EP3829319A1 - Préparation de protéines végétales contenant du sucre présentant des propriétés fonctionnelles particulières - Google Patents

Préparation de protéines végétales contenant du sucre présentant des propriétés fonctionnelles particulières

Info

Publication number
EP3829319A1
EP3829319A1 EP19748485.0A EP19748485A EP3829319A1 EP 3829319 A1 EP3829319 A1 EP 3829319A1 EP 19748485 A EP19748485 A EP 19748485A EP 3829319 A1 EP3829319 A1 EP 3829319A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
protein preparation
plant protein
advantageously
molecular weight
proteins
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
EP19748485.0A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Peter Eisner
Isabel MURANYI
Ute Weisz
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur Forderung der Angewandten Forschung eV
Original Assignee
Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur Forderung der Angewandten Forschung eV
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur Forderung der Angewandten Forschung eV filed Critical Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur Forderung der Angewandten Forschung eV
Publication of EP3829319A1 publication Critical patent/EP3829319A1/fr
Pending legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23J—PROTEIN COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS; WORKING-UP PROTEINS FOR FOODSTUFFS; PHOSPHATIDE COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS
    • A23J3/00—Working-up of proteins for foodstuffs
    • A23J3/14—Vegetable proteins
    • A23J3/16—Vegetable proteins from soybean
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23J—PROTEIN COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS; WORKING-UP PROTEINS FOR FOODSTUFFS; PHOSPHATIDE COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS
    • A23J1/00—Obtaining protein compositions for foodstuffs; Bulk opening of eggs and separation of yolks from whites
    • A23J1/14—Obtaining protein compositions for foodstuffs; Bulk opening of eggs and separation of yolks from whites from leguminous or other vegetable seeds; from press-cake or oil-bearing seeds
    • A23J1/142—Obtaining protein compositions for foodstuffs; Bulk opening of eggs and separation of yolks from whites from leguminous or other vegetable seeds; from press-cake or oil-bearing seeds by extracting with organic solvents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23J—PROTEIN COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS; WORKING-UP PROTEINS FOR FOODSTUFFS; PHOSPHATIDE COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS
    • A23J3/00—Working-up of proteins for foodstuffs
    • A23J3/30—Working-up of proteins for foodstuffs by hydrolysis
    • A23J3/32—Working-up of proteins for foodstuffs by hydrolysis using chemical agents
    • A23J3/34—Working-up of proteins for foodstuffs by hydrolysis using chemical agents using enzymes
    • A23J3/346—Working-up of proteins for foodstuffs by hydrolysis using chemical agents using enzymes of vegetable proteins
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
    • A23L29/00—Foods or foodstuffs containing additives; Preparation or treatment thereof
    • A23L29/30—Foods or foodstuffs containing additives; Preparation or treatment thereof containing carbohydrate syrups; containing sugars; containing sugar alcohols, e.g. xylitol; containing starch hydrolysates, e.g. dextrin

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a plant protein preparation
  • Soybeans with improved functional properties which in addition to soy protein also mono- and / or di- and / or
  • Vegetable proteins are becoming increasingly popular among consumers. Today, a large number of different vegetable proteins from legumes, oilseeds or cereals are used as textures in food
  • the proteins serve the purpose
  • Plant seeds show undesirable taste and aroma profiles due to the presence of secondary plant substances or lipid oxidation products. Many soy preparations are described as bitter, bean, grassy or green.
  • EP2482670 describes a soy protein isolate which is obtained on the basis of a calcium chloride extraction. It is not specified whether the preparation contains sugar in the form of mono- or disaccharides.
  • DE112008000924 describes a method for changing the aroma profile of vegetable proteins, in which the vegetable protein preparation, in particular a legume protein, is brought into contact with soluble carbohydrates in aqueous solution in order to bring about the desired change in the aroma professional.
  • Carbohydrates such as glucose, fructose or xylose are particularly advantageous
  • EP1560501 B1 describes a preparation made from lupins which is fermented with lactic acid bacteria to compensate for the negative plant taste, has a diacetyl content and a lactic acid content. Instructions for obtaining soy protein preparations with good functional and sensory properties are not described in EP1560501.
  • the object of the present invention was to provide a protein preparation from soybeans, which has good functional properties and has a largely neutral aroma profile, and a method for
  • the plant protein preparation according to the invention contains a mixture of the main component (mass fraction greater than 40%, preferably greater than 55%, particularly preferably greater than 65%)
  • Proteins and / or constituents of proteins i.e. Peptides and / or amino acids, from soybeans.
  • the mass fraction of this mixture in the vegetable protein preparation is preferably ⁇ 90%.
  • proteins are understood to be polypeptides which have a number of connected amino acids greater than 100
  • Plant protein preparation according to the invention the proteins and peptides are present in a certain ratio, which can be characterized by their molecular weight distribution.
  • the molecular weight distribution is determined by SDS-PAGE (sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis).
  • SDS-PAGE sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
  • the molecular weight distribution of the proteins and peptides in the preparation according to the invention has the following distribution of the molecular weight size classes.
  • the vegetable protein preparation also contains a proportion of saccharides of 2-40%, preferably 10-30%, particularly preferably 20-25%.
  • the saccharides are representatives from the group of the mono- and / or di- and / or oligosaccharides with up to 4 monomer units.
  • Amino acids from the corresponding size class ranges of the soy protein without a share of saccharides
  • saccharides preferably mono- and / or disaccharides
  • the taste-improving effect of saccharides is all the more
  • the proportion of saccharide to over 20% is surprisingly shown that despite a significant decrease in the proportion of functional protein and peptide in the preparation, no negative effect on the functional properties per gram of vegetable protein preparation is discernible.
  • Plant protein preparation becomes a protein fraction of the
  • Soybeans are provided in an aqueous suspension which contains a mixture of proteins and / or constituents of proteins of the soybeans.
  • the mixture is subjected to hydrolysis to obtain the desired molecular weight distribution of proteins and peptides in the protein fraction.
  • This can be, for example, an enzymatic, an acidic or also a thermal hydrolysis. Over the duration of this hydrolysis, the selected temperature or the
  • Concentration of acid or enzymes can contribute to the
  • Proteins / peptides with molecular weights of less than 20 kDa can be controlled.
  • the plant protein preparation has a mass fraction of between 2 and 40% of the saccharides in the plant protein preparation after drying.
  • aqueous suspension is finally at a
  • proteins and peptides separated. These are proteins and peptides that can be dissolved in water at 20 ° C and at a pH of 4.5 from a mechanically comminuted soybean (flakes or flour). This
  • Plant protein preparation according to the invention are, in addition to the ingredients mentioned, other components in the
  • Plant protein preparation contain or are at the
  • the organic compound preferably from the group of homo- and heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria.
  • the organic compound preferably from the group of homo- and heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria.
  • Acids which are formed by the microorganisms or the corresponding salts are added directly to the protein / peptide / amino acid mixture. However, the addition of the microorganisms is preferred.
  • Emulsifying and foaming power can vary depending on the contained Quantity can be reduced by half or even more.
  • An advantageous embodiment of the method carried out with microorganisms is the mixture of differently treated parts of the hydrolyzed suspension.
  • the aqueous suspension is added
  • Soy proteins and peptides undergo hydrolysis to achieve the desired molecular weight distribution of proteins and
  • the second step is a
  • Suspension in at least two parts is mixed with more microorganisms and saccharides than a second part, which is advantageously not mixed with microorganisms at all. After the desired duration of the fermentative treatment of the part that contains more microorganisms, the two parts are mixed again. This leads to advantages in the
  • microorganisms in or the growth of microorganisms in plant protein preparations often has the disadvantage that due to the long contact of the proteins and peptides with acid, for example lactic acid, and through thermal inactivation of the microorganisms e.g. by
  • Microorganisms between 1 and 1000 mg per kg of dry matter of the vegetable protein preparation, advantageously between 1 and 100 mg / kg, particularly advantageously between 10 and 50 mg / kg.
  • the saccharides are not mixed in dry form in a dry plant protein preparation, but instead from aqueous solution together with the above-mentioned soy proteins / peptides from the corresponding molecular weight size.
  • Classes are dried.
  • inlet temperatures> 120 ° C., advantageously> 150 ° C., particularly advantageously> 170 ° C. and outlet temperatures of 50-100 ° C. should be chosen, since at high temperatures
  • the proportion of HMF in the preparation according to the invention is, depending on the sugar content and the drying temperature, between 0.5 mg / kg dry substance (TS) and 600 mg / kg TS, advantageously between 0.5 and 400 mg / kg, particularly
  • Spray drying after adding saccharides and / or lactic acid results in a high proportion on aggregates made up of many individual particles, whereby in
  • dried preparation contains more than 10% by mass, advantageously more than 20% by mass, particularly advantageously more than 50% by mass, of aggregates which consist of more than 20 connected individual particles with a diameter larger than lym, advantageously more than 50 individual particles, particularly advantageously more than 100 individual particles (FIG. 1).
  • aggregates which consist of more than 20 connected individual particles with a diameter larger than lym, advantageously more than 50 individual particles, particularly advantageously more than 100 individual particles (FIG. 1).
  • lactic acid which can be achieved by increased addition or by fermentation with a duration of more than 12 hours, advantageously more than 24 hours, even more than 10% by mass, advantageously more than 20%, are formed.
  • % particularly advantageously more than 50% by mass of aggregates consisting of more than 10,000 individual particles (FIG. 2).
  • the proportion of aggregates that consist of more than 20 individual particles in saccharide-free preparations is clearly below 10% by mass (FIG. 3).
  • Fig. 1 An electron micrograph of a
  • soy protein preparation according to the invention with a saccharide content of 20% by mass and a proportion of lactic acid less than 1.0% by mass;
  • Fig. 2 An electron micrograph of a
  • soy protein preparation according to the invention with a saccharide content of 3% by mass and a proportion of lactic acid of approximately 2% by mass;
  • Fig. 3 An electron micrograph of a
  • This proportion of aggregates of many individual particles in the preparation has the advantage that the preparation can be dispersed in water much more easily than fine isolated particles without saccharides (as in FIG. 3). This is advantageous for the dosage of the preparation in production and for the Avoidance of dust development during dosing.
  • the aggregates formed can be shredded again by mechanical processes (grinding, flaking, ). Nevertheless, mechanical processes
  • the drying temperature in an inhomogeneous bulk material or drying bed in a dryer is not easy to determine, the above temperature is understood to mean the maximum temperature that prevails during drying in the dryer and with which the vegetable protein to be dried prepares in contact during the drying process occurs.
  • the product outlet temperature can be the highest temperature when drying with microwaves or the inlet temperature with which a heat transfer medium (e.g.
  • the emulsifying capacity is still above 400 ml oil / g, advantageously above 500 ml oil / g, particularly advantageously above 650 ml oil / g, the foam activity is above 700% , advantageously over 1000%, particularly advantageously over 1700% and the protein solubility at pH 7 above 30%, advantageously above 50%, particularly advantageously above 65%.
  • the color of the plant protein preparation according to the invention is also very appealing despite the high temperatures.
  • the plant protein preparation according to the invention according to the
  • the a * value is advantageously in the range 0 to 2 and the b * value in
  • Range 7 to 15 which gives the preparation a pleasantly light, beige-yellowish appearance and the use in
  • color-sensitive food applications such as Drinks, yogurt or cream makes it possible.
  • demineralized water is the L * value of a sample amount of 30 g when filled into a beaker with a
  • Plant protein preparations are perceived as particularly attractive.
  • Plant protein preparations changed significantly. This Change is mostly described as positive.
  • the significantly improved sensor technology and the significant reduction in plant-typical flavors also make it possible to ensure the required functionality even in the event of a reduction in the functionality of the vegetable protein preparation due to the thermal stress during drying due to a higher proportion of the vegetable protein preparation in a food formulation can be produced without negative sensory effects (e.g. bean aroma, bitter taste) in the food.
  • the plant protein preparation is therefore advantageously more than 2%, particularly advantageously more than 3% in the
  • diacetyl which can occur during lactic acid fermentation, creates a milk-like aroma profile. Together with the neutral sensory properties according to the invention, particularly appealing milk substitute products can be produced.
  • the D90 value (90% of the number of particles are smaller than the value) should advantageously be less than 20 ⁇ m, particularly advantageously less than 10 ⁇ m, particularly
  • the Particle size can be adjusted during spray drying by droplet size and protein / peptide concentration in the aqueous suspension to be dried.
  • the flow rate in the nozzle can be varied or the nozzle geometry or with the help of other specific settings of the dryer which affect the droplet size.
  • the plant protein preparation according to the invention is also characterized in that the allergenic potential of the soy proteins is significantly reduced. So showed in
  • Sandwich-ELISA a reduction in the binding of antibodies compared to a comparison protein preparation obtained from soybeans by means of aqueous extraction and drying, i.e. a protein preparation obtained without hydrolysis and without the addition of other substances such as sugar, microorganisms or lactic acid.
  • the binding of the plant protein preparation according to the invention is between 10 and 90%, preferably between 40 and 90%, particularly preferably between 60 and 90% reduced with regard to the binding of specific antibodies to the two amino acid sequences DEGE and DANIEL contained in the Glym5 protein (symbols after One-letter code for amino acids), whereby in the event that one or both sequences are no longer contained in the protein, no more binding
  • Soy allergy sufferers were ⁇ 3 mm, preferably ⁇ 2 mm, particularly preferably ⁇ 1 mm, whereas a prick test with a largely untreated standard soy protein preparation revealed wheal sizes> 4 mm, preferably> 5 mm, in the same patients.
  • the plant protein preparation according to the invention is advantageously incorporated into foods such as, for example, emulsions such as cream, milk, yogurt, sausage and others, in gels such as
  • pet food is advantageous because the low herbal aroma impression is also preferred by dogs and cats. It also makes sense in the area of livestock nutrition in order to achieve good growth rates due to the proportion of easily digestible hydrolyzed protein.
  • a soy protein fraction was provided which was flocculated with water at pH 7.5 and deoiled with hexane
  • Soybeans were extracted and concentrated by precipitation at the isoelectric point.
  • the suspension obtained was neutralized and adjusted to a protein content of 5%.
  • Example 2 A 5% suspension of a soy protein fraction as described in Example 1 was provided. This was followed by enzymatic hydrolysis with an endo-peptidase and an exopeptidase in order to obtain the desired molecular weight distribution of proteins and peptides, pasteurization at 90 ° C., the addition of sucrose to one
  • Protein sucrose ratio of 5: 1 and the addition of Lactic acid up to a lactic acid concentration of 3% based on the TS content of the protein fraction used.
  • the preparation was then dried in a hot air stream at 170 ° C. to a residual moisture of 10%.
  • the preparation obtained had an appealing sensory profile with a slightly acidic note and a slight caramel note. There were comparable functional ones
  • a strain of a lactobacillus was added to the suspension of hydrolyzed soy protein according to Example 2 with a protein: sucrose ratio of 5: 1 in a concentration of 10 L 8 colony-forming units per gram (CFU / g)
  • the plant protein preparation obtained had an appealing sensory profile with a slightly sour, cheesy and milky note and a slight caramel note and had the following techno-functional properties:
  • Plant protein preparation uses the following determination methods:
  • the protein content is defined as the content which is calculated from the determination of the nitrogen (N) and its multiplication by the factor 6.25.
  • the protein content is e.g. B. in percent based on dry matter (TS).
  • the molecular weight distribution is mean
  • Protein solubility of x% means that x% of that in the Plant protein preparation protein found in the cleared supernatant can be found if the method mentioned is used.
  • the water binding capacity can e.g. B. be given in ml / g, i.e. Milliliters of demineralized bound water added in excess (1:20) per gram of plant protein preparation. It is the weight of the sediment saturated with water [g] minus the weight of the
  • Weight of the sediment saturated with water or of the vegetable protein preparation saturated with water is determined by weighing the centrifuge glass back.
  • the oil binding capacity is e.g. B. in ml / g, d. H.
  • the unbound oil is determined by means of the graduation of the centrifuge tube.
  • the emulsifying capacity is defined as the maximum oil absorption capacity
  • Conductivity during phase inversion and is e.g. expressed in ml of oil / g, d. H. Milliliters of emulsified oil per gram
  • the foam activity is given in percent, measured as the increase in volume of a 5% vegetable protein preparation dispersion, pH 7, on impact for 8 minutes at level 3 (591 U / mm) in a Hobart 50N standard food processor
  • the foam stability is given in percent, measured as the remaining volume of 100 ml of foam within one hour after the opening of a 5% sample suspension, pH 7.8 at level 3 (591 rpm) in a Hobart 50N standard food processor (steel kettle with 5 liter content) with whisk (wire whisk).
  • the immunoreactivity is by means of determination methods
  • Prick test The prick test is used to demonstrate a so-called type I allergy. Here, a defined allergen extract is dripped onto the skin and this is then slightly pricked with a lancet so that the respective substance can penetrate the epidermis. The test reaction is read after 20 min in comparison to a positive control with histamine, an active ingredient-free negative control. An average wheal diameter of> 3 mm is considered a positive test reaction for the prick test, and> 5 mm for the intracutaneous test (guideline of the German Society for Allergology and Clinical Immunology, DGAKI).
  • the microorganisms can be quantified using microscopic methods or by quantifying the DNA strands of the microorganisms contained in the plant protein preparation.
  • the DNA strands are quantified using a molecular biological method which is based on the
  • Quantitative PCR is known. The amount of DNA in the residue is determined using quantitative PCR and can therefore be determined using the number of cells originally used
  • the dry mass of the microorganisms can be derived from this.
  • Suspension [CFU / ml] is carried out under sterile conditions by plating on selective nutrient media.
  • a decimal dilution series of the sample containing lactic acid bacteria is prepared in Ringer's solution up to the dilution level at which a colony number between 10 and 300 CFU is achieved. 100 m ⁇ each of the corresponding
  • Dilution level is on an MRS agar plate
  • the plates are pipetted and distributed by circular movements with the help of a Drigalski spatula. Depending on the type of germ, the plates are incubated aerobically or anaerobically for 2-3 days at the germ-specific incubation temperature.
  • the perceivable color is by means of CIE-L * a * b * - color measurement under standardized lighting conditions
  • the a * axis describes the green or red component and the b * axis the blue or yellow component.
  • Plant protein preparation and a suitable one
  • Examples of taste or aroma impressions to be tested are: - bean taste compared to soybeans;
  • Peppers or green peas are Peppers or green peas
  • the HMF and the stretch aldehydes (3-methylbutanal, 2-methylbutanal, methional, benzaldehyde and 2-phenylacetaldehyde) of the solvent phase are gas chromato
  • GC-FID flame ionization detector

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Food Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • Nutrition Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Peptides Or Proteins (AREA)
  • Medicines Containing Plant Substances (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne une préparation de protéines végétales provenant de fèves de soja présentant des propriétés fonctionnelles améliorées, ainsi qu'un procédé pour sa préparation La préparation présente un mélange de protéines et/ou de constituants de protéines et une proportion de saccharides du groupe des monosaccharides, des disaccharides et/ou des oligosaccharides présentant jusqu'à 4 motifs monomères. Le mélange de protéines et/ou de constituants de protéines présente une distribution donnée des poids moléculaires de protéines et de peptides, dans laquelle une proportion massique entre 50 et 100 % présente un poids moléculaire < 20 kDa, une proportion massique entre 0 et 30 % présente un poids moléculaire entre 20 kDa et 45 kDa et une proportion massique entre 0 et 20 % présente un poids moléculaire > 45 kDa. La préparation présente de bonnes propriétés technofonctionnelles et un profil d'arôme et de saveur neutre agréable.
EP19748485.0A 2018-07-30 2019-07-23 Préparation de protéines végétales contenant du sucre présentant des propriétés fonctionnelles particulières Pending EP3829319A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102018118339 2018-07-30
PCT/EP2019/069778 WO2020025391A1 (fr) 2018-07-30 2019-07-23 Préparation de protéines végétales contenant du sucre présentant des propriétés fonctionnelles particulières

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP3829319A1 true EP3829319A1 (fr) 2021-06-09

Family

ID=67513485

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP19748485.0A Pending EP3829319A1 (fr) 2018-07-30 2019-07-23 Préparation de protéines végétales contenant du sucre présentant des propriétés fonctionnelles particulières

Country Status (3)

Country Link
US (1) US20210307357A1 (fr)
EP (1) EP3829319A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2020025391A1 (fr)

Family Cites Families (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20050079259A1 (en) * 2000-11-30 2005-04-14 Kraft Foods Holdings, Inc. Enzymatic process to produce highly functional soy protein from crude soy material
EP1410719A1 (fr) 2002-10-16 2004-04-21 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. Composition protéique obtenue par voie biotechnologique, procédé pour la préparation et utilisation comme additif alimentaire
US7332192B2 (en) * 2004-12-17 2008-02-19 Solae, Llc Soy protein isolate
WO2008089734A1 (fr) * 2007-01-23 2008-07-31 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. Procédé de modification du profil aromatique d'une préparation protéique végétale
CN101868153A (zh) * 2007-11-23 2010-10-20 荷兰联合利华有限公司 发酵的大豆基饮料
CA2765745C (fr) 2009-06-30 2019-02-05 Burcon Nutrascience (Mb) Corp. Preparation d'isolat de proteine de soja a l'aide d'extraction au chlorure de calcium (« s703 »)
KR20180130530A (ko) * 2016-04-08 2018-12-07 프라운호퍼 게젤샤프트 쭈르 푀르데룽 데어 안겐반텐 포르슝 에. 베. 콩류 또는 오일 시드로부터의 테크노 기능성 식물 단백질 분획

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Publication number Publication date
US20210307357A1 (en) 2021-10-07
WO2020025391A1 (fr) 2020-02-06

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