EP3804551A1 - Sohle für einen schuh - Google Patents

Sohle für einen schuh Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3804551A1
EP3804551A1 EP20206640.3A EP20206640A EP3804551A1 EP 3804551 A1 EP3804551 A1 EP 3804551A1 EP 20206640 A EP20206640 A EP 20206640A EP 3804551 A1 EP3804551 A1 EP 3804551A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
shoe
midsole
sole
outsole
expanded
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
EP20206640.3A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
John Whiteman
Angus Wardlaw
Heiko Schlarb
James Michael Tarrier
Paul Leonard Michael Smith
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Adidas AG
Original Assignee
Adidas AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Adidas AG filed Critical Adidas AG
Publication of EP3804551A1 publication Critical patent/EP3804551A1/de
Pending legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A43—FOOTWEAR
    • A43B—CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF FOOTWEAR; PARTS OF FOOTWEAR
    • A43B13/00—Soles; Sole-and-heel integral units
    • A43B13/02—Soles; Sole-and-heel integral units characterised by the material
    • A43B13/12—Soles with several layers of different materials
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A43—FOOTWEAR
    • A43B—CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF FOOTWEAR; PARTS OF FOOTWEAR
    • A43B1/00—Footwear characterised by the material
    • A43B1/0009—Footwear characterised by the material made at least partially of alveolar or honeycomb material
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A43—FOOTWEAR
    • A43B—CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF FOOTWEAR; PARTS OF FOOTWEAR
    • A43B1/00—Footwear characterised by the material
    • A43B1/02—Footwear characterised by the material made of fibres or fabrics made therefrom
    • A43B1/04—Footwear characterised by the material made of fibres or fabrics made therefrom braided, knotted, knitted or crocheted
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A43—FOOTWEAR
    • A43B—CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF FOOTWEAR; PARTS OF FOOTWEAR
    • A43B13/00—Soles; Sole-and-heel integral units
    • A43B13/02—Soles; Sole-and-heel integral units characterised by the material
    • A43B13/12—Soles with several layers of different materials
    • A43B13/122—Soles with several layers of different materials characterised by the outsole or external layer
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A43—FOOTWEAR
    • A43B—CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF FOOTWEAR; PARTS OF FOOTWEAR
    • A43B13/00—Soles; Sole-and-heel integral units
    • A43B13/02—Soles; Sole-and-heel integral units characterised by the material
    • A43B13/12—Soles with several layers of different materials
    • A43B13/125—Soles with several layers of different materials characterised by the midsole or middle layer
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A43—FOOTWEAR
    • A43B—CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF FOOTWEAR; PARTS OF FOOTWEAR
    • A43B13/00—Soles; Sole-and-heel integral units
    • A43B13/14—Soles; Sole-and-heel integral units characterised by the constructive form
    • A43B13/18—Resilient soles
    • A43B13/187—Resiliency achieved by the features of the material, e.g. foam, non liquid materials

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a sole for a shoe, in particular a sports shoe.
  • shoe soles By means of soles, shoes are provided with a plethora of properties which can be pronounced in various strengths, depending on the specific type of shoe.
  • shoe soles typically have a protective function. They protect the foot of the respective wearer, due to their increased stiffness compared to the shoe shaft, against injuries caused by, e.g., sharp objects on which the wearer may tread.
  • the shoe sole due to an increased abrasion resistance, usually protects the shoe against excessive wear.
  • shoe soles can improve the grip of the shoe on the respective ground and thus enable faster movements.
  • a further function of a shoe sole can consist in its providing certain stability.
  • a shoe sole can have a cushioning effect, for example, by absorbing the forces occurring during contact of the shoe with the ground.
  • a shoe sole can protect the foot from dirt and spray water or provide a plurality of other functionalities.
  • shoe soles In order to satisfy this plethora of functionalities, different materials are known from the prior art from which shoe soles can be manufactured. Exemplarily, shoe soles made from ethylene-vinyl-acetate (EVA), thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), rubber, polypropylene (PP) or polystyrene (PS) are mentioned here.
  • EVA ethylene-vinyl-acetate
  • TPU thermoplastic polyurethane
  • PP polypropylene
  • PS polystyrene
  • TPU for example, is very abrasion-resistant and tear-proof.
  • EVA distinguishes itself by a high stability and a relatively good cushioning effect.
  • eTPU expanded thermoplastic urethane
  • WO 2005/066250 A1 describes methods for the manufacture of shoes whose shoe shaft is adhesively connected to a sole on the basis of foamed thermoplastic urethane. Expanded thermoplastic urethane distinguishes itself by a low weight and particularly good elasticity and cushioning properties.
  • the increased shear capacity can also be undesired in specific regions of the sole, since these regions precisely serve to stabilize the foot. Furthermore, an increased shear capacity, e.g. in the area of the toes or of the midfoot, can give the wearer a sensation of slipping of the shoe during running, which can reduce the wear comfort.
  • sole constructions are known from the prior art, e.g. from DE 102 44 433 B4 and DE 102 44 435 B4 , which can absorb in a way that does not strain the joints a part of the shear forces occurring during running.
  • a disadvantage of these constructions consists in the fact that such soles are composed of several independent individual parts, have a fairly high weight and are expensive and complex in manufacture.
  • US 2005/0150132 A1 discloses footwear (e.g., shoes, sandals, boots, etc.) that is constructed with small beads stuffed into the footbed, so that the beads can shift about due to pressure on the footbed by the user's foot during normal use.
  • US 7,673,397 B2 discloses an article of footwear with support assembly having a plate and indentations formed therein.
  • US 8,082,684 B2 discloses a sole unit for a shoe having at least one decoupling track between regions of sole unit allowing for the decoupling of the regions in response to forces from foot-ground contact.
  • DE 10 2011108 744 A1 discloses a method for the manufacture of a sole or part of a sole for a shoe.
  • WO 2007/082838 A1 discloses foams based on thermoplastic polyurethanes.
  • US 2011/0047720 A1 discloses a method of manufacturing a sole assembly for an article of footwear.
  • WO 2006/015440 A1 discloses a method of forming a composite material.
  • a sole for a shoe in particular a sports shoe, comprising a cushioning element which comprises randomly arranged particles of an expanded material.
  • the sole further comprises a control element free from expanded material, wherein the control element reduces shearing motions in a first region of the cushioning element compared to shearing motions in a second region of the cushioning element.
  • a cushioning element comprising expanded material is particularly advantageous for the construction of a shoe sole, since this material is very light, but is able, at the same time, to absorb the shock energy when the foot treads on the ground and to restore it to the runner. This increases the running efficiency and reduces the (vertical) impact burden upon the movement apparatus.
  • a further advantage is provided by the use of randomly arranged particles of the expanded material. These considerably facilitate the manufacture of such a sole, since the particles a particularly easy to handle and, due to their random arrangement, no orientation is necessary during manufacture.
  • control element allowing for selectively controlling the shear capacity of the cushioning element furthermore allows for constructing soles that can also absorb and/or cushion horizontal shear forces which otherwise would have a direct impact on the movement apparatus, in particular the joints. This further increases the wear comfort of the shoe and the efficiency of the runner and prevents at the same time from injuries and wear of the joints. Since this control element is preferably free from expanded material, is has sufficient strength for complying with its control function.
  • the particles of expanded material comprise one or more of the following materials: expanded ethylene-vinyl-acetate (eEVA), expanded thermoplastic urethane (eTPU), expanded polypropylene (ePP), expanded polyamide (ePA), expanded polyether block amide (ePEBA), expanded polyoxymethylene (ePOM), expanded polystyrene (PS), expanded polyethylene (ePE), expanded polyoxyethylene (ePOE), expanded ethylene propylene diene monomer (eEPDM).
  • eEVA expanded ethylene-vinyl-acetate
  • eTPU expanded thermoplastic urethane
  • ePP expanded polypropylene
  • ePA expanded polyamide
  • ePEBA expanded polyether block amide
  • ePOM expanded polyoxymethylene
  • PS expanded polystyrene
  • ePE expanded polyethylene
  • ePOE expanded polyoxyethylene
  • eEPDM expanded ethylene propylene diene monomer
  • control element comprises one or more of the following materials: rubber, non-expanded thermoplastic urethane, textile materials, PEBA as well as foils and foil-like materials.
  • the first region of the cushioning element comprises a higher intrinsic shear resistance than the second region of the cushioning element.
  • control element has, in a first control region which influences the shearing motion of the cushioning element in the first region, a greater thickness and/or fewer holes than in a second control region which influences the shearing motion of the cushioning element in the second region. Based on the thickness and the number and size of the holes, etc., the bending and deformation resistance of the control element can be determined, for example. These properties of the control element can, for their part, influence the shear and the bending capacity of the different regions of the cushioning element.
  • the cushioning element is provided as a component of a midsole.
  • the control element is provided as a part of an outsole.
  • the number of different functional components of the sole and the shoe can be minimized and, at the same time, the adaption and control possibilities of the sole properties can be increased.
  • additional composite materials such as adhesives for bonding the different elements of the sole and the shoe are not required. Consequently, the manufacture of the shoe is eventually more cost-effective together with improved functionality and furthermore offers improved recycling possibilities, since materials of common material classes are preferably used.
  • the outsole comprises a decoupling region that is not directly attached to the second region of the cushioning element of the midsole.
  • this enables to further influence and/or increase the shear capacity of the sole.
  • a control element provided as a part of an outsole can be bonded by a gel or the like to a cushioning element provided as a part of a midsole. The gel allows a further shearing effect between the control element and the cushioning element and thus allows absorbing higher shear forces.
  • control element and the cushioning element can be manufactured from materials of a common material class, in particular from thermoplastic urethane.
  • a common material class in particular from thermoplastic urethane.
  • the first region is located in the medial region of the midfoot and the second region in the lateral region of the heel.
  • the shear forces occurring during running are especially produced when the foot contacts the ground. This happens typically with the lateral region of the heel. For this reason, a good shear capacity of the sole for absorbing the shear forces is desirable there. In the medial region of the foot, however, a supporting effect and increased stability are often desired. This allows a better pushing the foot off the ground and can furthermore prevent a pronation of the foot which can lead to irritations and injuries.
  • control element further increases the bending resistance of the cushioning element in the first region compared to the second region.
  • a control element designed as a part of an outsole can provide this functionality.
  • the sole comprises a frame made from non-expanded material, in particular from ethylene-vinyl-acetate, which surrounds at least a part of the cushioning element.
  • a frame made from non-expanded material, in particular from ethylene-vinyl-acetate, which surrounds at least a part of the cushioning element.
  • the cushioning element allows a shearing motion of a lower sole surface relative to an upper sole surface in longitudinal direction of more than 1 mm, preferably more than 1.5 mm and particularly preferably more than 2 mm. These values offer a good balance between a sufficient stability of the shoe sole and a high absorption capacity for horizontal shear forces.
  • control element is laser-cut from a blank.
  • control element can be provided in form as an outsole, or part of an outsole, which is laser-cut from a blank.
  • the blank may be provided as a material layer comprising, for example, one or more of the materials suitable for the manufacture of a control element/outsole mentioned above. It is also possible, for example, that the blanks are provided in different sizes, thickness, with predefined holes, bulges, etc. and they may also comprise the general outline of a foot or sole.
  • Laser-cutting the control element can provide for a large freedom in design for the control element. It can also provide for the opportunity of an individual customization of the control element, sole and shoe. It may, for example, allow for numerous fashion designs, an individualization of each sole or shoe. The customization may be sport specific or according to typical movements of a customer or otherwise customer related. Furthermore, the laser-cutting may automated to a large degree and maybe based on, e.g., online tools or other ordering methods.
  • a further aspect of the present invention relates to a shoe, in particular a sports shoe, with a sole according to one or more of the preceding embodiments of the invention.
  • individual aspects of the mentioned embodiments of the invention can be advantageously combined with one another, depending on the requirement profile for the sole and the shoe. Furthermore, it is possible to leave single aspects aside, if these should be irrelevant for the respective purpose of the shoe.
  • present invention relating to sports shoes are described. It is, however, emphasized that the present invention is not limited to these embodiments.
  • the present invention can, for example, also be used for safety shoes, casual shoes, trekking shoes, golf shoes, winter shoes or other shoes as well as for protective clothing and paddings in sports apparel and sports equipment.
  • Fig. 1 shows a sole 100 according to an aspect of the present invention.
  • the sole 100 comprises a cushioning element 110 which comprises randomly arranged particles of an expanded material, as well as a control element 130 which selectively influences the shear capacity of the cushioning element.
  • the cushioning element 110 is provided, as shown in Fig.i, as a midsole or a part of the midsole, respectively.
  • the cushioning element 110 comprises randomly arranged particles of an expanded material.
  • the whole cushioning element 110 consists of expanded material.
  • different expanded materials, or mixtures of several different expanded materials can be used in various partial regions of the cushioning element 110.
  • only one or more partial regions of the cushioning element 110 consist of expanded material, while the rest of the cushioning element 110 consists of non-expanded material.
  • a cushioning element 110 can comprise a central region of particles of one or more expanded materials, said central region being surrounded by a frame of non-expanded material in order to increase the form stability of the sole.
  • a cushioning element 110 with the desired cushioning and stability properties can be manufactured.
  • the particles of the expanded material can, in particular, comprise one or more of the following materials: expanded ethylene-vinyl-acetate (eEVA), expanded thermoplastic urethane (eTPU), expanded polypropylene (ePP), expanded polyamide (ePA), expanded polyether block amide (ePEBA), expanded polyoxymethylene (ePOM), expanded polystyrene (PS), expanded polyethylene (ePE), expanded polyoxyethylene (ePOE), expanded ethylene propylene diene monomer (eEPDM).
  • eEVA expanded ethylene-vinyl-acetate
  • eTPU expanded thermoplastic urethane
  • ePP expanded polypropylene
  • ePA expanded polyamide
  • ePEBA expanded polyether block amide
  • ePOM expanded polyoxymethylene
  • PS expanded polystyrene
  • ePE expanded polyethylene
  • ePOE expanded ethylene propylene diene monomer
  • eEPDM expanded ethylene propylene diene monomer
  • eTPU is very elastic and restores the energy stored during compression, e.g. when treading on the ground, almost entirely to the foot during subsequent expansion.
  • EVA for example, distinguishes itself by great strength and is therefore suitable, e.g., for the construction of a frame which surrounds regions of expanded material or the whole cushioning element 110, so as to give the cushioning element 110 high form stability.
  • cushioning element 110 further allows for providing cushioning elements 110 comprising regions with different intrinsic shear resistances.
  • control element 130 is provided as an outsole or as a part of an outsole.
  • the control element 130 here preferably comprises one or more of the following materials: rubber, non-expanded thermoplastic urethane, textile materials, PEBA as well as foils or foil-like materials.
  • the cushioning element 110 and the control element 130 are manufactured from materials of a common material class, in particular expanded and/or non-expanded thermoplastic urethane. This significantly simplifies the manufacturing process, as, for example, the cushioning element 110 and the control element 130 can be provided as one integral piece in a single mold without additional use of adhesives.
  • the control element In order to selectively influence the shear behavior of the cushioning element 110, the control element has a number of protrusions 132 which are different in size, hardness and expansion, elevations or bulges 135 of different lengths, thicknesses and structures, as well as openings and recesses 138 with different diameters. By varying these design possibilities, the influence exerted by the control element 130 on the shear behavior of the cushioning element 110 can be selectively controlled.
  • Figs. i6a-b show an embodiment 1600 of a sole 1610 according to the invention for a shoe which comprises a cushioning element 1630 provided as a midsole and which comprises randomly arranged particles 1635 of an expanded material.
  • Fig. 16a shows the unloaded state
  • Fig. 16b shows the loaded state after touching 1650 the ground.
  • the sole 1610 further comprises a control element 1620 provided as an outsole and which comprises a number of protrusions 1622 as well as a number of recesses/depressions 1628.
  • the material of the control element 1620 preferably has a higher strength/ stiffness than the material of the midsole 1630.
  • control element 1620 can be provided as a foil onto which the protrusions 1622 can be selectively applied.
  • the control element 1620 can be a foil from TPU onto which protrusions 1622 also made from TPU can be applied.
  • Such a preferred embodiment has the advantage that the foil and the protrusions, for example, can enter into a chemical bond without using additional bonding agents and which is extremely stable and resistant.
  • the control element comprises other/additional materials.
  • the protrusions 1622 press into the material of the midsole 1630, since the material of the control element 1620, as already mentioned, is preferably of a higher stiffness/strength than the material of the midsole 1630. Thereby, regions 1660 and 1670 are formed in which the material of the midsole 1630 is compressed to varying degrees.
  • the material of the midsole in the regions 1670, in which the protrusions 1622 press under load into the midsole 1630, is compressed to a higher degree than in the regions 1660, in which the control element comprises recesses/depressions 1628.
  • the different compressions of the midsole material caused thereby selectively influence the stretching and/or shear capacity of the midsole material in the corresponding regions 1660 and 1670.
  • the stretching capacity of the midsole material decreases in the further compressed regions 1670 compared to the less compressed regions 1660.
  • the stretching and/or shear capacity of the midsole 1630 can be selectively activated or suppressed in individual partial regions by means of different designs of the control element 1620 with varied protrusions 1622.
  • the protrusions 1622 can be of varied design.
  • the protrusions 1622 can be pointed, cone-shaped or pyramid-shaped, the protrusions 1622 can be cylindrical, they can be hemispherical, the control element 1620 can be wave-like and so forth.
  • the protrusions 1622 here serve as a kind of anchor points which allow for a targeted local compression of the midsole material. Widely spaced protrusions 1622 here allow, for example, for greater stretching movements of the midsole materials than closer spaced protrusions 1622.
  • the shear capacity of the midsole 1630 can also be selectively influenced thereby.
  • Fig. 17 shows a particularly preferred embodiment 1700 of a sole 1710 according to the invention that comprises a cushioning element 1730 provided as a midsole and which comprises randomly arranged particles 1735 of an expanded material, in unloaded state.
  • the sole 1710 further comprises a control element 1720 provided as an outsole, said control element comprising a number of protrusions 1722 and a number of recesses/depressions 1728.
  • the material of the control element 1720 here preferably has a higher strength/stiffness than the material of the midsole 1730.
  • control element 1720 designed in such a way can be introduced without any problem into a mold used for manufacture, during the manufacturing process.
  • Fig. 18 schematically shows further embodiments of control elements 1800a, 1800b, 1800c and 1800d according to the invention.
  • the embodiments 1800a, 1800b, 1800c and 1800d preferably provided as an outsole or parts thereof, comprise a number of protrusions 1810 as well as depressions and/or reinforcing elevations 1820 which can, for example, connect two protrusions to each other.
  • the protrusions 1810 can comprise a number of different shapes, sizes, heights, etc., as already discussed above. The same applies to the depressions and/or reinforcing elevations 1820.
  • control elements 1800a, 1800b, 1800c and 1800d can be adapted to the sole according to the respective requirements in order to selectively influence the properties of the sole.
  • the depressions and/or reinforcing elevations 1820 need not perforce be arranged between two protrusions 1810, but serve as stand-alone possibilities to design control elements according to the invention.
  • such a reinforcing elevation can be advantageously used in the medial midfoot region (cf. 1455 ) in order to increase the stability of the sole there and to reduce the shear and stretching capacity of the midsole material in this region.
  • control element can, according to a further aspect of the invention, comprise additional functional elements, such as, e.g., a torsion- and/or reinforcing element and the like, as a component and be manufactured as one integral piece therewith.
  • additional functional elements such as, e.g., a torsion- and/or reinforcing element and the like, as a component and be manufactured as one integral piece therewith.
  • a control element can be provided as a complete outsole.
  • an outsole comprises a number of individual independent control elements which may also be connected to each other.
  • the first region which has a reduced shear capacity as compared to the second region, is located in the medial region of the midfoot, while the second region is located in the lateral region of the heel.
  • the control element 130 comprises in particular a stabilizing bulge 135 at the medial edge of the midfoot region, as well as a number of openings with a diameter increasing towards the heel and the tip of the foot.
  • the control element can also influence the bending resistance of the cushioning element.
  • the bending resistance of the control element 130 also influences the bending resistance of the cushioning element 110.
  • the bending resistance of the control element 130 depends, for example, on the above-mentioned design options of the control element 130. So, in the preferred embodiment shown in Fig. 1 , the bending resistance in the heel and toe region is lower than in the midfoot region which is stabilized by means of the reinforcing bulge 135.
  • the sole 100 further comprises a decoupling region 160.
  • the cushioning element 110 and the control element 130 are not directly connected to each other. In one embodiment, there is no connection at all between the cushioning element 110 and the control element 130 in this region.
  • the cushioning element 110 and the control element 130 are bonded in this region by means of a material which has a shear capacity. In a particularly preferred embodiment, this material with shear capacity comprises, for example, one or more of the following materials: eTPU, foamed material or a gel. This enables a further shearing motion of the cushioning element 110 with respect to the control element 130 and thus an additional possibility of influencing the shear behavior of the sole 100.
  • a decoupling region 160 is preferably located in the lateral heel region, since here, as will be shown further below in greater detail, the strongest shear forces occur during running.
  • Fig. 19 shows a cross-section in medial-lateral direction through an embodiment of a midsole 1900 according to the present invention comprising randomly arranged particles 1910 of an expanded material and which can be advantageously combined with the other aspects of the present invention described herein.
  • the whole midsole 1900 consists of expanded material. It is, however, clear to the skilled person that this is merely a specific example of a midsole 1900 according to the invention, and that in other embodiments only one or more partial regions of the midsole 1900 can comprise particles 1910 of expanded material.
  • the midsole further comprises a first plate element 1920 and a second plate element 1930 that can slide relative to each other. Particularly preferred is a design in which the plate elements 1920 and 1930 can perform a sliding movement in several directions.
  • the two plate elements 1920 and 1930 are completely surrounded by the material of the midsole 1900, particularly preferred by the expanded material 1910 of the midsole 1900. In other embodiments, however, the plate elements 1920 and 1930 are only partially surrounded by the material of the midsole 1900.
  • the two plate elements 1920 and 1930 are arranged, as shown in Fig. 19 , in the heel region of the midsole 1900 such that they are located directly opposite each other.
  • such an arrangement can, for example, absorb or reduce, respectively, the horizontal shear forces acting on the movement apparatus of the wearer when he treads on the ground. This prevents wear of the joints and injuries of the wearer, in particular when he/she is running/walking fast.
  • the arrangement shown can also be located in a different region of the midsole 1900, for example, in order to further support the rolling of the foot during a step.
  • the two plate elements 1920 and 1930 each comprise, in addition, a curved sliding surface.
  • the curvature of the two sliding surfaces is chosen such that the two sliding surfaces match positively.
  • the material of the midsole 1900 counteracts the sliding movement of the two plate elements 1920 and 1930 by a restoring force.
  • this restoring force is due to the fact that the two plate elements 1920 and 1930 are surrounded by the material of the midsole 1900, in particular the expanded material 1910 of the midsole 1900 , and that the material of the midsole 1900 is compressed by the movement of the first and the second plate element 1920 and 1930 , respectively, in the regions which are adjacent to the two plate elements 1920 and 1930 in the direction of the sliding movement. Due to the elastic properties of the material, in particular of the expanded material 1910 of the midsole 1900 , a restoring force is produced which counteracts the sliding movement of the first and the second plate element 1920, 1930, respectively, with no need for complicated mechanics to this effect.
  • Fig. 20 shows a cross-section in medial-lateral direction of a variation of the embodiment discussed just now with a midsole 2000 , which comprises randomly arranged particles 2010 of expanded material.
  • the midsole comprises a plate element 2020 and a second, sled-shaped element 2030.
  • the two elements 2020 , 2030 can perform a sliding movement relative to each other. Due to the sled-shaped design of the second element 2030 , a preferred direction for such a sliding movement is predetermined. In a preferred embodiment, however, there are voids 2040 between the first element 2020 and the second, sled-shaped element 2030 which also allow for small sliding movements of the two elements 2030 and 2040 relative to each other and which do not lie in the preferred direction mentioned above.
  • voids 2030 By adapting the size of the voids 2030 , the extent of such sliding movements which do not lie in the preferred direction can be individually adapted to the needs and requirements of the sole. So, very small voids 2040 allow for sliding movements of the two elements 2020 and 2030 almost exclusively in the preferred direction, which can lead to an increased stability of the sole. Larger voids 2040, however, facilitate noticeable sliding movements also in a non-preferred direction. This enables, for example, a better absorption of the horizontal shear forces by the sole when contacting the ground.
  • the cushioning element 110 further surrounds an element 120 at least partially, for example, a torsion or reinforcing element.
  • the element 120 has higher deformation stiffness than the expanded material of the cushioning element 110.
  • the element 120 hence can serve to further influence the elasticity- and also shear properties of the sole 100.
  • the element 120 can, for example, also be an element serving the optical design and/or an element for receiving an electronic component and/or an electronic component or any other functional element.
  • the element 120 serves to receive a further element, such as, e.g., an electronic component, then it has preferably a hollow region which is accessible from the outside.
  • a further element such as, e.g., an electronic component
  • the element 120 is not bonded, for example by an adhesive bond, with the cushioning element 110.
  • the element does not comprise, in a preferred embodiment, a bond with the expanded material of the cushioning material 110. Since the cushioning element 110 partially surrounds the element, such a bond for fixing the element 120 is not required. Therefore, also non-glueable materials can be used for manufacturing the shoe.
  • the element 120 can also be connected/bonded with the control element 130 in individual regions, for example by means of a bond such as, e.g., an adhesive bond, or be provided as one integral piece.
  • the sole 100 further comprises a heel clip 150.
  • the heel clip 150 comprises a lateral finger and a medial finger which independent from each other encompass the lateral and the medial side of the heel. This allows a good fixation of the foot on the sole 100 without at the same time excessively restraining the room to move of the foot.
  • the heel clip 150 further comprises a recess in the region of the Achilles' tendon. This prevents a chafing or rubbing in particular of the upper edge of the heel clip 150 on the Achilles' tendon in the region above the heel.
  • the heel clip 150 can further, be bonded, e.g. by a bond, to the control element 130 and/or the element 120 or be provided together with this as one integral piece.
  • Fig. 2 shows four different shoes 200, 220, 240 and 260 which were used for taking measurements of elasticity and shear properties of soles from various materials. The most important results of these measurements are summarized in the following Figs. 3a - 9 .
  • the shoe 200 is a shoe with an upper 205 as well as a shoe sole 210 and a sliding element 212, such as described, for example, in DE 102 44 433 B4 and DE 102 44 435 B4 .
  • the shoe 220 comprises an upper 225 as well as a midsole 230 from eTPU which is surrounded by a frame from EVA.
  • the EVA can, for example, be a compression molded 020 55C CMEVA which has a density of 0.2 g/cm ⁇ 3 and a hardness of 55asker C.
  • the shoe 240 comprises an upper 245 as well as a midsole 250 of EVA.
  • the shoe 260 comprises an upper 265 as well as a midsole 270 of eTPU.
  • Figs. 3a, 3b and 4 show the vertical (i.e. the direction from foot to ground) compression of the soles of eTPU (shoe 260) and EVA (shoe 240).
  • stages For measuring these and further discussed properties of the various materials and sole designs, for each measurement a large number (>100) of pictures, referred to as "stages", were taken in the course of a step cycle. These are continuously numbered starting from 1. For each measurement there is hence a one-to-one correspondence between the number or "stage” of a take and the point in time of this take within the respective step. However, it has to be noted that between different measurements there may be a certain time offset for the individual stages, i.e. the stages with an identical number from various measurements do not perforce correspond to the same point in time during the step measured in the respective measurement.
  • FIG. 3a and 3b show the compression in percent of the respective midsole regions compared to the unloaded state of the sole. As expected, no compression occurs in the forefoot region (cf. 320a, 320b) while the ground is touched by the heel. In the heel region, however, noticeable compressions are visible on the sole of eTPU ( cf . 310a). The measurements therefore show that eTPU yields significantly more strongly under vertical load than EVA. Furthermore, the energy stored during compression of the eTPU sole is essentially restored to the runner in the course of the step. This increases the running efficiency significantly.
  • Fig. 4 On the horizontal axis, the number of the respective stage, i.e. the time, is shown, and on the vertical axis, the vertical compression of the midsole is shown.
  • the measured values 410 for a sole 270 from eTPU are shown as well as the measured values 420 for a sole 250 from EVA.
  • the EVA midsole 250 can be depressed only by about 1.3 mm, while the eTPU midsole 270 can be depressed by about 4.3 mm.
  • the values of the vertical compression for eTPU compared to those of EVA range from 2:1 to 3:1, in some embodiments even above this.
  • Figs. 5a and 5b show the local material stretch of the midsole material compared to the unloaded state of the sole within the lateral side wall of the eTPU midsole 270 (measurement 500a) and the EVA midsole 250 (measurement 500b), also at a moment when the heel touches the ground.
  • the pictures of Figs. 5a and 5b indicate, however, also the direction of the material stretch in the form of stretch vectors. From the pictures, it can be seen that in the eTPU midsole 270, significantly greater material stretches occur than in the EVA midsole 250. This is due to the better shear capacity of eTPU compared to EVA.
  • eTPU is particularly appropriate for manufacturing a cushioning element for absorbing shear forces during running.
  • the material stretch with eTPU is 2 - 3 times higher than with EVA. More precisely, the material stretch of eTPU is on average a stretch of 6-7%; the maximum stretch is 8-9%; the material stretch for EVA is on average a stretch of 2%; the maximum stretch is 3-4%.
  • the measurements reveal that the material stretch in the lateral side wall of the eTPU midsole 270 and of the EVA midsole 250 follow the natural shape of the metatarsal arch during running, i.e. the shoe follows the rolling movement of the foot. This is advantageous for the wear comfort and fit of the foot.
  • Figs. 6a-6c show the measurements 610a, 610b and 610c of the relative offset of two measurement points in millimeters, which are each located at the opposite ends of the measurement sections 710a, 710b and 710c shown in Figs. 7a - 7c .
  • the measurements 610a 610b and 610c each comprise a complete step cycle.
  • the shoes used for the respective measurements are shown in a starting position.
  • Figs. 6a, 7a show the measurement results and the measurement points for a shoe 200 with a shoe sole 210 and a sliding element 212, as described in DE 102 44 433 B4 and DE 102 44 435 B4 .
  • Figs. 6b, 7b show the measurement results and the measurement points for a shoe 220 with a midsole 230 of eTPU and an EVA rim.
  • Figs. 6c, 7c show the measurement results and the measurement points for a shoe with an EVA sole 250.
  • the sliding element 212 of the shoe 200 and the eTPU sole with EVA rim 230 allow significantly greater offsets between the two measurement points than the EVA midsole 250. This means a better shear capacity of the lower midsole surface relative to the upper midsole surface and thus a better absorption capacity of the shear forces occurring during running.
  • the shoe 220 which is simpler in construction allows offset values of up to 2.5 mm (cf. Fig. 6b ), while the shoe 200 with the sliding element 212 allows only offset values of up to about 2 mm (cf. Fig. 6a ).
  • the shoe 240 with EVA midsole 250 allows only offset values of up to about 0.5 mm (cf. Fig. 6c ).
  • Figs. 8a - 8c show further measurements of the shear behavior of the shoe 200 with the sliding element 212 (measurement 800a ), of the shoe 220 with eTPU midsole with EVA rim 230 (measurement 800b ), and of the shoe 240 with EVA midsole 250 (measurement 800c ). What is shown is the local offset of the sole material compared to the unloaded state at a moment when the heel touches the ground.
  • shoe 200 with the sliding element 212 and the shoe 220 with eTPU midsole with EVA rim 230 have a substantially higher shear capacity in the region of the heel than the shoe 240 with EVA midsole 250.
  • Fig. 9 again shows measurement results of measurements of the shearing in the midsole material in longitudinal direction (AP direction) during a complete step cycle for four different shoes.
  • the curve 910 shows again the measurement results of Fig. 6a for the shoe 200 with the sliding element 212, with a maximum shearing of about 2 mm when the heel touches the ground.
  • the curve 930 again shows the measurement results of Fig. 6b for the shoe 220 with eTPU midsole with EVA rim 230 with a maximum shearing of about 2.5 mm during the touching of the ground by the heel.
  • the curve 940 again shows the measurement results of Fig. 6c for the shoe 240 with EVA midsole 250 with a maximum shearing of about 0.5 mm during the impacting on the ground with the heel.
  • the curve 920 finally, shows the measurement results of a measurement carried out in the same way for the shoe 260 with eTPU midsole 270 with a maximum shearing of about 1.8 mm during the touching of the ground by the heel.
  • shoe 260 with the eTPU midsole 270 and in particular the shoe 220 with eTPU midsole with the EVA rim 230 have a very good shear capacity and thus are principally well-suited for the construction of midsoles.
  • Figs. 10a - 13d show further measurements of the shear capacity of differently designed soles.
  • Figs. 10a - 10d show measurements of the changes in length of measurement sections of which one is arranged in longitudinal direction (AP direction) and one in medial-lateral direction (ML direction) in the heel region of the sole during a step cycle. These changes in length provide information on the plantar shear capacity of the respective sole.
  • Fig. 10a shows the change in length 1010a of the measurement section 1015a extending in AP direction, and the change in length 1020a of the measurement section 1025a, which extends in ML direction, for a shoe with an EVA midsole without outsole, as, e.g., the shoe 240.
  • the measurements indicate a maximum change in length of about 1.2 mm in AP direction and of about 0.3 mm in ML direction.
  • Fig. 10b shows the change in length 1010b of the measurement section 1015b extending in AP direction and the change in length 1020b of the measurement section 1025b extending in ML direction for a shoe with an eTPU midsole without outsole, as, e.g., the shoe 260.
  • the measurements show a maximum change in length of about 3.5 mm in AP direction and of about 1.5 mm in ML direction.
  • Fig. 10c shows the change in length 1010c of the measurement section 1015c extending in AP direction and the change in length 1020c of the measurement section 1025c extending in ML direction for a shoe with a sliding element, as for instance the shoe 200.
  • the measurements show a maximum change in length of about 3.2 mm in AP direction and of about 0.7 mm in ML direction.
  • Fig. 10d shows the change in length 1010d of the measurement section 1015d extending in AP direction and the change in length 1020d of the measurement section 1025d extending in ML direction for the preferred embodiment of a shoe 1400 according to Figs. 1 and 14a - 14c comprising a midsole, which comprises eTPU, as well as a control element 1450 (cf. below) provided as an outsole.
  • the measurement show a maximum change in length of about 3.4 mm in AP direction and a negative change in length of about 0.5 mm in ML direction.
  • the negative change in length in ML direction means a very good stability of the shoe in the midfoot region which reflects the influence of the medial reinforcement 1455 of the control element 1450.
  • Figs. 11 and 12 show the average values of a series of measurements conducted analogously to the measurements shown in Figs. 10a - 10d .
  • Fig. 11 shows the average change in length of the measurement section extending in AP direction during a complete step cycle for a shoe with a sliding element, as, for example, the shoe 200 (cf. curve 1110), for a shoe with an eTPU midsole, as, for example, the shoe 260 (cf. curve 1120), for a shoe with an EVA midsole, as, for example, the shoe 240 (cf. curve 1130 ) and for the shoe 1400 according to Figs. 14a - 14c (cf. curve 1140 ).
  • Fig. 12 shows the average change in length of the measurement section extending in ML direction during a complete step cycle for a shoe with a sliding element, as, for example, the shoe 200 (cf. curve 1210 ), for a shoe with an eTPU midsole, as, for example, the shoe 260 (cf. curve 1120 ), for a shoe with an EVA midsole, as, for example, the shoe 240 (cf. curve 1230 ), and for the shoe 1400 according to Figs. 14a - 14c (cf. curve 1240 ).
  • the shoe 1400 has, with a maximum change in length in AP direction of more than 3 mm, the best shear capacity of all four tested shoe types.
  • the shoe 1400 shows a sufficient stability in ML direction, as can be seen from Fig. 12 .
  • shear forces occur during running mainly in AP direction, and since a bending/slipping of the foot in ML direction is to be avoided as far as possible, this combination of properties of the shoe is particularly advantageous.
  • the cushioning element enables a shearing motion in AP direction of a lower sole surface relative to an upper sole surface of more than 1 mm, preferably more than 1.5 mm and particularly preferably more than 2 mm.
  • a selection between different values of the shear capacity of the cushioning element enables to adapt the shoe sole individually to the needs and physiological conditions of a runner.
  • the values discussed here serve the skilled person only as a guideline in order to obtain an impression of typical preferred values of the shear capacity of a cushioning element. In individual cases, these values ideally have to be specifically adapted to the wishes and needs of the wearer.
  • Figs. 13a - 13d show the plantar material stretch in the sole of various shoes in percentages, compared to the unloaded state of the shoe, at the moment when the foot is pushed off the ground via the forefoot, as schematically shown in Fig. 13e .
  • Figs. 13a - 13d furthermore show the stretch vectors which locally indicate the direction of the material stretch.
  • Fig. 13a shows a measurement 1300a for a shoe 240 with an EVA midsole
  • Fig. 13b shows a measurement 1300b for a shoe 260 with an eTPU midsole.
  • Fig. 13c shows a measurement 1300c for a shoe with a sliding element, as, for example, the shoe 200, and Fig.
  • FIG. 13d shows a measurement 1300d for the preferred embodiment of a shoe 1400 according to Figs. 1 and 14a - 14c , which comprises a midsole comprising eTPU, as well as a control element 1450 provided as an outsole (cf. below).
  • 13d shows that almost all of the stretch vectors in the forefoot region extend parallel in AP direction, i.e. the material stretches almost exclusively in AP direction, while it shows a good stability in ML direction. This is desirable for a dynamic push-off of the foot without losing stability. In case of insufficient stability of the sole in ML direction, the foot would otherwise be in danger of slipping sideways or bending, in particular at a higher running speed and, for instance, in a curve or on uneven terrain.
  • the control element 1450 e.g. in the form of an outsole, contributes to forming predefined zones where a specific shearing- and/or stretching behavior or a specific stability is required.
  • the design of the control element 1450 can be adapted to the requirements of each sport. Linear sports have different requirements concerning the shearing behavior and stability of the sole than, for example, lateral sports. Therefore, the control elements 1450 and sole concepts can be individually designed for specific sports. For example, for sports like (indoor) football, basketball, or running sports, the best/most important shearing and stability zones can be determined and individually adapted. For example, in many fields of application, such preferred shearing and/or stretching zones are located beneath the big toe and in the heel region. Furthermore, by means of the aspects pertaining to the invention which are described herein, soles can be manufactured which can ideally imitate the rolling of the foot like when walking barefoot.
  • Figs. 14a - 14c show a preferred embodiment of a shoe 1400 with a cushioning element 1410 provided partially as a part of a midsole or as a midsole, said cushioning element comprising randomly arranged particles of expanded material, in particular particles of eTPU, and a control element 1450 provided as part of an outsole or as an outsole, which reduces the shear capacity of the midsole 1410 in the medial region of the midfoot compared to the lateral region of the heel.
  • the shoe shown in Figs. 14a - 14 comprises an upper 1420.
  • the shoe 1400 further comprises a heel clip 1430 as well as an additional torsion or stiffening element 1440, as already discussed above in connection with Fig. 1 and the corresponding embodiments.
  • control element 1450 which is provided as an outsole does not comprise expanded material.
  • control element made from rubber, thermoplastic urethane, textile materials, PEBA or foils and foil-like materials or a combination of such materials, respectively. It is furthermore advantageous if the control element 1450 and the cushioning element 1410 are manufactured from materials from a common class of materials, as already mentioned above.
  • the control element 1450 preferably comprises a number of openings 1452 of different sizes, a bulge 1455 in the medial region of the midfoot as well as a number of elevations 1458 and protrusions 1459.
  • control element 1450 serves, as already discussed, to influence the flexibility and stiffness properties of the control element 1450, which, for their part, influence the shear capacity and the bending stiffness of the sole and particularly the midsole 1410.
  • the protrusions 1459 and the elevations 1458 can, furthermore, increase the ground grip, in particular, since the control element 1450 in the present preferred embodiment is provided as a part of an outsole.
  • Figs. 14a - 14c with a bulge 1455 in the medial region of the midfoot as well as a number of openings 1452 of varying diameter, enables a particularly good shear capacity in the heel region, especially in the lateral heel region, as well as a good stability in the medial midfoot region.
  • this combination of properties is particularly advantageous for use in case of running shoes.
  • Other combinations of properties are, however, also possible, and the design options and embodiments presented herein enable the skilled person to manufacture a shoe having the desired properties.
  • Figs. 15a - 15c show a further preferred embodiment of a shoe 1500 according to an aspect of the present invention.
  • the shoe 1500 comprises a cushioning element 1510 provided as a part of a midsole or as a midsole which comprises randomly arranged particles of expanded material, for example eTPU.
  • the shoe 1500 comprises a control element 1540 provided as a part of an outsole or as an outsole which can selectively influence the shear capacity and the bending stiffness of the cushioning element 1510 in the way which was already repeatedly discussed.
  • the shoe further comprises an upper 1520 as well as a heel clip 1530.
  • Figs. 21a -b show another preferred embodiment of a shoe 2100 according to the invention.
  • the shoe 2100 comprises a sole comprising a cushioning element 2110 with randomly arranged particles of an expanded material.
  • the cushioning element 2110 is provided as a midsole 2110. It may, however, also be merely a part thereof, for example.
  • the shoe 2100 furthermore comprises an upper 2120.
  • the upper 2120 may be made from a large variety of materials and by a large variety of manufacturing methods.
  • the upper 2120 can, in particular, be warp-knitted, weft-knitted, woven or braided, and it can comprise natural or synthetic materials, it may comprise fibers or yarns, multilaminate materials, compound materials and so on.
  • the sole of the shoe 2100 furthermore comprises a control element 2150, provided in the case at hand as an outsole 2150. In other cases it may only be part of an outsole or it may be part of the midsole.
  • the control element 2150 is free from expanded material. Suitable materials for the control element/outsole 2150 may include rubber, non-expanded thermoplastic urethane, textile materials, PEBA as well as foils and foil-like materials.
  • the control element 2150 reduces shearing motions within a first region of the cushioning element 2110 compared to shearing motions within a second region of the cushioning element 2110. Reduced shearing may, for example, occur in regions 2160, 2165 where the control element 2150 comprises continuous regions of material. It may also occur in the regions of the "material webs" 2170, 2175, which are interspersed by holes 2152, 2155, 2158 in the control element 2150. In the regions of these holes 2152, 2155, 2158, for example, the shearing motion maybe increased in comparison.
  • the shearing and other properties like e.g. the bending stiffness, torsional stiffness or the general roll-off behavior, of the midsole 2110 of the shoe 2100 can be influenced as desired in a large number of ways. The influence can be fine-tuned even further with the potential inclusion of bulges, elevations, protrusions in the control element 2150, as already described before.
  • control element 2150 is laser-cut from a blank (not shown). This may be done before the control element 2150 is affixed to the remaining parts of the sole of the shoe 2100, in particular the midsole 2110, and is preferably done in an automated manner, at least to a large degree.
  • the blank may also be arranged at, e.g., the midsole 2110 first, then the blank is cut and finally the cut-out sections of the blank are removed.
  • a bonding agent may be applied between the midsole 2110 and the blank, which does not immediately harden completely but still provides enough adhesion that the blank is secured on the midsole 2110 (or other parts of the shoe 2100) for it to be cut.
  • the shoe 2100 including the blank may e.g. be arranged on a last to allow three-dimensional positioning within a cutting device. After removal of the cut-out pieces of the blank, which is still possible since the agent has not completely hardened, the bonding agent may then be left to harden completely or this may be facilitated by heating, cooling, energizing or other means.
  • the blank may be provided as a material layer comprising, for example, one or more of the materials suitable for the manufacture of a control element/outsole mentioned above. It is also possible, for example, that the blanks are provided in different sizes, thickness, with predefined holes, bulges, elevations, protrusions and so forth, which may already provide a basic pattern that may then be fine-tuned by the laser-cutting process. Such a basic pattern may, e.g., be adapted to specific movement patterns occurring during, say, a specific sporting activity and different blanks may be used for the manufacture of shoes 2100 for the different sporting activities. Examples may include blanks for running shoes, tennis shoes, basketball shoes, football shoes, etc. This approach can have the advantage that the blanks can be produced quickly and in a large number beforehand and the individual customization can then be carried out more efficiently and more quickly. To this end, the blanks may also already comprise the general outline of a foot or sole.
  • Laser-cutting the control element 2150 can provide for a large freedom in design for the control element 2150. It can also provide for the opportunity of an individual customization of the control element 2150, sole and shoe 2100, as already mentioned. It may, for example, allow for numerous fashion designs and a corresponding individualization of each sole or shoe 2100. The customization maybe sport specific or according to typical movements of a customer or otherwise customer related. Furthermore, the laser-cutting may be automated to a large degree and maybe based on, e.g., online tools or other ordering methods.
  • FIGs. 22a -d show further currently preferred embodiments of shoes 2200a, 2200b, 2200C, and 2200d according to the invention.
  • Figs. 22a -d The main purpose of Figs. 22a -d is to give the skilled person a better understanding of the scope and further possible embodiments of the present invention. Therefore, the embodiments 2200a, 2200b, 2200C, and 2200d will only be discussed briefly.
  • the features, options and functionality discussed in relation to these embodiments also apply to the embodiments 2200a, 2200b, 2200C, and 2200d, as far as applicable.
  • the shoes 2200a, 2200b, 2200C, 2200d each have a sole comprising a respective cushioning element 2210a, 2210b, 2210c and 2210d comprising randomly arranged particles of an expanded material.
  • the cushioning elements 2210a and 2210b of the shoes 2200a and 2200b only extend throughout the forefoot regions
  • the cushioning elements 2210c and 2210d of the shoes 2200c and 2200d extend throughout the entire soles of the shoes 2200C, 2200d.
  • the cushioning elements 2210a, 2210b, 2210c and 2210d shown here are provided as part of a respective midsole. Other arrangements of the cushioning elements are, however, also conceivable.
  • the soles of the shoes 2200a, 2200b, 2200c and 2200d furthermore each comprise a control element 2250a, 2250b, 2250c and 2250d free from expanded material.
  • the control elements 2250a, 2250b, 2250c and 2250d each reduce shearing motions within a first region of the respective cushioning element 2210a, 2210b, 2210e and 2210d compared to shearing motions within a second region of the respective cushioning element 2210a, 2210b, 2210c and 2210d.
  • the control elements 2250a, 2250b, 2250c and 2250d are provided as part of a respective outsole.
  • control elements 2250a, 2250b, 2250c and 2250d may further serve the purpose to selectively increase the bending resistance of the respective cushioning element 2210a, 2210b, 2210c and 2210d.
  • control elements 2250a, 2250b, 2250c and 2250d comprise a number of holes or openings 2252a, 2252b, 2252c, 2252d in different arrangements, shapes, sizes, sole regions, etc..
  • the control elements 2250a, 2250b, 2250c and 2250d further comprise a "web" or material mesh 2258a, 2258b, 2258c, 2258d between the individual openings 2252a, 2252b, 2252c, 2252d.
  • the openings 2252a, 2252b, 2252c and material meshes 2258a, 2258b, 2258c are configured in a diamond shape in the embodiments 2200a, 2200b and 2200C
  • the openings 2252d and material mesh 2258d roughly form parallelograms.
  • Other configurations are, however, also possible, as already discussed at various times throughout this document and as shown, e.g., in the heel region of the shoe 2200d.
  • the control elements 2250a, 2250b, 2250c and 2250d may also comprise further protrusions, elevations, etc..
  • the control element 2250a comprises a number of protrusions 2259a.
  • the recurring arrangement of the openings 2252a, 2252b, 2252c, 2252d and material meshes 2258a, 2258b, 2258c, 2258d in diamond or parallelogram shape may in particular result in one or more preferred directions along which the soles may predominantly shear or bend. By the exact patterns and arrangement of the holes and material regions, these preferred directions can be adjusted to a given requirement profile for a particular sole or shoe.
EP20206640.3A 2013-02-13 2014-01-28 Sohle für einen schuh Pending EP3804551A1 (de)

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JP6718533B2 (ja) 2020-07-08
EP3466291A1 (de) 2019-04-10
JP6974540B2 (ja) 2021-12-01
JP6491697B2 (ja) 2019-03-27
DE202014010460U1 (de) 2015-08-12
EP2845504B1 (de) 2018-08-15
JP2020146530A (ja) 2020-09-17
EP3466291B1 (de) 2020-11-11
EP2845504A1 (de) 2015-03-11
DE102013202353B4 (de) 2020-02-20
DE102013202353A1 (de) 2014-08-14
JP2017185287A (ja) 2017-10-12

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