroundings of each recess, the recesses can be narrowed again somewhat, so that the holding teeth ultimately grip into the recesses without play.
Die Prägezähne des Prägestempels begrenzen zwischen einander einen Zwischenraum, in den beim Prägevorgang etwas Werkstückmaterial einfließen kann. Der Zwischenraum weist vorzugsweise eine einer Zylinderkontur folgende Begrenzung auf. Außerdem sind die Prägezähen vorzugsweise an einem Leistenvorsprung des Prägestempels ausgebildet. Dies stellt sicher, dass beim Prägevorgang gerade keine ebene Fläche außerhalb der Prägezähne mit der Werkstückfläche in Berührung kommt. Dadurch können die einzelnen Vertiefungen je nach Werkstückduktilität von einer mehr oder minder großen ringförmigen Erhebung umgeben sein. Die Werkstückfläche kann sich außerhalb der Vertiefungen frei verformen. Dies wird erreicht, indem die Prägekraft nur und ausschließlich zwischen den Prägezähnen und dem Werkstück wirkt.The embossing teeth of the embossing punch delimit a gap between each other, into which some workpiece material can flow during the embossing process. The intermediate space preferably has a boundary following a cylinder contour. In addition, the embossing teeth are preferably formed on a ledge projection of the embossing die. This ensures that no flat surface outside of the embossing teeth comes into contact with the workpiece surface during the embossing process. As a result, the individual depressions can be surrounded by a more or less large annular elevation, depending on the workpiece ductility. The workpiece surface can freely deform outside of the indentations. This is achieved by the coining force acting only and exclusively between the coining teeth and the workpiece.
Die erfindungsgemäße Spannvorrichtung weist mindestens einen, vorzugsweise mehrere Spannbacken auf, deren Werkstückspannfläche mit Formschlusselementen versehen ist, die in dem vorgegebenen Raster der Vertiefungen angeordnet sind, d.h. einen einheitlichen Mittenabstand von 2,5 mm bis 3,5 mm, vorzugsweise 3 mm aufweisen. Die Formschlusselemente sind vorzugsweise Zähne, deren Form der Form der Prägezähne ähnlich ist, wobei die Haltezähne vorzugsweise kleiner sind als die Prägezähne. Deswegen kann bei wenig duktilen Werkstoffen die Größe und Form einer Vertiefung mit der Form und Größe eines Haltezahns übereinstimmen. Bei hoch duktilen Werkstoffen können die von den Prägezähnen erzeugten Vertiefungen durchaus auch größer und tiefer sein, so dass die Haltezähne zunächst mit etwas Spiel in die Vertiefungen fassen. Um eventuell verschiedenen Prägetiefen Rechnung zu tragen sind die Haltezähne (oder sonstige Formschlusselemente) vorzugsweise weniger hoch als die in das Werkstück eingeprägten Vertiefungen tief sind. Beim Spannen des Werkstücks kann jedoch ein Teil des von den Prägezähnen verdrängten Materials rückfließen und letztendlich die Haltezähne der Spannvorrichtung vollständig und vorzugsweise lückenlos umschließen. Außerdem kann eine flächenhafte Anlage zwischen der Werkstückspannfläche und dem Werkstück erreicht werden. So werden der Formschluss und der Reibschluss maximiert.The clamping device according to the invention has at least one, preferably several clamping jaws, the workpiece clamping surface of which is provided with form-fitting elements which are arranged in the predetermined grid of the depressions, i.e. have a uniform center-to-center distance of 2.5 mm to 3.5 mm, preferably 3 mm. The form-fit elements are preferably teeth whose shape is similar to the shape of the embossing teeth, the retaining teeth preferably being smaller than the embossing teeth. Therefore, in the case of less ductile materials, the size and shape of a recess can match the shape and size of a retaining tooth. In the case of highly ductile materials, the depressions created by the embossing teeth can also be larger and deeper, so that the retaining teeth initially grasp into the depressions with a little play. In order to take account of any different embossing depths, the retaining teeth (or other form-locking elements) are preferably less high than the deep depressions embossed in the workpiece. When the workpiece is clamped, however, some of the material displaced by the embossing teeth can flow back and ultimately enclose the holding teeth of the clamping device completely and preferably without gaps. In addition, a planar contact between the workpiece clamping surface and the workpiece can be achieved. In this way, the form fit and the frictional fit are maximized.
Es können für verschiedene Werkstückwerkstoffe verschiedene Prägebacken mit verschieden großen Prägezähnen bereitgestellt werden. Zusätzlich oder alternativ könne für verschiedene Werkstückwerkstoffe verschiedene Prägekräfte genutzt werden. Dazu kann die Prägevorrichtung so ausgebildet sein, dass die Prägekraft entsprechend einstellbar ist. Zusätzlich oder alternativ kann eine Mess- oder Überwachungseinrichtung vorgesehen sein, die zur Messung oder Überwachung der Eindringtiefe der Prägezähne in das Werkstück eingerichtet ist. Es die Prägeeinrichtung kann so ausgebildet sein, dass die den Prägevorgang beendet, wenn die gewünschte Tiefe der Vertiefungen erreicht ist. Bei allen vorgestellten Ausführungsformen beträgt die Tiefe der Vertiefungen vorzugsweise zwischen 0,2 mm und 2 mm. Vorzugsweise ist die Tiefe der geprägten Vertiefung 0,02 mm bis 0,05 mm größer als die die Höhe des Haltezahns.Different embossing jaws with differently sized embossing teeth can be provided for different workpiece materials. Additionally or alternatively, different stamping forces can be used for different workpiece materials be used. For this purpose, the embossing device can be designed in such a way that the embossing force can be adjusted accordingly. Additionally or alternatively, a measuring or monitoring device can be provided which is set up to measure or monitor the depth of penetration of the embossing teeth into the workpiece. The embossing device can be designed in such a way that it ends the embossing process when the desired depth of the depressions is reached. In all the embodiments presented, the depth of the depressions is preferably between 0.2 mm and 2 mm. The depth of the embossed depression is preferably 0.02 mm to 0.05 mm greater than the height of the retaining tooth.
Weitere Einzelheiten und Vorzüge des erfindungsgemäßen Spannsystems ergeben sich aus der Zeichnung und den Ansprüchen. Es zeigen:
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Figur 1 ein vorbereitetes Werkstück während des Spannens in einer erfindungsgemäßen Spannvorrichtung, -
Figur 2 ein zu einer Prägevorrichtung gehörigen Prägestempel, in perspektivischer Übersichtsdarstellung, -
Figur 3 den Prägestempel beim Prägevorgang in seiner Relation zum Werkstück, in schematisierter Darstellung, -
Figur 4 einen Prägezahn beim Prägevorgang während des Eindringens in das Werkstück, -
Figur 5 das Werkstück nach Durchführung des vorbereitenden Prägevorgangs, in schematisierter Perspektivdarstellung, -
Figur 6 das Werkstück und einen Prägestempel in etwas abweichender Ausführungsform nach dem Prägevorgang, in schematisierter Darstellung, -
Figur 7 das Werkstück und einen Spannbacken beim Spannen des Werkstücks, in geschnittener schematisierter Darstellung, -
Figur 8 einen Zusammenhang zwischen Rastermaß und normierter Haltekraft als Diagramm, -
Figur 9 eine Prägevorrichtung in schematisierter Draufsicht, -
eine abgewandelte Ausführungsform eines Prägestempels und eines zugehörigen Werkstücks nach dem Prägevorgang, in schematisierter Seitenansicht,Figur 10 -
Figur 11 und 12 weitere Ausführungsbeispiele des erfindungsgemäßen Spannsystems und zugehöriger Werkstücke.
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Figure 1 a prepared workpiece during clamping in a clamping device according to the invention, -
Figure 2 an embossing die belonging to an embossing device, in a perspective overview, -
Figure 3 the die during the embossing process in its relation to the workpiece, in a schematic representation, -
Figure 4 a stamping tooth during the stamping process while penetrating the workpiece, -
Figure 5 the workpiece after the preparatory embossing process has been carried out, in a schematic perspective view, -
Figure 6 the workpiece and an embossing stamp in a slightly different embodiment after the embossing process, in a schematic representation, -
Figure 7 the workpiece and a clamping jaw when clamping the workpiece, in a sectional schematic representation, -
Figure 8 a relationship between grid dimension and standardized holding force as a diagram, -
Figure 9 an embossing device in a schematic plan view, -
Figure 10 a modified embodiment of an embossing stamp and an associated workpiece after the embossing process, in a schematic side view, -
Figures 11 and 12 further embodiments of the clamping system according to the invention and associated workpieces.
Die nachfolgende Beschreibung des Spannbackens 14 gilt für das vorliegende und alle weiteren Ausführungsbeispiele, für das als Spannbacken ausgebildete Widerlager 15 oder weitere Spannbacken und Widerlager entsprechend.The following description of the clamping
Der Spannbacken 14 weist eine Reihe von Formschlusselementen 16 auf, die die Form von Haltezähnen 17 haben können, die in Form, Position und Größe zu den Vertiefungen 12 passen. Die Haltezähne 17 sind beispielsweise in einer geraden Reihe angeordnet, die in einem Abstand zu einer an dem Spannbacken 14 ausgebildeten Auflagefläche 18 angeordnet sind. Die Haltezähne können aber auch in einem abweichenden Muster, beispielsweise in einer Zickzackreihe oder zwei- oder mehrreihig angeordnet sein. Die vorzugsweise ebene Auflagefläche 18 ist rechtwinklig zu einer Spannfläche 19 angeordnet, von der die Haltezähne 17 weg ragen. Die Spannfläche 19 ist vorzugsweise eine ebene Fläche. Vorzugsweise sind die Haltezähne 17 alle einheitlich ausgebildet.The clamping
Die Vertiefungen 12 sowie auch die Haltezähne 17 sind in einem übereinstimmenden Raster R angeordnet, das in
Beim Spannen des Werkstücks 10 zwischen den Spannbacken 14, 15 greifen die Haltezähne 17 in die Vertiefungen 12 und die Spannfläche 19 kommt mit der Werkstückfläche 20 in Berührung, die die Vertiefungen 12 umgibt. Dabei übt die Spannfläche 19 eine Druckkraft auf die Werkstückfläche 20 aus. Zugleich liegen die Haltezähne 17 spielfrei in den Vertiefungen 12. Das Werkstück 10 wird dadurch reib- und formschlüssig gespannt. Aufgrund des geringen Rasterabstands von vorzugsweise 3 mm ergibt sich dabei eine quasi kontinuierliche formschlüssige Halterung des Werkstücks 10 mit geringen lokalen Kraftspitzen. Zugleich wird durch das Einrasten der Haltezähne 17 in die Vertiefungen 12 die Werkstückposition parallel zu dem Spannbacken 14, 15 festgelegt.When the
Der in
Parallel zu der Auflagefläche 22 ist an dem Prägestempel 21 eine Leiste 23 ausgebildet, die mit vorzugsweise gerundeten Ausnehmungen 24 versehen ist. Diese Ausnehmungen 24 folgen vorzugsweise jeweils einer Zylinderfläche und begrenzen zwischen einander die Prägezähne 25, die in dem Raster R angeordnet sind. Mit anderen Worten, ihre Mittenabstände sind in dem bevorzugten Raster von 2,5 mm bis 3,5 mm festgelegt und betragen beispielsweise einheitlich 3 mm.A
Die Leiste 23 kann ansonsten parallelflankig oder auch keilförmig, d.h., zu den Spitzen der Prägezähne 25 hin keilförmig zulaufend ausgebildet sein. Zudem können die Prägezähne auch an diesen Flanken gerundet ausgebildet sein.The
Bei einem Prägevorgang werden die Prägestempel 21 vorzugsweise kraftbetätigt aufeinander zu bewegt, wobei der Prägevorgang vorzugsweise kraftkontrolliert, wenigstens aber kraftbegrenzt abläuft. Dies bedeutet, dass sich die Tiefe T aus einem Zusammenspiel der Materialduktilität des Werkstücks 10 und der aufgewandten Prägekraft ergibt. Damit wird im Gegensatz zu weggesteuerten Prägevorgängen, die eine definierte Eindringtiefe haben, eine Schädigung des Werkstücks 10 verhindert. Zusätzlich oder alternativ kann während des Prägevorgangs die Eindringtiefe der Prägezähne gemessen werden. Die Eindringtiefe ist der Weg, den die Prägebacken nach der ersten Berührung des Werkstücks mit den Stirnflächen der Prägezähne zurücklegen. Die Prägevorrichtung kann darauf eingerichtet sein, den Prägevorgang zu beenden, wenn die gewünschte Eindringtiefe und damit die gewünschte Tiefe der Vertiefung erreicht ist. Die Tiefe T der Vertiefung 12 ist vorzugsweise wenigstens geringfügig größer als die Höhe eines Haltezahns 17. Der Unterschied kann z.B. 0,02 bis 0,05 mm, gegebenenfalls auch weniger oder mehr betragen.In the case of an embossing process, the embossing dies 21 are preferably moved towards one another in a force-operated manner, the embossing process preferably being force-controlled, but at least being force-limited. This means that the depth T results from an interplay of the material ductility of the
Wie
Wie
Die Prägezähne 25 haben, wie besonders die
Wie bereits erwähnt, werden beim Spannen die Spannfläche 19 und die Werkstückfläche 20 miteinander in Anlage gebracht, während die Haltezähne 17 in die Vertiefungen 12 eingreifen. Wie aus
Durch den vorgegebenen Rasterabstand von vorzugsweise 3 mm wird erreicht, dass sich die beeinflussten Zonen 26 der verschiedenen Prägezähne 25 im Werkstück 10 berühren oder überschneiden. Damit wird eine quasi kontinuierliche Halterung des Werkstücks 10 ermöglicht. Untersuchungen zeigen dabei, dass sowohl größere als auch kleinere Rasterabstände zu geringeren Werkstückhaltekräften führen.
Auf der horizontalen Achse (Abszisse) ist das Rastermaß des Rasters R abgetragen. Das Rastermaß ist der Mittenabstand der Prägezähne 25 und zugleich der Mittenabstand der Vertiefungen 12 wie auch der Mittenabstand der Haltezähne 17. Es zeigt sich, dass die auf die Fläche A bezogene maximal erzielbare Haltekraft F bei einem Rastermaß von 3 mm ein Maximum erreicht, wobei in dem Bereich zwischen 2,5 mm und 3,5 mm noch gute Haltekraftwerte erzielbar sind. Der Abfall gegenüber der maximalen Haltekraft beträgt innerhalb dieses Bereichs meist weniger als 30%, häufig weniger als 10%. Dies gilt für nahezu alle praktisch vorkommenden wenigstens etwas duktilen und somit prägbaren Werkstoffe.The grid dimension of the grid R is plotted on the horizontal axis (abscissa). The grid dimension is the center-to-center distance of the embossing
Die Haltekraft F ist dabei eine Kraft, die senkrecht zu der Auflagefläche 18 wirkt und somit versucht, das zwischen den Spannbacken 14, 15 geklemmte Werkstück 10 aus den Spannbacken 14, 15 herauszuziehen (in
Es hat sich überraschenderweise gezeigt, dass das Rastermaß von 2,5 mm bis 3,5 mm für ein weites Spektrum von Werkstücken und Werkstoffen optimal ist, sodass mit dem vorgestellten Spannsystem keine Festlegung auf bestimmte Werkstoffe und Werkstückgeometrien nötig ist. Es kann ein Universalspannsystem angeboten werden, das in der Praxis breite Anwendung findet.Surprisingly, it has been shown that the grid dimension of 2.5 mm to 3.5 mm is optimal for a wide range of workpieces and materials, so that with the clamping system presented there is no need to specify specific materials and workpiece geometries. A universal clamping system can be offered that is widely used in practice.
Wie
Außerdem veranschaulicht die
Bei dem erfindungsgemäßen Spannverfahren wird ein Werkstück 10 zunächst mit Vertiefungen 12 versehen, wobei diese zum Beispiel in einer Reihe oder in einem Feld in einem Rastermaß mit 3 mm Rasterweite angeordnet sind. Das Rastermaß bemisst sich dabei als Mittenabstand der Vertiefungen 12, deren Tiefe T vorzugsweise geringer ist als die Länge der Vertiefung 12, gemessen in Richtung der Reihe der Vertiefungen 12. Die Abstände zwischen den Vertiefungen 12 entsprechen vorzugsweise ungefähr eben jener Länge der Vertiefungen 12.In the tensioning method according to the invention, a
Vorzugsweise werden diese Vertiefungen 12 mit Prägewerkzeugen ausgebildet, die Prägezähne 25 mit gerundeten Flanken 24a, 24b aufweisen. Vorzugsweise sind die Flanken 24a, 24b konkav gerundet.These
Der Prägevorgang wird vorzugsweise so ausgeführt, dass sich zwischen den Vertiefungen 12 erhabene Bereiche 27 bilden, die beim Spannen des Werkstücks 10 zwischen Spannbacken 14, 15 mit dessen ebener Spannfläche 19 als erstes in Berührung kommen. Eine Verformung dieser erhabenen Bereiche 27 während des Spannvorgangs erhöht die Haltekraft.The embossing process is preferably carried out in such a way that raised
Das Rastermaß von 2,5 mm bis 3 mm hat sich für ein großes Spektrum verwendbarer Werkstücke und Werkstoffe als optimal erwiesen.The grid dimension of 2.5 mm to 3 mm has proven to be optimal for a wide range of usable workpieces and materials.
- 10, 10'10, 10 '
- Werkstückworkpiece
- 1111
- VerformungenDeformations
- 1212th
- VertiefungenIndentations
- 1313th
- SpannvorrichtungJig
- 1414th
- SpannbackenJaws
- 1515th
- WiderlagerAbutment
- 1616
- FormschlusselementeForm-fit elements
- 1717th
- HaltezähneRetaining teeth
- 1818th
- AuflageflächeSupport surface
- 1919th
- SpannflächeClamping surface
- RR.
- RasterGrid
- 2020th
- WerkstückflächeWorkpiece surface
- 2121
- PrägestempelEmbossing stamp
- 2222nd
- AuflageflächeSupport surface
- 2323
- Leistestrip
- 2424
- AusnehmungenRecesses
- 24a, b24a, b
-
Flanken des Prägezahns 25Flanks of the
embossing tooth 25 - 2525th
- PrägezähneEmbossing teeth
- 25a25a
-
Stirnfläche eines Prägezahns 25Front face of a coining
tooth 25 - HH
-
Höhe der Prägezähne 25Height of the embossing
teeth 25 - TT
-
Tiefe der Vertiefungen 12Depth of the
pits 12 - 2626th
- beeinflusste Zoneaffected zone
- 2727
- wallartige Erhebungwall-like elevation
- SS.
- SpannrichtungDirection of tension
- hH
-
Höhe eines Haltezahns 17Height of a retaining
tooth 17 - FF.
- HaltekraftHolding power
- AA.
-
Flächeninhalt der Spannfläche 20Area of the clamping
surface 20 - 28, 2928, 29
- VerformungsbereicheDeformation areas
- 3030th
- KrafterzeugungseinrichtungForce generating device
Claims (15)
bei dem in einem vorbereitenden Arbeitsgang an den Werkstücken (10) in einem definierten Raster (R) Verformungen (11) angebracht werden, die lediglich als Positionier- und Kupplungselemente beim Spannen in einer entsprechenden Spannvorrichtung (13) dienen, sonst aber keine Funktion haben,
bei dem die Werkstücke (10) dann mit Spannbacken (14, 15), die zum reibschlüssigen Halten des Werkstücks (10) Anlageflächen (19) aufweisen und die zur formschlüssigen Positionierung und zur Lagesicherung des Werkstücks (10) zu den Verformungen (11) passende Formschlusselemente (17) aufweisen, gemischt reib- und formschlüssig gespannt werden,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass
die Verformungen (11) in dem Raster (R) mit einem Mittenabstand von 2,5 mm bis 3,5 mm zueinander angeordnet sind.Method for clamping workpieces (10),
in which, in a preparatory work step, deformations (11) are applied to the workpieces (10) in a defined grid (R), which only serve as positioning and coupling elements when clamping in a corresponding clamping device (13), but otherwise have no function,
in which the workpieces (10) then with clamping jaws (14, 15) which have contact surfaces (19) for frictional holding of the workpiece (10) and which match the deformations (11) for positive positioning and for securing the position of the workpiece (10) Have form-fitting elements (17), are clamped in a mixed frictional and form-fitting manner,
characterized in that
the deformations (11) in the grid (R) are arranged with a center-to-center distance of 2.5 mm to 3.5 mm from one another.
mit einer Werkstückspannfläche (19), an der Formschlusselemente (17) in dem vorgegebenen Raster (R) angeordnet sind.Clamping device for clamping workpieces according to the method according to one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the deformations (11) serving as positioning and coupling elements are produced with an embossing device (31) according to one of claims 7 to 14,
with a workpiece clamping surface (19) on which form-fit elements (17) are arranged in the predetermined grid (R).
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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DE102019132276.6A DE102019132276A1 (en) | 2019-11-28 | 2019-11-28 | Process for clamping workpieces as well as embossing device and clamping device |
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EP3875221A1 true EP3875221A1 (en) | 2021-09-08 |
Family
ID=73401423
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EP20207248.4A Pending EP3875221A1 (en) | 2019-11-28 | 2020-11-12 | Method for machining workpieces and embossing device and clamping device |
Country Status (3)
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US (1) | US11697188B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP3875221A1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE102019132276A1 (en) |
Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1999052678A1 (en) * | 1998-04-11 | 1999-10-21 | Lang Guenter | Clamping method and system for fixing workpieces |
DE102009052334A1 (en) | 2008-11-12 | 2010-07-29 | Erowa System Technologien Gmbh | Method for clamping workpiece of clamping device, involves inserting recess in clamping areas of workpiece by clamped processing, where recess is served as coupling receptacle for positive-fit clamping of workpiece |
EP2724817B1 (en) * | 2012-10-26 | 2015-06-17 | OML S.p.A. | Clamping jaw or clamping element |
DE102016224517A1 (en) * | 2016-12-08 | 2018-06-14 | Lang Technik Gmbh | embossing station |
Family Cites Families (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2838971A (en) * | 1955-10-13 | 1958-06-17 | Abraham J Shekter | Face plates for vise jaws |
BE649230A (en) | 1963-06-12 | |||
US4655267A (en) | 1986-04-07 | 1987-04-07 | Lof Plastics Inc. | Holder for embossing items of irregular cross-section |
-
2019
- 2019-11-28 DE DE102019132276.6A patent/DE102019132276A1/en active Pending
-
2020
- 2020-11-12 EP EP20207248.4A patent/EP3875221A1/en active Pending
- 2020-11-24 US US17/103,472 patent/US11697188B2/en active Active
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1999052678A1 (en) * | 1998-04-11 | 1999-10-21 | Lang Guenter | Clamping method and system for fixing workpieces |
EP1071542B1 (en) | 1998-04-11 | 2002-05-29 | Günter Lang | Clamping method and system for fixing workpieces |
DE102009052334A1 (en) | 2008-11-12 | 2010-07-29 | Erowa System Technologien Gmbh | Method for clamping workpiece of clamping device, involves inserting recess in clamping areas of workpiece by clamped processing, where recess is served as coupling receptacle for positive-fit clamping of workpiece |
EP2724817B1 (en) * | 2012-10-26 | 2015-06-17 | OML S.p.A. | Clamping jaw or clamping element |
DE102016224517A1 (en) * | 2016-12-08 | 2018-06-14 | Lang Technik Gmbh | embossing station |
Also Published As
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DE102019132276A1 (en) | 2021-06-02 |
US11697188B2 (en) | 2023-07-11 |
US20210162567A1 (en) | 2021-06-03 |
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