EP3831690A1 - Telekommunikationssystem und -verfahren der eisenbahninfrastruktur - Google Patents

Telekommunikationssystem und -verfahren der eisenbahninfrastruktur Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3831690A1
EP3831690A1 EP20210885.8A EP20210885A EP3831690A1 EP 3831690 A1 EP3831690 A1 EP 3831690A1 EP 20210885 A EP20210885 A EP 20210885A EP 3831690 A1 EP3831690 A1 EP 3831690A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
fixed
microcell
radio
mobile
data
Prior art date
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EP20210885.8A
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Pasquale Donadio
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Comesvil SpA
Comesvil SpA
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Comesvil SpA
Comesvil SpA
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Publication of EP3831690A1 publication Critical patent/EP3831690A1/de
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B61—RAILWAYS
    • B61L—GUIDING RAILWAY TRAFFIC; ENSURING THE SAFETY OF RAILWAY TRAFFIC
    • B61L15/00—Indicators provided on the vehicle or train for signalling purposes
    • B61L15/0018—Communication with or on the vehicle or train
    • B61L15/0027—Radio-based, e.g. using GSM-R
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B61—RAILWAYS
    • B61L—GUIDING RAILWAY TRAFFIC; ENSURING THE SAFETY OF RAILWAY TRAFFIC
    • B61L27/00—Central railway traffic control systems; Trackside control; Communication systems specially adapted therefor
    • B61L27/70—Details of trackside communication
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B61—RAILWAYS
    • B61L—GUIDING RAILWAY TRAFFIC; ENSURING THE SAFETY OF RAILWAY TRAFFIC
    • B61L3/00—Devices along the route for controlling devices on the vehicle or train, e.g. to release brake or to operate a warning signal
    • B61L3/02—Devices along the route for controlling devices on the vehicle or train, e.g. to release brake or to operate a warning signal at selected places along the route, e.g. intermittent control simultaneous mechanical and electrical control
    • B61L3/06—Devices along the route for controlling devices on the vehicle or train, e.g. to release brake or to operate a warning signal at selected places along the route, e.g. intermittent control simultaneous mechanical and electrical control controlling by electromagnetic or particle radiation, e.g. by light beam
    • B61L3/065—Devices along the route for controlling devices on the vehicle or train, e.g. to release brake or to operate a warning signal at selected places along the route, e.g. intermittent control simultaneous mechanical and electrical control controlling by electromagnetic or particle radiation, e.g. by light beam controlling optically
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B61—RAILWAYS
    • B61L—GUIDING RAILWAY TRAFFIC; ENSURING THE SAFETY OF RAILWAY TRAFFIC
    • B61L3/00—Devices along the route for controlling devices on the vehicle or train, e.g. to release brake or to operate a warning signal
    • B61L3/02—Devices along the route for controlling devices on the vehicle or train, e.g. to release brake or to operate a warning signal at selected places along the route, e.g. intermittent control simultaneous mechanical and electrical control
    • B61L3/08—Devices along the route for controlling devices on the vehicle or train, e.g. to release brake or to operate a warning signal at selected places along the route, e.g. intermittent control simultaneous mechanical and electrical control controlling electrically
    • B61L3/12—Devices along the route for controlling devices on the vehicle or train, e.g. to release brake or to operate a warning signal at selected places along the route, e.g. intermittent control simultaneous mechanical and electrical control controlling electrically using magnetic or electrostatic induction; using radio waves
    • B61L3/125—Devices along the route for controlling devices on the vehicle or train, e.g. to release brake or to operate a warning signal at selected places along the route, e.g. intermittent control simultaneous mechanical and electrical control controlling electrically using magnetic or electrostatic induction; using radio waves using short-range radio transmission

Definitions

  • the present invention relates in general to the telecommunications field. More particularly, the present invention relates to a telecommunication system for a railway infrastructure.
  • CAGR Compound Annual Growth Rate
  • Li-Fi Light-Fidelity
  • the use of light for transmitting data allows to exploit a wider bandwidth, it is enough to think that the width of the spectrum of light and infrared radiation is about 2600 times the width of the spectrum of radio frequencies.
  • the use of light also allows to overcome some further limitations of radio frequency based communication apparatuses.
  • Li-Fi communications enable higher throughputs to be achieved and can be used even in environments unsuitable for the use of radio communications for electromagnetic interference problems (e.g. aircraft cabins, military areas, hospitals, nuclear power stations), or in protected environments where the use of radio communication devices is often prohibited (e.g. oil platforms).
  • a railway infrastructure is generally provided with a wireless communication system based on radio apparatuses.
  • the system comprises a radio apparatus located on board a railway train (or train) and a set of radio apparatuses distributed along the railway line.
  • the on-board radio apparatus communicates with the radio apparatuses distributed along the line to transmit and receive:
  • the vital data stream has a relatively low throughput, typically less than 1 Mb/s.
  • the flow of non-vital data typically has a higher throughput, generally between 10 Mb/s and 100 Mb/s.
  • the transmission of non-vital data does not require any protection or redundancy mechanisms, the transmission of vital data requires instead this type of mechanism, because the continuity of the transmission of vital data is essential for the safety of the railway train and passengers.
  • EP 3199421 A1 in the name of the Applicant, describes an apparatus and a radio system for a railway infrastructure.
  • the apparatus comprising two separate radio units operating in nonoverlapping frequency ranges (for example, 2.4-5 GHz and 868-900 MHz).
  • the system comprises a mobile radio apparatus on board the railway train and several fixed radio apparatuses distributed along the railway line, each having two separate radio units.
  • the radio unit operating at the highest frequency transmits and/or receives data using a radio link established with a single fixed radio apparatus at a time.
  • the radio unit operating at the lower frequency transmits and/or receives the same data using radio links established with several fixed radio apparatuses.
  • the apparatus and the radio system therefore have a redundant structure, which allows to implement mechanisms for protection of the transmission of data between the fixed side and the mobile side (in particular of the data that are vital for the safety of the railway infrastructure).
  • the Applicant has therefore pursued the object of providing a telecommunication system for a railway infrastructure which allows to overcome the limitations indicated above.
  • the Applicant has pursued the object of providing a telecommunication system for a railway infrastructure which is robust to electromagnetic interference and which can be implemented in high-speed rail transport systems in an economically efficient manner.
  • microcells a network of communication devices, called “microcells”, in turn comprising radio modules, in particular, for example, multi-frequency radio modules, and optical modules, in particular, for example, optical transceiver modules based on the Li-Fi technology.
  • the present invention provides a telecommunication system for a railway infrastructure.
  • a mobile apparatus suitable for being installed on board a train of the railway infrastructure and a plurality of fixed apparatuses suitable for being installed along a railway line along which the train travels, wherein:
  • the system further comprises a management apparatus configured to be connected to the plurality of fixed apparatuses.
  • both the radio transceiver module of the mobile apparatus and the radio transceiver module of the fixed apparatus is a multi-frequency radio transceiver module configured to operate in at least two different frequency ranges.
  • both the radio transceiver module of the mobile apparatus and the radio transceiver module of the fixed apparatus comprise at least two radio units, each being configured to receive and transmit data using a radio communication technology operating in range of frequencies comprised between 70 MHz and 6 GHz.
  • both the radio transceiver module of the mobile apparatus and the radio transceiver module of the fixed apparatus comprise a first radio unit configured to receive and transmit data using a Wi-Fi technology and a second radio unit configured to receive and transmit data using a long-range (LoRa) radio-frequency wireless technology.
  • a first radio unit configured to receive and transmit data using a Wi-Fi technology
  • a second radio unit configured to receive and transmit data using a long-range (LoRa) radio-frequency wireless technology.
  • the optical transmitter module of the fixed apparatus is configured to transmit data to the optical receiver module of the mobile apparatus by establishing a light link according to a light-fidelity (Li-Fi) communication technology.
  • Li-Fi light-fidelity
  • the optical receiver module of the mobile apparatus is configured to transmit data to the optical transmitter module of the stationary apparatus using an infrared communication technology.
  • the optical transmitter module of the fixed apparatus comprises a light source and an optical gateway module.
  • the optical gateway module is connected to the management apparatus of the telecommunication system via the radio transceiver module and is configured to receive data from the management apparatus and to drive the light source so as to transmit the data received from the management apparatus to the optical receiver module of the mobile apparatus.
  • the light source comprises a LED lamp.
  • the optical receiver module of the mobile apparatus comprises a light sensor configured to receive optical signals diffused by the light source of the optical transmitter module.
  • the data received from the management apparatus comprises a routing table comprising one or more signaling commands for controlling the train which are to be transferred to the train at one or more predetermined locations along the railway line, and geo-localization data of the places where commands are to be applied.
  • each fixed apparatus is configured to determine an aggregate routing table comprising data derived from the routing table and further data, the further data comprising data indicative of the quality of the radio link and/or light link between the fixed apparatus and the mobile apparatus, and a next hop indicator which identifies, when the mobile apparatus is connected to a given fixed apparatus, the next fixed apparatus to which the mobile apparatus can connect.
  • the data indicative of the quality of the radio link and/or the light link between the fixed apparatus and the mobile apparatus comprise a received signal strength indicator for the radio link and/or a modulation index for the light link and/or a throughput for the light link.
  • the mobile apparatus comprises a buffer memory configured to store the aggregate routing table.
  • the present invention provides a method for transmitting and receiving data in a railway infrastructure comprising a train and a railway line along which the train travels, the method comprising:
  • the method comprises, in case a light connection is used to transmit and receive said data, which is established between the optical transmitter module of the fixed apparatus installed along the railway line and the optical receiver module of the mobile apparatus installed on board the train, substantially at the same time, establishing a radio link between a radio transceiver module of the mobile apparatus and a radio transceiver module of a further fixed apparatus of the plurality of fixed apparatuses installed along the railway line.
  • Figure 1 schematically shows a telecommunication system 1 for a terrestrial transport infrastructure on rail or other means, according to embodiments of the present invention.
  • a telecommunication system 1 for a terrestrial transport infrastructure on rail or other means according to embodiments of the present invention.
  • the system according to the present invention can also be applied to other types of transport infrastructures, for example transport infrastructures using buses or trams.
  • the transport infrastructure considered in the present description and schematically shown in Figure 1 is a railway infrastructure 2 comprising a railway train (or train) 20 and a line along which the train 20 travels.
  • the railway infrastructure 2 may be, for example, an underground railway infrastructure, in which the railway line has underground sections and/or sections in tunnels and/or open sections, or a high-speed railway infrastructure.
  • the infrastructure considered can also be the infrastructure of the Hyperloop technology.
  • the telecommunication system 1 comprises a set of apparatuses interconnected by means of a communication network.
  • the set of apparatuses of the telecommunication system 1 comprises at least two types of apparatus, which will be hereinafter also referred to as "microcells":
  • the telecommunication system 1 also comprises a management apparatus MA.
  • the management apparatus MA is preferably located at a control center CC of the railway infrastructure 2.
  • the management apparatus MA is connected to the fixed apparatuses FM1, FM2, ..., FMn through a fixed communication network (or backbone network), for example an optical fiber communication network, and through respective connection interfaces, for example Gigabit Ethernet interfaces.
  • a fixed communication network or backbone network
  • connection interfaces for example Gigabit Ethernet interfaces.
  • the telecommunication system 1 provides that the fixed microcells FM1, FM2,..., FMn and the mobile microcell MM implement a mobile network of bi-directional wireless links which allow the mobile microcell MM to exchange data flows (for example, a flow of vital data and a flow of non-vital data) with the fixed microcells FM1, FM2,..., FMn while the mobile microcell MM (which is installed on the train 20) is moving in the direction indicated by the arrow F in Figure 1 .
  • data flows for example, a flow of vital data and a flow of non-vital data
  • the wireless links that each fixed microcell FMk and the mobile microcell MM can establish with each other are radio wave links (for simplicity, radio links) and links using electromagnetic waves in a different frequency band with respect to the radio wave frequency band, in particular, links using visible light (which will be referred to, for simplicity, as “light links” or “light connections”) and/or links using infrared radiation.
  • a bidirectional communication is established between the railway train 20 and the control center CC, in particular the management apparatus MA.
  • the control center CC sends data packets to the railway train 20, for example control data packets containing instructions for the correct movement of the train itself, as it will be described in more detail below.
  • the source of the data is the control center CC and the destination is the mobile microcell MM present in the railway train 20.
  • This communication uses the fixed microcells FM1, FM2, ..., FMn as intermediate nodes.
  • a communication is also established from the mobile microcell MM present in the railway train 20 toward the control center CC. Also in this case, the fixed microcells FM1, FM2,..., FMn act as intermediate nodes.
  • the data source is the mobile microcell MM in the railway train 20, which sends data packets to the control center CC.
  • data packets may comprise vital data connected, for example, to the verification of the closure of a door, which is indispensable for starting the running of the railway train 20, and/or non-vital data, such as the images of its interior acquired by the on-board closed-loop cameras and sent from the train 20 to the control center CC.
  • FIGS 2a and 2b show a block scheme of a mobile microcell MM and a fixed microcell FMKk, respectively.
  • Each microcell comprises a module configured to implement a radio communication technology (in particular, preferably, a multi-frequency radio technology) and a module configured to implement an optical communication technology based on the use of visible light (in particular, preferably, the Li-Fi technology).
  • the mobile microcell MM preferably comprises a radio transceiver module RTM and an optical receiver module ORM.
  • the fixed microcell FMk preferably comprises a radio transceiver module RTM' and an optical transmitter module OTM.
  • the radio transceiver module RTM, RTM' is preferably a multi-frequency radio transceiver module.
  • the radio transceiver module RTM present in a mobile microcell MM is similar to the mobile radio apparatus described in EP 3199421 A1
  • the radio transceiver module RTM' present in a fixed microcell FM is similar to the fixed radio apparatus also described in EP 3199421 A1 .
  • radio transceiver modules RTM, RTM' In the following description, only some aspects of the structure and operation of the radio transceiver modules RTM, RTM' will be described, i.e. the structural and functional aspects relating to the present invention.
  • the radio transceiver module RTM, RTM' present both in each fixed microcell FMk and in each mobile microcell MM has a modular hardware structure.
  • each of these modules RTM, RTM' preferably comprises a base board, which includes a set of housings, connectors and links.
  • An exemplary base board is schematically shown in Figure 3a .
  • the base board BB schematically shown in Figure 3a comprises an electrical connector EC adapted to connect the board BB to an electrical power source.
  • Each radio transceiver module RTM, RTM' further comprises units and/or components, which are housed in the slots of the base board BB.
  • the units or components present in the radio transceiver module RTM, RTM', in particular housed in the board BB comprise:
  • the radio transceiver module RTM implemented in a mobile microcell MM preferably comprises a first radio unit RU1, a second radio unit RU2, a network switch NS and a programmable converter AC/DC PAD housed on the base board BB.
  • the radio transceiver module RTM also comprises a test board DB, also housed on the base board BB.
  • the radio module RM preferably comprises a GPS module GM, also housed on the base board BB.
  • the network switch NS is connected to the radio units RU1, RU2, to the GPS module GM and also to the test board DB (if present), preferably through respective Ethernet connections.
  • the radio transceiver module RTM further preferably comprises, for each radio unit RU1, RU2, at least one radio antenna connector.
  • the radio transceiver module RTM preferably comprises six radio antenna connectors RAC (i.e. three for each radio unit RU1, RU2), which allow each radio unit to implement a 3x3 Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) connection.
  • MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output
  • the radio transceiver module RTM' implemented in each fixed microcell FMk preferably has a hardware structure similar to that of the radio transceiver module RTM implemented in a mobile microcell MM, with the only difference that, instead of the GPS module GM, a format converter MC is preferably present connected to an optical connector adapted to connect the radio transceiver module RTM' to the optical fiber of the backbone network.
  • the first radio units RU1 present in the radio transceiver modules RTM of the mobile microcell MM and in the radio transceiver modules RTM' of the fixed microcells FM are configured to implement a first radio communication technology or standard operating in a first frequency range.
  • the first technology may be, for example, the Wi-Fi technology in the 2.4 - 5.9 GHz frequency range.
  • the second radio units RU2 are configured to implement a second radio communication technology or standard in a second range of frequencies that are lower than the frequencies of the first range.
  • the second technology may be for example the Long-Range (LoRa) wireless radio frequency technology operating at frequencies of about 433 MHz or about 868 MHz.
  • the management apparatus MA preferably has a hardware structure similar to that of the radio transceiver module RTM' of the fixed microcell FMk, with the only difference that it does not have the radio antenna connectors RAC and that instead of the radio units RU1, RU2 it comprises a first radio network controller and a second radio network controller.
  • the management apparatus MA according to the present invention preferably comprises the hardware components of the management apparatus described in EP 3199421 A1 . In the following description, only some aspects of the structure and operation of the management apparatus MA will be described, i.e. the structural and functional aspects relating to the present invention.
  • each fixed microcell FMk also comprises an optical transmitter module OTM
  • each mobile microcell MM also comprises an optical receiver module ORM.
  • the optical transmitter module OTM and the optical receiver module ORM are configured to implement an optical communication technology based on the use of visible light, preferably the Li-Fi technology, and to establish a light link for transmitting data, in particular data at high transmission rate, from the fixed microcell FMk to the mobile microcell MM.
  • the implementation of the Li-Fi technology currently allows data transfer with rates of between 40 Mb/s and 120 Mb/s from the fixed microcell FMk to the mobile microcell MM.
  • Such data are carried on a light signal (i.e., an optical signal with carrier in the visible spectrum) emitted by a suitable light source at the fixed microcell FM.
  • the data is captured by a light sensor.
  • the optical receiver module ORM is in turn configured to transmit data to the optical transmitter module OTM, in particular data at low transmission rate.
  • This communication channel is preferably used to transmit control data packets.
  • the link between the optical receiver module ORM and the optical transmitter module OTM is preferably implemented by means of a different optical communication technology, in particular a technology operating in a different portion of the electromagnetic spectrum with respect to that of visible light.
  • this channel can be implemented through an infrared communication technology in the wavelength band of between 100 ⁇ m and 1 mm. This advantageously allows interference to be avoided.
  • the optical transmitter module OTM is schematized by way of example in Figure 4a . It preferably comprises a light source LSo and an optical gateway module OG.
  • the light source LSo is preferably configured to diffuse light signals.
  • the light source LSo preferably comprises one or more LED lamps.
  • the light source LSo may comprise one or more LED lamps also used for lighting the railway line.
  • a LED light source typically diffuses the light in a directional manner. Thus, the light diffused by the LED light source is confined within a limited region.
  • the optical gateway module OG preferably comprises an optical transmission port OTP through which it is connected to the light source LSo.
  • the optical transmission port OTP is preferably configured to drive the light source LSo.
  • the optical gateway module OG further comprises an optical modulation port LMP through which it can be connected to a corresponding optical gateway module OG of an optical receiver module ORM present in a mobile microcell MM, as it will be described in greater detail below.
  • the optical modulation port LMP is preferably configured to receive data from said optical receiver module ORM.
  • the optical modulation port LMP may comprise an infrared receiver.
  • the input signals to the optical gateway module OG through the optical modulation port LMP are schematically indicated in Figure 4a with the reference symbol "IR".
  • the optical gateway module OG comprises a data connection port DCP, through which the optical gateway module OG is connected to the radio transceiver module RTM' and to the backbone network.
  • the optical gateway module OG is in fact preferably configured to convert data packets (in particular, Ethernet data packets) coming from the backbone network through the data connection port DCP into optical signals, and vice versa.
  • data packets in particular, Ethernet data packets
  • the input/output data packets from the optical gateway module OG through the data connection port are schematically indicated in Figure 4a with the reference symbol "ETH".
  • the optical gateway module OG comprises one or more electrical supply ports for the optical transmitter module OTM.
  • the one or more electrical supply ports comprise a first electrical supply port P1 and a second electrical supply port P2.
  • the first electrical supply port P1 is for example a Power over Ethernet (PoE) supply port
  • the second electrical supply port P2 is for example a direct current (DC) supply port operating in the range 12 - 24 V.
  • PoE Power over Ethernet
  • DC direct current
  • each mobile microcell MM also comprises an optical receiver module ORM.
  • the optical receiver module ORM is schematized by way of example in Figure 4b . It preferably comprises a light sensor or photosensor LSe and an optical gateway module OG'.
  • the optical gateway module OG' is structurally similar to the optical gateway module OG present in an optical transmitter module OTM, with some differences which will be highlighted in the following.
  • the analogous components in the two optical gateway modules OG, OG' will be indicated with the same names and with identical reference symbols.
  • the light sensor LSe is preferably configured to receive light signals diffused by the light source LSo present in an optical transmitter module OTM.
  • the optical gateway module OG' preferably comprises an optical reception port ORP through which it is connected to the light sensor LSe.
  • the optical reception port ORP is preferably configured to receive a light signal from the light sensor LSe.
  • the optical gateway module OG' further comprises an optical modulation port LMP' through which it can be connected to a corresponding optical gateway module OG of an optical transmitter module OTM present in a fixed microcell FM, as it will be described in greater detail herein below.
  • the optical modulation port LMP' is preferably configured to transmit data to said optical transmitter module OTM.
  • the optical modulation port LMP' may comprise an infrared transmitter.
  • the output signals from the optical gateway module OG' through the optical modulation port LMP' are schematically indicated in Figure 4b with the reference symbol "IR".
  • the optical gateway module OG' comprises a data connection port DCP, through which the optical gateway module OG' is connected to the radio transceiver module RTM and to the mobile network on board the railway train 20.
  • the data connection port DCP may be, for example, an Ethernet port, or, more in particular, a Gigabit Ethernet port.
  • the optical gateway module OG' is in fact preferably configured to convert data packets (in particular, Ethernet data packets), for example, control data packets, coming from the mobile network through the data connection port DCP into optical signals (which will then be transmitted to the optical transmitter module OTM via the optical modulation port LMP'), and vice versa to convert the optical signals coming from the optical transmitter module OTM into data packets.
  • the input/output data packets from the optical gateway module OG through the data connection port DCP are schematically indicated in Figure 4b with the reference symbol "ETH".
  • the optical gateway module OG' comprises one or more electrical supply ports for the optical receiver module ORM.
  • the one or more electrical supply ports comprise a first electrical supply port P1 and a second electrical supply port P2.
  • the first electrical supply port P1 is for example a Power over Ethernet (PoE) supply port
  • the second electrical supply port P2 is for example a direct current (DC) supply port operating in the range 12 - 24 V.
  • PoE Power over Ethernet
  • DC direct current
  • each mobile microcell MM preferably also comprises a variable size buffer memory (not shown in the drawings) for storing data coming from the management apparatus MA and the fixed microcells FM1, FM2,..., FMn, as it will be described herein below.
  • Each fixed microcell FMk as well as the mobile microcell MM further comprises hardware/software modules configured to perform a programmed logic comprising a set of operations aimed at processing the data exchanged between the control center and the fixed microcells and between the fixed microcells and the mobile microcell, and at managing the handover procedures, as it will be described in more detail below.
  • wireless links are established in the telecommunication system 1 which allow the mobile microcell MM to exchange data streams (for example, a vital data stream and a non-vital data stream) with the fixed microcells FM1, FN2,..., FMn while the mobile microcell MM (which is installed on the train 20) is moving in the direction indicated by the arrow F of Figure 1 .
  • the telecommunication system provides that, depending on the scenario, a first type of so-handover procedures called “non-combined handover” and/or a second type of handover procedures so-called “combined handover” can be applied.
  • a first type of so-handover procedures called “non-combined handover”
  • a second type of handover procedures so-called “combined handover” can be applied.
  • the non-combined handover is applied when the mobile microcell MM moves together with the railway train 20 on which it is installed, and the continuity of the link with the fixed microcells FM1, FM2, ..., FMn is maintained using only the radio communication technology or only the optical communication technology.
  • non-combined handover procedures are advantageously usable in the following situations:
  • the combined handover is instead applied when the mobile microcell MM moves and the continuity of the connection with the fixed microcells FM1, FM2, FMn is maintained using in combination the radio communication technology and the optical communication technology.
  • these procedures provide that, when a mobile microcell establishes a certain link with a fixed microcell, it can disconnect from this fixed microcell only after having established a new link with the next fixed microcell.
  • the mobile microcell simultaneously uses both the radio communication technology and the optical communication technology.
  • the management apparatus MA preferably generates a routing table DRT containing a first set of navigation information for the fixed microcells FM1, FM2, ..., FMn and for the mobile microcell MM present on the railway train.
  • the navigation information present in the routing table DRT is information available at the management apparatus MA and which must be provided to the fixed microcells FM1, FM2, ..., FMn and to the mobile microcell MM for the railway traffic management, control and protection functions that are to be implemented on board the railway train.
  • the navigation information is part of the so-called vital data already defined above and includes information typically contained in the signaling messages for the management, control and protection of railway traffic, such as for example the signaling messages of the CBTC system containing the CBTC commands.
  • the navigation information contained in the routing table DRT comprises so-called "static" data available a priori at the control center CC of the railway infrastructure.
  • the static data entered in the routing table DRT preferably comprises:
  • Table 1 illustrates, by way of example, the static data contained in a routing table DRT generated by the management apparatus MA.
  • Table 1 Latitude Longitude Location Command 40.842224 14.218988 Straightaway Speed 80 40.843285 14.221135 Bridge Speed 70 40.842256 14.206738 Tunnel Speed 50 40.839215 14.204523 Curve Speed 30 40.881368 14.133109 Sharp curve Speed 20 40.829292 14.190802 Station Speed 10 40.825859 14.1894993 Rail crossing Stop 30 sec
  • Each row in Table 1 contains a set of four data associated with a command to be transmitted to the railway train.
  • the first two columns of the table contain the coordinates (latitude and longitude) for the geo-localization of the command's location of application.
  • the third column contains information indicative of the location itself, which specifies for example what type of location it is. In the example of Table 1 this information is self-explanatory.
  • the fourth column comprises information indicative of the command to be applied.
  • the syntax used in Table 1 is merely illustrative and does not correspond to the syntax of the CBTC commands. In Table 1, in fact, the commands are reported in terms of actions imparted by the control center on the railway train.
  • the first line contains the expression "Speed_80”, which indicates a command which provides that, each time the railway train is in correspondence with the straightaway located at the indicated coordinates, a command is transferred to the railway train itself which allows the speed of the railway train to be set at 80 km/h.
  • the last line contains the expression "Stop_30_sec”, which indicates a command which provides that, whenever the railway train is in correspondence with the rail crossing located at the indicated coordinates, a command is transferred to the railway train which allows to stop the train for 30 seconds.
  • the routing table DRT generated by the management apparatus MA is periodically sent to the fixed microcells FM1, FM2, ..., FMn according to a known "flooding" mechanism.
  • the transmission of the routing table DRT from the management apparatus MA to the fixed microcells FM1, FM2, ..., FMn is preferably periodic, for example with a period equal to 100 ms This period is added to the typical latency of the fiber network (greater than or equal to about 50 ms) and takes into account the time necessary to control the railway train between one command and the next one.
  • the routing table DRT generated by the management apparatus MA can be sent to the fixed microcells FM1, FM2, ..., FMn whenever the management apparatus MA inserts a new datum within the table or modifies a datum already present therein.
  • each fixed microcell FMk preferably filters the data of the routing table DRT received from the management apparatus MA based on its position.
  • each fixed microcell FMk filters the data of the routing table DRT by eliminating the data relating to the locations which are at a distance from the fixed microcell FMk greater than a predefined distance, to the right and to the left of the fixed microcell FMk, for example, at a distance greater than 100 m to the right and 100 m to the left of the fixed microcell FMk.
  • each fixed microcell selects a subset of the data contained in the routing table DRT received from the management apparatus MA, such subset comprising only the data relating to the commands to be applied at the locations included in a certain area around the fixed microcell FMk.
  • the coverage area of the fixed microcell FMk is preferably a dynamic coverage area, and has an average diameter of about 2 km, being extended for about 1 km to the right of the fixed microcell FMk and for 1 km to the left of the fixed microcell FMk.
  • each fixed microcell FMk determines an aggregate routing table DRT' comprising the data obtained from the routing table DRT and some further navigation information necessary for the mobile microcell MM to carry out the handover procedures.
  • each fixed microcell FMk compiles the aggregate routing table DRT' by adding to the data obtained from the routing table DRT further data necessary for the mobile microcell MM to carry out the selection of the fixed microcell FMk to connect to during the movement of the train along the railway line.
  • each fixed microcell FM preferably compiles the aggregate routing table DRT' by aggregating some "dynamic" data to the static data contained in the routing table DRT.
  • the dynamic data preferably comprises data indicative of the quality of the radio link and/or of the optical link between the fixed microcells FM1, FM2, ..., FMn and the mobile microcell MM.
  • data are preferably measured at each fixed microcell FMk once the mobile microcell MM is in the proximity of the considered fixed microcell FMk.
  • data may comprise the values of some parameters relating to the radio signal and/or the light signal received by the fixed microcell FMk.
  • such parameters may comprise the received signal strength indicator (RSSI) for the radio signal and the modulation index m and/or the throughput THR for the light signal.
  • RSSI received signal strength indicator
  • Other parameters that can be used with respect to the light signal are: the wave width, the frequency, the power, the light intensity, the illumination intensity.
  • the RSSI is an indicator of the received radio signal strength.
  • the RSSI is an estimated measure of the power of the radio signal between the fixed microcell FMk and the mobile microcell MM.
  • the RSSI measurement allows to determine whether a signal is sufficient to establish a radio connection or whether it is necessary to use an alternative transmission technology (for example, to activate the part implementing the optical communication technology of the microcell). As the distance between the fixed microcell FMk and the mobile microcell MM increases, the power of the radio signal decreases and the bandwidth of the data connection decreases.
  • the light modulation index m is a parameter indicating how much the light is modulated. Usually, the modulation index is indicated in percent. The value of such index can typically vary between 0 (0%) and 1 (100%); when the index assumes a value greater than 100%, a distortion effect usually occurs, producing a disturbance called overmodulation.
  • the dynamic data preferably further comprises a parameter which identifies, for the mobile microcell MM connected to the considered fixed microcell FMk, the next fixed microcell to which the mobile microcell MM can connect according to a handover procedure.
  • This parameter can be, for example, the IP address of the next fixed microcell. In the following description, this parameter will also be referred to as the "next hop identifier".
  • This part of the table is populated by the fixed microcells FM1, FM2, ..., FMn preferably on the basis of the experience recorded at the passage of the railway train near the microcells themselves.
  • a self-learning technique allows to store, at the first passage of the train in the proximity of a fixed microcell FM1, a certain value of a parameter indicative of the quality of the radio and/or light link, for example the RSSI.
  • the fixed microcell FM1 can identify the next fixed microcell to which the mobile microcell MM can connect, such as the adjacent fixed microcell FM2.
  • the next hop identifier in this case, can then be the IP address of the adjacent fixed microcell FM2.
  • the fixed microcell FM1 again measures the parameter indicating the quality of the link and, for example, determines an average between the value measured at this second passage and the value measured at the first passage. In this way, on the basis of this average value, the fixed microcell FM1 can determine a new next fixed microcell, which can still be the adjacent fixed microcell FM2 or a subsequent fixed microcell. If the quality of the link allows, the method can in fact also provide for "jumping" the adjacent fixed microcell FM2 and determining that the next fixed microcell is the one that is at a double distance from the fixed microcell FM1, or even at a greater distance. Thanks to the mechanism described above, each fixed microcell FMk thus determines successive instances of the aggregated routing table DRT' which are periodically sent to the mobile microcell MM.
  • the presence, among the dynamic data, of the next hop identifier allows the mobile microcell to know in advance what is the next fixed microcell to which to connect during a non-combined handover procedure and possibly to skip it.
  • the length of the hop i.e. the number of fixed microcells that can be skipped, depends on the data present in the aggregate routing table provided to the mobile microcell, i.e. on the autonomy that the aggregate routing table provides to the mobile microcell in the implementation of the commands that it finds along the railway line.
  • the mobile microcell can skip all the fixed microcells along the railway line until the last CBTC command is implemented.
  • the mobile microcell will begin to search for a new connection to a fixed microcell only when the commands contained in the routing table run out.
  • RadioConnectionCheckand and LightConnectionCheck will be described by way of example.
  • the RadioConnectionCheck function reads the value of the power of the radio signal (RSSI) exchanged between the radio transceiver module RTM' of the fixed microcell FMk and the radio transceiver module RTM of the mobile microcell MM via the getRSSI function.
  • RSSI radio signal
  • the fixed microcell FMk preferably determines that there is no radio connection between the two transceiver modules, while if the RSSI is between the values -50 and -20 it determines that the connection exists and then updates the reduced routing table basicDRT with the dynamic data, to obtain the aggregate routing table DRT' (compleDRT) which also includes the RSSI parameter and the next hop identifier, identified by the function getNextFixedModule().
  • the function LightConnectionCheck reads the value of the luminous flux (lumen), of the modulation index and of the throughput in transmission between the optical transmitter module OTM of the fixed microcell FMk and the optical receiver module ORM of the mobile microcell MM, by using the functions getLumen, getMDepth% and getThroughput, respectively.
  • the fixed microcell FMk preferably determines that it is not possible to establish a light connection between the modules OTM and ORM, while if the throughput is different from 0 it determines that the connection is possible and then updates the reduced routing table basicDRT with the dynamic data, to obtain the aggregate routing table DRT' (completeDRT) which comprises also the dynamic data like the throughput THR and the next hop identifier, which is identified by means of the getNextFixedModule function:
  • the getNextFixedModule function returns the IP address (IPAddress) of the next physically available fixed microcell, to which the mobile microcell MM can connect:
  • Table 2 illustrates, by way of example, the information that is added to the routing table DRT (in particular, to the reduced routing table as results from the data filtering operation described above) at the fixed microcells FM1, FM2, ..., FMk.
  • the aggregate routing table DRT' comprises:
  • the data of the aggregate routing table DRT' are periodically forwarded by the fixed microcell FMk to the mobile microcell MM according to a known "flooding" mechanism.
  • This technique provides for the periodic sending of the aggregate routing table DRT' from the fixed microcell FMk to the mobile microcell MM on the railway train.
  • the period for sending the aggregate routing table DRT' from the fixed microcell FM to the mobile microcell MM is for example equal to 10 ms
  • the aggregate data, once received at the mobile microcell MM, is preferably stored in the buffer memory of the mobile microcell MM.
  • the mobile microcell MM periodically has the navigation information of the railway train.
  • the mobile microcell MM has stored the aggregate data received from the fixed microcells FM1, FM2, ..., FMn, it is able to recover the information necessary for the control of the railway train and to carry out handover procedures.
  • the mobile microcell MM has the information relating to the commands to be transferred to the railway train at the relevant locations along the railway line (the static data of the routing table).
  • the mobile microcell MM has the information necessary to be able to carry out handover procedures from one fixed microcell to the other (the dynamic data of the routing table).
  • the object of the above description is particularly advantageous if, for a short period of time, the connection between the mobile microcell MM and the fixed microcells FM1, FM2, ..., FMn is lost. This occurs, for example, in the situation in which a mobile microcell MM, which is connected to a fixed microcell by means of a light link due to the unavailability of a radio link, when moving with the railway train exits from the visibility cone of the fixed microcell, and it is not yet in visibility of the subsequent fixed microcell.
  • the aggregate data since the aggregate data is already stored in the mobile microcell MM, it can autonomously implement the train control commands contained in the aggregate routing table DRT' without the need to establish a link with the fixed microcells FM1, FM2, ..., FMn.
  • the control center CC in particular the management apparatus MA, periodically sends, for example every 100 ms, a new instance of the routing table DRT to all the fixed microcells FM1, FM2, ..., FMn which are located along the railway line, by the above-mentioned flooding mechanism.
  • Each fixed microcell FMk based on its own position, filters the data contained in the routing table DRT by eliminating the data relating to the locations that are at a certain distance from the fixed microcell FMk itself.
  • the fixed microcell FMk aggregates the static data resulting from the filtering operation of the routing table DRT to the dynamic data.
  • the fixed microcell FMk When the fixed microcell FMk communicates with a mobile microcell MM, the fixed microcell FMk periodically sends to the mobile microcell MM successive instances of the aggregate routing table DRT', which represents a radio-light coverage profile for the connection between the fixed microcell FMk and the mobile microcell MM in the area around the fixed microcell FMk.
  • the self-learning mechanism allows to refine the radio-light coverage profile relative to the fixed microcell FMk, updating the data contained in the aggregate routing table DRT' which is stored in the fixed microcell FMk and sent to the mobile microcell MM.
  • the communication of the aggregate data between fixed microcells FM1, FM2, ..., FMn and mobile microcell MM takes place through the radio link or the light link, as it will be described in more detail below.
  • the mobile microcell MM in the proximity of a first fixed microcell FM1, establishes with it a link based on the considered radio communication technology (the link is represented by a continuous line in Figure 5 ).
  • the radio transceiver module RTM' of the fixed microcell FM1 is connected to the radio transceiver module RTM of the mobile microcell MM.
  • the mobile microcell MM receives the aggregate routing table DRT' from the first fixed microcell FM through the radio link.
  • the mobile microcell MM reads the aggregate routing table DRT', implements the related command and decides which next fixed microcell to connect to. If for the implementation of the next command contained in the aggregate routing table DRT' a connection to a fixed microcell is not necessary, the mobile microcell MM avoids the connection to the next fixed microcell indicated in the aggregate routing table DRT' and eventually hops to the even subsequent fixed microcell. Otherwise, the mobile microcell MM connects to the next fixed microcell, for example the second fixed microcell FM2 of Figure 5 .
  • the mobile microcell MM processes the data of the aggregate routing table DRT' and performs a handover which allows to move the link between the radio transceiver module RTM of the mobile microcell MM and the radio transceiver module RTM' of the fixed microcell from the first fixed microcell FM1 to the second fixed microcell FM2 which is subsequent along the direction of the arrow F.
  • Figure 5 shows the handover from the first fixed microcell FM1 to the next second fixed microcell FM2, schematically indicated by the arrow FH1.
  • a non-combined handover procedure occurs when the mobile microcell MM, in the proximity of the first fixed microcell FM1, establishes a light link therewith.
  • this technology can be advantageously used in the case where there is no radio coverage. or in the case where the radio links cannot be established or are not very reliable due to interference problems or jamming or due to the high speed of the railway train 20.
  • the mobile microcell MM in the proximity of a first fixed microcell FM1, establishes with it a light link (the link is represented by a continuous line in Figure 5 ).
  • a link can be advantageously implemented in a scenario in which the railway train 20 is in a tunnel illuminated by LED lamps which also operate as light sources LSo for the optical transmission modules OTM of three fixed microcells FM1, FM2. FM3 present in the tunnel.
  • the optical transmitter module OTM of the first fixed microcell FM1 is connected to the optical receiver module ORM of the mobile microcell MM.
  • the mobile microcell MM receives the aggregate routing table DRT' from the first fixed microcell FM1 through the light link.
  • the mobile microcell MM autonomously processes the data of the aggregate routing table DRT' and autonomously performs a handover which allows to move the link between the optical receiver module ORM of the mobile microcell and the optical transmitter module OTM of the fixed microcell from the first fixed microcell FM1 to the next second fixed microcell FM2 along the direction of arrow F (the new link is represented by a dashed line in FIG. 5).
  • Figure 5 shows the handover from the first fixed microcell FM1 to the next second fixed microcell FM2, schematically indicated by the arrow FH2.
  • the possibility for the mobile microcell to have available the commands for the control of the railway train and to determine autonomously the next fixed microcell to be connected to according to the handover procedure described above even in the absence of a radio or light link with the fixed microcells, depends on the availability of the buffer memory.
  • the size of such buffer memory therefore depends on the duration of the time interval during which the mobile microcell may not have any connection with a fixed microcell. In other words, the size of the buffer memory depends on two factors: the speed of the mobile microcell, i.e. the speed at which the railway train moves, and a distance of no connection, i.e. a distance at which the mobile microcell has no connection with the fixed microcells.
  • Figure 6 shows a geometric model which schematizes the relative position of a mobile microcell MM and of two successive fixed microcells, FM1, FM2.
  • This model will be used in the following description to describe an exemplary procedure for sizing the buffer memory.
  • D is the distance between the two fixed microcells FM1, FM2 (in particular the distance between the two light sources LSo present in the two fixed microcells FM1, FM2)
  • H is the height of the light sources LSo with respect to the railway line
  • A is the angle of diffusion of the light diffused by the light source LSo
  • L is the distance of no connection.
  • the diffusion angle A may be in the range from about 10° to 80°.
  • T L / V .
  • the size of the buffer memory must satisfy the following condition: buffer_dim > TR * T that is, the size of the buffer memory must exceed the estimated amount of data that can be transferred therein during the time interval of no connection T.
  • the combined handover procedure applies in a scenario in which the telecommunication system according to the present invention implements in parallel the considered radio communication technology and optical communication technology.
  • the radio links can be used to transfer high throughput data (e.g., Internet, CCTV over LTE/Wi-Fi, etc.), while light links can be used to transfer medium throughput data (e.g., CBTC messages).
  • the mobile microcell MM in the proximity of a first fixed microcell FM1, establishes with it a light link.
  • the optical transmitter module OTM of the first fixed microcell FM1 is connected to the optical receiver module ORM of the mobile microcell MM (this link is represented by a continuous line in Figure 7 ).
  • the mobile microcell MM receives the aggregate routing table DRT' from the first fixed microcell FM through the light link.
  • the mobile microcell MM preferably processes the data contained in the aggregate routing table DRT', in particular the data relating to the next fixed microcell with which to establish a connection, so that the radio transceiver module RTM of the mobile microcell MM can establish a link with the radio transceiver module RTM of the next fixed microcell along the direction indicated by the arrow F. Then, the mobile microcell MM establishes a radio link with the second fixed microcell FM2 in parallel with respect to the light link established with the first fixed microcell FM1.
  • Figure 7 shows the mobile microcell MM simultaneously connected both to the first fixed microcell FM1, with a light link, and to the second fixed microcell FM2, with a radio link (also this link is represented by a continuous line in Figure 7 ).
  • the radio link constitutes a backup link in case the light link is interrupted.
  • the mobile microcell MM can therefore carry out a handover which allows to move the link between the optical receiver module ORM of the mobile microcell and the optical transmitter module OTM of the fixed microcell from the first fixed microcell FM1 to the second fixed microcell FM2 (this new link is represented by a dashed line in Figure 7.)
  • Figure 7 shows the handover from the first fixed microcell FM1 to the next second fixed microcell FM2, schematically indicated by the arrow FH3.
  • the connection between the microcell and the fixed microcells is made using the two radio and optical communication technologies in parallel. This ensures continuity of the link between the fixed microcells and the mobile microcell even when, for example, the mobile microcell exits from the visibility cone of the fixed microcell to which it is connected. Therefore, advantageously, the aggregate routing table DRT' can be periodically continuously transmitted from the fixed microcells to the mobile microcell, without the need to store the aggregate data in the buffer memory.
  • the described telecommunication system may advantageously implement in parallel the considered radio communication technology and optical communication technology and apply the combined handover procedures described above.
  • the non-combined handover procedures can advantageously be implemented in the presence of holes in the radio-light cover.
  • the telecommunication system can advantageously maintain a communication continuity through the light link by applying the non-combined handover procedures described above.
  • the telecommunication system can advantageously maintain a communication continuity through the radio link applying again the non-combined handover procedures described above.
  • the mobile microcell can retrieve the data of the aggregate routing table from the buffer memory so as to always have available the navigation information for the railway train and autonomously apply the handover procedures.
  • Hyperloop is a transport system currently under development by three consortia of companies: Hyperloop One, Hyperloop Transportation Technologies (HTT) and TRanspod.
  • HTTP Hyperloop Transportation Technologies
  • This system provides for the high-speed transport of goods and passengers to take place inside low-pressure tubes or capsules which are pushed by linear induction motors and air compressors.
  • the infrastructure linked to the Hyperloop system should consist of a double overhead tube in which the transport capsules can slide. The capsules move on an air cushion generated through multiple openings in the base, so as to further reduce friction.
  • the inventor has noted that in the Hyperloop system it is not possible to use the multi-frequency radio communication technology operating in the frequency range from 70 MHz to 6 GHz due to the interference that would be generated and the high speed.
  • the system of the present invention it would instead be possible to use the optical communication technology to connect a set of fixed microcells along the Hyperloop infrastructure and mobile microcells installed on board the capsules.
  • the handover could be carried out using the non-combined handover procedure described above.
  • the inventor has determined a possible sizing of the buffer memory.
  • the buffer memory In the worst case where it is assumed that the distance D between the light sources is 350 m, the buffer memory must have a size greater than about 9.479 Mb. In the case where the light sources are spaced by 10 m, the size of the buffer memory is smaller since the lower limit is equal to about 0.196 Mb.
  • HV/HC high speed
  • the sizing of the system of the present invention (in particular of the buffer memory provided in the mobile microcells) can be carried out using the following parameters:
  • the inventor has determined a possible sizing of the buffer memory.
  • the buffer memory In the worst case where it is assumed that the distance D between the light sources is 350 m, the buffer memory must have a size greater than about 37.917 Mb. In the case where the light sources are spaced by 10 m, the size of the buffer memory is smaller because the lower limit is about 0.784 Mb.
  • the underground (or partially underground) metropolitan transport systems include the fast-transit electrified train systems currently present all over the world (Metro in Italy, U-Bru in Germany, Tube or Underground in Great Britain, etc.).
  • the optical communication technology for example, Li-Fi
  • non-combined handover procedures in tunnels, directly connecting the LED light sources provided for the fixed microcells to the lamps of the tunnels themselves.
  • the multi-frequency radio communication technology and combined handover procedures can be used outside the tunnels.
  • the sizing of the system of the present invention (in particular of the buffer memory provided in the mobile microcells) can be carried out using the following parameters:
  • the inventor has determined a possible sizing of the buffer memory.
  • the buffer memory In the worst case where it is assumed that the distance D between the light sources is 350 m, the buffer memory must have a size greater than about 142.187 Mb. In the case where the light sources are spaced by 10 m, the size of the buffer memory is smaller because the lower limit is equal to about 2,941 Mb.
  • the size of the buffer memory in the described scenarios can therefore vary in a range of from about 0.7 Mb to about 3 Mb.
  • the system according to the present invention combines a radio communication technology and an optical communication technology for connecting fixed and mobile telecommunication apparatuses in a railway infrastructure.
  • This entails some advantages already discussed above, such as for example the possibility of carrying out safe handover procedures which guarantee the continuity of the links between the fixed and mobile apparatuses.
  • the described system can advantageously be used in high and very high speed transport systems (e.g. Hyperloop, high speed trains, aircrafts), where radio communication technology is often not sufficient to implement a robust system due to the speeds involved (as is known, in fact, speeds above 100 km/h can put a Wi-Fi system in crisis).
  • This system can also be used in environments where radio communication technology is prohibited due to the risks associated with it, such as for example in petrochemical plants and on oil platforms.
  • the system of the present invention can be easily integrated within traditional infrastructures.
  • the light sources already used by the infrastructure can be easily integrated into the described fixed apparatuses (by connecting thereto the optical gateway module described above).

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