Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
  • C09K5/00—Heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants; Materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion
  • C09K5/02—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used
  • C09K5/04—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa
  • C09K5/041—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems
  • C09K5/044—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems comprising halogenated compounds
  • C09K5/045—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems comprising halogenated compounds containing only fluorine as halogen
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
  • C09K2205/00—Aspects relating to compounds used in compression type refrigeration systems
  • C09K2205/10—Components
  • C09K2205/106—Carbon dioxide
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
  • C09K2205/00—Aspects relating to compounds used in compression type refrigeration systems
  • C09K2205/10—Components
  • C09K2205/12—Hydrocarbons
  • C09K2205/122—Halogenated hydrocarbons
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
  • C09K2205/00—Aspects relating to compounds used in compression type refrigeration systems
  • C09K2205/10—Components
  • C09K2205/12—Hydrocarbons
  • C09K2205/126—Unsaturated fluorinated hydrocarbons
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
  • C09K2205/00—Aspects relating to compounds used in compression type refrigeration systems
  • C09K2205/40—Replacement mixtures

Definitions

• the present invention relates to compositions of 1,1,2-trifluoroethylene (HFO-1,123) and carbon dioxide (CO2), and their use as heat transfer fluids, especially for the replacement of R-410A.
• HFO-1,123 1,1,2-trifluoroethylene
• CO2 carbon dioxide
• R-410A is a heat transfer fluid consisting of 50% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32) and 50% by weight of pentafluoroethane (HFC-125). It has a low boiling point at -48.5 ° C, high energy efficiency, is non-flammable and non-toxic. It is used in particular for stationary air conditioning. However, this heat transfer fluid has a high global warming potential (GWP). It is therefore desirable to replace it.
• HFC-32 difluoromethane
• HFC-125 pentafluoroethane
• the invention firstly relates to a composition comprising 1,1,2-trifluoroethylene and carbon dioxide.
• the composition comprises one or more additional compounds selected from ammonia and optionally halogenated alkanes and alkenes, and preferably from hydrofluoroolefins, hydrochlorofluoroolefins and saturated hydrofluorocarbons.
• the composition comprises one or more additional compounds selected from 1, 1, 1, 2-tetrafluoroethane, pentafluoroethane, difluoromethane, 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene,
• 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene ammonia, 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane, propane, propylene, 1,1,1-trifluoroethane, 1-chloro-3 3,3,1-trifluoropropene, 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluorobut-2-ene, 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane, 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane, 1,1-difluoroethane and combinations thereof; and preferably from 1, 1, 1, 2-tetrafluoroethane, pentafluoroethane, difluoromethane, 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene,
• composition consists essentially of:
• 1,1,2-trifluoroethylene carbon dioxide, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane and pentafluoroethane; or
• 1,1,2-trifluoroethylene carbon dioxide, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane and 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene; or 1,1,2-trifluoroethylene, carbon dioxide, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane and 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene; or
• 1,1,2-trifluoroethylene carbon dioxide, pentafluoroethane and difluoromethane; or
• 1,1,2-trifluoroethylene carbon dioxide, pentafluoroethane and 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene; or
• 1,1,2-trifluoroethylene carbon dioxide, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, difluoromethane and pentafluoroethane; or 1,1,2-trifluoroethylene, carbon dioxide, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, difluoromethane and 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene; or
• 1,1,2-trifluoroethylene carbon dioxide, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, difluoromethane and 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene; or
• 1,1,2-trifluoroethylene carbon dioxide, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, pentafluoroethane and 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene; or
• 1,1,2-trifluoroethylene carbon dioxide, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, pentafluoroethane and 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene; or
• 1,1,2-trifluoroethylene carbon dioxide, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene and 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene; or
• 1,1,2-trifluoroethylene carbon dioxide, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, difluoromethane, pentafluoroethane and
• 1,1,2-trifluoroethylene carbon dioxide, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, difluoromethane, pentafluoroethane and
• 1.3.3.3-tetrafluoropropene or 1,1,2-trifluoroethylene, carbon dioxide, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, difluoromethane, pentafluoroethane, 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene and 1,3,3 3-tetrafluoropropene.
• the proportion of 1, 1, 2-trifluoroethylene is from 5 to 80% by weight, preferably from 10 to 70% by weight, more preferably from 15 to 60% by weight.
• the total proportion of carbon dioxide and optionally 1, 1, 1, 2-tetrafluoroethane and / or pentafluoroethane is at least 15% by weight, preferably at least 30% by weight, and more preferably at least 35% by weight.
• composition is selected from mixtures consisting essentially of:
• the composition is non-flammable.
• the composition has a GWP of less than or equal to 1000, and preferably less than or equal to 150.
• the invention also relates to the use of the composition described above as a heat transfer fluid.
• said use is for replacement of R-410A, preferably in stationary air conditioning.
• the invention also relates to a heat transfer composition, comprising the composition described above as a heat transfer fluid, and one or more additives.
• the additives are selected from lubricants, nanoparticles, stabilizers, surfactants, tracer agents, fluorescers, odorants, solubilizers, and combinations thereof.
• the invention also relates to a heat transfer installation comprising a vapor compression circuit containing a composition as described above as a heat transfer fluid or containing a heat transfer composition as described above.
• the plant is selected from mobile or stationary heat pump heating, air conditioning, and especially automotive air conditioning or stationary centralized air conditioning, refrigeration, freezing and Rankine cycles, and preferably is an air conditioning installation.
• the invention also relates to a method for heating or cooling a fluid or a body by means of a vapor compression circuit containing a heat transfer fluid, said method comprising successively the evaporation of the transfer fluid. heat, compressing the heat transfer fluid, condensing the heat fluid and expanding the heat transfer fluid, wherein the heat transfer fluid is a composition as described above.
• the invention also relates to a method of the environmental impact of a heat transfer installation comprising a vapor compression circuit containing an initial heat transfer fluid, said method comprising a step of replacing the initial heat transfer fluid in the vapor compression circuit by a final transfer fluid, the final transfer fluid having a GWP lower than the initial heat transfer fluid, wherein the final heat transfer fluid is a composition as described above.
• the initial heat transfer fluid is R-410A.
• the present invention meets the need expressed in the state of the art.
• it provides new heat transfer fluids that are well suited to replace conventional heat transfer fluids and primarily R-410A.
• the invention provides ozone-free (ie, ozone depleting potential or low or zero ODP) heat transfer fluids with low GWP, having good thermodynamic properties for heat transfer, and preferably non-flammable and non-toxic.
• the global warming potential is defined with respect to carbon dioxide and compared to a duration of 100 years, according to the method indicated in "The scientific assessment of ozone depletion, 2002, a report of the World Meteorological Association's Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project.
• heat transfer compound or “heat transfer fluid” (or refrigerant) is meant a compound, respectively a fluid, capable of absorbing heat by evaporating at low temperature and low pressure and to reject heat by condensing at high temperature and high pressure, in a vapor compression circuit.
• a heat transfer fluid may comprise one, two, three or more than three heat transfer compounds.
• heat transfer composition is meant a composition comprising a heat transfer fluid and optionally one or more additives which are not heat transfer compounds for the intended application.
• the mass proportion of heat transfer fluid may represent in particular from 1 to 5% of the composition; or from 5 to 10% of the composition; or from 10 to 15% of the composition; or from 15 to 20% of the composition; or from 20 to 25% of the composition; or from 25 to 30% of the composition; or from 30 to 35% of the composition; or from 35 to 40% of the composition; or from 40 to 45% of the composition; or from 45 to 50% of the composition; or from 50 to 55% of the composition; or from 55 to 60% of the composition; or from 60 to 65% of the composition; or from 65 to 70% of the composition; or from 70 to 75% of the composition; or from 75 to 80% of the composition; or from 80 to 85% of the composition; or from 85 to 90% of the composition; or from 90 to 95% of the composition; or from 95 to 99% of the composition.
• the mass proportion of heat transfer fluid in the heat transfer composition can be from 50 to 50.degree. 55%, and 55 to 60%, that is to say 50 to 60%, etc.
• the heat transfer composition of the invention comprises at least 50% by weight of heat transfer fluid, and in particular from 50% to 95% by weight.
• the mass proportion of lubricant (s) can represent in particular from 1 to 5% of the composition; or from 5 to 10% of the composition; or from 10 to 15% of the composition; or from 15 to 20% of the composition; or from 20 to 25% of the composition; or from 25 to 30% of the composition; or from 30 to 35% of the composition; or from 35 to 40% of the composition; or from 40 to 45% of the composition; or from 45 to 50% of the composition; or from 50 to 55% of the composition; or from 55 to 60% of the composition; or from 60 to 65% of the composition; or from 65 to 70% of the composition; or from 70 to 75% of the composition; or from 75 to 80% of the composition; or from 80 to 85% of the composition; or from 85 to 90% of the composition; or from 90 to 95% of the composition; or from 95 to 99% of the composition.
• the additives other than the lubricant (s) preferably represent from 0 to 30%, more preferably from 0 to 20%, more preferably from 0 to 10%, more preferably from 0 to 5%, and from more preferably from 0 to 2% of each heat transfer composition, in proportions by weight.
• the additives that may be present in the heat transfer composition of the invention may be chosen in particular from lubricants, nanoparticles, stabilizers, surfactants, tracer agents, fluorescent agents, odorants and solubilizing agents. .
• Lubricants that may be used include oils of mineral origin, silicone oils, paraffins of natural origin, naphthenes, synthetic paraffins, alkylbenzenes, poly-alpha olefins, polyalkene glycols, polyol esters, and / or polyvinyl ethers. Polyalkene glycols and polyol esters are preferred.
• the stabilizer (s), when present, preferably represent at most 5% by weight in the heat transfer composition.
• the stabilizers mention may in particular be made of nitromethane, ascorbic acid, terephthalic acid, azoles such as tolutriazole or benzotriazole, phenol compounds such as tocopherol, hydroquinone, t-butyl hydroquinone, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol, epoxides (optionally fluorinated or perfluorinated alkyl or alkenyl or aromatic) such as n-butyl glycidyl ether, hexanediol diglycidyl ether, allyl glycidyl ether, butylphenylglycidyl ether, phosphites, phosphonates, thiols and lactones.
• stabilizers may be straight-chain or branched and preferably branched.
• they have a boiling temperature of less than or equal to 100 ° C., more preferably less than 75 ° C., and more preferably less than or equal to 50 ° C.
• boiling point the boiling point is understood to mean a pressure of 101.325 kPa, as determined according to the NF EN 378-1 standard of April 2008.
• they also have a solidification temperature of less than or equal to 0 ° C. , preferably less than or equal to -25 ° C, and more preferably less than or equal to -50 ° C.
• the solidification temperature is determined according to Test No. 102: Melting Point / Melting Range (OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 1, OECD Publishing, Paris, 1995, 20 available at address http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264069534-en).
• Particular stabilizing compounds include but-1-ene, cis-but-2-ene; trans-but-2-ene; 2-methylprop-1-ene; pent-1-ene; cis-pent-2-ene; trans-2-pentene; 2-methylbut-1-ene; 2-methylbut-2-ene; and 3-methylbut-1-ene.
• 2-methyl-but-2-ene of formula (boiling point of about 39 ° C.) and 3-methyl-but-1-enene (boiling point of 25 ° C.). ° C approximately).
• nanoparticles it is possible to use carbon nanoparticles, metal oxides (copper, aluminum), PO.sub.2, Al.sub.2O.sub.3, MOSO.sub.2, etc.
• tracer agents which can be detected
• the tracer agent is different from the compounds constituting the heat transfer fluid.
• solubilizing agents mention may be made of hydrocarbons, dimethyl ether, polyoxyalkylene ethers, amides, ketones, nitriles, chlorocarbons, esters, lactones, aryl ethers, fluoroethers and magnesium compounds. 1-trifluoroalkanes.
• the solubilizing agent is different from the one or more heat transfer compounds composing the heat transfer fluid.
• fluorescent agents mention may be made of naphthalimides, perylenes, coumarins, anthracenes, phenanthracenes, xanthenes, thioxanthenes, naphthoxanhthenes, fluoresceins and derivatives and combinations thereof.
• alkyl acrylates As odorants, mention may be made of alkyl acrylates, allyl acrylates, acrylic acids, acrylresters, alkyl ethers, alkyl esters, alkynes, aldehydes, thiols, thioethers, disulfides, allyl isothiocyanates and alkanoic acids. , amines, norbornenes, norbornene derivatives, cyclohexene, heterocyclic aromatic compounds, ascaridole, o-methoxy (methyl) phenol and combinations thereof.
• the heat transfer process of the invention is carried out in a heat transfer plant.
• the heat transfer plant preferably comprises a vapor compression system.
• the system contains the heat transfer composition (including the heat transfer fluid), which provides the heat transfer.
• the heat transfer process may be a method of heating or cooling a fluid or a body.
• the vapor compression system is:
• the installation can be mobile or stationary.
• the heat transfer process can be a stationary cooling method (in residential premises or in industrial or commercial premises), or mobile air conditioning, including automotive, a stationary refrigeration process, or mobile refrigeration (For example refrigerated transport), or a stationary freezing or freezing process, or mobile freezing or freezing (for example refrigerated transport), or a stationary heating method, or mobile heating (for example automotive).
• a stationary cooling method in residential premises or in industrial or commercial premises
• mobile air conditioning including automotive, a stationary refrigeration process, or mobile refrigeration (For example refrigerated transport), or a stationary freezing or freezing process, or mobile freezing or freezing (for example refrigerated transport), or a stationary heating method, or mobile heating (for example automotive).
• the heat transfer process advantageously comprises the following steps, implemented cyclically:
• the evaporation of the refrigerant can be carried out from a liquid phase or a two-phase liquid / vapor phase.
• the compressor can be hermetic, semi-hermetic or open.
• Hermetic compressors comprise a motor part and a compression part which are confined in a non-removable hermetic enclosure.
• Semi-hermetic compressors comprise a motor part and a compression part which are directly assembled against each other. The coupling between the motor part and the compression part is accessible by dissociating the two parts by disassembly.
• Open compressors comprise a motor part and a compression part which are separated. They can operate by belt drive or direct coupling.
• a compressor it can be used in particular a dynamic compressor, or a positive displacement compressor.
• Dynamic compressors include axial compressors and centrifugal compressors, which can be one or more stages. Centrifugal mini-compressors can also be used.
• Positive displacement compressors include rotary compressors and reciprocating compressors.
• Alternative compressors include diaphragm compressors and piston compressors.
• Rotary compressors include screw compressors, lobe compressors, scroll (or scroll) compressors, liquid ring compressors, and paddle compressors. Screw compressors can preferably be twin screw or single screw.
• the compressor can be driven by an electric motor or by a gas turbine (for example powered by the exhaust gas from a vehicle, for mobile applications) or by gearing.
• the evaporator and the condenser are heat exchangers. It is possible to use any type of heat exchanger in the invention, including co-current heat exchangers or, preferably, countercurrent heat exchangers.
• countercurrent heat exchanger a heat exchanger in which heat is exchanged between a first fluid and a second fluid, the first fluid at the inlet of the exchanger exchanging heat with the second fluid at the outlet of the exchanger, and the first fluid at the outlet of the exchanger exchanging heat with the second fluid at the inlet of the exchanger.
• countercurrent heat exchangers include devices in which the flow of the first fluid and the flow of the second fluid are in opposite or almost opposite directions.
• the exchangers operating in counter current current cross mode are also included among the countercurrent heat exchangers.
• the installation may also optionally comprise at least one heat transfer fluid circuit used to transport the heat (with or without a change of state) between the circuit of the heat transfer composition and the fluid or body to be heated or cooled.
• the installation may also optionally comprise two or more vapor compression circuits containing identical or different heat transfer compositions.
• the vapor compression circuits may be coupled together.
• at least one of these circuits contains the heat transfer fluid according to the invention, the other possibly containing another heat transfer fluid.
• the refrigerant is superheated between evaporation and compression, i.e., it is brought to a temperature above the end of evaporation temperature, between evaporation and compression.
• evaporation start temperature is meant the temperature of the refrigerant at the inlet of the evaporator.
• end of evaporation temperature is meant the temperature of the refrigerant during the evaporation of the last drop of refrigerant in liquid form (saturated vapor temperature or dew point temperature).
• the evaporation start temperature is equal to the end of evaporation temperature.
• the temperature slip at the evaporator is defined as the difference between the end of evaporation temperature and the evaporation start temperature.
• the heat transfer process according to the invention is preferably carried out with a temperature slip of less than or equal to 10 ° C., or at 8 ° C., or at 6 ° C., or at 5 ° C., or at 4 ° C. ° C, or at 3 ° C, or & ° C, or at 1 ° C.
• average evaporation temperature is meant the arithmetic mean between the evaporation start temperature and the end evaporation temperature.
• the term “superheating” denotes the temperature difference between the maximum temperature reached by the refrigerant before compression (that is to say the maximum temperature reached by the refrigerant at the end of the overheating step) and the end of evaporation temperature.
• This maximum temperature is generally the temperature of the refrigerant at the compressor inlet. It can correspond to the temperature of the refrigerant at the outlet of the evaporator.
• the refrigerant may be at least partly superheated between the evaporator and the compressor (for example by means of an internal exchanger).
• the overheating can be adjusted by a suitable setting of the parameters of the installation, and in particular by an adjustment of the expansion module.
• Overheating can in particular be 1 to 2 ° C; or 2 to 3 ° C;
• the expansion module can be a thermostatic valve called thermostatic or electronic expansion valve with one or more orifices, or a pressure regulator that regulates the pressure. It may also be a capillary tube in which the expansion of the fluid is obtained by the pressure drop in the tube.
• the expansion module can still be a turbine to produce mechanical work (which can be converted into electricity), or a turbine coupled directly or indirectly to the compressor.
• the average condensation temperature is defined as the arithmetic mean between the condensation start temperature (temperature of the refrigerant in the condenser at the onset of the first liquid drop of refrigerant, referred to as the temperature of the refrigerant. vapor saturation or dew point temperature) and the condensation end temperature (refrigerant temperature during condensation of the last refrigerant bubble in gaseous form, called liquid saturation temperature or bubble temperature).
• subcooling denotes the possible difference in temperature (in absolute value) between the minimum temperature reached by the refrigerant before the expansion and the end of condensation temperature.
• this minimum temperature corresponds to the temperature of the refrigerant at the inlet of the expansion module. It can correspond to the temperature of the refrigerant at the outlet of the condenser.
• the refrigerant may be at least partially sub-cooled between the condenser and the expansion module (for example by means of an internal exchanger).
• sub-cooling (strictly greater than 0 ° C.) is applied, preferably sub-cooling of 1 to 40 ° C., sub-cooling of 1 to 30 ° C. subcooling from 1 to 15 ° C, more preferably from 2 to 12 ° C and more preferably from 5 to 10 ° C.
• the invention is particularly useful when the average evaporation temperature is less than or equal to 10 ° C; or less than or equal to 5 ° C; or less than or equal to 0 ° C; or less than or equal to -5 ° C; or less than or equal to -10 ° C.
• the invention is particularly useful for the implementation of a low temperature refrigeration method, or a moderate temperature cooling, or a moderate temperature heating method.
• the average evaporation temperature is preferably -45 ° C to -15 ° C, especially -40 ° C to -20 ° C, more preferably 35 ° C to -25 ° C and for example about -30 ° C;
• the average condensation temperature is preferably from 25 ° C to 80 ° C, especially from 30 ° C to 60 ° C, more preferably from 35 ° C to 55 ° C and for example about 40 ° C .
• These methods include in particular the freezing and freezing processes.
• the average evaporation temperature is preferably from -20 ° C. to 10 ° C., in particular from -15 ° C. to 5 ° C., more preferably from -10 ° C. C at 0 ° C and for example about -5 ° C; andthe average temperature of condensation is preferably 25 ° C to 80 ° C, especially 30 ° C to 60 ° C, more preferably from 35 ° C to 55 ° C and for example from about 50 ° C.
• These processes can be in particular refrigeration or air conditioning processes.
• the average evaporation temperature is preferably from -20 ° C. to 10 ° C., in particular from -15 ° C. to 5 ° C., more preferably from -10 ° C. C at 0 ° C and for example about -5 ° C; and the average temperature of condensation is preferably 25 ° C to 80 ° C, especially 30 ° C to 60 ° C, more preferably 35 ° C to 55 ° C and for example about 50 ° C .
• the heat transfer facility was originally designed to operate with another heat transfer fluid, referred to as the initial heat transfer fluid (which may include R-410A).
• the initial heat transfer fluid which may include R-410A.
• the heat transfer fluid of the invention is a so-called replacement heat transfer fluid, i.e., it is used in a heat transfer facility that was previously used. to implement a heat transfer method with another heat transfer fluid, said initial heat transfer fluid (which may be especially R-410A).
• the method of the invention comprises successively:
• the installation is directly implemented with the replacement heat transfer fluid, without being implemented with the initial heat transfer fluid - even though it is by its original design, adapted to operate with the initial heat transfer fluid.
• the heat transfer fluid of the invention comprises HFO-123 and CO2.
• the heat transfer fluid may comprise, by weight: 1 to 5% HFO-1123; or from 5 to 10% HFO-1123; or from 10 to 15% HFO-1123; or 15 to 20% HFO-1123; or from 20 to 25% HFO-1123; or from 25 to 30% HFO-1123; or from 30 to 35% HFO-1123; or from 35 to 40% HFO-1123; or 40 to 45% HFO-123; or from 45 to 50% HFO-1123; or 50 to 55% HFO-1123; or 55 to 60% HFO-123; or from 60 to 65% HFO-123; or from 65 to 70% HFO-123; or 70 to 75% HFO-123; or 75 to 80% HFO-1123; or from 80 to 85% HFO-1123; or from 85 to 90% HFO-123; or 90 to 95% HFO-123; or 95-99% HFO-123.
• the HFO-123 content be not too high, given the tendency of this compound to exhibit explosive properties when it is not mixed with sufficient levels of other non-explos
• the heat transfer fluid may comprise, by weight: from 1 to 5% of CO2; or 5 to 10% CO2; or 10 to 15% CO2; or 15 to 20% CO2; or 20 to 25% CO2; or 25 to 30% CO2; or 30 to 35% CO2; or 35 to 40% CO2; or 40 to 45% CO2; or 45 to 50% CO2; or 50 to 55% CO2; or 55 to 60% CO2; or 60 to 65% CO2; or 65 to 70% CO2; or 70 to 75% CO2; or 75 to 80% CO2; or 80 to 85% CO2; or 85 to 90% CO2; or 90 to 95% CO2; or 95 to 99% CO2.
• the heat transfer fluid may optionally further comprise one or more other heat transfer compounds, in addition to HFO-123 and CO2.
• the heat transfer fluid can thus be:
• a binary composition consisting of, or consisting essentially of, the impurities, of HFO-123 and CO2
• a ternary composition consisting, or consisting essentially of the impurities, in three heat transfer compounds
• quaternary composition consisting, or essentially consisting of, the impurities, in four heat transfer compounds
• composition consisting, or consisting essentially of impurities, in six heat transfer compounds
• the heat transfer compounds that may be present in the composition, in addition to HFO-1123 and CO2, can be chosen in particular from:
• alkanes and especially propane
• alkenes and especially propylene
• hydrofluoroolefins and in particular 2,3,3,3-tetrafluopropene (HFO-1234yf), 1,3,3,3-tetrafluopropene (HFO-1234ze) and 1,1,4,4,4 hexafluorobut-2-ene (HFO-1336mzz);
• HFO-1234ze means either the Z-form or the E-form of the compound, or a mixture of the two forms, and preferably denotes the E-form or a mixture containing at least 90% by weight of form E, or at least 95% by weight of Form E, or at least 99% by Weight of Form E); and it being understood that the term “HFO-1336mzz” refers to either the Z-form or the E-form of the compound, or a mixture of both forms;
• hydrochlorofluoroolefins especially 1-chloro-3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HCFO-1233zd); it being understood that the term "HFO-1233zd” means either the Z-form or the E-form of the compound, or a mixture of the two forms, and designates preferably Form E or a mixture containing at least 90% by weight of Form E, or at least 95% by Weight of Form E, or at least 99% by Weight of Form E);
• FIFC-245fa 1, 1, 1, 3,3-pentafluoropropane
• FIFC-134 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane
• HFO-1234yf, HFO-1234ze, HFC-134a, HFC-125 and HFC-32 are more particularly preferred.
• HFC-134a, HFC-125 and HFC-32 are most preferred.
• the heat transfer fluid besides HFO-123 and CO2, comprises:
• HFC-134a and optionally one or more other compounds selected from the above compounds and preferably selected from HFO-1234yf, HFO-1234ze, HFC-125 and HFC-32; or
• HFC-32 and optionally one or more other compounds selected from the above compounds and preferably selected from HFO-1234yf, HFO-1234ze, HFC-125 and HFC-134a; or
• HFC-125 and optionally one or more other compounds selected from the above compounds and preferably selected from HFO-1234yf, HFO-1234ze, HFC-32 and HFC-134a; or
• HFO-1234yf and optionally one or more other compounds selected from the above compounds and preferably selected from HFO-1234ze, HFC-32, HFC-125 and HFC-134a; or
• the heat transfer fluid is:
• HFC-134a HFC-32 and HFC-125;
• HFC-134a HFC-32 and HFO-1234yf;
• HFC-134a, HFC-32 and HFO-1234ze are HFC-134a, HFC-32 and HFO-1234ze.
• HFC-134a HFC-125 and HFO-1234yf; or - a five-year composition of HFO-1 123, CO2,
• HFC-134a, HFC-125 and HFO-1234ze are HFC-134a, HFC-125 and HFO-1234ze.
• HFC-134a, HFO-1234yf and HFO-1234ze are HFC-134a, HFO-1234yf and HFO-1234ze.
• HFO-123, CO2, HFC-134a, HFC-32, HFC-125, HFO-1234yf and HFO-1234ze a septal composition of HFO-123, CO2, HFC-134a, HFC-32, HFC-125, HFO-1234yf and HFO-1234ze.
• the heat transfer fluid consists essentially of the heat transfer compounds present in the weight ranges that are indicated in the tables below:
• HFO-1 123 CO2 ⁇ HFC-125 and HFC-134a
• HFO-1 123 CO2 ⁇ HFC-125 and HFC-32
• HFO-1 123 CO2 ⁇ HFC-32 and HFC-134a
• the CO 2 is at least 15% by weight, or at least 20% by weight, or at least 25% by weight, or at least 30% by weight, or at least 35% by weight, or minus 40% by weight of the heat transfer fluid; or CO2 and HFC-134a together represent at least 15% by weight, or at least 20% by weight, or at least 25% by weight, or at least 30% by weight, or at least 35% by weight or at least 40% by weight of the heat transfer fluid; or CO2 and HFC-125 together represent at least 15% by weight, or at least 20% by weight, or at least 25% by weight, or at least 30% by weight, or at least 35% by weight or at least 40% by weight of the heat transfer fluid; or CO2, FIFC-125 and FIFC-134a together represent at least 15% by weight, or at least 20% by weight, or at least 25% by weight, or at least 30% by weight, or at least 35% by weight or at least 40% by weight of the heat transfer fluid; or CO2, FIFC-125 and FIFC-134a together represent at least 15% by weight, or at least 20%
• non-flammable character of a fluid is assessed according to the ASFIRAE 34-2007 standard, with a test temperature of 60 ° C instead of 100 ° C.
• the heat transfer fluid has a GWP of less than or equal to 1,100; or less than or equal to 1000; or less than or equal to 900; or less than or equal to 800; or less than or equal to 700; or less than or equal to 600; or less than or equal to 500; or less than or equal to 400; or less than or equal to 300; or less than or equal to 200; or less than or equal to 150; or less than or equal to 100; or less than or equal to 50.
• the heat transfer fluid of the invention meets several of the following criteria (and preferably all):
• the volumetric capacity obtained with the heat transfer fluid is approximately equal to or greater than that of R-410A, in particular is at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 100% of that of R-41 OA;
• the coefficient of performance obtained with the heat transfer fluid is approximately equal to or greater than that of R-41 OA, in particular is at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 100% of that of R-41 OA; the heat transfer fluid is non-flammable;
• the heat transfer fluid has a low GWP
• the pressure at the outlet of the compressor obtained with the heat transfer fluid is not too high compared to that obtained with the R-41 OA, and in particular is less than or equal to 1.7 times that obtained with the R -41 OA, or is less than or equal to 1.6 times that obtained with R-41 OA, or is less than or equal to 1.5 times that obtained with R-41 OA, or is less than or equal to 1, 4 times that obtained with R-41 OA, or is less than or equal to 1, 3 times that obtained with R-41 OA, or is less than or equal to 1, 2 times that obtained with R-41 OA, or is less than or equal to 1.1 times that obtained with R-41 OA;
• the temperature slip at the evaporator obtained with the heat transfer fluid is moderate, and in particular is less than or equal to 10 ° C., or at 8 ° C., or at 6 ° C., or at 5 ° C., or at 4 ° C at 3 ° C, or at
• compositions consisting essentially (or consisting of) of the following compounds provide, for example, a good set of properties, in particular for the replacement of R-41 OA in the processes of cooling at moderate temperature or heating at moderate temperature:
• HFO-1123 from 55 to 70% of HFO-1123, from 5 to 30% of CO2 and from 5 to 35% of HFC-134a (by weight);
• HFO-1123 from 5 to 35% of CO2, from 5 to 25% of HFC-125 and from 5 to 60% of HFC-32 (by weight);
• HFC-125 5 to 10% HFC-134a and 5 to 65% HFC-32 (by weight).
• Example 1 Method for calculating the properties of heat transfer fluids in the various configurations envisaged
• the RK-Soave equation is used to calculate densities, enthalpies, entropies and vapor-liquid equilibrium data of mixtures.
• the use of this equation requires knowledge of the properties of the pure bodies used in the mixtures in question and also the interaction coefficients for each binary.
• the data available for each pure body are: boiling temperature, critical temperature and critical pressure, pressure versus temperature curve from boiling point to critical point, saturated liquid densities and saturated steam as a function of temperature.
• hydrofluorocarbon data are published in the ASHRAE Handbook 2005 chapter 20 and are also available as Refrop (software developed by NIST for the calculation of the properties of refrigerants).
• the data of the temperature-pressure curve of the hydrofluoroolefins are measured by the static method.
• the critical temperature and the critical pressure are measured by a C80 calorimeter marketed by Setaram.
• the RK-Soave equation uses binary interaction coefficients to represent the behavior of mixed products.
• the coefficients are calculated based on the experimental vapor equilibrium data.
• the technique used for liquid vapor equilibrium measurements is the analytical static cell method.
• the balance cell includes a sapphire tube and is equipped with two electromagnetic ROLSITM samplers. It is immersed in a cryothermostat bath (HUBER HS40). Variable speed rotary field driving magnetic stirring is used to accelerate equilibrium attainment.
• the analysis of the samples is carried out by gas chromatography (HP5890 series I) using a katharometer (TCD).
• Liquid-vapor equilibrium measurements were performed on the following binary mixtures: HFO-123 / CO2; HFO-123 / HFC-32; HFO-123 / HFC-125; HFO-123 / HFC-134a.
• Example 1 the data of Example 1 are used to simulate the behavior of mixtures according to the invention in an air conditioning process.
• the system under consideration is a compression system equipped with a countercurrent evaporator and condenser, a compressor and a pressure reducer.
• the system operates with 5 ° C overheating and 5 ° C sub cooling.
• the coefficient of performance is defined as the useful power provided by the system on the power supplied or consumed by the system.
• T sv évap "Means the vapor saturation temperature at the evaporator," T out comp. "Means the temperature at the outlet of the compressor,” T if cond. "Means the liquid saturation temperature at the condenser,” T sv cond. "Means the condenser vapor saturation temperature,” P min “ means the evaporator pressure,” P max “ refers to the condenser pressure,” Rate “refers to the compression ratio (ie, the ratio of the two pressures below); above), "DT evap.
• % CAP refers to the volumetric capacity reported (in%) to the reference fluid R-410A
• % COP refers to the coefficient of performance reported (in%) to the fluid of reference R-410A.

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