EP3856195A1 - Procédés et compositions pour traiter des troubles liés au vieillissement au moyen d'inhibiteurs de ccr3 - Google Patents

Procédés et compositions pour traiter des troubles liés au vieillissement au moyen d'inhibiteurs de ccr3

Info

Publication number
EP3856195A1
EP3856195A1 EP19867321.2A EP19867321A EP3856195A1 EP 3856195 A1 EP3856195 A1 EP 3856195A1 EP 19867321 A EP19867321 A EP 19867321A EP 3856195 A1 EP3856195 A1 EP 3856195A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
alkyl
optionally substituted
group
residues selected
phenyl
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
EP19867321.2A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP3856195A4 (fr
Inventor
Steven P. Braithwaite
S. Sakura Minami
Karoly Nikolich
Sanket V. Rege
Arnaud E.J. TEICHERT
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Alkahest Inc
Original Assignee
Alkahest Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Alkahest Inc filed Critical Alkahest Inc
Publication of EP3856195A1 publication Critical patent/EP3856195A1/fr
Publication of EP3856195A4 publication Critical patent/EP3856195A4/fr
Pending legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
    • A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/445—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine
    • A61K31/4523—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine containing further heterocyclic ring systems
    • A61K31/4545—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine containing further heterocyclic ring systems containing a six-membered ring with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. pipamperone, anabasine
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/02—Inorganic compounds
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
    • A61K47/26—Carbohydrates, e.g. sugar alcohols, amino sugars, nucleic acids, mono-, di- or oligo-saccharides; Derivatives thereof, e.g. polysorbates, sorbitan fatty acid esters or glycyrrhizin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/30—Macromolecular organic or inorganic compounds, e.g. inorganic polyphosphates
    • A61K47/36—Polysaccharides; Derivatives thereof, e.g. gums, starch, alginate, dextrin, hyaluronic acid, chitosan, inulin, agar or pectin
    • A61K47/38—Cellulose; Derivatives thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/14—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating abnormal movements, e.g. chorea, dyskinesia
    • A61P25/16—Anti-Parkinson drugs
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/28—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system, e.g. nootropic agents, cognition enhancers, drugs for treating Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
    • C07D401/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing three or more hetero rings

Definitions

  • Aging is an important risk factor for multiple human diseases including cognitive impairment, cancer, arthritis, vision loss, osteoporosis, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and stroke.
  • synapse loss is an early pathological event common to many neurodegenerative conditions and is the best correlate to the neuronal and cognitive impairment associated with these conditions.
  • AD Alzheimer’s disease
  • aging remains the single most dominant risk factor for dementia-related neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) (Bishop, N.A. et al., Neural mechanisms of ageing and cognitive decline. Nature 464(7288), 529-535 (2010); Heeden, T. et al., Insights into the ageing mind: a view from cognitive neuroscience. Nat. Rev.
  • Alzheimer’s disease As a result, therapies for neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), are limited; in fact, Alzheimer’ s has one of the highest failure rates for clinical development of any disease area (99.6% failure in the last 20 years).
  • ALS amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
  • the present invention overcomes these drawbacks.
  • Compound 1 a compound of the invention, has exhibited resistance in crossing the BBB in significant concentrations yet unexpectedly results in improvement of symptoms associated with age-related neurodegeneration and age-related motor decline.
  • the present invention can act in a peripheral manner, forgoing what was considered to be a requirement for effective cognitive-acting pharmaceuticals, i.e. to work directly on central nervous system.
  • certain embodiments of the invention may cross the BBB in significant concentrations, their ability to antagonize the CCL11/CCR3 pathway offers an alternative mechanism of action to current therapy for cognitive and motor defects.
  • the compounds of the invention act as antagonists of c-c motif chemokine receptor 3 (CCR3), the receptor for Eotaxin-l.
  • Eotaxin-l CCL11
  • CCR3 c-c motif chemokine receptor 3
  • Eotaxin-l CCL11
  • CCR3 c-c motif chemokine receptor 3
  • Eotaxin/CCl l acts primarily on the G-protein coupled receptor CCR3 which is expressed on eosinophils in the periphery and on neurons and glial cells in the central nervous system.
  • Methods of treating patients for aging-associated impairments, neurodegenerative disease and associated cognitive and motor decline are provided, including by way of example and not limitation, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Dementia with Lewy Bodies, frontotemporal dementia, Huntington disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, glaucoma, myotonic dystrophy, vascular dementia, progressive supranuclear palsy, and the like.
  • aspects of the methods include modulation of CCR3, the principal receptor of CCLl l/eotaxin-l through the administration of a therapeutically effective amount of CCR3 antagonists of the invention.
  • the methods include administering an effective therapeutic dose of CCR3 antagonists to subjects or patients as well as monitoring for specific clinical endpoints. Also included are methods of treating neurodegenerative disease and associated cognitive and motor decline with an agent that acts peripherally, i.e. does not cross the blood-brain barrier in significant concentrations, yet exhibits improvement in the disease, such as improved cognition or motor activity.
  • diagnostics or companion diagnostics include devices that can determine or detect the presence of a subset of white blood cells from a subject.
  • the diagnostic or companion diagnostic device may also determine or detect the presence, relative or absolute concentration, relative or absolute number of eosinophils from a subject’s blood or tissues.
  • diagnostic or companion diagnostic devices may be used in conjunction with
  • Data shown are the mean ⁇ s.e.m., where *P ⁇ 0.05, ***P ⁇ 0.00l.
  • Figure 2A depicts the effect of Compound 1 on the time spent by young and old C57B1/6 mice in the novel (N) versus familiar/old (“F” or“O”) arm during a Y-maze test.
  • Data shown are the mean ⁇ s.e.m., where **P ⁇ 0.05, ***P ⁇ 0.0l
  • Figure 2B depicts the effect of Compound 1 on the total number of visits made by young and old C57B1/6 mice into the novel (N) versus familiar (F) arm during a Y-maze test.
  • Data shown are the mean ⁇ s.e.m., where *P ⁇ 0.05, **P ⁇ 0.0l, ***P ⁇ 0.00l.
  • Figure 4A depicts the effect of Compound 1 on average time taken by C57B1/6 mice to find the target hole in the Barnes Maze test. Average times were plotted for each treatment group.
  • Figure 5 depicts the effect of Compound 1 on neurogenesis in C57B 1/6 mice by detection of BrdU positive cells from all sections in the dentate gyrus.
  • the number of cells positive for BrdU from the dentate gyrus were plotted for each treatment group and the data subjected to an unpaired t-test between the 16.5- month-old groups.
  • Figure 7 depicts the distribution (measured as area under the curve (AUC)) of Compound 1 in C57BL/6JOlaHsd mouse tissues over a time course. Compound was tagged with carbon-l4 label, and measurements taken at 1, 24, and 168 hours.
  • AUC area under the curve
  • Figure 8 depicts the pharmacokinetic profiles of Compound 1 after per os (P.O.) dosing.
  • Blood plasma from male 2-month-old C57B1/6 mice receiving either 30 mg/kg or 150 mg/kg by oral gavage was measured for Compound 1 at 20 minutes, 2 hours, 8 hours, and 12 hours after administration. Plasma concentration after drug administration was plotted over time.
  • Figure 10A depicts the effect of Compound 1 on the time spent in the novel versus familiar arms of the Y-maze test in young C57B1/6 mice.
  • the time spent in the novel versus familiar arms were plotted for each treatment group and data was subjected to a paired t-test.
  • Figure 12A depicts the effect of Compound 1 on memory for the novel arm in the Y maze, by number of entries made into the novel arm over the total entries. 24 month old mice were treated with Compound 1 p.o. b.i.d. 30 mg/kg or vehicle. Data shown are mean ⁇ s.e.m.; **P ⁇ 0.0l.
  • Figure 12B depicts the effect of Compound 1 on total distance travelled in the Y maze, as a measure of locomotor activity. 24 month old mice were treated with Compound 1 p.o. b.i.d. 30 mg/kg or vehicle. Data shown are mean ⁇ s.e.m.; *P ⁇ 0.05.
  • Figure 13A depicts the effect of Compound 1 on bouts of entry (“number of visits”) into the novel and familiar arms by C57B1/6 mice in the Y-maze test in 24-month-old mice.
  • the number of visits to each arm was plotted for each treatment group and subjected to a paired t-test.
  • Mice 23 months-old were dosed with either vehicle control or Compound 1 subcutaneously BID (twice daily) for 21 days. Three weeks later, mice were subjected to Y-maze testing. All mice received 5 consecutive days of BrdU injection at 50 mg/kg IP immediately prior to start of treatment. Data shown are mean ⁇ s.e.m.; *P ⁇ 0.05, **P ⁇ 0.0l, ***P ⁇ 0.00l novel vs familiar arm by paired student’s t-test.
  • Figure 13B depicts the effect of Compound 1 on the ratio of number of entries made into the novel versus familiar arm of the Y-maze test in 24-month-old mice. Ratios were plotted for each treatment group and data was subject to a t-test between vehicle and Compound 1 treatment. Mice 23 months-old were dosed with either vehicle control or Compound 1 subcutaneously BID (twice daily) for 21 days. Three weeks later, mice were subjected to Y-maze testing. All mice received 5 consecutive days of BrdU injection at 50 mg/kg IP immediately prior to start of treatment. Data shown are mean ⁇ s.e.m. ; */ , ⁇ 0.05, **R ⁇ 0.01 , ***P ⁇ 0.00l compared to control by student’s t-test.
  • Figure 13C depicts the effect of Compound 1 on the time spent in the novel versus familiar arms of the Y-maze test in 24-month-old C57B1/6 mice.
  • the time spent in the novel versus familiar arms were plotted for each treatment group and data was subjected to a paired t-test.
  • Mice 23 months-old were dosed with either vehicle control or Compound 1 subcutaneously BID (twice daily) for 21 days. Three weeks later, mice were subjected to Y-maze testing. All mice received 5 consecutive days of BrdU injection at 50 mg/kg IP immediately prior to start of treatment. Data shown are mean ⁇ s.e.m.; *P ⁇ 0.05, **P ⁇ 0.0l, ***P ⁇ 0.00l novel vs familiar arm by paired student’s t-test.
  • Figure 13D depicts the effect of Compound 1 on the ratio of time spent (“duration”) in the novel versus familiar arm of the Y-maze test in 24-month-old C57B 1/6 mice. Ratios were plotted for each treatment group and data was subjected to a t-test. Mice 23 months-old were dosed with either vehicle control or Compound 1 subcutaneously BID (twice daily) for 21 days. Three weeks later, mice were subjected to Y-maze testing. All mice received 5 consecutive days of BrdU injection at 50 mg/kg IP immediately prior to start of treatment. Data shown are mean ⁇ s.e.m.; *P ⁇ 0.05, **/ , ⁇ 0.0l, ***/ , ⁇ 0.00l compared to control by student’ s t-test.
  • Figure 13E depicts the effect of Compound 1 on the average velocity during the Y-Maze test of 24-month-old C57B 1/6 mice. Average velocities were plotted for each treatment group and data was subject to a t-test. Mice 23 months-old were dosed with either vehicle control or Compound 1 subcutaneously BID (twice daily) for 21 days. Three weeks later, mice were subjected to Y-maze testing. All mice received 5 consecutive days of BrdU injection at 50 mg/kg IP immediately prior to start of treatment. Data shown are mean ⁇ s.e.m.; *P ⁇ 0.05, **/ , ⁇ 0.0l, ***/ , ⁇ 0.00l compared to control by student’ s t-test.
  • Figure 14A depicts the effect of Compound 1 on average time taken by 24-month-old C57B1/6 mice to find the target hole in the Barnes Maze test. Average times were plotted for each treatment group. Mice 23 months-old were dosed with either vehicle control or Compound 1 subcutaneously BID (twice daily) for 21 days. Three weeks later, mice were subjected to Barnes Maze testing. Data shown are mean ⁇ s.e.m.; *P ⁇ 0.05 compared to control by student’s t-test.
  • Figure 14B depicts the effect of Compound 1 on velocity in 24-month-old C57B1/6 mice in Barnes Maze test, averaged over all trials for each treatment group. Mice 23 months-old were dosed with either vehicle control or Compound 1 subcutaneously BID (twice daily) for 21 days. Three weeks later, mice were subjected to Barnes Maze testing. Data shown are mean ⁇ s.e.m.; */ , ⁇ 0.05 compared to control by student’ s t-test.
  • Figure 15A depicts the effect of Compound 1 on distance traveled in the Open Field test in 24- month-old C57B 1/6 mice. Average distance traveled was plotted for each treatment group. Mice 23 months-old were dosed with either vehicle control or Compound 1 subcutaneously BID (twice daily) for 21 days. Three weeks later, mice were subjected to Open Field testing. Data shown are mean ⁇ s.e.m.
  • Figure 15B depicts the effect of Compound 1 on velocity in the Open Field test in 24-month-old C57B 1/6 mice. Average velocity of the mice was plotted for each treatment group. Mice 23 months-old were dosed with either vehicle control or Compound 1 subcutaneously BID (twice daily) for 21 days. Three weeks later, mice were subjected to Open Field testing. Data shown are mean ⁇ s.e.m.
  • Figure 16A depicts the effect of Compound 1 on TNFalpha cytokine levels in the plasma of 24- month-old C57B1/6 mice. Mice 23 months-old were dosed with either vehicle control or Compound 1 subcutaneously BID (twice daily) for 21 days. Levels of the inflammatory cytokine trend lower in Compound 1 treated mice than in vehicle treated mice.
  • Figure 16B depicts the effect of Compound 1 on IL6 cytokine levels in the plasma of 24-month- old C57BI/6 mice. Mice 23 months-old were dosed with either vehicle control or Compound 1 subcutaneously BID (twice daily) for 21 days. Levels of the inflammatory cytokine trend lower in Compound 1 treated mice than in vehicle treated mice.
  • Figure 16C depicts the effect of Compound 1 on ILlbeta cytokine levels in the plasma of 24- month-old C57B1/6 mice. Mice 23 months-old were dosed with either vehicle control or Compound 1 subcutaneously BID (twice daily) for 21 days. Levels of the inflammatory cytokine trend lower in Compound 1 treated mice than in vehicle treated mice.
  • Figure 16D depicts the effect of Compound 1 on IL5 cytokine levels in the plasma of 24-month- old C57BI/6 mice. Mice 23 months-old were dosed with either vehicle control or Compound 1 subcutaneously BID (twice daily) for 21 days. Levels of the inflammatory cytokine trend lower in Compound 1 treated mice than in vehicle treated mice.
  • Figure 16E depicts the effect of Compound 1 on IL17 cytokine levels in the plasma of 24-month- old C57BI/6 mice. Mice 23 months-old were dosed with either vehicle control or Compound 1 subcutaneously BID (twice daily) for 21 days. Levels of the inflammatory cytokine trend lower in Compound 1 treated mice than in vehicle treated mice.
  • Figure 17 depicts the effect of Compound 1 on activated microglia in 24-month-old C57B1/6 mice. Mice 23 months-old were dosed with either vehicle control or Compound 1 subcutaneously BID (twice daily) for 21 days. Levels of CD68+ activated microglia trend lower in Compound 1 treated mice than in vehicle treated mice.
  • Figure 18 depicts the effect of Compound 1 on the percentage of eosinophils in complete white blood cell (WBC) count, in 24-month-old C57BI/6 mice treated with control saline or 30 mg/kg of Compound 1 for 3 weeks BID, SQ. Compound 1 decreased an endogenous age-related increase in blood eosinophils.
  • WBC white blood cell
  • Figure 19 depicts the effect of Compound 1 on the percentage of eosinophils in complete white blood cell (WBC) count, in 3-month-old hairless mice treated with control saline or 30 mg/kg of Compound 1 for 2 weeks BID, PO.
  • Compound 1 decreased an oxazolone-induced increase in blood eosinophils.
  • Figure 20 shows the results of Compound 1 on a rotarod test for motor coordination. Twenty-four- month-old C57 mice were treated for 4 weeks with continuous infusion of Compound 1 or vehicle by osmotic pump. Treated mice succeeded more than vehicle-treated mice in a binomial test, *P ⁇ 0.05.
  • Figure 21 shows the results of Compound 1 on the T maze test for memory. Twenty-four-month- old C57 mice were treated for 4 weeks with continuous infusion of Compound 1 or vehicle by osmotic pump. Treated mice succeeded more than vehicle-treated mice in a binomial test, *P ⁇ 0.05.
  • Figure 22A shows the results of Compound 1 on fecal output overnight. Twenty-four-month-old C57 mice were treated for 4 weeks with continuous infusion of Compound 1 or vehicle by osmotic pump. The weight of fecal pellets was measured overnight. Compound 1 treated mice had significantly lower fecal output compared to vehicle treated mice by student’s t-test, *P ⁇ 0.05.
  • Figure 22B shows the results of Compound 1 on water drinking overnight. Twenty-four-month- old C57 mice were treated for 4 weeks with continuous infusion of Compound 1 or vehicle by osmotic pump. The total water drank was measured overnight. Compound 1 treated mice drank significantly more water compared to vehicle treated mice by student’s t-test, *P ⁇ 0.05.
  • Figure 22C shows the results of Compound 1 on food intake overnight. Twenty-four-month-old C57 mice were treated for 4 weeks with continuous infusion of Compound 1 or vehicle by osmotic pump. The total food eaten was measured overnight. There were no differences in total food intake overnight between the two groups.
  • Figure 23 depicts the effect of Compound 1 (Cmpd 1) on the numbers of CD68-positive (CD68+) activated microglia within the brains of three-month-old mice treated with LPS and treated with Compound 1 for 18 days.
  • Compound 1 -treated mice exhibited decreased CD68+ immunoreactivity, and thus decreased gliosis.
  • Figures 24A and 24B depict the effect of Compound 1 on anxiety in the Open Field test in three- month-old mice treated with LPS IP for 4 weeks and treated with Compound 1 per orally BID (twice daily) for 1 week.
  • LPS treatment increased the preference for the periphery of the Open Field, indicating increased anxiety.
  • Compound 1 treatment decreased the LPS-induced anxiety in the Open Field. Data shown are mean ⁇ s.e.m; *P ⁇ 0.05 by student’s t-test.
  • Figures 25A and 25B depict the effect of Compound 1 on number of entries into the novel and familiar arm in the Y-maze test by 3-month-old C57B1/6 mice treated with LPS.
  • mice 3 months-old were dosed with either vehicle or LPS IP for 6 weeks and dosed with vehicle control or Compound 1 per orally BID (twice daily) for 3 weeks.
  • Compound 1 -treated mice showed a significant preference for the novel arm while vehicle -treated mice did not.
  • Data shown are mean ⁇ s.e.m.; **R ⁇ 0.01, *P ⁇ 0.05, novel vs familiar arm by paired student’ s t-test.
  • Figures 26A and 26B depict the effect of Compound 1 on ILlbeta mRNA in the brains from 3- month-old C57B1/6 mice treated with LPS and/or Compound 1.
  • Mice were dosed with either vehicle control or LPS IP for 7 weeks and dosed with vehicle or Compound 1 per orally BID (twice daily) for 4 weeks.
  • Tissues were harvested, and RNA was prepared from cortical brain tissues.
  • Levels of ILlbeta mRNA were measured by qPCR and data are presented relative to vehicle control. There was a trend towards increased levels of ILlbeta mRNA with LPS treatment and a significant decrease with Compound 1 treatment. Data shown are mean ⁇ s.e.m; *P ⁇ 0.05 by student’s t-test.
  • Figures 27A, 27B and 27C depict the effect of Compound 1 on microglia activation in the hippocampus from 3-month-old C57B 1/6 mice treated with LPS and/or Compound 1.
  • Mice were dosed with either vehicle control or LPS IP for 7 weeks and dosed with vehicle or Compound 1 per orally BID (twice daily) for 4 weeks.
  • Tissues were harvested, and brain sections were subjected to immunohistochemistry for CD68, a marker for activated microglia. There was a trend towards increased levels of CD68 with LPS treatment and a robust trend towards decrease with Compound 1 treatment. Data shown are mean ⁇ s.e.m.
  • Figures 28A, 28B and 28C depict the effect of Compound 1 on total microglia in the hippocampus from 3-month-old C57B1/6 mice treated with LPS and/or Compound 1.
  • Mice were dosed with either vehicle control or LPS IP for 7 weeks and dosed with vehicle or Compound 1 per orally BID (twice daily) for 4 weeks.
  • Tissues were harvested, and brain sections were subjected to immunohistochemistry for Ibal, a marker for microglia.
  • Ibal a marker for microglia.
  • Data shown are mean ⁇ s.e.m.; ***/ , ⁇ 0.00l, *P ⁇ 0.05, by student’s t-test.
  • Figures 29A and 29B depict the effect of Compound 1 on total astrocytes in the hippocampus from 3-month-old C57B1/6 mice treated with LPS and/or Compound 1.
  • Mice were dosed with either vehicle control or LPS IP for 7 weeks and dosed with vehicle or Compound 1 per orally BID (twice daily) for 4 weeks.
  • Tissues were harvested, and brain sections were subjected to immunohistochemistry for GFAP, a marker for astrocytes. There was a trend towards decrease with Compound 1 treatment. Data shown are mean ⁇ s.e.m.
  • Figure 30 depicts the dosing regimen for three groups of C57BL/6 mice treated with: (1) controls for both LPS and Compound 1 ; (2) LPS plus vehicle control for Compound 1 ; or (3) LPS plus Compound 1. All three groups were treated with controls, LPS, or Compound 1 for three consecutive, simultaneous days.
  • the graph shows the results of histological analysis of the mouse brains in an acute model of LPS- induced inflammation. Microgliosis was measured by determining the percentage of Iba-l positive area in the hippocampi. Data shown are mean ⁇ s.e.m; *P ⁇ 0.05, ***P ⁇ 0.001 ; ordinary one-way ANOVA was used to test for statistical significance, with Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test post-hoc between treatment groups.
  • Figure 31 depicts the dosing regimen for three groups of C57BL/6 mice treated with: vehicle controls; vehicle treated LPS; or Compound 1.
  • the graph shows the results of histological analysis of the mouse brains in an acute model of LPS-induced inflammation. Microgliosis was measured by determining the percentage of Iba-l positive area in the hippocampi. Data shown are mean ⁇ s.e.m; *P ⁇ 0.05, ****P ⁇ 0.0001 ; ordinary one-way ANOVA was used to test for statistical significance, with Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test post-hoc between treatment groups.
  • Figure 32 depicts the treatment study timeline for a mouse MPTP model of Parkinson’s Disease. There were two arms of the study; the first arm tested gait and fine kinematic motor function after 10 days of treatment, while the second arm tested immune cell infiltration after 3 days of treatment.
  • Figure 33A displays a correlation heat map describing the degree of correlation for ninety-seven walking parameters in a gait and fine motor kinematic test of C57B1/6J mice after ten days of Compound 1 treatment on study day 11.
  • Ten principal components are presented, showing how the original parameters are correlated in datasets. The more intensity there is for each parameter, the more strongly the parameter is implicated in the corresponding principal component. Red is a positive correlation and blue is a negative correlation in relation to the 10 individual principal components (x-axis).
  • the left-side y-axis shows overall groupings for the individual variables on the right-side y-axis.
  • E.g.,“ILC” refers to intralimb coordination
  • “Tail B” refers to tail base.
  • Figure 33B shows the fine motor skills and gait properties of C57B1/6J mice at study day 11 after 10 days of Compound 1 treatment. It is illustrated as an overall gait analysis score of MPTP treated C57B1/6J mice. Differences between treatment groups in each of the 10 principal components were combined in a composite score, and difference to vehicle-treated control group is shown. There was a significant difference in overall gait with MPTP treatment (* p ⁇ 0.05), and there was no longer a significant difference with Compound 1 treatment.
  • Figure 34 depicts forepaw toe clearance (one of the gait properties assessed in the principle component analysis) of C57B1/6J mice at study day 11 after 10 days of Compound 1 treatment.
  • Statistical significances * p ⁇ 0.05, Group 2: MPTP + Vehicle vs.
  • Group 1 Vehicle + Vehicle (unpaired t-test).
  • Figure 37 reports the acute effects of MPTP and Compound 1 on T-cell trafficking into the brain after 3 days of Compound 1 treatment.
  • the total number of CD3 positive T-cells counted in the substantia nigra from 3 sections of 30 pm for each mouse are presented. Data shown are mean ⁇ s.e.m; ***P ⁇ 0.001; one-way ANOVA, Sidak’s multiple comparison test post-hoc.
  • Figures 38A and 38B report the acute effects of MPTP and Compound 1 on microgliosis after 3 days of Compound 1 treatment.
  • Data shown are mean ⁇ s.e.m; **P ⁇ 0.01, ***P ⁇ 0.001, ****P ⁇ 0.0001; one-way ANOVA, Sidak’s multiple comparison test post-hoc.
  • Figure 39 depicts plasma eotaxin-1 levels in 6-month-old Line 61 synuclein-overexpressing transgenic mice. Eotaxin-1 levels (CCL11) in Non-transgenic (NTg) versus transgenic Line 61 synuclein mice (Tg) were plotted at pg/mL concentrations.
  • Figure 40 reports the results from a wire suspension test on Line 61 synuclein mice (transgenic (Tg) and non-transgenic (nTg) aged-matched littermates.) The mean wire suspension times per group are shown, with animals from group C (non-transgenic, vehicle -treated) exhibiting a significantly higher wire suspension time. Animals from group A (transgenic, Compound- 1 treated) exhibited a significantly higher wire suspension time compared to group B (transgenic, vehicle -treated). Data are displayed as mean + SEM of all animals per group; ***P ⁇ 0.001; Dunn’s post-test; *P ⁇ 0.05 Mann Whitney test for group A vs. group B).
  • Figure 41 reports the results from a grip strength test on Line 61 synuclein mice (transgenic (Tg) and non-transgenic (nTg) aged-matched littermates.) The mean maximum grip force [g] per group is shown. Animals from group A and C (transgenic, Compound 1 -treated and non-transgenic, vehicle-treated, respectively) showed a significantly higher grip force compared to group B (transgenic, vehicle -treated). Data are displayed as mean + SEM of all animals per group. Groups were compared to vehicle -treated transgenic animals (group B); one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s post-test.
  • Figure 42 reports the number of mice from each treatment group that were successfully able to traverse the beam in a beam walk test.
  • N 15 mice in Group A, 14 mice in Group B, and 15 mice in Group C (groups described in Figure 40). All mice were able to traverse the easiest beam in Trial 1, whereas no mice from Treatment Group B were able to traverse the most difficult beam in Trial 5.
  • Figure 43 reports the results of five trials for beam walk slips for three groups of mice (group A, transgenic Compound 1 -treated; group B, transgenic vehicle-treated; and group C, non-transgenic vehicle- treated). Only mice that traversed the beam entirely were included in the analysis. Graphs represent the mean number of slips [n] per group, and each graph represents one trial (1-5). Data are mean + SEM of all animals per group. Groups were compared to group B; one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s post test. Statistics for Trial 5 could not be performed, as no mice from Group B were able to traverse the beam.
  • Figures 44A and 44B report eosinophil count from peripheral blood.
  • Figures 45A to 45G report the effect of Compound 1 on neuroinflammation.
  • Figure 45G reports the Iba-lpositive area quantified in the pars compacta of the substantia nigra of non-transgenic, vehicle -treated mice; transgenic, vehicle treated mice; and transgenic, Compound l-treated mice. Data are mean +/- s.e.m.; *P ⁇ 0.05.
  • Figure 46A reports the levels of IL-4 measured in terminal cardiac plasma of all three groups.
  • Figure 46B reports the levels of IL-6 measured in terminal cardiac plasma of all three groups. Data shown are mean +/- s.e.m; *P ⁇ 0.05, **P ⁇ 0.0l ; one-way ANOVA, Dunnett’s multiple comparison test post-hoc.
  • Figures 47A to 47D show the effects of Compound 1 on EAE-induced markers in the cerebella of C57BL/6 mice.
  • EAE resulted in an increase in CD3 and CD8-positive infiltrating T-cells in the cerebellum.
  • Figure 47A shows an increase in CD3 positive infiltrating T-cells in the cerebellum which is significantly reduced following treatment with Compound 1 for 9 days.
  • Figure 47B shows an increase in CD8 positive infiltrating cytotoxic T-cells in the cerebellum which is significantly reduced following treatment with Compound 1 for 9 days.
  • Figure 47C shows a significant increase Iba-l positive area in the cerebellum after EAE, which was significantly reduced in the cerebellum after 9 days of treatment.
  • Figure 47D shows a significant increase CD68 positive area in the cerebellum after EAE, which was significantly reduced in the cerebellum after 9 days of treatment. Data shown are mean +/- s.e.m; *P ⁇ 0.05, **P ⁇ 0.0l ; one-way ANOVA, Dunnett’s multiple comparison test post-hoc.
  • Figure 48 depicts the concentrations of human eotaxin-l in a proteomic screen. Relative concentrations of human eotaxin-l were measured in a commercially-available affinity-based assay (SomaLogic). Plasma samples from each of 18, 30, 45, 55, and 66-year-old donors were plotted.
  • SomaLogic affinity-based assay
  • Figure 49A depicts the effect of Compound 1 on inhibition of eosinophil shape change.
  • Whole blood from humans treated with Compound 1 was incubated with recombinant eotaxin to trigger eosinophil shape change. Inhibition of shape change was plotted against plasma Compound 1 concentrations.
  • Figure 49B depicts the effect of Compound 1 on CCR3 internalization.
  • Whole blood from humans treated with Compound 1 was incubated with recombinant eotaxin to trigger CCR3 internalization and labeled with anti-CCR3 antibody.
  • Inhibition of CCR3 internalization by Compound 1 was plotted against plasma Compound 1 concentrations.
  • aspects of the invention include methods of treating aging-associated impairments/neurodegenerative diseases.
  • the aging-associated impairment may manifest in a number of different ways, e.g., as aging-associated cognitive impairment and/or physiological impairment, e.g., in the form of damage to central or peripheral organs of the body, such as but not limited to: cell injury, tissue damage, organ dysfunction, aging-associated lifespan shortening and carcinogenesis, where specific organs and tissues of interest include, but are not limited to skin, neuron, muscle, pancreas, brain, kidney, lung, stomach, intestine, spleen, heart, adipose tissue, testes, ovary, uterus, liver and bone; in the form of decreased neurogenesis, etc.
  • the aging-associated impairment is an aging-associated impairment in cognitive ability in an individual, i.e., an aging-associated cognitive impairment.
  • cognitive ability or “cognition” it is meant the mental processes that include attention and concentration, learning complex tasks and concepts, memory (acquiring, retaining, and retrieving new information in the short and/or long term), information processing (dealing with information gathered by the five senses), visuospatial function (visual perception, depth perception, using mental imagery, copying drawings, constructing objects or shapes), producing and understanding language, verbal fluency (word-finding), solving problems, making decisions, and executive functions (planning and prioritizing).
  • cognitive decline it is meant a progressive decrease in one or more of these abilities, e.g., a decline in memory, language, thinking, judgment, etc.
  • Aging-associated cognitive impairments include impairments in cognitive ability that are typically associated with aging, including, for example, cognitive impairment associated with the natural aging process, e.g., mild cognitive impairment (M.C.I.); and cognitive impairment associated with an aging-associated disorder, that is, a disorder that is seen with increasing frequency with increasing senescence, e.g., a neurodegenerative condition such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Dementia with Lewy Bodies, frontotemporal dementia, Huntington’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, glaucoma, myotonic dystrophy, vascular dementia, and the like.
  • cognitive impairment associated with the natural aging process e.g., mild cognitive impairment (M.C.I.)
  • cognitive impairment associated with an aging-associated disorder that is, a disorder that is seen with increasing frequency with increasing senescence, e.g., a neurodegenerative condition such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Dement
  • treatment it is meant that at least an amelioration of one or more symptoms associated with an aging-associated impairment afflicting the subject is achieved, where amelioration is used in a broad sense to refer to at least a reduction in the magnitude of a parameter, e.g., a symptom associated with the impairment being treated.
  • amelioration also includes situations where a pathological condition, or at least symptoms associated therewith, are completely inhibited, e.g., prevented from happening, or stopped, e.g., terminated, such that the adult mammal no longer suffers from the impairment, or at least the symptoms that characterize the impairment.
  • “treatment”, “treating” and the like refer to obtaining a desired pharmacologic and/or physiologic effect.
  • the effect may be prophylactic in terms of completely or partially preventing a disease or symptom thereof and/or may be therapeutic in terms of a partial or complete cure for a disease and/or adverse effect attributable to the disease.
  • Treatment may be any treatment of a disease in a subject, and includes: (a) preventing the disease from occurring in a subject which may be predisposed to the disease but has not yet been diagnosed as having it; (b) inhibiting the disease, i.e., arresting its development; or (c) relieving the disease, i.e., causing regression of the disease. Treatment may result in a variety of different physical manifestations, e.g., modulation in gene expression, increased neurogenesis, rejuvenation of tissue or organs, etc.
  • Treatment of ongoing disease where the treatment stabilizes or reduces the undesirable clinical symptoms of the patient, occurs in some embodiments. Such treatment may be performed prior to complete loss of function in the affected tissues.
  • the subject therapy may be administered during the symptomatic stage of the disease, and in some cases after the symptomatic stage of the disease.
  • treatment by methods of the present disclosure slows, or reduces, the progression of aging-associated cognitive decline.
  • cognitive abilities in the individual decline more slowly, if at all, following treatment by the disclosed methods than prior to or in the absence of treatment by the disclosed methods.
  • treatment by methods of the present disclosure stabilizes the cognitive abilities of an individual.
  • the progression of cognitive decline in an individual suffering from aging- associated cognitive decline is halted following treatment by the disclosed methods.
  • cognitive decline in an individual e.g., an individual 40 years old or older, that is projected to suffer from aging-associated cognitive decline, is prevented following treatment by the disclosed methods. In other words, no (further) cognitive impairment is observed.
  • treatment by methods of the present disclosure reduces, or reverses, cognitive impairment, e.g., as observed by improving cognitive abilities in an individual suffering from aging-associated cognitive decline.
  • the cognitive abilities of the individual suffering from aging-associated cognitive decline following treatment by the disclosed methods are better than they were prior to treatment by the disclosed methods, i.e., they improve upon treatment.
  • treatment by methods of the present disclosure abrogates cognitive impairment.
  • the cognitive abilities of the individual suffering from aging-associated cognitive decline are restored, e.g., to their level when the individual was about 40 years old or less, following treatment by the disclosed methods, e.g., as evidenced by improved cognitive abilities in an individual suffering from aging-associated cognitive decline.
  • treatment by methods of the present disclosure slows, or reduces, the progression of aging- associated impairment or decline.
  • motor abilities in the individual decline more slowly, if at all, following treatment by the disclosed methods than prior to or in the absence of treatment by the disclosed methods.
  • treatment by methods of the present disclosure stabilizes the motor abilities of an individual.
  • the progression of motor decline in an individual suffering from aging-associated motor decline is halted following treatment by the disclosed methods.
  • motor decline in an individual e.g., an individual 40 years old or older, that is projected to suffer from aging-associated motor decline, is prevented following treatment by the disclosed methods.
  • treatment by methods of the present disclosure reduces, or reverses, motor impairment, e.g., as observed by improving motor coordination or abilities in an individual suffering from aging-associated motor decline.
  • the motor abilities of the individual suffering from aging-associated motor decline following treatment by the disclosed methods are better than they were prior to treatment by the disclosed methods, i.e., they improve upon treatment.
  • treatment by methods of the present disclosure abrogates motor impairment.
  • the motor coordination or abilities of the individual suffering from aging-associated motor decline are restored, e.g., to their level when the individual was about 40 years old or less, following treatment by the disclosed methods, e.g., as evidenced by improved motor coordination or abilities in an individual suffering from aging-associated motor decline.
  • treatment of an adult mammal in accordance with the methods results in a change in a central organ, e.g., a central nervous system organ, such as the brain, spinal cord, etc., where the change may manifest in a number of different ways, e.g., as described in greater detail below, including but not limited to molecular, structural and/or functional, e.g., in the form of enhanced neurogenesis.
  • a central organ e.g., a central nervous system organ, such as the brain, spinal cord, etc.
  • the change may manifest in a number of different ways, e.g., as described in greater detail below, including but not limited to molecular, structural and/or functional, e.g., in the form of enhanced neurogenesis.
  • An embodiment of the invention comprises a method of improving cognition or motor activity in subjects with brain-associated, cognitive- associated, or motor disease, the method comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound from the chemical formulae discussed below. Additional embodiments of the invention comprise a method of increasing neurogenesis in subjects with brain- or cognitive-associated disease, the method comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound from the chemical formulae discussed below. Additional embodiments of the invention comprise a method of alleviating or treating symptoms of brain- or cognitive-associated disease, the method comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound from the chemical formulae below.
  • Additional embodiments of the invention include methods of alleviating symptoms of central nervous system- associated disease, the method comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a primarily peripheral-acting agent from the chemical formulae below. Further additional embodiments of the invention include methods of improving motor activity in a subject with age-related motor dysfunction, the method comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound from the chemical formulae discussed below. The methods of the invention may also comprise monitoring improvement in age-related disease, including for example, improvement in cognition, motor activity, neurogenesis and the like in a subject diagnosed with one or more such disease or dysfunction.
  • Additional embodiments of the invention include administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound wherein the compound is in the form of the co-crystals or salts of the formulae discussed below. Further embodiments of the invention include administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound wherein the compound is in the form of individual optical isomers, a mixture of the individual enantiomers, a racemate or enantiomerically pure compounds. Additional embodiments of the invention also include administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound wherein the compound is in the form of the pharmaceutical compositions and formulations further discussed below.
  • Additional embodiments of the invention that treat aging-associated motor impairment or decline include modifying agents which inhibit the eotaxin/CCR3 pathway.
  • modifying agents include not only compounds from the formulae discussed below, but other eotaxin and CCR3 inhibiting agents.
  • Modifying agents that are contemplated include by way of example and not of limitation: the compounds of the formulae discussed below and other CCR3 small molecule inhibitors (e.g. bipiperdine derivatives described for example in U.S. Patent No. 7,705,153, cyclic amine derivatives described for example in U.S.
  • diagnostic test or companion diagnostic test Methods of using a diagnostic test or companion diagnostic test in connection with the described aging-associated impairments are also provided.
  • diagnostic or companion diagnostic test is an in vitro diagnostic test.
  • An embodiment of the in vitro diagnostic test is a companion device used with a particular therapeutic.
  • Embodiments of the particular therapeutic include for example and not limitation a CCR3 small molecular inhibitor, an anti-CCR3 antibody, small molecule inhibitors to the CCR3 ligand Eotaxin- 1, an anti-Eotaxin-l antibody, and antisense RNA to either Eotaxin- 1 or CCR3.
  • diagnostics or companion diagnostics include determination or detection of the presence of a subset of white blood cells from a subject.
  • the diagnostics or companion diagnostics may also be the determination of presence, relative or absolute concentration, relative or absolute number of eosinophils from a subject’s blood, tissues, or other such samples.
  • Blood may be obtained for example, by venipuncture or other similar methods.
  • Other samples may include by way of example and not limitation, sputum, cerebrospinal fluid or tissue biopsies.
  • the diagnostic or companion diagnostic devices may incorporate such methods to determine the presence, absolute or relative concentration, or relative or absolute number of eosinophils.
  • the devices may be used with other methods of the invention.
  • such other methods may include the methods of treating aging-associated impairments/neurodegenerative disease recited herein.
  • the aging-associated impairment is an aging-associated impairment in cognitive ability in an individual, i.e., an aging-associated impairment.
  • Such aging-associated impairments may include by way of example and not limitation a neurodegenerative condition such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Dementia with Lewy Bodies, frontotemporal dementia, Huntington’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, glaucoma, myotonic dystrophy, vascular dementia, and the like.
  • a neurodegenerative condition such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Dementia with Lewy Bodies, frontotemporal dementia, Huntington’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, glaucoma, myotonic dystrophy, vascular dementia, and the like.
  • Such aging-associated impairments can include cognitive impairments and/or motor impairment or decline.
  • An embodiment of the invention includes treating a subject diagnosed with an aging-associated impairment with a therapeutically effective amount of at least one of the compounds of the invention disclosed herein in conjunction with a diagnostic or companion diagnostic device. Another embodiment of the invention includes treating said subject with a therapeutically effective amount of Compound 1 disclosed herein in conjunction with a diagnostic device. Said embodiments of the devices may be used for example to determine or detect the eosinophil presence, absolute or relative concentration, or absolute or relative number in a blood or tissue sample of a subject. Another embodiment performs a step of detecting or determining the eosinophil presence, absolute or relative concentration, or absolute or relative number in a blood or tissue sample of a subject before, during, or after treatment.
  • Parkinson’s Disease mammalian model of synuclein overexpression results in decreased eosinophils, which are restored to levels in non-transgenic mice with Compound 1 treatment, suggesting beneficial immune modulation in this model of Parkinson’s disease.
  • determining eosinophil levels in Parkinson’s Disease patients treated with Compound 1 can be a biomarker for the disease, including determining the level of progression, stasis, or regression of the disease, as well as treatment efficacy. (See, e.g. Figures 44A and 44B).
  • Another embodiment performs the step of detecting or determining the eosinophil presence, absolute or relative concentration, or absolute or relative number in a blood or tissue sample of a subject diagnosed with Parkinson’s Disease before, during, or after treatment.
  • a further embodiment comprises determining the presence, absolute or relative concentration, or absolute or relative number in a blood or tissue sample of a subject diagnosed with Parkinson’s Disease before being treated with a compound of the invention such as Compound 1 in order to obtain a baseline concentration or number.
  • a further embodiment subsequently performs a step of detecting or determining levels of eosinophils after treatment in order to compare such levels to the baseline concentration or number of eosinophils so as to monitor the efficacy of treatment.
  • Comparison of such levels may show an increase or decrease in the number or concentration of eosinophils compared to baseline.
  • Another embodiment of the invention comprises a step of monitoring the progress of the disease or impairment by comparing the number or concentration of eosinophils, where if the number is increased after treatment, there is improvement in the progression of the disease.
  • improvement may comprise a 1-5% increase over baseline in the number or concentration of eosinophils in a subject’s blood or tissue, a 5-10% increase; a 11-15% increase; a 16-20% increase; a 21- 25% increase; a 26-30% increase; a 31-35% increase; a 36-40% increase; a 41-45% increase; 46-50% increase; a 51-55% increase; a 56-60% increase; a 61-65% a 66-70% increase; a 71-75% increase; a 76- 80% increase; an 81-85% increase; an 86-90% increase; a 91-95% increase; a 96-100% increase; and increases of 1-1.5x, l.5-2x, 2-2.5x, 2.5-3x, 3-3.5x, 3.5-4x, 4-4.5x, 4.5-5x, 5-5.5x, 5.5-6x, 6-6.5x, 6.5-7x, 7-7.5x, 7.5-8x, 8-8.5x, 8.5-9x, 9-9.5x, 9.5-
  • Another embodiment of the invention includes diagnosing Parkinson’s Disease by determining the baseline in the number or concentration of eosinophils in a subject’s blood or tissue and comparing that to standard numbers or concentrations of eosinophils in a population without Parkinson’s Disease who have normal eosinophil counts.
  • an eosinophil count is the number of eosinophils in the body.
  • a normal eosinophil count is between 30 and 350 but can be up to 500 cubic millimeters (mm 3 ) in the blood. (See Medical News Today, Dec 2018 available at: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323868.php which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety).
  • a count of more than 500 mm 3 in the blood is considered eosinophilia.
  • Lower than normal counts of eosinophils occur in some diseases such as alcoholism and overprotection of cortisol.
  • An aspect of the invention detects or determines the numbers or concentrations of eosinophils in a subject suspected of having Parkinson’s Disease. If the numbers or concentrations of eosinophils in the subject is lower than normal (e.g. 30 mm 3 in the blood), then the result may be used by a care-giver to determine the diagnosis of the disease. a.
  • the methods of the invention further comprise administration to a subject of the compounds that follow.
  • the number of carbon atoms is often specified preceding the group, for example, Ci- 6 alkyl means an alkyl group or radical having 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
  • the last-named group is the radical attachment point, for example, "thioalkyl” means a monovalent radical of the formula HS-Alk-.
  • An embodiment of the invention further comprises administration to a subject of the compounds of formula 1, wherein
  • A is CH2, O or N-Ci- 6 -alkyl
  • R 1 is selected from
  • R 1 ⁇ 1 is phenyl, optionally substituted with one or two residues selected from the group consisting of Ci- 6 -alkyl, C 2 6 -alkenyl, C 2 6 -alkynyl, Ci- 6 -haloalkyl, Ci-e-alkylene-OH, C 2 e-alkenylene-OH, C 2 6 -alkynylcnc-OH, CH2CON(Ci-6-alkyl)2,
  • R 1 ⁇ 2 is selected from
  • heteroaryl optionally substituted with one or two residues selected from the group consisting of Ci- 6 -alkyl, C2 6-alkenyl, C2 6-alkynyl, C3 6 -cycloalkyl, CH2COO-C1 e-alkyl, CONR 1 2 'R 1 2 2 , COR 1 2 3 , COO-Ci e-alkyl, CONH 2 , O-Ci e-alkyl, halogen, CN, S0 2 N(Ci- 6 -alkyl) 2 or heteroaryl optionally substituted with one or two residues selected from the group consisting of Ci- 6 -alkyl;
  • heteroaryl optionally substituted with a five- or six-membered carbocyclic non aromatic ring containing independently from each other two N, O, S, or SO2, replacing a carbon atom of the ring;
  • R 1 2 1 H, Ci- 6 -alkyl, Ci-6-alkylene-C3 6 -cycloalkyl, Ci-4-alkylene -phenyl, Ci-4-alkylene- furanyl, C3 6-cycloalkyl, Ci-4-alkylene-0-Ci-4-alkyl, Ci-6-haloalkyl or a five- or six-membered carbocyclic non-aromatic ring, optionally containing independently from each other one or two N, O, S, or SO2, replacing a carbon atom of the ring, optionally substituted with 4-cyclopropylmethyl-piperazinyl
  • R 1 2 3 a five- or six-membered carbocyclic non-aromatic ring, optionally containing independently from each other one or two N, O, S, or SO2, replacing a carbon atom of the ring;
  • R 1 ⁇ 3 is selected from phenyl, heteroaryl or indolyl, each optionally substituted with one or two residues selected from the group consisting of Ci-6-alkyl, C3 6-cycloalkyl, O-Ci-6-alkyl, O-Ci-6-haloalkyl, phenyl, heteroaryl;
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of Ci- 6 -alkylene-phenyl, Ci- 6 -alkylene -naphthyl, and Ci- 6 -alkylene -heteroaryl; each optionally substituted with one, two or three residues selected from the group consisting of Ci- 6 -alkyl, Ci- 6 -haloalkyl, O-Ci- 6 -alkyl, O-Ci- 6 -haloalkyl, halogen;
  • R 3 is H, Ci- 6 -alkyl
  • R 4 is H, Ci- 6 -alkyl; or R 3 and R 4 together are forming a CH2-CH2 group.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention further comprises administration to a subject of the compounds of formula 1 (above), wherein
  • A is CH 2 , O or N-Ci- 4 -alkyl
  • R 1 is selected from
  • R 1 ⁇ 1 is phenyl, optionally substituted with one or two residues selected from the group consisting of Ci- 6 -alkyl, C2 6-alkenyl, C2 6-alkynyl, Ci- 6 -haloalkyl, Ci e-alkylene-OH, C2 6 -alkenylene-OH, C2 e-alkynylene-OH, CH2CON(Ci-6-alkyl)2, CH 2 NHCONH-C 3 6 -cycloalkyl, CN, CO-pyridinyl, CONR' " R" 2 , COO-C , e-alkyl, N(S0 2 -Ci- 6 -alkyl)(CH 2 C0N(Ci- 4 -alkyl) 2 ) O-C , e-alkyl, O-pyridinyl, S0 2 -C, e-alkyl, S0 2 -Ci- 6 -alkylen-0H,
  • R 1 ⁇ 2 is selected from
  • heteroaryl optionally substituted with one or two residues selected from the group consisting of Ci- 6 -alkyl, C 2 6 -alkenyl, C 2 6 -alkynyl, C3 6 -cycloalkyl, CH 2 COO-C 1 e-alkyl, CONR 1 2 'R 1 2 2 , COR 1 2 3 , COO-Ci e-alkyl, CONH 2 , O-Ci e-alkyl, halogen, CN, S0 2 N(Ci- 4 -alkyl) 2 or heteroaryl optionally substituted with one or two residues selected from the group consisting of Ci- 6 -alkyl;
  • heteroaryl optionally substituted with a five- or six-membered carbocyclic non aromatic ring containing independently from each other two N, O, S, or S0 2 , replacing a carbon atom of the ring;
  • R 1 2 1 H, Ci-6-alkyl, Ci- 6 -alkylene-C 3 6-cycloalkyl, Ci- 4 -alkylene -phenyl, Ci- 4 -alkylene- furanyl, C 3 6 -cycloalkyl, Ci- 4 -alkylene-0-Ci- 4 -alkyl, Ci- 6 -haloalkyl or a five- or six-membered carbocyclic non-aromatic ring, optionally containing independently from each other one or two N, O, S, or SO 2 , replacing a carbon atom of the ring, optionally substituted with 4-cyclopropylmethyl-piperazinyl
  • R 1 2 3 a fj ve _ or six-membered carbocyclic non-aromatic ring, optionally containing independently from each other one or two N, O, S, or SO 2 , replacing a carbon atom of the ring;
  • R 1 ⁇ 3 is selected from phenyl, heteroaryl or indolyl, each optionally substituted with one or two residues selected from the group consisting of Ci-6-alkyl, C 3 6-cycloalkyl, O-Ci-6-alkyl, O-Ci-6-haloalkyl, phenyl, heteroaryl; where in some instances R 1 3 is selected from phenyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, indolyl or oxadiazolyl, each optionally substituted with one or two residues selected from the group consisting of Ci-6-alkyl, C 3 -6 -cycloalkyl, O-Ci-6-alkyl, O-Ci-6-haloalkyl, phenyl, pyrrolidinyl;
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of Ci-6-alkylene-phenyl, Ci-6-alkylene -naphthyl, and Ci-6-alkylene-thiophenyl; each optionally substituted with one, two or three residues selected from the group consisting of Ci-6-alkyl, Ci-6-haloalkyl, O-Ci-6-alkyl, O-Ci-6-haloalkyl, halogen;
  • R 3 is H, Ci- 4 -alkyl
  • R 4 is H, Ci- 4 -alkyl; or R 3 and R 4 together are forming a CH 2 -CH 2 group.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention further comprises administration to a subject of the compounds of formula 1 (above), wherein
  • A is CH 2 , O or N-Ci- 4 -alkyl
  • R 1 is selected from
  • R 1 ⁇ 1 is phenyl, optionally substituted with one or two residues selected from the group consisting of Ci-6-alkyl, C 2 6 -alkenyl, C 2 6 -alkynyl, Ci-6-haloalkyl, Ci e-alkylene-OH, C 2 6-alkenylene-OH, C 2 e-alkynylene-OH, CH 2 CON(Ci- 6 -alkyl) 2 , CH 2 NHCONH-C 3 6 -cycloalkyl, CN, CO-pyridinyl, CONR ' " R " 2 , COO-C i r, -alkyl, N(S0 2 -Ci- 6 -alkyl)(CH 2 C0N(Ci- 4 -alkyl) 2 ) O-C , r, -alkyl, O-pyridinyl, S0 2 -C , f ,-alkyl, S0 2 -Ci- 6
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of Ci- 6 -alkylene-phenyl, Ci- 6 -alkylene -naphthyl, and Ci- 6 -alkylene-thiophenyl; each optionally substituted with one, two or three residues selected from the group consisting of Ci- 6 -alkyl, Ci- 6 -haloalkyl, O-Ci- 6 -alkyl, O-Ci- 6 -haloalkyl, halogen;
  • R 3 is H, Ci- 4 -alkyl
  • R 4 is H, Ci- 4 -alkyl; or R 3 and R 4 together are forming a CH 2 -CH 2 group.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention further comprises administration to a subject of the compounds of formula 1 , wherein
  • A is CH 2 , O or N-Ci- 4 -alkyl; R 1 is selected from
  • R 1 2 is selected from
  • heteroaryl optionally substituted with one or two residues selected from the group consisting of Ci- 6 -alkyl, C2 6-alkenyl, C2 6-alkynyl, C3 6 -cycloalkyl, CH2COO-C1 e-alkyl, CONR 1 2 'R 1 2 2 , COR 1 2 3 , COO-Ci e-alkyl, CONH 2 , O-Ci e-alkyl, halogen, CN, SC>2N(Ci-4-alkyl)2 or heteroaryl optionally substituted with one or two residues selected from the group consisting of Ci- 6 -alkyl;
  • heteroaryl optionally substituted with a five- or six-membered carbocyclic non aromatic ring containing independently from each other two N, O, S, or SO2, replacing a carbon atom of the ring;
  • R 1 2 3 a five- or six-membered carbocyclic non-aromatic ring, optionally containing independently from each other one or two N, O, S, or SO2, replacing a carbon atom of the ring;
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of Ci- 6 -alkylene-phenyl, Ci- 6 -alkylene -naphthyl, and Ci- 6 -alkylene-thiophenyl; each optionally substituted with one, two or three residues selected from the group consisting of Ci- 6 -alkyl, Ci- 6 -haloalkyl, O-Ci- 6 -alkyl, O-Ci- 6 -haloalkyl, halogen;
  • R 3 is H, Ci-4-alkyl
  • R 4 is H, Ci- 4 -alkyl
  • R 3 and R 4 together are forming a CH 2 -CH 2 group.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention further comprises administration to a subject of the compounds of formula 1 (above), wherein
  • A is CH 2 , O or N-Ci- 4 -alkyl
  • R 1 is selected from
  • R 1 2 is selected from
  • heteroaryl optionally substituted with one or two residues selected from the group consisting of Ci-6-alkyl, C 2 6 -alkenyl, C 2 6 -alkynyl, C3 6-cycloalkyl, CH 2 COO-C 1 e-alkyl, CONR 1 2 'R 1 2 2 , COR 1 2 3 , COO-Ci e-alkyl, CONH 2 , O-Ci e-alkyl, halogen, CN, SC> 2 N(Ci- 4 -alkyl) 2 or heteroaryl optionally substituted with one or two residues selected from the group consisting of Ci-6-alkyl;
  • heteroaryl optionally substituted with a five- or six-membered carbocyclic non aromatic ring containing independently from each other two N, O, S, or SO 2 , replacing a carbon atom of the ring;
  • R 1 2 3 a fj ve _ or six-membered carbocyclic non-aromatic ring, optionally containing independently from each other one or two N, O, S, or SO 2 , replacing a carbon atom of the ring;
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of Ci-6-alkylene-phenyl, Ci-6-alkylene -naphthyl, and Ci-6-alkylene-thiophenyl; each optionally substituted with one, two or three residues selected from the group consisting of Ci-6-alkyl, Ci-6-haloalkyl, O-Ci-6-alkyl, O-Ci-6-haloalkyl, halogen;
  • R 3 is H, Ci- 4 -alkyl
  • R 4 is H, Ci- 4 -alkyl
  • R 3 and R 4 together are forming a CH 2 -CH 2 group.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention further comprises administration to a subject of the compounds of formula 1 , wherein
  • A is CH 2 , O or N-Ci- 4 -alkyl
  • R 1 is selected from
  • R 1 3 is selected from phenyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, indolyl or oxadiazolyl, each optionally substituted with one or two residues selected from the group consisting of Ci- 6 -alkyl, C3 6 -cycloalkyl, O-Ci- 6 -alkyl, O-Ci- 6 -haloalkyl, phenyl, pyrrolidinyl;
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of Ci- 6 -alkylene-phenyl, Ci- 6 -alkylene -naphthyl, and Ci- 6 -alkylene-thiophenyl; each optionally substituted with one, two or three residues selected from the group consisting of Ci- 6 -alkyl, Ci- 6 -haloalkyl, O-Ci- 6 -alkyl, O-Ci- 6 -haloalkyl, halogen;
  • R 3 is H, Ci- 4 -alkyl
  • R 4 is H, Ci- 4 -alkyl; or R 3 and R 4 together are forming a CH 2 -CH 2 group.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention further comprises administration to a subject of the compounds of formula 1 , wherein
  • A is CH 2 , O or N-Ci- 4 -alkyl
  • R 1 is selected from
  • R 1 ⁇ 1 is phenyl, optionally substituted with one or two residues selected from the group consisting of Ci- 6 -alkyl, Ci- 6 -haloalkyl, CH2CON(Ci-6-alkyl)2,
  • R 1 1 2 H, Ci- 6 -alkyl, SOzCi-e-alkyl; or R 1 1 1 and R 1 1 2 together are forming a four-, five- or six-membered carbocyclic ring, optionally containing one O, replacing a carbon atom of the ring, optionally substituted with one or two residues selected from the group consisting of CH2OH
  • R 1 ⁇ 2 is selected from
  • R 1 3 is selected from phenyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyrimidinyl, indolyl or oxadiazolyl, each optionally substituted with one or two residues selected from the group consisting of Ci- 6 -alkyl, C 3 6 -cycloalkyl, O-Ci- 6 -alkyl, O-Ci- 6 -haloalkyl;
  • R 2 is selected from Ci- 6 -alkylene -phenyl or Ci- 6 -alkylene-naphthyl, both optionally substituted with one or two residues selected from the group consisting of Ci- 6 -alkyl, Ci- 6 -haloalkyl, O-Ci- 6 -alkyl, O-Ci- 6 -haloalkyl, halogen; or Cth-thiophenyl, optionally substituted with one or two residues selected from the group consisting of halogen;
  • R 3 is H, Ci- 4 -alkyl
  • R 4 is H, Ci- 4 -alkyl; or R 3 and R 4 together are forming a CH 2 -CH 2 group.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention further comprises administration to a subject of the compounds of formula 1 , wherein
  • A is CH 2 , O or NMe
  • R 1 is selected from
  • NH-pyrrolidinyl optionally substituted with one or two residues selected from the group consisting of SCh-Ci r-alkyl, COO-Ci- 4 -alkyl; • piperidinyl, optionally substituted with one or two residues selected from the group consisting of NHS0 2 -Ci- 4 -alkyl, m-methoxyphenyl;
  • dihydro-indolyl dihydro-isoindolyl, tetrahydro-quinolinyl or tetrahydro-isoquinolinyl, optionally substituted with one or two residues selected from the group consisting of Ci- 4 -alkyl, COO-Ci- 4 -alkyl, Ci- 4 -haloalkyl, O-Ci- 4 -alkyl, NO 2 , halogen;
  • R 1 ⁇ 1 is phenyl, optionally substituted with one or two residues selected from the group consisting of Ci- 4 -alkyl, Ci- 4 -haloalkyl, CH 2 CON(Ci- 4 -alkyl) 2 ,
  • R 1 1 2 H, Ci- 4 -alkyl, SChCi ⁇ -alkyl; or R 1 1 1 and R 1 1 2 together are forming a four-, five- or six-membered carbocyclic ring, optionally containing one O, replacing a carbon atom of the ring, optionally substituted with one or two residues selected from the group consisting of CH 2 OH
  • R 1 ⁇ 2 is selected from
  • R 1 ⁇ 3 is selected from phenyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyrimidinyl, indolyl or oxadiazolyl, each optionally substituted with one or two residues selected from the group consisting of Ci- 4 -alkyl, C 3 6 -cycloalkyl, O-Ci- 4 -alkyl, O-Ci- 4 -haloalkyl;
  • R 2 is selected from Ci- 6 -alkylene -phenyl or Ci- 6 -alkylene-naphthyl, both optionally substituted with one or two residues selected from the group consisting of Ci- 4 -alkyl, Ci- 4 -haloalkyl, O-Ci- 4 -haloalkyl, halogen; or CFb-thiophenyl, optionally substituted with one or two residues selected from the group consisting of halogen;
  • R 3 is H
  • R 4 is H; or R 3 and R 4 together are forming a CH 2 -CH 2 group.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention further comprises administration to a subject of the compounds of formula 1 , wherein
  • A is CH 2 , O or NMe
  • R 1 is selected from
  • NH-cyclohexyl optionally substituted with one or two residues selected from the group consisting of t-Bu, NHSCh-phenyl, NHCONH -phenyl, F; • NH-pyrrolidinyl, optionally substituted with one or two residues selected from the group consisting of S0 2 Me, COO-t-Bu;
  • R 1 ⁇ 1 is phenyl, optionally substituted with one or two residues selected from the group consisting of Me, Et, t-Bu, CF 3 , CFl2CONMe2, CFFNFlCONFl-cyclohexyl, CN, CONR 1 1 R 1 1 2 , COOMe, COOEt, OMe, S0 2 Me, S0 2 CH 2 CH 2 0H, S0 2 Et, S0 2 -cyclopropyl, S0 2 -piperidinyl, S0 2 NFlEt, S0 2 NMeEt, F, Cl, CO-morpholinyl, CFF-pyridinyl, or imidazolidinyl, piperidinyl, oxazinanyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, each optionally substituted with
  • R 1 1 1 H, Me, Et, t-Bu, i-Pr, cyclopropyl, CH 2 -i-Pr, CH 2 -t-Bu, CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3 , CFFCFh ⁇ , C]3 ⁇ 4CONMe2, CFl2CO-azetindinyl, CFl2-cyclopropyl, CFl2-cyclobutyl, CFl2-pyranyl, CFb-tetrahydrofuranyl, CFl2-furanyl, CF1 2 CF1 2 0F1 or thiadiazolyl, optionally substituted with Me;
  • R 1 1 2 H, Me, Et, S0 2 Me, S0 2 Et or R 1 1 1 and R 1 1 2 together are forming a four-, five- or six-membered carbocyclic ring, optionally containing one O, replacing a carbon atom of the ring, optionally substituted with one or two residues selected from the group consisting of CFFOFl
  • R 1 ⁇ 2 is selected from
  • R 1 ⁇ 3 is selected from phenyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyrimidinyl, indolyl or oxadiazolyl, each optionally substituted with one or two residues selected from the group consisting of Me, Et, Pr, cyclopentyl, OMe, OCHF2;
  • R 2 is selected from Ctb-phenyl or CIE-naphthyl, both optionally substituted with one or two residues selected from the group consisting of CH 3 , CF 3 , OCF 3 , F, Cl, Br, Et; or CIF-thiophenyl, optionally substituted with one or two residues selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br;
  • R 3 is H
  • R 4 is H; or R 3 and R 4 together are forming a CH2-CH2 group.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention further comprises administration to a subject of the compounds of formula 1 , wherein
  • A is CH2, O or NMe
  • R 1 is selected from
  • R 1 ⁇ 1 is phenyl, optionally substituted with one or two residues selected from the group consisting of Me, Et, Pr, Bu, CF 3 , CH2CONMe2, CH2NHCONH-cyclohexyl, CN, CONR 1 1 'R 1 1 2 , COOMe, COOEt, OMe, S0 2 Me, S0 2 CH 2 CH 2 0H, S0 2 Et, S0 2 -cyclopropyl, S0 2 -piperidinyl, S0 2 NHEt, S0 2 NMeEt, F, Cl, CO-morpholinyl, CH2-pyridinyl, or imidazolidinyl, piperidinyl, oxazinanyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, each optionally substituted with one or two residues selected
  • R 1 1 2 H, Me, Et, S0 2 Me, S0 2 Et or R 1 1 1 and R 1 1 2 together are forming a four-, five- or six-membered carbocyclic ring, optionally containing one O, replacing a carbon atom of the ring, optionally substituted with one or two residues selected from the group consisting of CH 2 OH
  • R 1 ⁇ 2 is selected from
  • R 2 is selected from CH 2 -phenyl or CH 2 -naphthyl, both optionally substituted with one or two residues selected from the group consisting of CH 3 , CF 3 , OCF 3 , F, Cl, Br, Et
  • R 3 is H
  • R 4 is H.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention further comprises administration to a subject of the compounds of formula 1 , wherein
  • A is CH 2 , O or NMe
  • R 1 is selected from
  • R 1 ⁇ 1 is phenyl, optionally substituted with one or two residues selected from the group consisting of Me, Et, Pr, Bu, CF 3 , CH2CONMe2, CH2NHCONH-cyclohexyl, CN, CONR 1 1 'R 1 1 2 , COOMe, COOEt, OMe, S0 2 Me, S0 2 CH 2 CH 2 0H, S0 2 Et, SCE-cyclopropyl, S0 2 -piperidinyl, S0 2 NHEt, S0 2 NMeEt, F, Cl, CO-morpholinyl, Ctb-pyridinyl, or imidazolidinyl, piperidinyl, oxazinanyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, each optionally substituted with one or two residues selected
  • R 1 1 1 H, Me, Et, Pr, Bu, cyclopropyl, CH 2 -Pr, CH 2 -Bu, CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3 , CH 2 CHF 2 , CH2CONMe2, CPECO-azetindinyl, CPE-cyclopropyl, CH2-cyclobutyl, CH2-pyranyl, CH2-tetrahydrofuranyl, CH2-furanyl, CH2CH2OH or thiadiazolyl, optionally substituted with Me;
  • R 1 1 2 H, Me, Et, S0 2 Me, S0 2 Et or R 1 1 1 and R 1 1 2 together are forming a four-, five- or six-membered carbocyclic ring, optionally containing one O, replacing a carbon atom of the ring, optionally substituted with one or two residues selected from the group consisting of CH2OH
  • R 1 ⁇ 2 is selected from
  • R 1 3 is selected from phenyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyrimidinyl, indolyl or oxadiazolyl, each optionally substituted with one or two residues selected from the group consisting of Me, Et, Pr, cyclopentyl, OMe, OCHF2;
  • R 2 is selected from Ctb-phenyl or CPE-naphthyl, both optionally substituted with one or two residues selected from the group consisting of CH 3 , CF 3 , OCF 3 , F, Cl, Br, Et; or CIF-thiophenyl, optionally substituted with one or two residues selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br;
  • R 3 is H
  • R 4 is H; or R 3 and R 4 together are forming a CH2-CH2 group.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention further comprises administration to a subject of the compounds of formula 1 , wherein
  • A is CH2, O or NMe
  • R 1 is selected from
  • R 1 ⁇ 1 is phenyl, optionally substituted with one or two residues selected from the group consisting of Me, Et, t-Bu, CF 3 , CH2CONMe2, CH2NHCONH-cyclohexyl, CN, CONR 1 1 'R 1 1 2 , COOMe, COOEt, OMe, S0 2 Me, S0 2 CH 2 CH 2 0H, S0 2 Et, S0 2 -cyclopropyl, S0 2 -piperidinyl, S0 2 NHEt, S0 2 NMeEt, F, Cl, CO-morpholinyl, Ctb-pyridinyl, or imidazolidinyl, piperidinyl, oxazinanyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, each optionally substituted with one or two
  • R 1 1 1 H, Me, Et, Bu, Pr, cyclopropyl, CH 2 -Pr, CH 2 -Bu, CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3 , CH 2 CHF 2 , CH2CONMe2, CPECO-azetindinyl, CPE-cyclopropyl, CPE-cyclobutyl, CPE-pyranyl, CPp-tetrahydrofuranyl, Ctp-furanyl, CH2CH2OH or thiadiazolyl, optionally substituted with Me;
  • R 1 ⁇ 1 ⁇ 2 H, Me, Et, S0 2 Me, S0 2 Et or R 1 ⁇ 1 ⁇ 1 and R 1 ⁇ 1 ⁇ 2 together are forming a four-, five- or six-membered carbocyclic ring, optionally containing one O, replacing a carbon atom of the ring, optionally substituted with one or two residues selected from the group consisting of CH2OH;
  • R 2 is selected from CFb-phenyl or CFF-naphthyl, both optionally substituted with one or two residues selected from the group consisting of CH 3 , CF 3 , OCF 3 , F, Cl, Br, Et; or CFF-thiophenyl, optionally substituted with one or two residues selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br;
  • R 3 is H
  • R 4 is H; or R 3 and R 4 together are forming a CFF-CFF group.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention further comprises administration to a subject of the compounds of formula 1 , wherein
  • A is CFb, O or NMe
  • R 1 is selected from
  • R 1 ⁇ 1 is phenyl, optionally substituted with one or two residues selected from the group consisting of Me, Et, t-Bu, CF3, CFl2CONMe2, CFFNFlCONFl-cyclohexyl, CN, CONR 1 1 'R 1 1 2 , COOMe, COOEt, OMe, S0 2 Me, S0 2 CH 2 CH 2 0H, S0 2 Et, SCh-cyclopropyl, SCh-piperidinyl, SChNFlEt, SChNMeEt, F, Cl, CO-morpholinyl, CFF-pyridinyl, or imidazolidinyl, piperidinyl, oxazinanyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, each optionally substituted with one or two residues selected from the
  • R 1 1 1 H, Me, Et, Bu, Pr, cyclopropyl, CH 2 -Pr, CH 2 -Bu, CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3 , CH 2 CHF 2 , C]3 ⁇ 4CONMe2, CFFCO-azetindinyl, CFF-cyclopropyl, CFF-cyclobutyl, CFF-pyranyl, CFb-tetrahydrofuranyl, CFb-furanyl, CFbCFbOFl or thiadiazolyl, optionally substituted with Me;
  • R 2 is defined as in Table 1 shown below;
  • R 3 is H
  • R 4 is H
  • Another embodiment of the present invention further comprises administration to a subject of the compounds of formula 1 , wherein
  • A is CH2, O or NMe
  • R 1 is selected from
  • R 1 ⁇ 1 is phenyl, optionally substituted with one or two residues selected from the group consisting of Me, Et, t-Bu, CF 3 , CH2CONMe2, CH2NHCONH-cyclohexyl, CN, CONR 1 1 'R 1 1 2 , COOMe, COOEt, OMe, S0 2 Me, S0 2 CH 2 CH 2 0H, S0 2 Et, SCE-cyclopropyl, S0 2 -piperidinyl, S0 2 NHEt, SCENMeEt, F, Cl, CO-morpholinyl, CH2-pyridinyl, or imidazolidinyl, piperidinyl, oxazinanyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, each optionally substituted with one or two residues selected from the group
  • R 2 is defined as in Table 1 shown below;
  • R 3 is H
  • R 4 is H
  • Another embodiment of the present invention further comprises administration to a subject of the compounds of formula 1 , wherein
  • A is CH2, O or NMe
  • R 1 is selected from
  • R 1 ⁇ 1 is phenyl, optionally substituted with one or two residues selected from the group consisting of Me, Et, t-Bu, CF 3 , CH 2 CONMe 2 , CH 2 NHCONH-cyclohexyl, CN, CONR 1 1 'R 1 1 2 , COOMe, COOEt, OMe, F, Cl;
  • R 1 1 1 H, Me, Et, Bu, Pr, cyclopropyl, CH 2 -Pr, CH 2 -Bu, CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3 , CH 2 CHF 2 , CH 2 CONMe 2 , CPECO-azetindinyl, CH 2 -cyclopropyl, CH 2 -cyclobutyl, CH 2 -pyranyl, CH 2 -tetrahydrofuranyl, CIE-furanyl, CH 2 CH 2 OH or thiadiazolyl, optionally substituted with Me;
  • R 2 is defined as in Table 1 shown below;
  • R 3 is H
  • R 4 is H
  • Another embodiment of the present invention further comprises administration to a subject of the compounds of formula 1 , wherein
  • A is CH 2 , O or NMe
  • R 1 is selected from
  • R 1 ⁇ 1 is phenyl, optionally substituted with one or two residues selected from the group consisting of SCEMe, SO 2 CH 2 CH 2 OH, SCEEt, SCE-cyclopropyl, SCE-piperidinyl, S0 2 NHEt, S0 2 NMeEt;
  • R 1 1 1 H, Me, Et, Bu, Pr, cyclopropyl, CH 2 -Pr, CH 2 -Bu, CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3 , CH 2 CHF 2 , CH 2 CONMe 2 , CH 2 CO-azetindinyl, CH 2 -cyclopropyl, CH 2 -cyclobutyl, CIE-pyranyl, CH 2 -tetrahydrofuranyl, CH 2 -furanyl, CH 2 CH 2 OH or thiadiazolyl, optionally substituted with Me;
  • R 2 is defined as in Table 1 shown below;
  • R 3 is H
  • R 4 is H; Another embodiment of the present invention further comprises administration to a subject of the compounds of formula 1 , wherein
  • A is CH2, O or NMe
  • R 1 is selected from
  • R 1 ⁇ 1 is phenyl, optionally substituted with one residue selected from the group consisting of Me, Et, t-Bu, CF 3 , CH 2 CONMe 2 , CH 2 NHCONH-cyclohexyl, CN, CONR 1 1 'R 1 1 2 , COOMe, COOEt, OMe, S0 2 Me, S0 2 CH 2 CH 2 0H, S0 2 Et, S0 2 -cyclopropyl, S0 2 -piperidinyl, S0 2 NHEt, S0 2 NMeEt, F, Cl, and additionally with one residue selected from the group consiting of CO-morpholinyl, CH 2 -pyridinyl, or imidazolidinyl, piperidinyl, oxazinanyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrimi
  • R 1 1 1 H, Me, Et, Bu, Pr, cyclopropyl, CH 2 -Pr, CH 2 -Bu, CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3 , CH 2 CHF 2 , CH 2 CONMe 2 , CH 2 CO-azetindinyl, CH 2 -cyclopropyl, CH 2 -cyclobutyl, CH 2 -pyranyl, CH 2 -tetrahydrofuranyl, CH 2 -furanyl, CH 2 CH 2 OH or thiadiazolyl, optionally substituted with Me;
  • R 2 is defined as in Table 1 shown below;
  • R 3 is H
  • R 4 is H
  • Another embodiment of the present invention further comprises administration to a subject of the compounds of formula 1 , wherein
  • A is CH 2 , O or NMe
  • R 1 is selected from
  • NHR 1 2 , NMeR 1 2 ; R 1 2 is selected from
  • R 2 is selected from CH 2 -phenyl or CH 2 -naphthyl, both optionally substituted with one or two residues selected from the group consisting of CH 3 , CF 3 , OCF 3 , F, Cl, Br, Et; or CH 2 -thiophenyl, optionally substituted with one or two residues selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br;
  • R 3 is H
  • R 4 is H; or R 3 and R 4 together are forming a CH 2 -CH 2 group.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention further comprises administration to a subject of the compounds of formula 1 , wherein
  • A is CH 2 , O or NMe
  • R 1 is selected from
  • R 1 2 is selected from pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, optionally substituted with one or two residues selected from the group consisting of Me, Et, n-Pr, i-Pr, Bu, cyclopropyl, CH 2 COOEt, CONR l 2 l R 1 2 2 , COOMe, COOEt, CONH 2 , OMe, Cl, Br CO-pyrrolidinyl, CO-morpholinyl or pyrazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, each optionally substituted Me;
  • R 2 is selected from CFF-phenyl or CFF-naphthyl, both optionally substituted with one or two residues selected from the group consisting of CH 3 , CF 3 , OCF 3 , F, Cl, Br, Et; or CFF-thiophenyl, optionally substituted with one or two residues selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br;
  • R 3 is H
  • R 4 is H; or R 3 and R 4 together are forming a CFF-CFF group.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention further comprises administration to a subject of the compounds of formula 1 , wherein
  • A is CFb, O or NMe
  • R 1 is selected from
  • R 1 ⁇ 3 is selected from phenyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyrimidinyl, indolyl or oxadiazolyl, each optionally substituted with one or two residues selected from the group consisting of Me, Et, Pr, cyclopentyl, OMe, OCF1F 2 ;
  • R 2 is selected from CFF-phenyl or CFF-naphthyl, both optionally substituted with one or two residues selected from the group consisting of CFF, CF3, OCF3, F, Cl, Br, Et; or CFF-thiophenyl, optionally substituted with one or two residues selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br;
  • R 3 is H
  • R 4 is H; or R 3 and R 4 together are forming a CH 2 -CH 2 group.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention further comprises administration to a subject of the compounds of formula 1 , wherein
  • A is CFb, O or NMe
  • R 1 is selected from
  • R 2 is selected from CFF-phenyl or CFF-naphthyl, both optionally substituted with one or two residues selected from the group consisting of CH 3 , CF 3 , OCF 3 , F, Cl, Br, Et; or CFF-thiophenyl, optionally substituted with one or two residues selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br;
  • R 3 is H
  • R 4 is H; or R 3 and R 4 together are forming a CH2-CH2 group.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention further comprises administration to a subject of the compounds of formula 1, wherein A is CFF, O or NMe, R 1 is selected from NHR 1 2 , NMeR 1 2 ; R 2 is defined as in Table 1 shown below; R 3 is H; R 4 is and R 1 2 is selected from
  • pyridinyl optionally substituted with one or two residues selected from the group consisting of Me, Et, i-Pr, n-Bu, cyclopropyl, CONR 1 2 'R 1 2 2 , COOMe, COOEt, CONFF, OMe, Cl, Br CO-pyrrolidinyl, CO-morpholinyl or pyrazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, each optionally substituted Me;
  • R 1 2 1 is H or Me
  • R 1 2 2 is H or Me.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention further comprises administration to a subject of the compounds of formula 1, wherein A is CH 2 , O or NMe, R 1 is selected from NHR 1 2 , NMeR 1 2 ; R 2 is defined as in Table 1 shown below; R 3 is H; R 4 is and R 1 2 is selected from
  • R 1 ⁇ 2 ⁇ 2 is H or Me.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention further comprises administration to a subject of the compounds of formula 1 , wherein
  • A is CH2, O or NMe, R 1 is selected from NHR 1 2 , NMeR 1 2 ; R 2 is defined as in Table 1 shown below;
  • R 3 is H;
  • R 4 is H;
  • R 1 2 is pyridinyl, optionally substituted with one or two residues selected from the group consisting of Me, Et, i-Pr, n-Bu, CONR 1 2 'R 1 2 2 , COOMe, COOEt, CONH2, OMe, Cl, Br;
  • R 1 2 1 is H or Me and R 1 2 2 is H or Me.
  • A is CH2, O or NMe, R 1 is selected from NHR 1 2 , NMeR 1 2 ; R 2 is defined as in Table 1 shown below;
  • A is CH2, O or NMe, R 1 is selected from NHR 1 2 , NMeR 1 2 ; R 2 is defined as in Table 1 shown below;
  • A is CH2, O or NMe, R 1 is selected from NHR 1 2 , NMeR 1 2 ; R 2 is defined as in Table 1 shown below;
  • A is CH2, O or NMe, R 1 is selected from NHR 1 2 , NMeR 1 2 ; R 2 is defined as in Table 1 shown below;
  • R 3 is H;
  • R 4 is H;
  • R 1 2 is thiazolyl, optionally substituted with one or two residues selected from the group consisting of Me, n-Pr, i-Pr, Bu, COOMe, COOEt, CONR 1 2 'R 1 2 2 ;
  • R 1 2 1 is H or Me and
  • R 1 2 2 is H or Me.
  • A is CH2, O or NMe, R 1 is selected from NHR 1 2 , NMeR 1 2 ; R 2 is defined as in Table 1 shown below;
  • A is CH2, O or NMe, R 1 is selected from NHR 1 2 , NMeR 1 2 ; R 2 is defined as in Table 1 shown below;
  • Another embodiment of the present invention further comprises administration to a subject of the compounds of formula 1, wherein all groups are defined as above except R 1 3 is selected from
  • Another embodiment of the present invention further comprises administration to a subject of the compounds of formula 1, wherein all groups are defined as above except A is CH2.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention further comprises administration to a subject of the compounds of formula 1 , wherein all groups are defined as above except A is O.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention further comprises administration to a subject of the compounds of formula 1 , wherein all groups are defined as above except A is NMe.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention are compounds of formula 1, wherein A is CH2, O or NMe;
  • R 1 is selected from
  • R 2 is selected from
  • R 3 is H
  • R 4 is H; or R 3 and R 4 together are forming a CH2-CH2 group.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention are compounds of formula 1, wherein A is defined as above; R 3 is H; R 4 is H; and R 2 is defined as in Table 1 shown below; and R 1 is selected from
  • Another embodiment of the present invention further comprises administration to a subject of the compounds of formula 1, wherein A is defined as above; R 3 is H; R 4 is H; and R 2 is defined as in Table 1 shown below; and R 1 is selected from
  • Another embodiment of the present invention further comprises administration to a subject of the compounds of formula 1, wherein A is defined as above; R 3 is H; R 4 is H; and R 2 is defined as in Table 1 shown below; R 1 is selected from
  • Another embodiment of the present invention further comprises administration to a subject of the compounds of formula 1, wherein A is defined as above; R 3 is H; R 4 is H; and R 2 is defined as in Table 1 shown below; and R 1 is selected from
  • Another embodiment of the present invention further comprises administration to a subject of the compounds of formula 1, wherein A is defined as above; R 3 is H; R 4 is H; and R 2 is defined as in Table 1 shown below; R 1 is selected from
  • R 2 is defined as one of the groups shown below in the definitions 1 to 4:
  • Another embodiment of the present invention further comprises administration to a subject of the compounds of formula 1 , wherein the compounds of formula 1 are present in the form of the individual optical isomers, mixtures of the individual enantiomers or racemates, e.g., in the form of the enantiomerically pure compounds.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention further comprises administration to a subject of the compounds of formula 1 , wherein the compounds of formula 1 are present in the form of the acid addition salts thereof with pharmacologically acceptable acids as well as optionally in the form of the solvates and/or hydrates.
  • Additional embodiments of the present invention further comprise administration to a subject of the co-crystals of the compounds of formula 2 (below).
  • the first named subgroup is the radical attachment point, for example, the substituent "Ci-3-alkyl-aryl” means an aryl group which is bound to a Cl-3-alkyl-group, the latter of which is bound to the core or to the group to which the substituent is attached.
  • R 1 is Ci-6-alkyl, Ci-6-haloalkyl, O-Ci-6-haloalkyl, halogen; m is 1, 2 or 3; and in some instances 1 or 2;
  • R 2a and R 2b are each independently selected from H, Ci-6-alkyl, Ci-6-alkenyl, Ci-6-alkynyl, C3 6-cycloalkyl, COO-Ci-6-alkyl, O-Ci-e-alkyl, CONR 2h l R 2h 2 , halogen;
  • R 2b 1 is H, Ci- 6 -alkyl, Co 4-alkyl-C3 6 -cycloalkyl, Ci- 6 -haloalkyl;
  • R 2b 2 is H, Ci-e-alkyl; or R 2b 1 and R 2b 2 are together a C3 6-alkylene group forming with the nitrogen atom a heterocyclic ring, wherein optionally one carbon atom or the ring is replaced by an oxygen atom R 3 is H, Ci- 6 -alkyl;
  • X is an anion selected from the group consisting of chloride, bromide, iodide, sulphate, phosphate, methanesulphonate, nitrate, maleate, acetate, benzoate, citrate, salicylate, fumarate, tartrate, dibenzoyltartrate, oxalate, succinate, benzoate and p-toluenesulphonate; and in some instances chloride or dibenzoyltartrate j is 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 or 2; and in some instances 1 or 2; with a co-crystal former selected from the group consisting of orotic acid, hippuric acid, L-pyroglutamic acid, D-pyroglutamic acid, nicotinic acid, L-(+)-ascorbic acid, saccharin, piperazine, 3-hydroxy-2- naphtoic acid, mucic (galactaric) acid, pamoic (embonic) acid, stearic acid, cholic acid
  • Another aspect of the present invention further comprises administration to a subject of the co crystals of the compounds of formula 2, wherein
  • R 2a is H, Ci-6-alkyl, Ci-6-alkenyl, Ci-6-alkynyl, C3 6-cycloalkyl, O-Ci-6-alkyl, CONR 2a 'R 2a 2 ;
  • R 2a 1 is H, Ci- 6 -alkyl, Ci- 6 -haloalkyl;
  • R 2a 2 is H, Ci-e-alkyl
  • R 2b is H, Ci-6-alkyl, Ci-6-alkenyl, Ci-6-alkynyl, C3 6-cycloalkyl, COO-Ci-6-alkyl, O-Ci-6-alkyl,
  • R 2b 1 is H, Ci-6-alkyl, Co 4-alkyl-C3 6-cycloalkyl, Ci-6-haloalkyl;
  • R 2b 2 is H, Ci- 6 -alkyl; or R 2b 1 and R 2b 2 are together a C3 6-alkylene group forming with the nitrogen atom a heterocyclic ring, wherein optionally one carbon atom or the ring is replaced by an oxygen atom and the remaining residues are defined as above.
  • Another aspect of the present invention further comprises administration to a subject of the co crystals of the compounds of formula 2, wherein
  • R 2a is H, Ci-6-alkyl, Ci-6-alkynyl, C3 6-cycloalkyl, O-Ci-6-alkyl, CONR 2a 'R 2a 2 ;
  • R 2a l is Ci- 6 -alkyl; R 2a 2 is H;
  • R 2b is H, C , 6 -alkyl, O-C , rule-alkyl, CONR 2h l R 2h 2 ;
  • R 2b 1 is Ci-6-alkyl, Co 4 -alkyl -C 3 6-cycloalkyl, Ci-6-haloalkyl;
  • R 2b 2 is H, Ci-6-alkyl; or R 2b 1 and R 2b 2 are together a C 3 6 -alkylene group forming with the nitrogen atom a heterocyclic ring, wherein optionally one carbon atom or the ring is replaced by an oxygen atom and the remaining residues are defined as above.
  • Another aspect of the present invention further comprises administration to a subject of the co crystals of the compounds of formula 2, wherein
  • R 2a is H, Ci- 4 -alkyl, Ci- 4 -alkynyl, C 3 6 -cycloalkyl, O-Ci- 4 -alkyl, CONR 2a 'R 2a 2 ;
  • R 2a 1 is Ci- 4 -alkyl
  • R 2a 2 is H
  • R 2b is H, C , 4 -alkyl, O-C , 4 -alkyl, CONR 2h l R 2h 2 ;
  • R 2b 1 is Ci- 4 -alkyl, Co 4 -alkyl -C 3 6-cycloalkyl, Ci- 4 -haloalkyl;
  • R 2b 2 is H, Ci- 4 -alkyl; or R 2b 1 and R 2b 2 are together a C 3 6 -alkylene group forming with the nitrogen atom a heterocyclic ring, wherein optionally one carbon atom or the ring is replaced by an oxygen atom and the remaining residues are defined as above.
  • Another aspect of the present invention further comprises administration to a subject of the co crystals of the compounds of formula 2, wherein
  • R 2a is H, Ci- 4 -alkyl
  • R 2b is H, CONR 2h l R 2h 2 ;
  • R 2b 1 is Ci- 4 -alkyl, Co 4 -alkyl -C3 6-cycloalkyl, Ci- 4 -haloalkyl;
  • R 2b - 2 is H, Ci- 4 -alkyl; or R 2b 1 and R 2b 2 are together a C 3 6 -alkylene group forming with the nitrogen atom a heterocyclic ring, wherein optionally one carbon atom or the ring is replaced by an oxygen atom and the remaining residues are defined as above.
  • Another aspect of the present invention further comprises administration to a subject of the co crystals of the compounds of formula 2, wherein
  • R 1 is Ci- 6 -alkyl, Ci- 6 -haloalkyl, O-Ci- 6 -haloalkyl, halogen; m is 1 or 2;
  • R 2a is H, C, 4 -alkyl
  • R 2b is H, CONR 2h l R 2h 2 ;
  • R 2b 1 is Ci- 4 -alkyl, Co 4 -alkyl -C3 6 -cycloalkyl, Ci- 4 -haloalkyl;
  • R 2b 2 is H, Ci- 4 -alkyl; or R 2b 1 and R 2b 2 are together a C 3 6 -alkylene group forming with the nitrogen atom a heterocyclic ring, wherein optionally one carbon atom or the ring is replaced by an oxygen atom
  • R 3 is H, Ci- 6 -alkyl
  • X is an anion selected from the group consisting of chloride or dibenzoyltartrate j is 1 or 2.
  • Another aspect of the present invention further comprises administration to a subject of the co crystals of the compounds of formula 2, wherein
  • R 2a is H, Ci- 4 -alkyl; in some instances Methyl, Ethyl, Propyl;
  • R 2b is H, CONR 2h l R 2h 2 ;
  • R 2b 1 is Ci- 4 -alkyl; in some instances Methyl, Ethyl, Propyl;
  • R 2b 2 is Ci- 4 -alkyl; in some instances Methyl, Ethyl, Propyl; and the remaining residues are defined as above.
  • Another aspect of the present invention further comprises administration to a subject of the co crystals of the compounds of formula 2, wherein
  • R 2a is H, Ci- 4 -alkyl; in some instances Methyl, Ethyl, Propyl; R 2b is H, CONR 2b 'R 2b 2 ;
  • R 2b 1 is Co 4 -alkyl-C 3 6 -cycloalkyl
  • R 2b 2 is H, Ci- 4 -alkyl; in some instances H, Methyl, Ethyl, Propyl; and the remaining residues are defined as above.
  • Another aspect of the present invention further comprises administration to a subject of the co crystals of the compounds of formula 2, wherein
  • R 2a is H, Ci- 4 -alkyl; in some instances Methyl, Ethyl, Propyl;
  • R 2b is H, CONR 2h l R 2h 2 ;
  • R 2b 1 is Ci- 4 -haloalkyl
  • R 2b 2 is H, Ci- 4 -alky; in some instances H, Methyl, Ethyl, Propyl; and the remaining residues are defined as above.
  • Another aspect of the present invention further comprises administration to a subject of the co crystals of the compounds of formula 2, wherein
  • R 2b 1 and R 2b 2 are together a C 3 6 -alkylene group forming with the nitrogen atom a heterocyclic ring, wherein optionally one carbon atom or the ring is replaced by an oxygen atom and the remaining residues are defined as above.
  • Another aspect of the present invention further comprises administration to a subject of the co crystals of the compounds of formula 2, wherein R 1 , m, R 2a , R 2b , R 3 , X and j are defined as above and the co-crystal former is selected from the group consisting of ascorbic acid, mucic acid, pamoic acid, succinamide, nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, isonicotinamide, 1-lysine, 1-proline, or hydrates or
  • Another aspect of the present invention further comprises administration to a subject of the co crystals of the compounds of formula 2a, wherein R 2a , R 2b , R 3 , X and j are defined as above
  • Another aspect of the present invention further comprises administration to a subject of the co crystals of the compounds of formula 2a, wherein
  • R 2a is H, Ci- 4 -alkyl; in some instances Methyl, Ethyl, Propyl;
  • R 2b is H, CONR 2h l R 2h 2 ;
  • R 2b 1 is Ci- 4 -alkyl; in some instances Methyl, Ethyl, Propyl;
  • R 2b 2 is Ci- 4 -alkyl; in some instances Methyl, Ethyl, Propyl; and the remaining residues are defined as above.
  • Another aspect of the present invention further comprises administration to a subject of the co crystals of the compounds of formula 2a, wherein
  • R 2a is H, Ci- 4 -alkyl; in some instances Methyl, Ethyl, Propyl;
  • R 2b is H, CONR 2h l R 2h 2 ;
  • R 2b 1 is Co 4 -alkyl-C 3 6-cycloalkyl
  • R 2b 2 is H, Ci- 4 -alkyl; in some instances H, Methyl, Ethyl, Propyl; and the remaining residues are defined as above.
  • Another aspect of the present invention further comprises administration to a subject of the co crystals of the compounds of formula 2a, wherein
  • R 2a is H, Ci- 4 -alkyl; in some instances Methyl, Ethyl, Propyl;
  • R 2b is H, CONR 2h l R 2h 2 ;
  • R 2b 1 is Ci- 4 -haloalkyl
  • R 2b 2 is H, Ci- 4 -alky; in some instances H, Methyl, Ethyl, Propyl; and the remaining residues are defined as above.
  • Another aspect of the present invention further comprises administration to a subject of the co crystals of the compounds of formula 2a, wherein
  • R 2b 1 and R 2b 2 are together a C 3 6 -alkylene group forming with the nitrogen atom a heterocyclic ring, wherein optionally one carbon atom or the ring is replaced by an oxygen atom and the remaining residues are defined as above.
  • X is an anion selected from the group consisting of chloride, bromide, iodide, sulphate, phosphate, methanesulphonate, nitrate, maleate, acetate, benzoate, citrate, salicylate, fumarate, tartrate, dibenzoyltartrate, oxalate, succinate, benzoate and p-toluenesulphonate; in some instances chloride, or dibenzoyltartrate j is 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 or 2; in some instances 1 or 2.
  • Another aspect of the present invention further comprises administration to a subject of the co crystals of the compounds of formula 2, wherein R 1 , m, R 2a , R 2b , R 3 are defined as for the co-crystals above and
  • X is an anion selected from the group consisting of chloride or dibenzoyltartrate j is 1 or 2.
  • Another aspect of the present invention further comprises administration to a subject of the salts of the compounds of formula 2, wherein R 1 , m, R 2a , R 2b , R 3 are defined as for the salts above and X is chloride and j is 2.
  • Another aspect of the present invention further comprises administration to a subject of the salts of the compounds of formula 2, wherein R 1 , m, R 2a , R 2b , R 3 are defined as for the salts above and X is dibenzoyltartrate and j is 1.
  • Another aspect of the present invention further comprises administration to a subject of the salts of the compounds of formula 2a, wherein R 2a , R 2b , R 3 , X and j are defined as above
  • Another aspect of the present invention further comprises administration to a subject of the salts of the compounds of formula 2a, wherein
  • R 2a is H, Ci- 4 -alkyl; in some instances Methyl, Ethyl, Propyl;
  • R 2b is H, CONR 2h l R 2h 2 ;
  • R 2b 1 is Ci- 4 -alkyl; in some instances Methyl, Ethyl, Propyl;
  • R 2b 2 is Ci- 4 -alkyl; in some instances Methyl, Ethyl, Propyl; and the remaining residues are defined as above.
  • Another aspect of the present invention further comprises administration to a subject of the salts of the compounds of formula 2a, wherein
  • R 2a is H, Ci- 4 -alkyl; in some instances Methyl, Ethyl, Propyl;
  • R 2b is H, CONR 2h l R 2h 2 ;
  • R 2b 1 is Co 4 -alkyl-C 3 6-cycloalkyl
  • R 2b 2 is H, Ci- 4 -alkyl; in some instances H, Methyl, Ethyl, Propyl; and the remaining residues are defined as above.
  • Another aspect of the present invention further comprises administration to a subject of the salts of the compounds of formula 2a, wherein
  • R 2a is H, Ci- 4 -alkyl; in some instances Methyl, Ethyl, Propyl;
  • R 2b is H, CONR 2h l R 2h 2 ;
  • R 2b l is Ci- 4 -haloalkyl
  • R 2b 2 is H, Ci-4-alky
  • the remaining residues are defined as above.
  • Another aspect of the present invention further comprises administration to a subject of the salts of the compounds of formula 2a, wherein
  • R 2b 1 and R 2b 2 are together a C3 6-alkylene group forming with the nitrogen atom a heterocyclic ring, wherein optionally one carbon atom or the ring is replaced by an oxygen atom and the remaining residues are defined as above.
  • Another aspect of the present invention further comprises administration to a subject of the salts of the compounds of formula 2a, wherein R 1 , m, R 2a , R 2b , R 3 are defined as for the salts above and X is chloride and j is 2.
  • Another aspect of the present invention further comprises administration to a subject of the salts of the compounds of formula 2a, wherein R 1 , m, R 2a , R 2b , R 3 are defined as for the salts above and X is dibenzoyltartrate and j is 1.
  • Another aspect of the invention are salts of compounds of formula 2a, wherein R 1 , m, R 2a , R 2b , R 3 are defined as for the salts above and X is (S)-(S)-(+)-2, 3-dibenzoyl -tartrate andj is 1.
  • Additional embodiments of the present invention further comprise administration to a subject of a pharmaceutical composition containing compounds of formula 3
  • R 1 is H, Ci-6-alkyl, Co 4-alkyl-C3 6-cycloalkyl, Ci-6-haloalkyl;
  • R 2 is H, Ci-6-alkyl
  • X is an anion selected from the group consisting of chloride or 1 ⁇ 2 dibenzoyltartrate J is 1 or 2.
  • An embodiment of the present invention further comprises administration to a subject of a pharmaceutical composition containing compounds of formula 3 wherein
  • R 1 is H, Ci- 6 -alkyl
  • R 2 is H, Ci- 6 -alkyl
  • X is an anion selected from the group consisting of chloride or 1 ⁇ 2 dibenzoyltartrate j is 1 or 2.
  • An embodiment of the present invention further comprises administration to a subject of a pharmaceutical composition containing compounds of formula 3 wherein
  • R 1 is H, Methyl, Ethyl, Propyl, Butyl;
  • R 2 is H, Methyl, Ethyl, Propyl, Butyl;
  • X is an anion selected from the group consisting of chloride or 1 ⁇ 2 dibenzoyltartrate, such as chloride; j is 1 or 2, in some instances 2.
  • An embodiment of the present invention further comprises administration to a subject of a pharmaceutical composition containing compounds of formula 3 wherein
  • R 1 is H, Methyl, Ethyl, Propyl, Butyl;
  • R 2 is H, Methyl
  • X is an anion selected from the group consisting of chloride or 1 ⁇ 2 dibenzoyltartrate, such as chloride; j is 1 or 2, in some instances 2.
  • An embodiment of the present invention further comprises administration to a subject of a pharmaceutical composition containing compounds of formula 3 wherein
  • R 1 is H, Methyl
  • R 2 is H, Methyl
  • X is an anion selected from the group consisting of chloride or 1 ⁇ 2 dibenzoyltartrate, such as chloride;
  • An embodiment of the present invention further comprises administration to a subject of a pharmaceutical composition containing compounds described in Table 2 as a hydrochloride.
  • An additional embodiment of the present invention further comprises administration to a subject of a pharmaceutical composition containing compounds describe in Table 2 as a di-hydrochloride.
  • Another object of the present invention is administration to a subject of a pharmaceutical dosage form of the compounds described above, wherein the dosage is an orally deliverable dosage form.
  • Another object of the present invention is administration to a subject of a pharmaceutical dosage form of the compounds described above, which is in the form of a tablet, capsule, pellets, powder or granules.
  • Another object of the present invention is administration to a subject of the pharmaceutical dosage forms described above for use as medicament.
  • Another object of the present invention is the use of the above pharmaceutical dosage forms for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of a neurodegenerative disease or condition selected from Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, frontotemporal dementia, Huntington disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, glaucoma, myotonic dystrophy, vascular dementia, and progressive supranuclear palsy.
  • a neurodegenerative disease or condition selected from Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, frontotemporal dementia, Huntington disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, glaucoma, myotonic dystrophy, vascular dementia, and progressive supranuclear palsy.
  • Another object of the present invention is a process for the treatment and/or prevention of a disease or condition selected from neurodegenerative disease such as Al heimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, frontotemporal dementia, Huntington disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, glaucoma, myotonic dystrophy, vascular dementia, and progressive supranuclear palsy, characterized in that an effective amount of the above defined pharmaceutical dosage form is administered orally to a subject or patient once, twice, thrice or several times daily.
  • a disease or condition selected from neurodegenerative disease such as Al heimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, frontotemporal dementia, Huntington disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, glaucoma, myotonic dystrophy, vascular dementia, and progressive supranuclear palsy, characterized in that an effective amount of the above defined pharmaceutical dosage form is administered orally to a subject or patient once, twice, thrice or several times daily.
  • Solid pharmaceutical compositions ready for use/ingestion made from a compound of formula 3 comprise powders, granules, pellets, tablets, capsules, chewable tablets, dispersible tables, troches and lozenges.
  • Capsule formulations according to the invention comprise the powdery intermediate of a compound of formula 3, an intermediate blend comprising the powdery intermediate, pellets or granules obtained by conventional wet-, dry or hot-melt granulation or hot-melt extrusion or spray-drying of a suitable intermediate blend, filled in conventional capsules, e.g. hard gelatin or HPMC capsules.
  • Capsule formulations from above may also comprise the powdery intermediate of a compound of formula 3 in a compacted form.
  • Capsule formulations according to the invention comprise the compound of formula 3 suspended or diluted in a liquid or mixture of liquids.
  • Tablet formulations according to the invention comprise such tablets obtained by direct compression of a suitable final blend or by tableting of pellets or granules obtained by conventional wet-, dry or hot- melt granulation or hot-melt extrusion or spray-drying of a suitable intermediate blend.
  • the pH-adjusting / buffering agent may be a basic amino acid, which has an amino group and alkaline characteristics (isoelectric point, pi: 7.59— 10.76), such as e.g. L-arginine, L-lysine or L-histidine.
  • a buffering agent within the meaning of this invention is L-arginine.
  • L-arginine has a particular suitable stabilizing effect on the compositions of this invention, e.g. by suppressing chemical degradation of compounds of formula 3.
  • the present invention is directed to a pharmaceutical composition (e.g. an oral solid dosage form, particularly a tablet) comprising a compound of formula 3 and L-arginine for stabilizing the composition, particularly against chemical degradation; as well as one or more pharmaceutical excipients.
  • the pharmaceutical excipients used within this invention are conventional materials such as cellulose and its derivates, D-mannitol, corn starch, pregelatinized starch as a filler, copovidone as a binder, crospovidone as disintegrant, magnesium stearate as a lubricant, colloidal anhydrous silica as a glidant, hypromellose as a film-coating agent, polyethylene glycol as a plasticizer, titanium dioxide, iron oxide red/yellow as a pigment, and talc, etc.
  • conventional materials such as cellulose and its derivates, D-mannitol, corn starch, pregelatinized starch as a filler, copovidone as a binder, crospovidone as disintegrant, magnesium stearate as a lubricant, colloidal anhydrous silica as a glidant, hypromellose as a film-coating agent, polyethylene glycol as a plasticizer, titanium dioxide,
  • pharmaceutical excipients can be a first and second diluent, a binder, a disintegrant and a lubricant; an additional disintegrant and an additional glidant are a further option.
  • Diluents suitable for a pharmaceutical composition according to the invention are cellulose powder, microcrystalline cellulose, lactose in various crystalline modifications, dibasic calcium phosphate anhydrous, dibasic calcium phosphate dihydrate, erythritol, low substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose, mannitol, starch or modified starch (e.g. pregelatinized or partially hydrolyzed) or xylitol.
  • mannitol and microcrystalline cellulose are employed in some instances.
  • Diluents that find use as the second diluent are the above-mentioned diluents mannitol and microcrystalline cellulose.
  • Lubricants suitable for a pharmaceutical composition according to the invention are talc, polyethyleneglycol, calcium behenate, calcium stearate, sodium stearylfumarate, hydrogenated castor oil or magnesium stearate.
  • the lubricant in some instances is magnesium stearate.
  • Binders suitable for a pharmaceutical composition according to the invention are copovidone (copolymerisates of vinylpyrrolidon with other vinylderivates), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC), polyvinylpyrrolidon (povidone), pregelatinized starch, stearic -palmitic acid, low-substituted hydroxypropylcellulose (L-HPC), copovidone and pregelatinized starch being employed in some formulations.
  • the above mentioned binders pregelatinized starch and L-HPC show additional diluent and disintegrant properties and can also be used as the second diluent or the disintegrant.
  • Disintegrants suitable for a pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention are corn starch, crospovidone, polacrilin potassium, croscarmellose sodium, low-substituted hydroxypropylcellulose (L-HPC) or pregelatinized starch; such as croscarmellose sodium.
  • An exemplary composition according to the present invention comprises the diluent mannitol, microcrystalline cellulose as a diluent with additional disintegrating properties, the binder copovidone, the disintegrant croscarmellose sodium, and magnesium stearate as the lubricant.
  • Typical pharmaceutical compositions comprise (% by weight)
  • compositions according to some embodiments comprise (% by weight)
  • compositions according to some embodiments comprise (% by weight)
  • compositions according to some embodiments comprise (% by weight)
  • compositions according to some embodiments comprise (% by weight)
  • compositions containing 10-90% of active ingredient such as 30-70 % active ingredient (% by weight) are employed in some instances.
  • a tablet formulation according to the invention may be uncoated or coated, e.g. film-coated, using suitable coatings known not to negatively affect the dissolution properties of the final formulation.
  • the tablets can be provided with a seal coat for protection of the patients environment and clinical staff as well as for moisture protection purposes by dissolving a high molecular weight polymer as polyvinylpyrrolidone or hydroxypropyl-methylcellulose together with plasticizers, lubricants and optionally pigments and tensides in water or organic solvent as acetone and spraying this mixture on the tablet cores inside a coating equipment as a pan coater or a fluidized bed coater with wurster insert.
  • agents such as beeswax, shellac, cellulose acetate phthalate, polyvinyl acetate phthalate, zein, film forming polymers such as hydroxypropyl cellulose, ethylcellulose and polymeric methacrylates can be applied to the tablets, provided that the coating has no substantial effect on the disintegration/dissolution of the dosage form and that the coated dosage form is not affected in its stability.
  • a sugar coating may be applied onto the sealed pharmaceutical dosage form.
  • the sugar coating may comprise sucrose, dextrose, sorbitol and the like or mixtures thereof. If desired, colorants or opacifiers may be added to the sugar solution.
  • Solid formulations of the present invention tend to be hygroscopic. They may be packaged using PVC-blisters, PVDC-blisters or a moisture-proof packaging material such as aluminum foil blister packs, alu/alu blister, transparent or opaque polymer blister with pouch, polypropylene tubes, glass bottles and HDPE bottles optionally containing a child-resistant feature or may be tamper evident.
  • the primary packaging material may comprise a desiccant such as molecular sieve or silica gel to improve chemical stability of the API.
  • Opaque packaging such as colored blister materials, tubes, brown glass bottles or the like can be used to prolong shelf life of the API by reduction of photo degradation.
  • a dosage range of the compound of formula 3 is usually between 100 and 1000 mg, in particular between 200 and 900 mg, 300 and 900 mg or 350 and 850 mg or 390 and 810 mg. It is possible to give one or two tablets, where in some instances two tablets for a daily oral dosage of 100, 200, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900 mg, and in some instances 350, 400, 450, 750, 800, 850 are employed.
  • the dosages range can be achieved by one tablet or by two tablets; in some instances two tablets are administered, each containing half of the dosage.
  • the application of the active ingredient may occur up to three times a day, such as one or two times a day.
  • Particular dosage strengths are 400 mg or 800 mg.
  • a given chemical formula or name shall encompass tautomers and all stereo, optical and geometrical isomers (e.g. enantiomers, diastereomers, E/Z isomers etc%) and racemates thereof as well as mixtures in different proportions of the separate enantiomers, mixtures of diastereomers, or mixtures of any of the foregoing forms where such isomers and enantiomers exist, as well as salts, including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof and solvates thereof such as for instance hydrates including solvates of the free compounds or solvates of a salt of the compound.
  • substituted means that any one or more hydrogens on the designated atom is replaced with a selection from the indicated group, provided that the designated atom's normal valence is not exceeded, and that the substitution results in a stable compound.
  • the above-mentioned group optionally substituted by a lower-molecular group.
  • lower-molecular groups regarded as chemically meaningful are groups consisting of 1-200 atoms. Of interest are such groups that have no negative effect on the pharmacological efficacy of the compounds.
  • the groups may comprise: • Straight-chain or branched carbon chains, optionally interrupted by heteroatoms, optionally substituted by rings, heteroatoms or other common functional groups. • Aromatic or non-aromatic ring systems consisting of carbon atoms and optionally heteroatoms, which may in turn be substituted by functional groups.
  • a number of aromatic or non-aromatic ring systems consisting of carbon atoms and optionally heteroatoms which may be linked by one or more carbon chains, optionally interrupted by heteroatoms, optionally substituted by heteroatoms or other common functional groups.
  • the compounds disclosed herein can exist as therapeutically acceptable salts.
  • the present invention includes compounds listed above in the form of salts, including acid addition salts. Suitable salts include those formed with both organic and inorganic acids. Such acid addition salts will normally be pharmaceutically acceptable. However, salts of non-pharmaceutically acceptable salts may be of utility in the preparation and purification of the compound in question. Basic addition salts may also be formed and be pharmaceutically acceptable.
  • Pharmaceutical Salts Properties, Selection, and Use (Stahl, P. Heinrich. Wiley- VCHA, Zurich, Switzerland, 2002).
  • terapéuticaally acceptable salt represents salts or zwitterionic forms of the compounds disclosed herein which are water or oil-soluble or dispersible and therapeutically acceptable as defined herein.
  • the salts can be prepared during the final isolation and purification of the compounds or separately by reacting the appropriate compound in the form of the free base with a suitable acid.
  • Representative acid addition salts include acetate, adipate, alginate, L- ascorbate, aspartate, benzoate, benzenesulfonate (besylate), bisulfate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, citrate, digluconate, formate, fumarate, gentisate, glutarate, glycerophosphate, glycolate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hippurate, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxyethansulfonate (isethionate), lactate, maleate, malonate, DL-mandelate, mesitylenesulfonate, methanesulfonate, naphthylenesulfonate, nicotinate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, oxalate, pamoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3-phenylprop
  • basic groups in the compounds disclosed herein can be quaternized with methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl chlorides, bromides, and iodides; dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl, and diamyl Sulfates; decyl, lauryl, myristyl, and steryl chlorides, bromides, and iodides; and benzyl and phenethyl bromides.
  • acids which can be employed to form therapeutically acceptable addition salts include inorganic acids such as hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, and phosphoric, and organic acids such as oxalic, maleic, succinic, and citric.
  • Salts can also be formed by coordination of the compounds with an alkali metal or alkaline earth ion.
  • the present invention contemplates sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium salts of the compounds disclosed herein, and the like.
  • Basic addition salts can be prepared during the final isolation and purification of the compounds by reacting a carboxy group with a suitable base such as the hydroxide, carbonate, or bicarbonate of a metal cation or with ammonia or an organic primary, secondary, or tertiary amine.
  • the cations of therapeutically acceptable salts include lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and aluminum, as well as nontoxic quaternary amine cations such as ammonium, tetramethylammonium, tetraethylammonium, methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, triethylamine, diethylamine, ethylamine, tributylamine, pyridine, N,N-dimethylaniline, N-methylpiperidine, N-methylmorpholine, dicyclohexylamine, procaine, dibenzylamine, N, N-dibenzylphenethylamine, l-ephenamine, and N,R-dibenzylethylenediamine.
  • Other representative organic amines useful for the formation of base addition salts include ethylenediamine, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, piperidine, and piperazine.
  • compositions which comprise one or more of certain compounds disclosed herein, or one or more pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, prodrugs, amides, or solvates thereof, together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers thereof and optionally one or more other therapeutic ingredients.
  • the carrier(s) must be "acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not deleterious to the recipient thereof. Proper formulation is dependent upon the route of administration chosen. Any of the well-known techniques, carriers, and excipients may be used as suitable and as understood in the art; e.g., in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences.
  • compositions disclosed herein may be manufactured in any manner known in the art, e.g., by means of conventional mixing, dissolving, granulating, dragee-making, levigating, emulsifying, encapsulating, entrapping or compression processes.
  • Heterocyclic rings include five-, six- or seven-membered, saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic rings or 5-10 membered, bicyclic hetero rings which may contain one, two or three heteroatoms, selected from among oxygen, sulphur and nitrogen; the ring may be linked to the molecule by a carbon atom or, if present, by a nitrogen atom.
  • heterocyclic ring may be provided with a keto group.
  • examples include:
  • 5-l0-membered bicyclic hetero rings examples include pyrrolizine, indole, indolizine, isoindole, indazole, purine, quinoline, isoquinoline, benzimidazole, benzofurane, benzopyrane, benzothiazole, benzoisothiazole, pyridopyrimidine, pteridine, pyrimidopyrimidine,
  • heterocyclic rings includes heterocyclic aromatic groups
  • heterocyclic aromatic groups denotes five- or six-membered heterocyclic aromatic groups or 5-10 membered, bicyclic hetaryl rings which may contain one, two or three heteroatoms, selected from among oxygen, sulphur and nitrogen, which contain sufficient conjugated double bonds that an aromatic system is formed.
  • the ring may be linked to the molecule through a carbon atom or if present through a nitrogen atom.
  • 5-l0-membered bicyclic hetaryl rings examples include pyrrolizine, indole, indolizine, isoindole, indazole, purine, quinoline, isoquinoline, benzimidazole, benzofuran, benzopyrane, benzothiazole, benzoisothiazole, pyridopyrimidine, pteridine, pyrimidopyrimidine.
  • halogen as used herein means a halogen substituent selected from fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo.
  • Ci- 6 -alkyl (including those which are part of other groups) are meant branched and unbranched alkyl groups with 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and by the term “C 1-4 -alkyl” are meant branched and unbranched alkyl groups with 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
  • Alkyl groups with 1 to 4 carbon atoms are present in some instances. Examples of these include: methyl, ethyl, «-propyl, /iso-propyl, «-butyl, /.s -butyl, sec-butyl, ZerZ-butyl, «-pentyl, iso-pentyl, «co-pentyl or hexyl.
  • Me, Et, «-Pr, /-Pr, «-Bu, /-Bu, Z-Bu, etc. may optionally also be used for the above-mentioned groups.
  • the definitions propyl, butyl, pentyl and hexyl include ah the possible isomeric forms of the groups in question.
  • propyl includes «-propyl and iso-propyl
  • butyl includes iso-butyl, sc -butyl and tert- butyl etc.
  • Ci- 6 -alkylene (including those which are part of other groups) are meant branched and unbranched alkylene groups with 1 to 6 carbon atoms and by the term “Ci-4-alkylene” are meant branched and unbranched alkylene groups with 1 to 4 carbon atoms. Alkylene groups with 1 to 4 carbon atoms are present in some instances.
  • Examples include: methylene, ethylene, propylene, l-methylethylene, butylene, l-methylpropylene, 1,1 -dime thylethylene, l,2-dimethylethylene, pentylene, 1,1- dimethylpropylene, 2,2-dimethylpropylene, 1 ,2-dimethylpropylene, 1,3 -dime thy lpropylene or hexylene.
  • propylene, butylene, pentylene and hexylene also include all the possible isomeric forms of the relevant groups with the same number of carbons.
  • propyl also includes l-methylethylene and butylene includes l-methylpropylene, l,l-dimethylethylene, 1,2- dimethylethylene.
  • C2 6 -alkenyl (including those which are part of other groups) denotes branched and unbranched alkenyl groups with 2 to 6 carbon atoms and the term “C2 4-alkenyl” denotes branched and unbranched alkenyl groups with 2 to 4 carbon atoms, provided that they have at least one double bond.
  • alkenyl groups with 2 to 4 carbon atoms examples include: ethenyl or vinyl, propenyl, butenyl, pentenyl, or hexenyl. Unless otherwise stated, the definitions propenyl, butenyl, pentenyl and hexenyl include all possible isomeric forms of the groups in question.
  • propenyl includes 1 -propenyl and 2-propenyl
  • butenyl includes 1-, 2- and 3-butenyl, 1 -methyl- 1 -propenyl, 1 -methyl -2 -propenyl etc.
  • C2 6 -alkenylene (including those which are part of other groups) are meant branched and unbranched alkenylene groups with 2 to 6 carbon atoms and by the term “C2 4-alkenylene” are meant branched and unbranched alkylene groups with 2 to 4 carbon atoms. Alkenylene groups with 2 to 4 carbon atoms are present in some instances.
  • Examples include: ethenylene, propenylene, l-methylethenylene, butenylene, l-methylpropenylene, l,l-dimethylethenylene, 1 ,2-dimethylethenylene, pentenylene, 1,1- dimethylpropenylene, 2,2-dimethylpropenylene, l,2-dimethylpropenylene, l,3-dimethylpropenylene or hexenylene.
  • the definitions propenylene, butenylene, pentenylene and hexenylene include all the possible isomeric forms of the respective groups with the same number of carbons.
  • propenyl also includes l-methylethenylene and butenylene includes l-methylpropenylene, 1,1- dimethylethenylene, 1 ,2-dimethylethenylene.
  • C2 6 -alkynyl (including those which are part of other groups) are meant branched and unbranched alkynyl groups with 2 to 6 carbon atoms and by the term “C2 4-alkynyl” are meant branched and unbranched alkynyl groups with 2 to 4 carbon atoms, provided that they have at least one triple bond.
  • Alkynyl groups with 2 to 4 carbon atoms are present in some instances. Examples include: ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, pentynyl, or hexynyl.
  • propynyl, butynyl, pentynyl and hexynyl include all the possible isomeric forms of the respective groups.
  • propynyl includes l-propynyl and 2-propynyl
  • butynyl includes 1-, 2- and 3-butynyl, 1 -methyl- l-propynyl, 1 -methyl -2 -propynyl etc.
  • C 2 6 -alkynylene (including those which are part of other groups) are meant branched and unbranched alkynylene groups with 2 to 6 carbon atoms and by the term “C 2 4 -alkynylene” are meant branched and unbranched alkylene groups with 2 to 4 carbon atoms. Alkynylene groups with 2 to 4 carbon atoms are present in some instances.
  • Examples include: ethynylene, propynylene, l-methylethynylene, butynylene, l-methylpropynylene, 1,1 -dime thylethynylene, l,2-dimethylethynylene, pentynylene, 1,1- dimethylpropynylene, 2,2-dimethylpropynylene, 1 ,2-dimethylpropynylene, 1,3-dimethylpropynylene or hexynylene.
  • the definitions propynylene, butynylene, pentynylene and hexynylene include all the possible isomeric forms of the respective groups with the same number of carbons.
  • propynyl also includes l-methylethynylene and butynylene includes l-methylpropynylene, 1,1- dimethylethynylene, 1 ,2-dimethylethynylene.
  • C 3 6 -cycloalkyl (including those which are part of other groups) as used herein means cyclic alkyl groups with 3 to 8 carbon atoms, where in some instances such groups are cyclic alkyl groups with 5 to 6 carbon atoms. Examples include: cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl.
  • Ci- 4 -haloalkyl (including those which are part of other groups) are meant branched and unbranched alkyl groups with 1 to 6 carbon atoms wherein one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by a halogen atom selected from among fluorine, chlorine or bromine, such as fluorine and chlorine, e.g., fluorine.
  • a halogen atom selected from among fluorine, chlorine or bromine, such as fluorine and chlorine, e.g., fluorine.
  • Ci- 4 -haloalkyl are meant correspondingly branched and unbranched alkyl groups with 1 to 4 carbon atoms, wherein one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced analogously to what was stated above. Ci- 4 -haloalkyl is presentin some instances. Examples include: CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 .
  • Ci- n -alkyl wherein n is an integer from 2 to n, either alone or in combination with another radical denotes an acyclic, saturated, branched or linear hydrocarbon radical with 1 to n C atoms.
  • C i 5 -alkyl embraces the radicals H 3 C-, H 3 C-CH 2 -, H 3 C-CH 2 -CH 2 -, H 3 C-CH(CH 3 )-, H3C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -, H 3 C-CH 2 -CH(CH 3 )-, H 3 C-CH(CH 3 )-CH 2 -, H 3 C-C(CH 3 ) 2 -, H3C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -, H 3 C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH(CH 3 )-, H 3 C-CH 2 -CH(CH 3 )-CH 2 -, H 3 C-CH(CH 3 )-CH 2 -, H 3 C-CH(CH 3 )-CH 2 -CH 2 -, H 3 C-CH(CH 3 )-CH 2 -CH 2 -, H 3 C-CH 2 -C(CH 3 ) 2 -, H 3 C
  • Ci- n -haloalkyl wherein n is an integer from 2 to n, either alone or in combination with another radical denotes an acyclic, saturated, branched or linear hydrocarbon radical with 1 to n C atoms wherein one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by a halogen atom selected from among fluorine, chlorine or bromine, such as fluorine and chlorine, e.g., fluorine. Examples include: CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 .
  • Ci n -alkylene wherein n is an integer 2 to n, either alone or in combination with another radical, denotes an acyclic, straight or branched chain divalent alkyl radical containing from 1 to n carbon atoms.
  • Ci-4-alkylene includes -CH 2 -, -CH2-CH2-, -CH(CH 3 )-, -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -, -C(CH 3 ) 2 -,
  • C2 -alkenyl is used for a group as defined in the definition for "Ci- n -alkyl” with at least two carbon atoms, if at least two of those carbon atoms of said group are bonded to each other by a double bond.
  • C2 -alkynyl is used for a group as defined in the definition for "Ci- n -alkyl” with at least two carbon atoms, if at least two of those carbon atoms of said group are bonded to each other by a triple bond.
  • C 3-n -cycloalkyl wherein n is an integer from 4 to n, either alone or in combination with another radical denotes a cyclic, saturated, unbranched hydrocarbon radical with 3 to n C atoms.
  • C 3- 7-cycloalkyl includes cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl and cycloheptyl.
  • an individual suffering from or at risk of suffering from an aging-associated cognitive impairment is meant an individual that is about more than 50% through its expected lifespan, such as more than 60%, e.g., more than 70%, such as more than 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or even 99% through its expected lifespan.
  • the age of the individual will depend on the species in question. Thus, this percentage is based on the predicted life-expectancy of the species in question.
  • such an individual is 50 year old or older, e.g., 60 years old or older, 70 years old or older, 80 years old or older, 90 years old or older, and usually no older than 100 years old, such as 90 years old., i.e., between the ages of about 50 and 100, e.g., 50 . . . 55 . . . 60 . . . 65 . . . 70 . . . 75 . . . 80 . . . 85 . . . 90 . . . 95 . . .
  • an aging-associated condition e.g., cognitive impairment
  • the corresponding ages for non-human subjects are known and are intended to apply herein.
  • the subject is a mammal.
  • Mammalian species that may be treated with the present methods include canines and felines; equines; bovines; ovines; etc., and primates, including humans.
  • the subject methods, compositions, and reagents may also be applied to animal models, including small mammals, e.g., murine, lagomorpha, etc., for example, in experimental investigations.
  • treatment refers to any of (i) the prevention of the disease or disorder, or (ii) the reduction or elimination of symptoms of the disease or disorder. Treatment may be effected prophylactically (prior to the onset of disease) or therapeutically (following the onset of the disease). The effect may be prophylactic in terms of completely or partially preventing a disease or symptom thereof and/or may be therapeutic in terms of a partial or complete cure for a disease and/or adverse effect attributable to the disease.
  • treatment covers any treatment of an aging-related disease or disorder in a mammal, and includes: (a) preventing the disease from occurring in a subject which may be predisposed to the disease but has not yet been diagnosed as having it; (b) inhibiting the disease, i.e., arresting its development; or (c) relieving the disease, i.e., causing regression of the disease.
  • Treatment may result in a variety of different physical manifestations, e.g., modulation in gene expression, rejuvenation of tissue or organs, etc.
  • the therapeutic agent may be administered before, during or after the onset of disease.
  • the treatment of ongoing disease where the treatment stabilizes or reduces the undesirable clinical symptoms of the patient, is of particular interest. Such treatment may be performed prior to complete loss of function in the affected tissues.
  • the subject therapy may be administered during the symptomatic stage of the disease, and in some cases after the symptomatic stage of the disease.
  • the condition that is treated is an aging-associated impairment in cognitive ability in an individual.
  • cognitive ability or “cognition,” it is meant the mental processes that include attention and concentration, learning complex tasks and concepts, memory (acquiring, retaining, and retrieving new information in the short and/or long term), information processing (dealing with information gathered by the five senses), visuospatial function (visual perception, depth perception, using mental imagery, copying drawings, constructing objects or shapes), producing and understanding language, verbal fluency (word-finding), solving problems, making decisions, and executive functions (planning and prioritizing).
  • cognitive decline it is meant a progressive decrease in one or more of these abilities, e.g., a decline in memory, language, thinking, judgment, etc.
  • an impairment in cognitive ability and “cognitive impairment” it is meant a reduction in cognitive ability relative to a healthy individual, e.g., an age-matched healthy individual, or relative to the ability of the individual at an earlier point in time, e.g., 2 weeks, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, 2 years, 5 years, or 10 years or more previously.
  • aging-associated cognitive impairment an impairment in cognitive ability that is typically associated with aging, including, for example, cognitive impairment associated with the natural aging process, e.g., mild cognitive impairment (M.C.I.); and cognitive impairment associated with an aging- associated disorder, that is, a disorder that is seen with increasing frequency with increasing senescence, e.g., a neurodegenerative condition such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, frontotemporal dementia, Huntington disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, glaucoma, myotonic dystrophy, vascular dementia, progressive supranuclear palsy, ataxia, associated frailty, and the like
  • cognitive impairment associated with the natural aging process e.g., mild cognitive impairment (M.C.I.)
  • cognitive impairment associated with an aging- associated disorder that is, a disorder that is seen with increasing frequency with increasing senescence, e.g., a neurodegenerative condition such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's
  • the compounds of general formula 1 may be used on their own or combined with other active substances of formula 1 according to the invention.
  • the compounds of general formula 1 may optionally also be combined with other pharmacologically active substances. These include, h2-adrenoceptor-agonists (short and long-acting), anti-cholinergics (short and long-acting), anti-inflammatory steroids (oral and topical corticosteroids), cromoglycate, methylxanthine, dissociated-glucocorticoidmimetics, PDE3 inhibitors, PDE4- inhibitors, PDE7- inhibitors, LTD4 antagonists, EGFR- inhibitors, Dopamine agonists, PAF antagonists, Lipoxin A4 derivatives, FPRL1 modulators, LTB4-receptor (BLT1, BLT2) antagonists, Histamine Hl receptor antagonists, Histamine H4 receptor antagonists, dual Histamine H1/H3 -receptor antagonists, PI3-kinase inhibitors, inhibitor
  • the other active substances are betamimetics, anticholinergics, corticosteroids, PDE4-inhibitors, ETD4-antagonists, EGFR-inhibitors, CRTH2 inhibitors, 5-EO-inhibitors, Histamine receptor antagonists and SYK-inhibitors, but also combinations of two or three active substances, i.e.:
  • the compounds that make up the combination are co-administered to a subject.
  • co-administration and “in combination with” include the administration of two or more therapeutic agents either simultaneously, concurrently or sequentially within no specific time limits.
  • the agents are present in the cell or in the subject's body at the same time or exert their biological or therapeutic effect at the same time.
  • the therapeutic agents are in the same composition or unit dosage form. In other embodiments, the therapeutic agents are in separate compositions or unit dosage forms.
  • a first agent can be administered prior to (e.g., minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours, 96 hours, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, 5 weeks, 6 weeks, 8 weeks, or 12 weeks before), concomitantly with, or subsequent to (e.g., 5 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours, 96 hours, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, 5 weeks, 6 weeks, 8 weeks, or 12 weeks after) the administration of a second therapeutic agent.
  • Conscomitant administration of a known therapeutic drug with a pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure means administration of the compound and second agent at such time that both the known drug and the composition of the present invention will have a therapeutic effect. Such concomitant administration may involve concurrent (i.e. at the same time), prior, or subsequent administration of the drug with respect to the administration of a subject compound. Routes of administration of the two agents may vary, where representative routes of administration are described in greater detail below. A person of ordinary skill in the art would have no difficulty determining the appropriate timing, sequence and dosages of administration for particular drugs and compounds of the present disclosure.
  • the compounds are administered to the subject within twenty- four hours of each other, such as within 12 hours of each other, within 6 hours of each other, within 3 hours of each other, or within 1 hour of each other. In certain embodiments, the compounds are administered within 1 hour of each other. In certain embodiments, the compounds are administered substantially simultaneously. By administered substantially simultaneously is meant that the compounds are administered to the subject within about 10 minutes or less of each other, such as 5 minutes or less, or 1 minute or less of each other.
  • A“companion diagnostic” or“companion diagnostic device” means an in vitro diagnostic device or an imaging tool that provides information that is essential for the safe and effective use of a corresponding therapeutic product.
  • the use of an in vitro diagnostic companion device with a particular therapeutic product is stipulated in the instructions for use in the labeling of both the device and the corresponding therapeutic product, as well as in the labeling of any generic equivalents and biosimilar equivalents of the therapeutic product.
  • Companion diagnostic testing can be in several forms, including by way of example and not limitation: test that screen for familial genetic patterns and difficult to diagnose conditions; prognosis tests predicting the future course of a disease; theranostic test to indicate a patient’s response to a prescribed therapy; monitoring tests that evaluate the effectiveness and appropriate dosing of a prescribed therapy; and recurrence tests analyzing the patient’s risk for a recurrence of the disease.
  • test that screen for familial genetic patterns and difficult to diagnose conditions prognosis tests predicting the future course of a disease
  • theranostic test to indicate a patient’s response to a prescribed therapy
  • recurrence tests analyzing the patient’s risk for a recurrence of the disease.
  • Suitable preparations for administering the compounds of formula 1 and the co-crystal or salt forms of formulae 2 and 2a include for example tablets, capsules, suppositories, solutions and powders etc.
  • the content of the pharmaceutically active compound(s) should be in the range from 0.05 to 90 wt.-%, such as 0.1 to 50 wt.-% of the composition as a whole.
  • Suitable tablets may be obtained, for example, by mixing the active substance(s) with known excipients, for example inert diluents such as calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate or lactose, disintegrants such as corn starch or alginic acid, binders such as starch or gelatine, lubricants such as magnesium stearate or talc and/or agents for delaying release, such as carboxymethyl cellulose, cellulose acetate phthalate, or polyvinyl acetate.
  • excipients for example inert diluents such as calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate or lactose, disintegrants such as corn starch or alginic acid, binders such as starch or gelatine, lubricants such as magnesium stearate or talc and/or agents for delaying release, such as carboxymethyl cellulose, cellulose acetate phthalate, or polyvinyl acetate.
  • excipients for example inert dilu
  • Coated tablets may be prepared accordingly by coating cores produced analogously to the tablets with substances normally used for tablet coatings, for example collidone or shellac, gum arabic, talc, titanium dioxide or sugar.
  • the core may also consist of a number of layers.
  • the tablet coating may consist of a number or layers to achieve delayed release, possibly using the excipients mentioned above for the tablets.
  • Syrups or elixirs containing the active substances or combinations thereof according to the invention may additionally contain a sweetener such as saccharine, cyclamate, glycerol or sugar and a flavour enhancer, e.g. a flavouring such as vanillin or orange extract. They may also contain suspension adjuvants or thickeners such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, wetting agents such as, for example, condensation products of fatty alcohols with ethylene oxide, or preservatives such as p-hydroxybenzoates.
  • a sweetener such as saccharine, cyclamate, glycerol or sugar
  • a flavour enhancer e.g. a flavouring such as vanillin or orange extract.
  • suspension adjuvants or thickeners such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, wetting agents such as, for example, condensation products of fatty alcohols with ethylene oxide, or preservatives such as p-hydroxybenzoates.
  • Solutions are prepared in the usual way, e.g. with the addition of isotonic agents, preservatives such as p-hydroxybenzoates or stabilisers such as alkali metal salts of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, optionally using emulsifiers and/or dispersants, while if water is used as diluent, for example, organic solvents may optionally be used as solubilisers or dissolving aids, and the solutions may be transferred into injection vials or ampoules or infusion bottles.
  • isotonic agents e.g. with the addition of isotonic agents, preservatives such as p-hydroxybenzoates or stabilisers such as alkali metal salts of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, optionally using emulsifiers and/or dispersants, while if water is used as diluent, for example, organic solvents may optionally be used as solubilisers or dissolving aids, and the solutions may be transferred into
  • Capsules containing one or more active substances or combinations of active substances may for example be prepared by mixing the active substances with inert carriers such as lactose or sorbitol and packing them into gelatine capsules.
  • Suitable suppositories may be made for example by mixing with carriers provided for this purpose, such as neutral fats or polyethyleneglycol or the derivatives thereof.
  • Excipients which may be used include, for example, water, pharmaceutically acceptable organic solvents such as paraffins (e.g. petroleum fractions), vegetable oils (e.g. groundnut or sesame oil), mono- or polyfunctional alcohols (e.g. ethanol or glycerol), carriers such as e.g. natural mineral powders (e.g. kaolins, clays, talc, chalk), synthetic mineral powders (e.g. highly dispersed silicic acid and silicates), sugars (e.g. cane sugar, lactose and glucose), emulsifiers (e.g.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable organic solvents such as paraffins (e.g. petroleum fractions), vegetable oils (e.g. groundnut or sesame oil), mono- or polyfunctional alcohols (e.g. ethanol or glycerol), carriers such as e.g. natural mineral powders (e.g. kaolins, clays, talc, chalk), synthetic mineral powders (e.g. highly disper
  • lignin e.g. lignin, spent sulphite liquors, methylcellulose, starch and polyvinylpyrrolidone
  • lubricants e.g. magnesium stearate, talc, stearic acid and sodium lauryl sulphate.
  • the tablets may obviously contain, in addition to the carriers specified, additives such as sodium citrate, calcium carbonate and dicalcium phosphate together with various additional substances such as starch, e.g., potato starch, gelatine and the like.
  • Lubricants such as magnesium stearate, sodium laurylsulphate and talc may also be used to produce the tablets.
  • the active substances may be combined with various flavor enhancers or colorings in addition to the abovementioned excipients.
  • Tnha1ah1e preparations include inhalable powders, propellant-containing metered-dose aerosols or propellant-free inhalable solutions.
  • propellant-free inhalable solutions also include concentrates or sterile inhalable solutions ready for use.
  • the inhalable powders which may be used according to the invention may contain a compound of formula 1 or a co-crystal or salt form of formulae 2 and 2a either on their own or in admixture with suitable physiologically acceptable excipients.
  • physiologically acceptable excipients may be used to prepare these inhalable powders according to the invention: monosaccharides (e.g. glucose or arabinose), disaccharides (e.g. lactose, saccharose, maltose), oligo- and polysaccharides (e.g. dextrans), polyalcohols (e.g. sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol), salts (e.g. sodium chloride, calcium carbonate) or mixtures of these excipients.
  • mono- or disaccharides are used, such as lactose or glucose, e.g., in the form of their hydrates, e.g., lactose, such as lactose monohydrate.
  • the excipients have a maximum average particle size of up to 250 pm, such as between 10 and 150 pm, and including between 15 and 80 pm. It may sometimes seem appropriate to add finer excipient fractions with an average particle size of 1 to 9 pm to the excipient mentioned above. These finer excipients are also selected from the group of possible excipients listed hereinbefore.
  • micronized active substance of the compounds of formula 1 or the co-crystal or salt forms of formulae 2 and 2a such as with an average particle size of 0.5 to 10 pm, including from 1 to 5 pm, is added to the excipient mixture. Processes for producing the inhalable powders according to the invention by grinding and micronising and finally mixing the ingredients together are known from the prior art.
  • the inhalable powders according to the invention may be administered using inhalers known from the prior art.
  • the inhalation aerosols containing propellant gas according to the invention may contain a compound of formula 1 or a co-crystal or salt form of formulae 2 and 2a dissolved in the propellant gas or in dispersed form.
  • the compounds of formula 1 or the co-crystal or salt forms of formulae 2 and 2a may be contained in separate formulations or in a common formulation, in which they are either both dissolved, both dispersed or in each case only one component is dissolved and the other is dispersed.
  • the propellant gases which may be used to prepare the inhalation aerosols are known from the prior art.
  • Suitable propellant gases are selected from among hydrocarbons such as n-propane, n-butane or isobutane and halohydrocarbons such as fluorinated derivatives of methane, ethane, propane, butane, cyclopropane or cyclobutane.
  • hydrocarbons such as n-propane, n-butane or isobutane
  • halohydrocarbons such as fluorinated derivatives of methane, ethane, propane, butane, cyclopropane or cyclobutane.
  • propellant gases may be used on their own or mixed together.
  • propellant gases are halogenated alkane derivatives selected from TGI 34a and TG227 and mixtures thereof.
  • the propellant-driven inhalation aerosols may also contain other ingredients such as co-solvents, stabilisers, surfactants, antioxidants, lubricants and pH adjusters. All these ingredients are known in the art.
  • the active substances of the compounds of formula 1 or the co-crystal or salt forms of formulae 2 and 2a according to the invention may be administered in the form of propellant-free inhalable solutions and suspensions.
  • the solvent used may be an aqueous or alcoholic, such as an ethanolic solution.
  • the solvent may be water on its own or a mixture of water and ethanol.
  • the relative proportion of ethanol compared with water is not limited but the maximum is in some instances up to 70 percent by volume, such as up to 60 percent by volume and including up to 30 percent by volume. The remainder of the volume is made up of water.
  • the solutions or suspensions containing a compound of formula 1 or a co-crystal or salt form of formulae 2 and 2a are adjusted to a pH of 2 to 7, such as 2 to 5, using suitable acids.
  • the pH may be adjusted using acids selected from inorganic or organic acids.
  • inorganic acids include hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, nitric acid, sulphuric acid and/or phosphoric acid.
  • particularly suitable organic acids include ascorbic acid, citric acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, maleic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, acetic acid, formic acid and/or propionic acid etc.
  • the inorganic acids are hydrochloric and sulphuric acids.
  • acids which have already formed an acid addition salt with one of the active substances.
  • organic acids ascorbic acid, fumaric acid and citric acid are employed in some instances.
  • mixtures of the above acids may be used, particularly in the case of acids which have other properties in addition to their acidifying qualities, e.g. as flavourings, antioxidants or complexing agents, such as citric acid or ascorbic acid, for example.
  • hydrochloric acid is employed to adjust the pH.
  • edetic acid or one of the known salts thereof, sodium edetate, as stabilizer or complexing agent may be omitted in these formulations.
  • Other embodiments may contain this compound or these compounds.
  • the content based on sodium edetate is less than 100 mg/lOOml, such as less than 50mg/100ml, and including less than 20mg/100ml.
  • Inhalable solutions in which the content of sodium edetate is from 0 to lOmg/lOOml are employed in some instances.
  • Co-solvents and/or other excipients may be added to the propellant-free inhalable solutions, such as those which contain hydroxyl groups or other polar groups, e.g.
  • excipients and additives in this context denote any pharmacologically acceptable substance which is not an active substance but which can be formulated with the active substance or substances in the physiologically suitable solvent in order to improve the qualitative properties of the active substance formulation. In some embodiments, these substances have no pharmacological effect or, in connection with the desired therapy, no appreciable or at least no undesirable pharmacological effect.
  • the excipients and additives include, for example, surfactants such as soya lecithin, oleic acid, sorbitan esters, such as polysorbates, polyvinylpyrrolidone, other stabilizers, complexing agents, antioxidants and/or preservatives which guarantee or prolong the shelf life of the finished pharmaceutical formulation, flavourings, vitamins and/or other additives known in the art.
  • the additives also include pharmacologically acceptable salts such as sodium chloride as isotonic agents.
  • excipients include antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, for example, provided that it has not already been used to adjust the pH, vitamin A, vitamin E, tocopherols and similar vitamins and provitamins occurring in the human body.
  • Preservatives may be used to protect the formulation from contamination with pathogens. Suitable preservatives are those which are known in the art, particularly acetyl pyridinium chloride, benzalkonium chloride or benzoic acid or benzoates such as sodium benzoate in the concentration known from the prior art. The preservatives mentioned above may be present in concentrations of up to 50 mg/lOO ml, such as between 5 and 20 mg/lOO ml.
  • the formulations contain, in addition to the solvent water and the compounds of formula 1 or the co-crystal or salt forms of formulae 2 and 2a, only benzalkonium chloride and sodium edetate. In an embodiment, no sodium edetate is present.
  • the dosage of the compounds according to the invention is naturally highly dependent on the method of administration and the complaint which is being treated.
  • the compounds of formula 1 or the co-crystal or salt forms of formulae 2 and 2a are characterized by a high potency even at doses in the pg range.
  • the compounds of formula 1 or the co-crystal or salt forms of formulae 2 and 2a may also be used effectively above the pg range.
  • the dosage may then be in the gram range, for example.
  • the present invention relates to the above-mentioned pharmaceutical formulations as such which are characterized in that they contain a compound of formula 1 or a co-crystal or salt form of formulae 2 and 2a, particularly the above-mentioned pharmaceutical formulations which can be administered by inhalation.
  • the finely ground active substance, lactose and some of the maize starch are mixed together.
  • the mixture is screened, then moistened with a solution of polyvinylpyrrolidone in water, kneaded, wet granulated and dried.
  • the granules, the remaining maize starch and the magnesium stearate are screened and mixed together.
  • the mixture is pressed into tablets of suitable shape and size.
  • the finely ground active substance, some of the corn starch, lactose, microcrystalline cellulose and polyvinylpyrrolidone are mixed together, the mixture is screened and worked with the remaining corn starch and water to form a granulate which is dried and screened.
  • the sodium carboxymethyl starch and the magnesium stearate are added and mixed in and the mixture is compressed to form tablets of a suitable size.
  • the active substance is dissolved in water at its own pH or optionally at pH 5.5 to 6.5 and sodium chloride is added to make the solution isotonic.
  • the resulting solution is filtered to remove pyrogens and the filtrate is transferred under aseptic conditions into ampoules which are then sterilized and heat-sealed.
  • the ampoules contain 5 mg, 25 mg and 50 mg of active substance.
  • the suspension is transferred into a conventional aerosol container with metering valve.
  • Preferably 50 pl suspension are released on each actuation.
  • the active substance may also be released in higher doses if desired (e.g. 0.02 wt.-%).
  • This solution can be prepared in the usual way.
  • the inhalable powder is prepared in the usual way by mixing the individual ingredients. j. Indications
  • Methods of improving cognition or other symptoms of cognitive disease through treating a subject/patient diagnosed with cognitive-associated disease are provided. Aspects of the methods include modulating CCR3, e.g. with a CCR3 modulating agent, in a manner sufficient to treat the patient for the cognitive-associated disease.
  • the methods include treating the cognitive-associated disease with an orally administrable and bioavailable composition, including a composition of compound of formula 1, a co crystal or salt of formulae 2 or 2a, or a formulation of formula 3, described above.
  • an orally administrable and bioavailable composition including a composition of compound of formula 1, a co crystal or salt of formulae 2 or 2a, or a formulation of formula 3, described above.
  • the target condition is a cognitive-associated disease condition that is associated with neurodegeneration, e.g., as evidenced by neural compromise, such as one of more of, reduced neurogeneration, e.g., as manifested by decreased numbers of BrdU or EdU positive cells, Ki67 positive cells, and Dcx positive cells when compared to non- diseased tissue.
  • a cognitive-associated disease condition that is associated with neurodegeneration, e.g., as evidenced by neural compromise, such as one of more of, reduced neurogeneration, e.g., as manifested by decreased numbers of BrdU or EdU positive cells, Ki67 positive cells, and Dcx positive cells when compared to non- diseased tissue.
  • the composition, which modulates CCR3, can be administered to a patient/subject diagnosed with the cognitive-associated disease, such as (by way of example and not limitation): mild cognitive impairment (MCI); Alzheimer’s disease; Parkinson’s disease; frontotemporal dementia (FTD); Huntington’s disease; amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS); multiple sclerosis (MS); glaucoma; myotonic dystrophy; dementia; progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP); ataxia; multiple-system atrophy; and frailty; which are further described below.
  • the methods of the invention can further comprise monitoring improvement in the progression of the neurodegenerative disease through measuring cognitive or physical improvement.
  • Methods of improving motor coordination, function, or other symptoms of motor disorders through treating a subject/patient diagnosed with motor disorders are provided. Aspects of the methods include modulating CCR3, e.g. with a CCR3 modulating agent, in a manner sufficient to treat the patient for the motor disorder.
  • the methods include treating the motor disorder with an orally administrable and bioavailable composition, including a composition of compound of formula 1, a co-crystal or salt of formulae 2 or 2a, or a formulation of formula 3, described above.
  • an orally administrable and bioavailable composition including a composition of compound of formula 1, a co-crystal or salt of formulae 2 or 2a, or a formulation of formula 3, described above.
  • the target condition is a motor disorder that is associated with neurodegeneration, e.g., as evidenced by neural compromise, such as one of more of, reduced neurogeneration, e.g., as manifested by decreased numbers of BrdU or EdU positive cells, Ki67 positive cells, and Dcx positive cells when compared to non-diseased tissue.
  • composition which modulates CCR3, can be administered to a patient/subject diagnosed with the motor disorder, such as (by way of example and not limitation): Parkinson’s disease; Parkinsonism; Dementia with Lewy Bodies; ataxia; dystonia; cervical dystonia; chorea; Huntington’s disease, multiple system atrophy; spasticity; progressive supranuclear palsy; Tardive dyskinesia; Tourette syndrome; and tremor; which are further described below.
  • the methods of the invention can further comprise monitoring improvement in the progression of the neurodegenerative disease through measuring cognitive or physical improvement.
  • Mild cognitive impairment is a modest disruption of cognition that manifests as problems with memory or other mental functions such as planning, following instructions, or making decisions that have worsened over time while overall mental function and daily activities are not impaired.
  • M.C.I. Mild cognitive impairment
  • neurons in the aging brain are vulnerable to sub-lethal age-related alterations in structure, synaptic integrity, and molecular processing at the synapse, all of which impair cognitive function.
  • Individuals suffering from or at risk of developing an aging-associated cognitive impairment who will benefit from treatment with the subject compounds of the invention, e.g., by the methods disclosed herein, also include individuals of any age that are suffering from a cognitive impairment due to an aging-associated disorder; and individuals of any age that have been diagnosed with an aging- associated disorder that is typically accompanied by cognitive impairment, where the individual has not yet begun to present with symptoms of cognitive impairment.
  • Examples of such aging-associated disorders include by way of not of limitation, those listed below.
  • Alzheimer's disease is characterized by a progressive, inexorable loss of cognitive function associated with an excessive number of senile plaques in the cerebral cortex and subcortical gray matter, in addition to excessive b-amyloid and neurofibrillary tangles consisting of tau protein.
  • the common form affects persons >60 years old, and its incidence increases as age advances. It accounts for more than 65% of the dementias in the elderly.
  • Alzheimer's disease The cause of Alzheimer's disease is not known.
  • the disease runs in families in about 15 to 20% of cases.
  • the remaining, so-called sporadic cases have some genetic associations.
  • the disease has an autosomal dominant genetic pattern in most early-onset and some late-onset cases but a variable late-life penetrance.
  • Environmental factors are the focus of active investigation.
  • Cerebral glucose use and perfusion is reduced in some areas of the brain (parietal lobe and temporal cortices in early-stage disease, prefrontal cortex in late-stage disease).
  • Neuritic or senile plaques (composed of neurites, astrocytes, and glial cells around an amyloid core) and neurofibrillary tangles (composed of paired helical filaments) play a role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.
  • Senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles occur with normal aging, but they are much more prevalent in persons with Alzheimer's disease.
  • Parkinson's Disease is an idiopathic, slowly progressive, degenerative CNS disorder characterized by slow and decreased movement (bradykinesia), muscular rigidity, resting tremor (dystonia), muscle freezing, and postural instability. Originally considered primarily a motor disorder, PD is now recognized to also cause depression and emotional changes. PD also can affect cognition, behavior, sleep, autonomic function, and sensory function. The most common cognitive impairments include an impairment in attention and concentration, working memory, executive function, producing language, and visuospatial function. A characteristic of PD is symptoms related to reduced motor function usually precede those related to cognitive impairment, which aids in diagnosis of the disease.
  • the pigmented neurons of the substantia nigra, locus coeruleus, and other brain stem dopaminergic cell groups degenerate. The cause is not known.
  • Parkinson’ s disease is newly diagnosed in about 60,000 Americans each year and currently affects approximately one million Americans. Even though PD is not fatal in itself, its complications are the fourteenth leading cause of death in the United States. At present, PD cannot be cured, and treatment is generally prescribed to control symptoms, with surgery prescribed in later, severe cases.
  • Treatment options for PD include administration of pharmaceuticals to help manage motor deficits. These options increase or substitute for the neurotransmitter, dopamine, of which PD patients have low brain concentrations.
  • Such medications include: carbidopa/levodopa (which create more dopamine in the brain); apomorphine, pramipexolole, ropinirole, and rotingotine (dopamine agonists); selegiline and rasagiline (MAO-B inhibitors which prevent breakdown of dopamine); entacapone and tolcapone (Catechol-O-methyltransferase [COMT] inhibitors which make more levodopa available in the brain); benztropine and trihexyphenidyl (anticholinergics); and amantadine (controls tremor and stiffness).
  • Exercise/physical therapy is also commonly prescribed to help maintain physical and mental function.
  • Secondary parkinsonism results from loss of or interference with the action of dopamine in the basal ganglia due to other idiopathic degenerative diseases, drugs, or exogenous toxins.
  • the most common cause of secondary parkinsonism is ingestion of antipsychotic drugs or reserpine, which produce parkinsonism by blocking dopamine receptors.
  • Less common causes include carbon monoxide or manganese poisoning, hydrocephalus, structural lesions (tumors, infarcts affecting the midbrain or basal ganglia), subdural hematoma, and degenerative disorders, including nigrostriatal degeneration.
  • Certain disorders like Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP), Multiple System Atrophy (MSA), Corticobasal degeneration (CBD) and Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB) can exhibit Parkinsonism symptoms before the cardinal symptoms necessary to the specific diagnosis can be made, and thus may be labeled as“Parkinsonism.”
  • the UPDRS scale evaluates 31 items that contributed to three subscales: (1) mentation, behavior, and mood; (2) activities of daily living; and (3) motor examination.
  • the Hoehn and Yahr scale classifies PD into five stages with discreet substages: 0 - no signs of disease; 1 - symptoms on one side only; 1.5 - symptoms on one side but also involving neck and spine; 2 - symptoms on both sides with no balance impairment; 2.5 - mild symptoms on both sides, with recovery when the‘pull’ test is given; 3 - balance impairment with mild to moderate disease; 4 - severe disability, but ability to walk or stand unassisted; and 5 - need a wheelchair or bedridden without assistance.
  • the Schwab and England scale classifies PD into several percentages (from 100% - complete independent to 10% - total dependent).
  • Frontotemporal dementia is a condition resulting from the progressive deterioration of the frontal lobe of the brain. Over time, the degeneration may advance to the temporal lobe. Second only to Alzheimer's disease (AD) in prevalence, FTD accounts for 20% of pre-senile dementia cases. Symptoms are classified into three groups based on the functions of the frontal and temporal lobes affected:
  • FTD Behavioral variant FTD
  • bvFTD Behavioral variant FTD
  • symptoms including lethargy and aspontaneity on the one hand, and disinhibition on the other
  • progressive nonfluent aphasia PNFA
  • SD semantic dementia
  • Other cognitive symptoms common to all FTD patients include an impairment in executive function and ability to focus.
  • Other cognitive abilities, including perception, spatial skills, memory and praxis typically remain intact.
  • FTD can be diagnosed by observation of frontal lobe and/or anterior temporal lobe atrophy in structural MRI scans.
  • SD Semantic Dementia
  • a frontotemporal dementia is Semantic Dementia (SD).
  • SD is characterized by a loss of semantic memory in both the verbal and non-verbal domains.
  • Clinical signs include fluent aphasia, anomia, impaired comprehension of word meaning, and associative visual agnosia (the inability to match semantically related pictures or objects).
  • Structural MRI imaging shows a characteristic pattern of atrophy in the temporal lobes (predominantly on the left), with inferior greater than superior involvement and anterior temporal lobe atrophy greater than posterior.
  • Pd Pick's disease
  • a defining characteristic of the disease is build-up of tau proteins in neurons, accumulating into silver- staining, spherical aggregations known as "Pick bodies.” Symptoms include loss of speech (aphasia) and dementia. Patients with orbitofrontal dysfunction can become aggressive and socially inappropriate.
  • Patients with dorsomedial or dorsolateral frontal dysfunction may demonstrate a lack of concern, apathy, or decreased spontaneity. Patients can demonstrate an absence of self-monitoring, abnormal self-awareness, and an inability to appreciate meaning.
  • Patients with gray matter loss in the bilateral posterolateral orbitofrontal cortex and right anterior insula may demonstrate changes in eating behaviors, such as a pathologic sweet tooth. Patients with more focal gray matter loss in the anterolateral orbitofrontal cortex may develop hyperphagia. While some of the symptoms can initially be alleviated, the disease progresses and patients often die within two to ten years.
  • Huntington's disease is a hereditary progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the development of emotional, behavioral, and psychiatric abnormalities; loss of intellectual or cognitive functioning; and movement abnormalities (motor disturbances).
  • the classic signs of HD include the development of chorea - involuntary, rapid, irregular, jerky movements that may affect the face, arms, legs, or trunk - as well as cognitive decline including the gradual loss of thought processing and acquired intellectual abilities.
  • symptoms typically become evident during the fourth or fifth decades of life, the age at onset is variable and ranges from early childhood to late adulthood (e.g., 70s or 80s).
  • HD is transmitted within families as an autosomal dominant trait.
  • the disorder occurs as the result of abnormally long sequences or "repeats" of coded instructions within a gene on chromosome 4 (4pl6.3).
  • the progressive loss of nervous system function associated with HD results from loss of neurons in certain areas of the brain, including the basal ganglia and cerebral cortex.
  • Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
  • ALS Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
  • Muscular weakness and atrophy and signs of anterior horn cell dysfunction are initially noted most often in the hands and less often in the feet.
  • the site of onset is random, and progression is asymmetric. Cramps are common and may precede weakness. Rarely, a patient survives 30 years; 50% die within 3 years of onset, 20% live 5 years, and 10% live 10 years.
  • Diagnostic features include onset during middle or late adult life and progressive, generalized motor involvement without sensory abnormalities. Nerve conduction velocities are normal until late in the disease. Recent studies have documented the presentation of cognitive impairments as well, particularly a reduction in immediate verbal memory, visual memory, language, and executive function.
  • MS Multiple Sclerosis.
  • Multiple Sclerosis is characterized by various symptoms and signs of CNS dysfunction, with remissions and recurring exacerbations. The most common presenting symptoms are paresthesias in one or more extremities, in the trunk, or on one side of the face; weakness or clumsiness of a leg or hand; or visual disturbances, e.g., partial blindness and pain in one eye (retrobulbar optic neuritis), dimness of vision, or scotomas.
  • Common cognitive impairments include impairments in memory (acquiring, retaining, and retrieving new information), attention and concentration (particularly divided attention), information processing, executive functions, visuospatial functions, and verbal fluency.
  • Glaucoma is a common neurodegenerative disease that affects retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Evidence supports the existence of compartmentalized degeneration programs in synapses and dendrites, including in RGCs. Recent evidence also indicates a correlation between cognitive impairment in older adults and glaucoma (Yochim BP, et al. Prevalence of cognitive impairment, depression, and anxiety symptoms among older adults with glaucoma. J Glaucoma. 20l2;2l(4):250-254).
  • Myotonic dystrophy is an autosomal dominant multisystem disorder characterized by dystrophic muscle weakness and myotonia.
  • the molecular defect is an expanded trinucleotide (CTG) repeat in the 3' untranslated region of the myotonin protein kinase gene on chromosome l9q. Symptoms can occur at any age, and the range of clinical severity is broad. Myotonia is prominent in the hand muscles, and ptosis is common even in mild cases.
  • peripheral muscular weakness occurs, often with cataracts, premature balding, hatchet facies, cardiac arrhythmias, testicular atrophy, and endocrine abnormalities (e.g., diabetes mellitus).
  • Mental retardation is common in severe congenital forms, while an aging-related decline of frontal and temporal cognitive functions, particularly language and executive functions, is observed in milder adult forms of the disorder. Severely affected persons die by their early 50s.
  • Dementia describes a class of disorders having symptoms affecting thinking and social abilities severely enough to interfere with daily functioning.
  • Other instances of dementia in addition to the dementia observed in later stages of the aging-associated disorders discussed above include vascular dementia, and dementia with Lewy bodies, described below.
  • vascular dementia In vascular dementia, or "multi -infarct dementia", cognitive impairment is caused by problems in supply of blood to the brain, typically by a series of minor strokes, or sometimes, one large stroke preceded or followed by other smaller strokes.
  • vascular lesions can be the result of diffuse cerebrovascular disease, such as small vessel disease, or focal lesions, or both.
  • Patients suffering from vascular dementia present with cognitive impairment, acutely or subacutely, after an acute cerebrovascular event, after which progressive cognitive decline is observed.
  • Cognitive impairments are similar to those observed in Alzheimer's disease, including impairments in language, memory, complex visual processing, or executive function, although the related changes in the brain are not due to AD pathology but to chronic reduced blood flow in the brain, eventually resulting in dementia.
  • Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) neuroimaging may be used to confirm a diagnosis of multi-infarct dementia in conjunction with evaluations involving mental status examination.
  • SPECT single photon
  • Lewy body dementia also known under a variety of other names including Lewy body dementia, diffuse Lewy body disease, cortical Lewy body disease, and senile dementia of Lewy type
  • Lewy body dementia is a type of dementia characterized anatomically by the presence of Lewy bodies (clumps of alpha-synuclein and ubiquitin protein) in neurons, detectable in post mortem brain histology. Its primary feature is cognitive decline, particularly of executive functioning. Alertness and short-term memory will rise and fall. Persistent or recurring visual hallucinations with vivid and detailed pictures are often an early diagnostic symptom.
  • DLB it is often confused in its early stages with Alzheimer's disease and/or vascular dementia, although, where Alzheimer's disease usually begins quite gradually, DLB often has a rapid or acute onset. DLB symptoms also include motor symptoms similar to those of Parkinson's. DLB is distinguished from the dementia that sometimes occurs in Parkinson's disease by the time frame in which dementia symptoms appear relative to Parkinson symptoms. Parkinson's disease with dementia (PDD) would be the diagnosis when dementia onset is more than a year after the onset of Parkinson's. DLB is diagnosed when cognitive symptoms begin at the same time or within a year of Parkinson symptoms.
  • PDD Parkinson's disease with dementia
  • Treating DLB is a complex process and requires a multifaceted approach.
  • Typical Parkinsonism therapies like dopaminergic and anticholinergic drugs can exacerbate cognition and behavior symptoms.
  • Optimal treatment commonly utilizes both pharmacologic (exercise, cognitive training, and caregiver-oriented training) and non-pharmacologic approaches.
  • acetylcholinesterase inhibitors can be administered (e.g. rivastigmine, donepezil) as can the NMDA receptor antagonist, memantine.
  • acetylcholinesterase inhibitors can improve apathy and hallucinations.
  • Antipsychotics unfortunately increase mortality risk in DLB patients. Motor symptoms are less responsive to dopaminergic treatments in DLB patients and can exacerbate the risk of psychosis. Levodopa can be used, but only a low threshold doses, hence a distinct need in the field for new agents to treat DLB.
  • Progressive supranuclear palsy is a brain disorder that causes serious and progressive problems with control of gait and balance, along with complex eye movement and thinking problems.
  • One of the classic signs of the disease is an inability to aim the eyes properly, which occurs because of lesions in the area of the brain that coordinates eye movements. Some individuals describe this effect as a blurring.
  • Affected individuals often show alterations of mood and behavior, including depression and apathy as well as progressive mild dementia.
  • the disorder's long name indicates that the disease begins slowly and continues to get worse (progressive) and causes weakness (palsy) by damaging certain parts of the brain above pea-sized structures called nuclei that control eye movements (supranuclear).
  • PSP was first described as a distinct disorder in 1964, when three scientists published a paper that distinguished the condition from Parkinson's disease. It is sometimes referred to as Steele - Richardson-Olszewski syndrome, reflecting the combined names of the scientists who defined the disorder. Although PSP gets progressively worse, no one dies from PSP itself.
  • Ataxia People with ataxia have problems with coordination because parts of the nervous system that control movement and balance are affected. Ataxia may affect the fingers, hands, arms, legs, body, speech, and eye movements.
  • the word ataxia is often used to describe a symptom of incoordination which can be associated with infections, injuries, other diseases, or degenerative changes in the central nervous system.
  • Ataxia is also used to denote a group of specific degenerative diseases of the nervous system called the hereditary and sporadic ataxias which are the National Ataxia Foundation's primary emphases.
  • MSA Multiple-system atrophy
  • MSA is a degenerative neurological disorder. MSA is associated with the degeneration of nerve cells in specific areas of the brain. This cell degeneration causes problems with movement, balance, and other autonomic functions of the body such as bladder control or blood-pressure regulation.
  • MSA MSA neurodegenerative disease
  • Dystonia is a condition which involves sustained involuntary muscle contractions. Such contracts can exhibit twisting, repetitive movements. This disorder may affect the entire body or specific parts of the body, referred to as generalized dystonia or focal dystonia (respectively). Cervical dystonia can cause long-lasting or intermittent contractions in the neck muscles. There is no cure for dystonia.
  • Current therapies include carbidopa-levodopa, trihexyphenidyl, benztropine, tetrabenazine, diazepam, clonazepam, baclofen, physical therapy, speech therapy, stretching, massage, and invasive surgery.
  • Frailty. Frailty Syndrome (“Frailty”) is a geriatric syndrome characterized by functional and physical decline including decreased mobility, muscle weakness, physical slowness, poor endurance, low physical activity, malnourishment, and involuntary weight loss. Such decline is often accompanied and a consequence of diseases such as cognitive dysfunction and cancer. However, Frailty can occur even without disease. Individuals suffering from Frailty have an increased risk of negative prognosis from fractures, accidental falls, disability, comorbidity, and premature mortality. (C. Buigues, et al. Effect of a Prebiotic Formulation on Frailty Syndrome: A Randomized, Double-Blind Clinical Trial, Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2016, 17, 932). Additionally, individuals suffering from Frailty have an increased incidence of higher health care expenditure. (Id.)
  • unintentional weight loss involves a loss of at least 10 lbs. or greater than 5% of body weight in the preceding year; muscle weakness can be determined by reduced grip strength in the lowest 20% at baseline (adjusted for gender and BMI); physical slowness can be based on the time needed to walk a distance of 15 feet; poor endurance can be determined by the individual’s self-reporting of exhaustion; and low physical activity can be measured using a standardized questionnaire.
  • the subject methods and compositions find use in slowing the progression of aging-associated cognitive, motor or other age-related impairment.
  • cognitive, motor, or other abilities in the individual will decline more slowly following treatment by the disclosed methods than prior to or in the absence of treatment by the disclosed methods.
  • the subject methods of treatment include measuring the progression of cognitive, motor or other age-related ability decline after treatment, and determining that the progression of decline is reduced.
  • the determination is made by comparing to a reference, e.g., the rate of decline in the individual prior to treatment, e.g., as determined by measuring cognitive, motor, or other age-related abilities prior at two or more time points prior to administration of the subject blood product.
  • the subject methods and compositions also find use in stabilizing the cognitive, motor or other abilities of an individual, e.g., an individual suffering from aging-associated cognitive decline or an individual at risk of suffering from aging-associated cognitive decline.
  • the individual may demonstrate some aging-associated cognitive impairment, and progression of cognitive impairment observed prior to treatment with the disclosed methods will be halted following treatment by the disclosed methods.
  • the individual may be at risk for developing an aging-associated cognitive decline (e.g., the individual may be aged 50 years old or older, or may have been diagnosed with an aging- associated disorder), and the cognitive abilities of the individual are substantially unchanged, i.e., no cognitive decline can be detected, following treatment by the disclosed methods as compared to prior to treatment with the disclosed methods.
  • the subject methods and compositions also find use in reducing cognitive, motor, or other age- related impairment in an individual suffering from an aging-associated impairment.
  • the affected ability is improved in the individual following treatment by the subject methods.
  • the cognitive ability in the individual is increased, e.g., by 2-fold or more, 5-fold or more, 10-fold or more, 15- fold or more, 20-fold or more, 30-fold or more, or 40-fold or more, including 50-fold or more, 60-fold or more, 70-fold or more, 80-fold or more, 90-fold or more, or 100-old or more, following treatment by the subject methods relative to the cognitive ability that is observed in the individual prior to treatment by the subject methods.
  • treatment by the subject methods and compositions restores the cognitive, motor, or other ability in the individual suffering from aging-associated cognitive or motor decline, e.g., to their level when the individual was about 40 years old or less. In other words, cognitive or motor impairment is abrogated.
  • k Methods of Diagnosing and Monitoring for Improvement of Neurodegenerative- Associated Disease
  • the methods of the invention further comprise methods of monitoring the effect of a medication or treatment on a subject for treating cognitive impairment and/or age-related dementia, the method comprising comparing cognitive function before and after treatment.
  • the method may comprise evaluation of cognitive function based on medical history, family history, physical and neurological examinations by clinicians who specialize dementia and cognitive function, laboratory tests, and neuropsychological assessment. Additional embodiments which are contemplated by the invention include: the assessment of consciousness, such as using the Glasgow Coma Scale (EMV); mental status examination, including the abbreviated mental test score (AMTS) or mini mental state examination (MMSE) (Folstein et al., J. Psychiatr. Res 1975; 12: 1289-198); global assessment of higher functions; estimation of intracranial pressure such as by fundoscopy.
  • EMV Glasgow Coma Scale
  • AMD abbreviated mental test score
  • MMSE mini mental state examination
  • examinations of peripheral nervous system may be used to evaluate cognitive function, including any one of the followings: sense of smell, visual fields and acuity, eye movements and pupils (sympathetic and parasympathetic), sensory function of face, strength of facial and shoulder girdle muscles, hearing, taste, pharyngeal movement and reflex, tongue movements, which can be tested individually (e.g. the visual acuity can be tested by a Snellen chart; a reflex hammer used testing reflexes including masseter, biceps and triceps tendon, knee tendon, ankle jerk and plantar (i.e. Babinski sign); Muscle strength often on the MRC scale 1 to 5; Muscle tone and signs of rigidity.
  • monitoring can be performed using techniques well-known to those having ordinary skill in the art.
  • monitoring can be performed through techniques such as: cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) monitoring; magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to detect lesions and development of demyelinating plaques; evoked potential studies; and gait monitoring.
  • CSF cerebrospinal fluid
  • MRI magnetic resonance imaging
  • CSF analysis may be performed, for example, through lumbar puncture to obtain pressure, appearance, and CSF content.
  • Normal values typically range as follows: pressure (70-180 mm FFO); appearance is clear and colorless; total protein (15 - 60 mg/lOOmL); IgG is 3-12% of the total protein; glucose is 50 - 80 mg/lOO mL; cell count is 0-5 white blood cells and no red blood cells; chloride (110 - 125 mEq/L).
  • Abnormal results may indicate the presence or progression of MS.
  • MRI is another technique that may be performed to monitor disease progression and improvement.
  • Typical criteria for monitoring MS with MRI include the appearance of patchy areas of abnormal white matter in cerebral hemisphere and in paraventricular areas, lesions present in the cerebellum and/or brain stem as well as in the cervical or thoracic regions of the spinal cord.
  • Evoked potentials may be used to monitor the progression and improvement of MS in subjects. Evoked potentials measure slowing of electrical impulses such as in Visual Evoked Response (VER), Brain Stem Auditory Evoked Responses (BAER), and Somatosensory Evoked Responses (SSER). Abnormal responses help to indicate that there is a decrease in the speed of conduction in central sensory pathways.
  • VER Visual Evoked Response
  • BAER Brain Stem Auditory Evoked Responses
  • SSER Somatosensory Evoked Responses
  • Gait monitoring can also be used to monitor disease progression and improvement in MS subjects.
  • MS is often accompanied by an impairment in mobility and an abnormal gait due in part to fatigue. Monitoring may be performed, for example, with the use of mobile monitoring devices worn by subjects. (Moon, Y., et al. , Monitoring gait in multiple sclerosis with novel wearable motion sensors, PLOS One, 12(2):e0171346 (2017)).
  • monitoring can be performed using techniques well-known to those having ordinary skill in the art.
  • monitoring can be performed through techniques such as: motor function; behavior; functional assessment; and imaging.
  • Examples of motor function that may be monitored as an indication of disease progression or improvement include chorea and dystonia, rigidity, bradykinesia, oculomotor dysfunction, and gait/balance changes. Techniques for performing the monitoring of these metrics are well-known to those having ordinary skill in the art. ( See Tang C, et al. , Monitoring Huntington’s disease progression through preclinical and early stages, Neurodegener Dis Manag 2(4):421-35 (2012)).
  • psychiatric diagnoses may be performed in order to determine whether the subject suffers from depression, irritability, agitation, anxiety, apathy and psychosis with paranoia. (Id.)
  • Functional assessment may also be employed to monitor disease progression or improvement.
  • Total functional score techniques have been reported (Id.), and often declines by one point per year in some HD groups.
  • MRI or PET may be employed also to monitor disease progression or improvement. For example, there is a loss of striatal projection neurons in HD, and change in number of these neurons may be monitored in subjects. Techniques to determine neuronal change in HD subjects include imaging Dopamine D2 receptor binding. (Id.)
  • ALS Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
  • monitoring can be performed through techniques such as: functional assessment; determining muscle strength; measuring respiratory function; measuring lower motor neuron (LMN) loss; and measuring upper motor neuron (UMN) dysfunction.
  • LDN lower motor neuron
  • UPN upper motor neuron
  • Functional assessment can be performed using a functional scale well-known to those having ordinary skill in the art, such as the ALS Functional Rating Scale (ALSFRS-R), which evaluates symptoms related to bulbar, limb, and respiratory function. The rate of change is useful in predicting survival as well as disease progression or improvement. Another measure includes the Combined Assessment of Function and Survival (CAFS), ranking subjects’ clinical outcomes by combining survival time with change in ALSFRS-R. (Simon NG, et al. , Quantifying Disease Progression in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Ann Neurol 76:643-57 (2014)).
  • CAFS Combined Assessment of Function and Survival
  • Muscle strength may be tested and quantified through use of composite Manual Muscle Testing (MMT) scoring. This entails averaging measures acquired from several muscle groups using the Medical Research Council (MRC) muscle strength grading scale.
  • MMT Manual Muscle Testing
  • MRC Medical Research Council
  • HHD Hand-held dynamometry
  • Respiratory function can be performed using portable spirometry units, used to obtain Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) at baseline to predict the progression or improvement of the disease. Additionally, maximal inspiratory pressure, sniff nasal inspiratory pressure (SNIP), and supping FVC may be determined and used to monitor disease progression/improvement. (Id.)
  • the Neurophysiological Index may be determined by measuring compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs) on motor nerve conduction studies, of which parameters include CMAP amplitude and F-wave frequency. (Id. and de Carvalho M, et al. , Nerve conduction studies in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Muscle Nerve 23:344-352, (2000)). Lower motor neuron unit numbers (MUNE) may be estimated as well. In MUNE, the number of residual motor axons supplying a muscle through estimation of the contribution of individual motor units to the maximal CMAP response is estimated, and used to determine disease progression or improvement.
  • CMAPs compound muscle action potentials
  • F-wave frequency F-wave frequency
  • LMN LMN-derived neurotrophic factor
  • Additional techniques for determining loss of LMN include testing nerve excitability, electrical impedance myography, and using muscle ultrasound to detect changes in thickness in muscles.
  • Dysfunction of upper motor neurons is another metric which can be utilized to monitor disease progression or improvement in ALS.
  • Techniques for determining dysfunction include performing MRI or PET scans on the brain and spinal cord, transcranial magnetic stimulation; and determining levels of biomarkers in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
  • CSF cerebrospinal fluid
  • monitoring can be performed using techniques well- known to those having ordinary skill in the art.
  • monitoring can be performed through techniques such as: determining intraocular pressure; assessment of the optic disc or optic nerve head for damage; visual field testing for peripheral vision loss; and imaging of the optic disc and retina for topographic analysis.
  • PGP Progressive Supranuclear Palsy
  • monitoring can be performed through techniques such as: functional assessment (activities of daily living, or ADL); motor assessment; determination of psychiatric symptoms; and volumetric and functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
  • functional assessment activities of daily living, or ADL
  • motor assessment determination of psychiatric symptoms
  • MRI volumetric and functional magnetic resonance imaging
  • the level of function of a subject in terms of independence, partial dependence upon others, or complete dependence can be useful for determining the progression or improvement in the disease.
  • the Progressive Supranuclear Palsy Rating Scale is a rating scale that comprises twenty-eight metrics in six categories: daily activities (by history); behavior; bulbar, ocular motor, limb motor and gait/midline. The result is a score ranging from 0 - 100. Six items are graded 0 - 2 and twenty-two items graded 0-4 for a possible total of 100.
  • the PSPRS scores are practical measures, and robust predictors of patient survival. They are also sensitive to disease progression and useful in monitoring disease progression or improvement. ( Golbe LI, et al. , A clinical rating scale for progressive supranuclear palsy, Brain 130: 1552-65, (2007)).
  • the ADL section from the UPDRS can also be used to quantify functional activity in subjects with PSP. (Duff K, et al. , supra). Similarly, the Schwab & England Activities Daily Living Score (SE-ADL) can be used for evaluate independence. (Id.) Additionally, the motor function sections of the UPDRS are useful as a reliable measure for assessing disease progression in PSP patients.
  • the motor section may contain, for example, 27 different measures for quantifying motor function in PSP patients. Examples of these include resting tremor, rigidity, finger tapping, posture, and gait).
  • a subject’s disease progression or improvement may also be assessed by performing a baseline neuropsychological evaluation completed by trained medical personnel, the assessment using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) to determine the frequency and severity of behavior abnormalities (e.g. delusions, hallucinations, agitation, depression, anxiety, euphoria, apathy, disinhibition, irritability, and aberrant motor behavior).
  • NPI Neuropsychiatric Inventory
  • fMRI Functional MRI
  • fMRI Functional MRI
  • fMRI is a technique using MRI to measure changes in brain activity in certain regions of the brain, usually based on blood flow to those regions. Blood flow is considered to correlate with brain region activation.
  • Patients with neurodegenerative disorders like PSP can be subjected to physical or mental tests before or during being scanned in an MRI scanner.
  • tests can be a well- established force control paradigm where patients as asked to produce force with the hand most affected by PSP and maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) is measured by fMRI immediately after the test takes place.
  • MVC maximum voluntary contraction
  • Volumetric MRI is a technique where MRI scanners determine volume differences in regional brain volume. This may be done, for example, by contrasting different disorders, or by determining differences in volume of a brain region in a patient over time. Volumetric MRI may be employed to determine disease progression or improvement in neurodegenerative disorders like PSP. The technique is well-known to those having ordinary skill in the art. (Messina D, et al , Patterns of brain atrophy in Parkinson’s disease, progressive supranuclear palsy and multiple system atrophy, Parkinsonism and Related Disorders, 17(3): 172-76 (2011)).
  • cerebral regions which may be measured include, but are not limited to, intracranial volume, cerebral cortex, cerebellar cortex, thalamus, caudate, putamen, pallidum, hippocampus, amygdala, lateral ventricles, third ventricle, fourth ventricle, and brain stem.
  • PET Positron emission tomography
  • the UPDRS scale evaluates 31 items that contributed to three subscales: (1) mentation, behavior, and mood; (2) activities of daily living; and (3) motor examination.
  • the Hoehn and Yahr scale classifies PD into five stages with discreet substages: 0 - no signs of disease; 1 - symptoms on one side only; 1.5 - symptoms on one side but also involving neck and spine; 2 - symptoms on both sides with no balance impairment; 2.5 - mild symptoms on both sides, with recovery when the‘pull’ test is given; 3 - balance impairment with mild to moderate disease; 4 - severe disability, but ability to walk or stand unassisted; and 5 - need a wheelchair or bedridden without assistance.
  • the Schwab and England scale classifies PD into several percentages (from 100% - complete independent to 10% - total dependent).
  • General motor function can be evaluated using widely-used scales including the General Motor Function Scale (GMF). This tests three components: dependence, pain, and insecurity. (Aberg A.C., et al. (2003) Disabil. Rehabil. 2003 May 6;25(9):462-72.). Motor function can also be assessed using home monitoring or wearable sensors.
  • GMF General Motor Function Scale
  • gait speed of locomotion, variability, leg rigidity
  • posture tilt inclination
  • tremor amplitude, frequency, duration, asymmetry
  • reagents, devices, and kits thereof for practicing one or more of the above- described methods.
  • the subject reagents, devices, and kits thereof may vary greatly.
  • Reagents and devices of interest include those mentioned above with respect to the methods of administering the compounds for formula 1 in the subject.
  • the subject kits will further include instructions for practicing the subject methods. These instructions may be present in the subject kits in a variety of forms, one or more of which may be present in the kit.
  • One form in which these instructions may be present is as printed information on a suitable medium or substrate, e.g., a piece or pieces of paper on which the information is printed, in the packaging of the kit, in a package insert, etc.
  • Yet another means would be a computer readable medium, e.g. diskette, CD, portable flash drive, etc., on which the information has been recorded.
  • Yet another means that may be present is a website address which may be used via the internet to access the information at a remote site. Any convenient means may be present in the kits. VII. Examples
  • compositions that are administered to subjects with cognitive or neurodegenerative disease that are comprised of the compounds, co-crystals, and salts described above can be synthesized, made, and formulated using the examples disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2013/0266646, 2016/0081998, U.S. Patent Nos. 8,278,302, 8,653,075, RE 45323, 8,742,115, 9,233,950, and 8,680,280, which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety. Further, the pharmaceutical compositions may be prepared as described in the examples below:
  • Copovidone is dissolved in ethanol at ambient temperature to produce a granulation liquid.
  • An active CCR3 antagonist ingredient, lactose and part of the crospovidone are blended in a suitable mixer, to produce a pre-mix.
  • the pre-mix is moistened with the granulation liquid and subsequently granulated.
  • the moist granulate is optionally sieved through a sieve with a mesh size of 1.6-3.0 mm.
  • the granulate is dried at 45 °C in a suitable dryer to a residual moisture content corresponding to 1-3 % loss on drying.
  • the dried granulate is sieved through a sieve with a mesh size of 1.0 mm.
  • the granulate is blended with part of the crospovidone and microcrystalline cellulose in a suitable mixer.
  • Magnesium stearate is added to this blend after passing through a 1.0 mm sieve for delumping.
  • the final blend is produced by final blending in a suitable mixer and compressed into tablets.
  • the following tablet composition can be obtained:
  • An active CCR3 antagonist ingredient, lactose, part of the mcc, polyethylene glycole, lactose and part of the crospovidone are blended in a suitable mixer, to produce a pre-mix.
  • the pre-mix is heated in a high shear mixer and subsequently granulated.
  • the hot granulate is cooled down to room temperature and sieved through a sieve with a mesh size of 1.0 mm.
  • the granulate is blended with part of the crospovidone and microcrystalline cellulose in a suitable mixer.
  • Magnesium stearate is added to this blend after passing through a 1.0 mm sieve for delumping.
  • the final blend is produced by final blending in a suitable mixer and compressed into tablets.
  • the following tablet composition can be obtained:
  • An active CCR3 antagonist ingredient, mannit, polyethylene glycole and part of the crospovidone are blended in a suitable mixer, to produce a pre-mix.
  • the pre-mix is heated in a high shear mixer and subsequently granulated.
  • the hot granulate is cooled down to room temperature and sieved through a sieve with a mesh size of 1.0 mm.
  • the granulate is blended with part of the crospovidone and mannit in a suitable mixer.
  • Magnesium stearate is added to this blend after passing through a 1.0 mm sieve for delumping.
  • the final blend is produced by final blending in a suitable mixer and compressed into tablets.
  • the following tablet composition can be obtained:
  • An active CCR3 antagonist ingredient and stearic-palmitic acid are blended in a suitable mixer, to produce a pre-mix.
  • the pre-mix is extruded in a twin-screw-extruder and subsequently granulated.
  • the granulate is sieved through a sieve with a mesh size of 1.0 mm.
  • the granulate is blended with mannit and crospovidone in a suitable mixer.
  • Magnesium stearate is added to this blend after passing through a 1.0 mm sieve for delumping.
  • the final blend is produced by final blending in a suitable mixer and compressed into tablets.
  • the following tablet composition can be obtained:
  • An active CCR3 antagonist ingredient and stearic-palmitic acid are blended in a suitable mixer, to produce a pre-mix.
  • the pre-mix is extruded in a twin-screw-extruder and subsequently granulated.
  • the granulate is sieved through a sieve with a mesh size of 1.0 mm.
  • the granulate is directly filled into hard capsules.
  • the following capsule composition can be obtained:
  • An active CCR3 antagonist ingredient, part of mannit and crospovidone and magnesium stearate are blended in a suitable mixer, to produce a pre-mix.
  • the pre-mix is compacted with a roller compactor and subsequently granulated.
  • the granulate is sieved through a sieve with a mesh size of 0.8 mm.
  • the granulate is blended with part of mannit and crospovidone in a suitable mixer.
  • Magnesium stearate is added to this blend after passing through a 1.0 mm sieve for delumping.
  • the final blend is produced by final blending in a suitable mixer and compressed into tablets.
  • the following tablet composition can be obtained:
  • An active CCR3 antagonist ingredient and magnesium stearate are blended in a suitable mixer, to produce a pre-mix.
  • the pre-mix is compacted with a roller compactor and subsequently granulated.
  • the granulate is sieved through a sieve with a mesh size of 0.8 mm.
  • the granulate is blended with mannit and croscarmellose sodium in a suitable mixer.
  • Magnesium stearate is added to this blend after passing through a 1.0 mm sieve for delumping. Subsequently the final blend is produced by final blending in a suitable mixer and compressed into tablets.
  • the following tablet composition can be obtained:
  • An active CCR3 antagonist ingredient and magnesium stearate are blended in a suitable mixer, to produce a pre-mix.
  • the pre-mix is compacted with a roller compactor and subsequently granulated.
  • the granulate is sieved through a sieve with a mesh size of 0.8 mm.
  • the granulate is blended with microcrystalline cellulose and crospovidone in a suitable mixer.
  • Magnesium stearate is added to this blend after passing through a 1.0 mm sieve for de-lumping. Subsequently the final blend is produced by final blending in a suitable mixer and compressed into tablets.
  • the following tablet composition can be obtained:
  • Tablet cores according above mentioned formulations can be used to produce film-coated tablets. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, polyethylene glycol, talc, titanium dioxide and iron oxide are suspended in purified water in a suitable mixer at ambient temperature to produce a coating suspension. The tablet cores are coated with the coating suspension to a weight gain of about 3 % to produce film-coated tablets.
  • the following film coating composition can be obtained:
  • Compound 1 was made available as 100 mg, 200 mg, and 400 mg film-coated tablets with a biconvex, round or oval shape and a dull red color.
  • the tablets were produced by a dry granulation process and contained microcrystalline cellulose, hydrogen phosphate, croscarmellose sodium, magnesium stearate, polyvinyl alcohol, titanium dioxide, polyethylene glycol, talc, iron oxide red and iron oxide yellow as inactive ingredients.
  • Placebo tablets matching the investigational product were produced by a direct compression process and contained the same inactive ingredients. c. Pre-Clinical Examples
  • Alzet mini-pumps were filled, prepared, p and numbered by mouse ID the day previous to implantation to allow for priming at 37°C and to allow for blindedness of treatment.
  • Pumps were implanted on the back, slightly posterior to the scapulae and slightly lateral to the midline. Mice were anesthetized with 3-5% isoflurane using a vaporizer and regulator in an induction chamber, then moved to the procedure area and fitted with a nose cone to maintain anesthesia at 1-3% isoflurane. An ophthalmic ointment was applied to the eyes to prevent drying. Mice were injected with meloxicam 5mg/kg subcutaneously.
  • All surgical tools were autoclaved prior to first use on a surgery day. Subsequently, instruments were sterilized with a glass bead sterilizer between animals. Mice were placed in a clean recovery cage placed partially atop a warming pad until full recovery and ambulation. Mice were tested for anesthesia induction by toe pinch method and monitoring of respiration. Mice were monitored post-operatively every 15 minutes until recovery. Mice were administered a second dose of meloxicam the following day. If signs of infection were observed, mice received 5mg/kg Baytril subcutaneously per day until infection cleared.
  • Open Field is used to evaluate general locomotor activity and exploratory behavior in a novel environment. Mice are brought to the experimental room for at least 30 min for acclimation to the experimental room conditions (dim lighting) prior to testing.
  • the testing arena consists of a 50cm x 50cm square arena. Mice are placed in the center of an arena and tracked for 15 minutes. Time spent in the peripheral and centers zones is analyzed, along with rearing behavior. 70% ethanol is used to clean all surfaces between trials.
  • a large Y-maze test assesses short-term memory of the familiarity of a specific context. Mice are brought to the experimental room for at least 30 min of acclimation to the experimental room conditions (dim lighting) prior to testing.
  • the mouse is placed at the end of one arm of a large Y-maze designated“start arm” (arm length: 15 inches).
  • the third arm of the maze is blocked off, allowing the mouse to explore two of the three arms freely (“start arm” and“familiar arm”) for 5 min. Each arm contains spatial cues.
  • the mouse is placed back into the maze in the“start arm” and allowed to explore all three arms with the third arm unblocked (“novel arm”). Movements in and out of each arm are tracked using automated tracking software (CleverSys). Testing is performed under dim lighting, and the apparatus is cleaned with 70% ethanol between trials.
  • a modified Barnes maze was used to assess spatial working/episodic like learning and memory.
  • the Barnes maze apparatus consists of a 122cm diameter circular platform with 40 escape holes, each with a diameter of 5cm placed along three rings of varying distances from the center of the platform.
  • An escape box is attached to one of the holes and all holes are left uncovered.
  • Bright lights and a fan are trained on the maze to provide adverse stimuli to encourage escape.
  • Visual cues are placed on all four sides of the maze. Mice are given a series of 4 or 5 trials with inter-trial intervals of approximately 10 min, and the maximum duration of each trial is 90 or 120 sec. For each trial, mice are placed in the center of the maze.
  • mice After 10 seconds, mice are allowed to explore, and the trial is ended if the mouse has found and entered an escape box before the end of the trial. Mice that cannot find the escape box are led to it and allowed to enter and given 30 sec to remain before being returned to its home cage. Training is done for 4 days. Data that is recorded and analyzed include velocity, escape latency, and distance moved.
  • mice are divided into groups of 4-5 mice each, with balanced treatment groups. For example, Group 1 mice are run for 4 trials, then Group 2 mice are run for 4 trials, and so on until all groups finish testing. 70% ethanol is used to clean the arenas between trials.
  • the Water Maze was filled with water at least 24 hours prior to the test to allow it to reach room temperature.
  • the water was dyed with white latex paint to make the animals visible for tracking and to allow for the use of a hidden platform.
  • Two distinct visual cues were placed at the end of both T-arms of the T-Maze insert.
  • animals On day 1 animals were given 4 trials each with a visible platform and a 30 min inter trial interval. Animals were given 60 seconds to reach the platform. If they did not reach the platform in that time they were guided to it and allowed to remain for 5 seconds before being removed from the tank.
  • the goal arm was switched after every third mouse and both treatment groups had equal numbers of right and left turn goal arms.
  • mice After each trial the mice were placed in an empty cage with blue pads and allowed to dry off under a red light lamp before being placed back into their home cage.
  • Day 2 is the testing day, where animals are subjected to the same test of 4 trials each and a 30 min inter trial interval, but with a hidden platform. Animals were scored for right or wrong choice and for latency to reach the platform, and a binomial test was conducted to compare success rates between control and compound-treated mice. All trials were recorded using TopScan.
  • CCL11 protein levels were measured from mouse plasma by sandwich ELISA Plasma was diluted 1 : 10 for the assay. (Mouse CCL1 l/Eotaxin Duo Set ELISA kit, R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN).
  • Luminex Assay Service performed by Eve Technologies (Calgary, Alberta, Canada).
  • the ESC determines the shape change of human eosinophils activated by human eotaxin-l (PreProTech, Rocky Hill, New Jersey) compared to native eosinophils. The change is detected as the change in the forward-scatter measured by FACS (fluorescence activated cell sorter). The mean forward scatter of the autofluorescence (eosinophil) population for each sample was determined in conjunction with the mean of each set of sample triplicates. Methods of determining ESC have been previously described and are known in the art.
  • the CCR3 receptor internalization assay is FACS-based and uses human Eotaxin-l (PreProTech, Rocky Hill, New Jersey) and an anti-human CCR3 antibody labeled with APC (R&D Systems,
  • mice were taken down on the day following the end of behavior testing. Anesthesia was induced by 2,2,2-tribromoethanol and mice were subsequently perfused with 0.9% saline trans-cardially. The brains were dissected and cut sagitally in two even halves. One half was snap frozen for later use in dry ice, and the other was fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS for use in immunohistochemistry. After two days of fixation, the hemibrains were transferred to a 30% sucrose in PBS solution and changed after two days. Hemibrains were sectioned at 30um on a microtome at -22°C. Brain sections were stored in cryoprotectant media at -20°C until needed for staining.
  • Blocking was done on free floating sections in the appropriate serum at 10% serum in PBST 0.5%. Primary antibodies were incubated overnight at 4C. For light microscopy, the following antibodies were used in the given concentrations: DCX, 1 :200, Santa Cruz BioTech, CD68, 1: 1000. AbD Serotec. Secondary biotinylated antibodies were applied the next day at a concentration of 1:300. Staining visualization was achieved by reaction with the ABC kit (Vector) and diaminobenzidine (Sigma). Dehydration of the mounted slides was achieved using ethanol and xylene dips. Images were acquired on a Leica light microscope at 5x magnification.
  • mice Two-month-old or 18-month-old C57B1/6 mice were dosed with either IgG antibody control by IP injection or Compound 1 subcutaneously by Alzet osmotic pump for either 2 or 4 weeks. During the last week of treatment, mice were subjected to behavior testing prior to perfusion on the last day of treatment. All mice received 5 consecutive days of BrdU injection at 150mg/kg IP immediately prior to treatment start.
  • Control rat IgG2A clone 54447 (MAB006, R&D Systems) was administered at 50ug/kg in sterile saline.
  • Compound 1 was formulated in 40% HR-b-cyclodextrin, and adjusted to pH 6.5 with NaOH (1M). Solutions were prepared fresh weekly and stored at 4°C.
  • Compound 1 increased the number of Dcx and BrdU positive cells, which indicates that Compound 1 increased neurogenesis and cell survival, respectively.
  • Compound 1 was able to improve memory (cognition) as evidenced by performance in the Y-Maze test.
  • Second Experimental Group Three -month-old or l6.5-month-old C57Bl/6 mice were dosed with either vehicle control or Compound 1 subcutaneously by Alzet osmotic pump for 4 weeks. During the last week of treatment, mice were subjected to behavior testing prior to perfusion on the last day of treatment. All mice received 5 consecutive days of BrdU injection at l50mg/kg IP immediately prior to treatment start.
  • Compound 1 was formulated in 40% HR-b-cyclodextrin, and adjusted to pH 6.5 with NaOH (1M). Vehicle solution was formulated and adjusted for pH similarly. Solutions were prepared fresh weekly and stored at 4°C.
  • CSF Cerebrospinal fluid from both the 2-month-old“young” and 16.5-month-old“old” groups was collected and levels of Compound 1 were determined by mass spectroscopy.
  • Figure 6 depicts the levels of the compound of the invention that were detected in mouse CSF for both the young and old groups (both below 10 nM). These CSF levels do not approach the Ki for the compound in mice (124 nM, determined by cell line receptor binding), and therefore do not cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in significant concentrations.
  • BBB blood-brain barrier
  • the levels of the compound of the invention that were measured in the plasma of young (2-month-old) and old (18-month-mice) perfused for 2 and 4 weeks respectively at 0.5 pL/hr of 50mg/mL solution were significantly higher (352 ⁇ 31 nM and 355 ⁇ 43 nM, respectively; values are mean ⁇ s.e.m.), further indicating that the compound of the invention fails to cross the BBB in significant amounts.
  • Compound 1 was administered at 10 mg/kg of body weight, corresponding to 17 pmol/kg.
  • LSC liquid scintillation counting
  • Tissue and organ concentrations were determined by whole body autoradiography technique (QWBA). Preparation of the whole-body animal sections was performed according to known techniques ( see S. Ullberg, et al, Autoradiography in Pharmacology in: The Int.
  • the following sections were taken at different levels through the embedded animal, and whole body sections selected at 5 - 7 levels in order to allow for quantitative evaluation of radioactivity: adrenal glands; blood; bone marrow; brain; eye (lens); epididymis; fat (white and brown); Harderian gland; heart; kidneys; liver; lung; muscle; pituitary; pancreas; prostate, spinal cord; spleen salivary gland; skin; testis; thyroid; thymus; uveal tract. Two sections of each chosen level were taken per animal, and those sections lyophilized in the microtome at -20 to -25°C for a minimum of 48 hours.

Landscapes

  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
  • Epidemiology (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Neurosurgery (AREA)
  • Neurology (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Hospice & Palliative Care (AREA)
  • Psychiatry (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Psychology (AREA)
  • Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
  • Acyclic And Carbocyclic Compounds In Medicinal Compositions (AREA)
  • Medicinal Preparation (AREA)
  • Medicines That Contain Protein Lipid Enzymes And Other Medicines (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention concerne des procédés d'amélioration d'une maladie neurodégénérative avec des agents de modulation de CCR3. Les procédés comprennent l'administration d'une quantité thérapeutiquement efficace de l'agent de modulation de CCR3 au sujet, avec une amélioration concomitante de la fonction cognitive, motrice ou d'une autre fonction affectée par la neurodégénérescence. Les maladies cognitives et motrices dans lesquelles les procédés de l'invention peuvent améliorer la cognition comprennent la maladie d'Alzheimer, la maladie de Parkinson, la démence fronto-temporale, la maladie de Huntington, la sclérose latérale amyotrophique, la sclérose en plaques, le glaucome, la dystrophie myotonique, la démence vasculaire, la paralysie supranucléaire progressive.
EP19867321.2A 2018-09-26 2019-09-25 Procédés et compositions pour traiter des troubles liés au vieillissement au moyen d'inhibiteurs de ccr3 Pending EP3856195A4 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US201862737017P 2018-09-26 2018-09-26
PCT/US2019/052995 WO2020069008A1 (fr) 2018-09-26 2019-09-25 Procédés et compositions pour traiter des troubles liés au vieillissement au moyen d'inhibiteurs de ccr3

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP3856195A1 true EP3856195A1 (fr) 2021-08-04
EP3856195A4 EP3856195A4 (fr) 2022-06-22

Family

ID=69953286

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP19867321.2A Pending EP3856195A4 (fr) 2018-09-26 2019-09-25 Procédés et compositions pour traiter des troubles liés au vieillissement au moyen d'inhibiteurs de ccr3

Country Status (16)

Country Link
EP (1) EP3856195A4 (fr)
JP (1) JP2022502441A (fr)
KR (1) KR20210065950A (fr)
CN (1) CN112789044A (fr)
AU (1) AU2019346456A1 (fr)
BR (1) BR112021004938A2 (fr)
CA (1) CA3111433A1 (fr)
CL (1) CL2021000724A1 (fr)
CO (1) CO2021003713A2 (fr)
EA (1) EA202190463A1 (fr)
IL (1) IL281578A (fr)
MA (1) MA53743A (fr)
MX (1) MX2021002967A (fr)
SG (1) SG11202102105VA (fr)
TW (1) TW202027752A (fr)
WO (1) WO2020069008A1 (fr)

Family Cites Families (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
TW200538098A (en) * 2004-03-22 2005-12-01 Astrazeneca Ab Therapeutic agents
EP1996551A2 (fr) * 2006-03-07 2008-12-03 AstraZeneca AB Derives de piperidine, leur procede de preparation, leur utilisation comme agents therapeutiques et compositions pharmaceutiques les contenant
US8278302B2 (en) * 2009-04-08 2012-10-02 Boehringer Ingelheim International Gmbh Substituted piperidines as CCR3 antagonists
DK2749554T3 (en) * 2009-04-22 2018-04-03 Sma Therapeutics Inc 2,5-disubstituted arylsulfonamide CCR3 antagonists
US20160208011A1 (en) * 2010-01-28 2016-07-21 The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University Ccr3 modulation in the treatment of aging-associated impairments, and compositions for practicing the same
UA109290C2 (uk) * 2010-10-07 2015-08-10 Спільні кристали і солі інгібіторів ccr3
US20130261153A1 (en) * 2012-04-03 2013-10-03 Boehringer Ingelheim International Gmbh Use of ccr3-inhibitors
US10213421B2 (en) * 2012-04-04 2019-02-26 Alkahest, Inc. Pharmaceutical formulations comprising CCR3 antagonists
KR102658724B1 (ko) * 2017-04-05 2024-04-18 알카헤스트 인코포레이티드 Ccr3-저해제를 사용하여 망막-관련 질병을 치료하는 방법 및 조성물
CA3058967A1 (fr) * 2017-04-05 2018-10-11 Alkahest, Inc. Methodes et compositions destinees a traiter des troubles associes au vieillissement a l'aide d'inhibiteurs de ccr3

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP3856195A4 (fr) 2022-06-22
MA53743A (fr) 2022-01-05
CO2021003713A2 (es) 2021-04-08
IL281578A (en) 2021-05-31
AU2019346456A1 (en) 2021-04-15
TW202027752A (zh) 2020-08-01
CA3111433A1 (fr) 2020-04-02
JP2022502441A (ja) 2022-01-11
WO2020069008A1 (fr) 2020-04-02
MX2021002967A (es) 2021-08-11
CN112789044A (zh) 2021-05-11
CL2021000724A1 (es) 2021-10-15
BR112021004938A2 (pt) 2021-06-01
SG11202102105VA (en) 2021-04-29
EA202190463A1 (ru) 2021-06-29
KR20210065950A (ko) 2021-06-04

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
AU2018250214B2 (en) Methods and compositions for treating aging-associated impairments using CCR3-inhibitors
US10799552B2 (en) Methods for treating diabetic neurotherapy
KR20180064373A (ko) 신경퇴행성 질환과 관련된 환각의 예방 및 치료에 유용한 5-ht2a 세로토닌 수용체의 조절자로서의 다이아릴 및 아릴헤테로아릴 우레아 유도체
JP2021193124A (ja) Ｉｌ−３１アンタゴニストを有効成分として含有する、アトピー性皮膚炎の予防用及び／又は治療用医薬組成物
KR20180022792A (ko) 렘 수면 행동 장애의 예방 및 치료에 유용한 디아릴 및 아릴헤테로아릴 우레아 유도체
JP2011513196A (ja) ドーパミン作動系が破壊された障害もしくは状態の症状を軽減するためまたはその障害もしくは状態を処置するためのｋｃｎｑカリウムチャネル開口薬の使用
US20040208923A1 (en) Acute pharmacologic augmentation of psyschotherapy with enhancers of learning or conditioning
JP6983945B2 (ja) 自己免疫性疾患の処置
ES2950453T3 (es) Compuestos y composiciones farmacéuticas para su uso en el tratamiento de enfermedades asociadas a la retina utilizando inhibidores de la CCR3
US20200054622A1 (en) Methods and Compositions for Treating Aging-Associated Impairments Using CCR3-Inhibitors
CN113811296A (zh) 用src激酶抑制剂治疗纤维化疾病或病症或间质性肺病的方法
JP2017533967A (ja) システアミン組成物を用いるハンチントン病の処置方法
US20100247688A1 (en) Pirenzepine and derivatives thereof as anti-amyloid agents
Hegde et al. To market, to market—2009
AU2019346456A1 (en) Methods and compositions for treating aging-associated impairments using CCR3-inhibitors
EA041892B1 (ru) Способы и композиции для лечения ассоциированных со старением нарушений с применением ccr3-ингибиторов
CN113924087A (zh) 血清素4受体激动剂对抗应激的预防功效
KR102407982B1 (ko) 기능성 어지럼증을 치료하기 위한 부스피론의 용도
WO2022173334A2 (fr) Procédés, compositions et composés pour le traitement de maladies et d'états liés à l'âge
EA041007B1 (ru) Применение буспирона для лечения функционального головокружения
JP2017132742A (ja) Ａβオリゴマー特異的抗体の新規薬理用途
US20100227844A1 (en) Cannabinoid-1 receptor modulators useful for the treatment of alzheimer's disease

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
STAA Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent

Free format text: STATUS: THE INTERNATIONAL PUBLICATION HAS BEEN MADE

PUAI Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012

STAA Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent

Free format text: STATUS: REQUEST FOR EXAMINATION WAS MADE

17P Request for examination filed

Effective date: 20210325

AK Designated contracting states

Kind code of ref document: A1

Designated state(s): AL AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC MK MT NL NO PL PT RO RS SE SI SK SM TR

RAV Requested validation state of the european patent: fee paid

Extension state: MD

Effective date: 20210325

Extension state: MA

Effective date: 20210325

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: DE

Ref legal event code: R079

Free format text: PREVIOUS MAIN CLASS: A61K0031535000

Ipc: A61K0031454500

A4 Supplementary search report drawn up and despatched

Effective date: 20220520

RIC1 Information provided on ipc code assigned before grant

Ipc: A61K 45/06 20060101ALI20220516BHEP

Ipc: A61P 25/16 20060101ALI20220516BHEP

Ipc: A61P 25/00 20060101ALI20220516BHEP

Ipc: A61K 9/00 20060101ALI20220516BHEP

Ipc: A61K 47/00 20060101ALI20220516BHEP

Ipc: A61K 33/00 20060101ALI20220516BHEP

Ipc: A61K 31/00 20060101ALI20220516BHEP

Ipc: A61P 1/00 20060101ALI20220516BHEP

Ipc: A61K 31/4545 20060101AFI20220516BHEP

STAA Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent

Free format text: STATUS: EXAMINATION IS IN PROGRESS

17Q First examination report despatched

Effective date: 20231201