EP3782290A1 - Interferenzdetektion und unterdrückung in nichtkoordinierten systemen - Google Patents
Interferenzdetektion und unterdrückung in nichtkoordinierten systemenInfo
- Publication number
- EP3782290A1 EP3782290A1 EP19720491.0A EP19720491A EP3782290A1 EP 3782290 A1 EP3782290 A1 EP 3782290A1 EP 19720491 A EP19720491 A EP 19720491A EP 3782290 A1 EP3782290 A1 EP 3782290A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- data receiver
- signal
- data
- histogram
- information
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B1/00—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
- H04B1/06—Receivers
- H04B1/10—Means associated with receiver for limiting or suppressing noise or interference
- H04B1/1027—Means associated with receiver for limiting or suppressing noise or interference assessing signal quality or detecting noise/interference for the received signal
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
- H04L1/20—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received using signal quality detector
Definitions
- Embodiments relate to a data receiver and, more particularly, to a data receiver for receiving a signal having interference from an interference-prone channel. Further embodiments relate to a method of receiving a signal, and more particularly to a method of receiving a signal having interference from an interference-prone channel. Some embodiments relate to interference detection and cancellation in non-coordinated systems.
- a telegram-splitting-based sensor network is known in which battery-operated sensor nodes divide a data packet (or message) to be transmitted to a plurality of sub-data packets which are each shorter than the data packet and corresponding to one Jump pattern distributed in time and / or frequency distributed, wherein the plurality of sub-data packets are each shorter than the data packet. There may be transmission pauses between the sub-data packets in which no transmission takes place.
- Embodiments provide a data receiver, wherein the data receiver is adapted to receive a signal, the signal comprising interferences of an interference-prone transmission channel, the data receiver adapted to provide a histogram of reception information [e.g. Received powers, magnitudes of magnitudes, or magnitudes of nth roots of amplitudes] of a signal segment [e.g. a set of symbols or a set of samples] of the received signal, and to obtain from the histogram a mean reception information and / or a noise measure [e.g. Noise variance] [e.g. of the signal excerpt (e.g., the set of symbols or samples)].
- a histogram of reception information e.g. Received powers, magnitudes of magnitudes, or magnitudes of nth roots of amplitudes
- a signal segment e.g. a set of symbols or a set of samples
- a noise measure e.g. Noise variance
- the data receiver is configured to receive receive information of a set of received symbols or a set of samples [e.g. corresponding to the signal segment] of the received signal and to form the histogram over the detected received information of the set of received symbols or the set of samples.
- the receive information of the signal excerpt is power information or amplitude information.
- the power information is reception powers [e.g. a received power value per symbol or sample].
- the data receiver is configured to obtain the amplitude information by means of a non-linear function.
- the amplitude information amounts of amplitudes or
- the data receiver is configured to provide the average receive information based on a maximum of a distribution [e.g. Gaussian curve] of reception information of the histogram.
- a distribution e.g. Gaussian curve
- the data receiver is configured to reduce the noise figure [e.g. the noise variance] starting from a maximum of a distribution [e.g. Gaussian curve] of reception information of the histogram based on a half width of the distribution [e.g. Gaussian curve] of reception information of the histogram.
- the noise figure e.g. the noise variance
- the data receiver is configured to provide resolution of the histogram by restricting the upper and / or lower bound [e.g. of reception information (x-axis)] of the histogram, until a half width of a distribution [e.g. Gaussian curve] of reception information of the histogram, a predetermined range [e.g. Width] in the histogram.
- the upper and / or lower bound e.g. of reception information (x-axis)
- a half width of a distribution e.g. Gaussian curve
- a predetermined range e.g. Width
- the data receiver is configured to iteratively adjust the resolution of the histogram by restricting the upper and / or lower bounds [of receive information] of the histogram by the following steps:
- the data receiver is configured to perform nonlinear quantization of the receive information and to form the histogram over the non-linear quantized receive information.
- the receive information is amounts of amplitudes of a set of received symbols or a set of samples [e.g. which correspond to the signal segment], where the nonlinear quantization corresponds to rooting of the amplitudes of the set of received symbols or the set of samples.
- the data receiver is configured to filter the histogram [e.g. Low pass filter].
- the data receiver is configured to filter the low-pass histogram.
- the signal comprises at least one data packet or a plurality of sub-data packets transmitted over the interference-prone channel, wherein the data receiver is adapted to receive the determined average receive information and the noise measure for further processing the at least one data packet or the plurality of sub-data packets.
- the data receiver is configured to form the histogram via receive information of a signal excerpt of the received signal composed of a plurality of sub-signal excerpts, the plurality of sub-signal excerpts comprising the plurality of sub-data packets.
- the data receiver is configured to determine the noise variance from the histogram, wherein the data receiver is configured to provide a median of receive information [eg, receive powers, magnitude of amplitudes, or
- Magnitudes of nth roots of amplitudes] of a signal segment [e.g. a set of symbols or a set of samples] of the received signal, and mean receiving information [e.g. of the signal excerpt (e.g., the set of symbols or samples)].
- the signal comprises at least two data packets or sub-data packets transmitted over the interference-prone channel, between the at least two data packets or sub-data packets transmission pauses [e.g. Transmission pauses] are present, wherein the data receiver is designed to put the signal section in a transmission pause between the at least two data packets or partial data packets.
- transmission pauses e.g. Transmission pauses
- the signal section is composed of at least two partial signal sections, the data receiver being designed to place the at least two partial signal sections into different transmission intervals between the at least two partial data packets.
- a maximum of a distribution of reception information of the histogram is zero.
- the receive information is amplitudes of symbols or samples of the signal excerpt.
- the data receiver is designed to determine only the noise figure from the histogram.
- the data receiver is configured to determine, based on the determined average receive information and the noise variance, a mean value of a receive amplitude and a standard deviation of the noise, wherein the data receiver is configured to calculate based on the determined mean value [eg of the amount ] the reception amplitude and the standard deviation of the noise to determine a threshold [eg receive amplitude threshold], wherein the data receiver is adapted to symbols or samples of the signal excerpt, their receiving amplitudes [eg, their amounts of receive amplitudes] above the Thresholds are in a further processing [eg detection or decoding] [eg of received data packets or sub-data packets] not considered [eg
- the data receiver is adapted to symbols or
- Detection or decoding e.g. received data packets or sub-data packets
- the data receiver is adapted to symbols or
- a distribution e.g. Gaussian curve
- the data receiver is configured to weight the symbols or samples of the signal excerpt based on the determined average receive information and / or the noise measure.
- the signal comprises at least one data packet or sub-data packet transmitted over the interference-prone channel, the at least one data packet or sub-data packet having a synchronization sequence, the data receiver being configured to perform further iterative processing [eg synchronization and synchronization] / demodulation] of the at least one data packet or sub-data packet based on the synchronization sequence of the at least one data packet or sub-data packet, and to suppress interference of the interference-prone channel in at least one iteration step of the iterative further processing of the at least one data packet or sub-data packet in which the interferences of the interference-prone channel are suppressed by Symbols or samples of the synchronization sequence which are above the above threshold value are not taken into account,
- the data receiver is configured to perform the iterative further processing [e.g. Synchronization and / or demodulation] of the at least one data packet or partial data packet by the following steps:
- Performing a first synchronization e.g. Frequency and / or
- Phase synchronization of the at least one received data packet or partial data packet while suppressing the interference of the interference-prone channel.
- a data receiver wherein the data receiver is adapted to receive a signal, the signal comprising interference of an interference-prone transmission channel, the data receiver being adapted to provide a median of receive information [e.g. Received powers, magnitudes of magnitudes, or magnitudes of nth roots of amplitudes] of a signal segment [e.g. a set of symbols or a set of samples] of the received signal to provide mean reception information [e.g. of the signal excerpt (e.g., the set of symbols or samples)].
- a median of receive information e.g. Received powers, magnitudes of magnitudes, or magnitudes of nth roots of amplitudes
- a signal segment e.g. a set of symbols or a set of samples
- mean reception information e.g. of the signal excerpt (e.g., the set of symbols or samples)].
- the Data receiver is adapted to provide reliability information [eg LLR values] for the received data symbols of the at least one data packet or sub-data packet [eg per data packet or sub-data packet] based on a first symbol-based noise measurement estimate [eg AWGN-optimized LLR scaling] and / or a second symbol-based noise measurement estimate [eg, interference-optimized LLR scaling], wherein the data receiver is configured to generate a noise measure over a subset of the received data symbols of the at least one in the case of the first symbol-based noise measurement estimate [eg AWGN-optimized LLR scaling] Determine data packets or sub-data packets, wherein the subset comprises at least two symbols, wherein the data receiver is adapted to in the case of the second symbol-based noise measure estimation [eg, interference-optimized LLR scaling] for the received data symbols of the at least one data packet or sub-data packet symbol as [
- the data receiver is adapted to be used in the case of the first symbol-based noise measure estimate [e.g. AWGN optimized LLR scaling] to determine the noise measure over noise values of the first subset of the received data symbols of the at least one data packet or sub-data packet [e.g. to mittein].
- the first symbol-based noise measure estimate e.g. AWGN optimized LLR scaling
- the data receiver is adapted to be used in the case of the first symbol-based noise measure estimate [e.g. AWGN-optimized LLR scaling] a first noise measure over a first subset [e.g. a first half] of the data symbols of the at least one data packet or partial data packet and a second noise measure over a second subset [e.g. a second half] of the data symbols of the at least one data packet or partial data packet.
- the first symbol-based noise measure estimate e.g. AWGN-optimized LLR scaling
- the data receiver is configured to be used in the case of the second symbol-based noise measure estimate [e.g. Interference-optimized LLR scaling] for the received data symbols of the at least one data packet or partial data packet symbolwise [e.g. for each symbol] to determine a noise measure based on [e.g. by sliding averaging over a noise value of the respective data symbol and at least one noise value of an adjacent data symbol.
- the second symbol-based noise measure estimate e.g. Interference-optimized LLR scaling
- the data receiver is configured to determine an interference rate of the interference-prone channel, and in dependence on the determined interference rate, the reliability information [eg, LLR values] for the received symbols of the at least one data packet or partial data packet based either on the first symbol-based noise measure estimate [eg, AWGN-optimized LLR scaling] or based on the second symbol-based noise measure estimate [eg, interference-optimized LLR scaling].
- the reliability information eg, LLR values
- the data receiver is adapted to the
- Reliability information e.g. LLR values
- the first noise measure estimate e.g. AWGN-optimized LLR scaling
- Noise measurement estimate e.g. Interference-optimized LLR scaling
- first reliability information and second reliability information e.g., decoding
- the data receiver is adapted to the
- Reliability information e.g. LLR values
- first symbol-based noise measure estimate e.g. AWGN optimized LLR scaling
- second symbol-based noise measure estimate e.g. Interference-optimized LLR scaling
- the signal comprises a plurality of sub-data packets, wherein the data receiver is configured to determine impulse responses of the plurality of sub-data packets, wherein the data receiver is configured to determine the average impulse response based on the determined impulse responses.
- the data receiver is configured to determine the impulse response of the respective sub-data packet by averaging the synchronization symbols and the received signal values containing the synchronization symbols.
- the data receiver is configured to provide a smoke power of the respective sub-data packet based on the impulse response or a real-valued version of the impulse response [e.g. average reception power].
- the data receiver is configured to determine the noise power of the respective sub-data packet based on a difference between received symbols [eg synchronization symbols] of the respective sub-data packet and a version of received symbols reconstructed based on the determined impulse response.
- the data receiver is designed to determine the averaged impulse response based only on the determined impulse responses of those sub-data packets of the plurality of sub-data packets whose detected noise power does not exceed a predetermined noise power.
- the data receiver is configured to sort the detected noise powers of the plurality of sub-packets in ascending order, wherein the data receiver is designed to iteratively determine a difference with the next highest noise power starting from the average of the L smallest noise power until an increase factor of the respective difference exceeds a predetermined threshold, wherein those partial data packets which have the respective next larger noise value, the gain of which exceeds the threshold, or a greater noise value than the respective next larger noise value, do not take into account in the determination of the averaged impulse response.
- a data receiver wherein the data receiver is adapted to receive a signal, the signal comprising interferences of an interference-prone transmission channel, the data receiver being adapted to receive at least two histograms via received power information [e.g. Reception powers, logarithmic reception powers] of two different signal sections [e.g. a set of samples or a set of symbols] of the received signal [for example, a first histogram of received power information of a first signal section of the received signal and a second histogram of received power information of a second signal section of the received signal], wherein the data receiver is adapted to receive the at least two histograms [eg Distributing received power information of the at least two histograms] in a bin-wise manner [e.g. to obtain a combined histogram, the data receiver being adapted to obtain from the combined histogram a noise power information [e.g. Noise power] to determine.
- received power information e.g. Reception powers, logarithmic reception powers
- two different signal sections e
- the data receiver is configured to receive receive power information [e.g. Receiving services, logarithmic
- Receive powers] of at least two sets of samples or symbols determine at least two signal sections, and the at least two histograms on the determined received power information of the at least two sets of
- the received power information is received power or logarithm received power.
- the data receiver is configured to determine the noise power information based on a maximum of a distribution of combined received power information of the combined histogram.
- a data receiver wherein the data receiver is adapted to receive a signal [e.g. a wideband signal], the signal having interference of an interference-prone transmission channel, the data receiver being arranged to convert the signal into a plurality of subband signals [e.g. a plurality of channels], the plurality of subband signals having different [e.g. partially overlapping] subbands of the signal, the data receiver being adapted to provide power information [e.g. Receiving powers, logarithmic reception powers] of samples or symbols of a same temporal signal excerpt of the plurality of subband signals [e.g.
- a signal e.g. a wideband signal
- the data receiver being arranged to convert the signal into a plurality of subband signals [e.g. a plurality of channels], the plurality of subband signals having different [e.g. partially overlapping] subbands of the signal
- the data receiver being adapted to provide power information [e.g. Receiving powers, logarithmic reception powers] of samples or symbols of a
- a two dimensional array of power information wherein a first dimension of the two dimensional array describes the plurality of subband signals, wherein a second dimension of the two dimensional array describes the sampling times]
- the data receiver is configured to sum for each sample time of the signal excerpt about the respective performance information [eg of the two-dimensional array] to obtain a set of sum power information for the signal patch, and wherein the data receiver is configured to provide minimum formation [e.g. Minimum search] about the respective performance information [e.g.
- the data receiver is adapted to form a sum histogram over the set of sum power information, the data receiver being adapted to provide a minimum histogram over the To make set of minimum performance information.
- the determined power information forms a matrix of power information, with rows of the matrix forming the plurality of subband signals describe where columns of the matrix describe sampling times, wherein the
- Data receiver is adapted to the summation over the respective
- the data receiver is configured to determine a sum noise power from the sum histogram, wherein the data receiver is configured to determine a minimum noise power from the minimum histogram.
- the data receiver is adapted to the
- Data receiver is adapted to determine the minimum noise power based on a maximum of a distribution of minimum power information of the minium histogram.
- the received power information is received power or logarithm received power.
- Further embodiments provide a method for receiving a signal, wherein the signal comprises interference of an interference-prone transmission channel.
- the method comprises a step of forming a histogram over a signal excerpt of the received signal.
- the method comprises a step of determining a mean reception information and / or a noise measure from the histogram.
- Further embodiments provide a method for receiving a signal, wherein the signal comprises interference of an interference-prone transmission channel.
- the method includes a step of forming a median over receive information of a signal portion of the received signal to obtain average receive information.
- Noise measure estimation and / or a second symbol-based noise measure estimate wherein in the case of the first symbol-based noise measure estimation, a noise measure over a subset of the received data symbols of the at least one data packet or sub-data packet is determined, wherein the subset comprises at least two symbols, wherein in the case of the second symbol-based noise measure estimation a noise measure is determined symbol-wise for the received data symbols of the at least one data packet or partial data packet.
- Further embodiments provide a method for receiving a signal, wherein the signal comprises interference of an interference-prone transmission channel.
- the method includes a step of forming at least two histograms of received power information from two different signal samples of the received signal. Further, the method includes a step of bin-vying the at least two histograms to obtain a combined histogram. Further, the method includes a step of determining noise power information from the combined histogram.
- Further embodiments provide a method for receiving a signal, wherein the signal comprises interference of an interference-prone transmission channel.
- the method includes a step of dividing the signal into a plurality of subband signals, the plurality of subband signals having different subbands of the signal.
- the method comprises a step of determining power information of samples or symbols of a same time signal segment of the plurality of subband signals.
- the method comprises a step of performing a summation for each sampling instant of the signal excerpt over the respective power information in order to obtain a set of summation power information for the signal excerpt.
- the method comprises a step of performing a minimum formation for each sampling instant of the signal excerpt over the respective power information in order to obtain a set of minimum power information for the signal excerpt.
- the method comprises a step of forming a sum histogram over the set of sum power information. Further, the method includes a step of forming a minimum histogram over the set of minimum power information.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram of a system having a data transmitter and a data receiver, according to one embodiment of the present invention
- Fig. 2 is a diagram of an occupancy of the transmission channel in the
- Fig. 3 is a schematic block diagram of a data receiver, according to a
- Fig. 4 is a diagram showing a course of a received signal, wherein the
- Signal has a telegram and wherein the signal has no interference (interference) on;
- FIG. 5 is a diagram showing a profile of a received signal, wherein the
- Figures 8a-c are graphs of histograms of the detected powers of the samples or symbols of a received signal, the signal having additional interferences, the histograms having different upper and lower bounds of powers;
- Samples or symbols of a received signal the signal having a low SNR; 10 shows in a diagram amplitude distributions of samples or symbols of two constellation points of a binary-modulated signal, wherein the signal
- Fig. 1 1 in a diagram, a power distribution of
- Fig. 14 is a diagram showing a distribution of the roots of the amplitudes with the
- 15 is a diagram of a histogram over the determined amounts of the nth
- 16a is a diagram showing an unfiltered histogram of the detected magnitudes of the nth roots of the amplitudes of the samples or symbols of a received signal, the signal having a low SNR;
- Fig. 16b is a graph showing a filtered histogram of the detected magnitudes of the nth roots of the amplitudes of the samples or symbols of the received signal, the signal having a low SNR;
- 17 is a graph showing a progression of the magnitudes of the amplitudes of a
- Samples or symbols of a received signal, the received signal having interferences; 19 is a schematic view of a plurality of sub-data packets, wherein the
- Partial data packets a pilot sequence (or synchronization sequence) with P pilot symbols (or synchronization symbols) and two data sequences with
- 20a is a diagram showing a progression of sorted interference powers of received sub-data packets, wherein the sub-data packets are not disturbed by a disturber;
- Fig. 20b shows in a diagram gradients of sorted interference power of received
- Sub-data packets wherein a different number of sub-data packets are disturbed by a disturber
- Fig. 21 is a schematic block diagram of a data receiver, according to a
- Fig. 22 is a schematic view of one of the first symbol-based
- Noise measurement estimate and the second symbol-based noise measure estimate upstream interference detection, for selecting the first symbol-based noise measure estimate or the second symbol-based noise measure estimate based on the interference rate, according to an embodiment
- Fig. 23 is a schematic view of one of the first symbol-based
- Fig. 24 is a schematic view of one of the first symbol-based
- Fig. 25 is a schematic block diagram of a data receiver, according to a
- FIG. 26 is a schematic block diagram of a data receiver, according to FIG.
- Fig. 27 is a schematic block diagram of a packet detector of the
- Fig. 28 is a diagram of intrinsic signals, extraneous signals and evaluated areas
- 29 is a graph showing a normalized distributions of the power values for a
- 31 is a schematic view of a calculation and evaluation of
- Fig. 32a is a schematic view of an ordinary histogram calculation
- 32b is a schematic view of a simplified histogram calculation, according to an embodiment
- Fig. 33 is a diagram showing an example of a sum histogram resulting from the simplified histogram calculation of Fig. 32b;
- FIG. 34 is a diagram showing an example of a minima histogram resulting from the simplified histogram calculation of Fig. 32b;
- FIG. 35 is a schematic block diagram of a packet decoder of FIG.
- 36 is a diagram of a schematic view of five sub-data packets, wherein two of the sub-data packets are disturbed by extraneous signals;
- FIG. 37 is a flow chart of a method of receiving a signal, according to one embodiment.
- 39 is a flowchart of a method for receiving a signal, according to another embodiment.
- FIG. 40 is a flow chart of a method of receiving a signal according to another embodiment.
- 41 shows a flowchart of a method for receiving a signal, according to a further exemplary embodiment.
- the data transmitter 100 can be designed to transmit a signal 120, the signal 120 having at least two separate partial data packets 142.
- the data receiver 110 may be configured to receive the signal 120 (or a transmission channel modified version of the signal 120) that includes the at least two separate sub-data packets 142.
- the at least two separate sub-data packets 142 are separated from one another in time and / or in frequency.
- the distribution of At least two separate partial data packets 142 in time and / or frequency can be made in accordance with a hopping pattern 140.
- the data transmitter 100 may include a transmitter (or transmitter module or transmitter) 102 configured to transmit the signal 120.
- the transmitting device 102 may be connected to an antenna 104 of the data transmitter 100.
- the data transmitter 100 may further include a receiving device (or receiving module or receiver) 106 configured to receive a signal.
- the receiving device 106 may be connected to the antenna 104 or to another (separate) antenna of the data transmitter 100.
- the data transmitter 100 may also include a combined transceiver.
- the data receiver 110 may include a receiver (or receiver module) 16 configured to receive the signal 120.
- the receiving device 116 may be connected to an antenna 1 14 of the data receiver 110.
- the data receiver 110 may include a transmitter (or transmitter module or transmitter) 12 configured to transmit a signal.
- the transmitting device 1 12 may be connected to the antenna 1 14 or another (separate) antenna of the data receiver 1 10.
- the data receiver 110 may also have a combined transceiver.
- the data transmitter 100 may be a sensor node, while the data receiver 110 may be a base station.
- a communication system comprises at least one data receiver 110 (base station) and a plurality of data transmitters (sensor nodes, such as heater meters).
- the data transmitter 100 is a base station while the data receiver 110 is a sensor node.
- both the data transmitter 100 and the data receiver 1 are 10 sensor nodes.
- both the data transmitter 100 and the data receiver 1 are 10 base stations.
- the data transmitter 100 and the data receiver 110 may be configured to process data using a telegram splitting method (dt.
- Telegram sharing method to send or receive.
- a data packet (or message) containing the data is split into a plurality of sub-data packets (or sub-data packets) 142 and the sub-data packets 142 are distributed in time and / or distributed in frequency in accordance with a hopping pattern 140
- Data transmitter 100 transmitted to the data receiver 1 10, wherein the data receiver 1 10, the sub-data packets 142 reassembled (or combined) to obtain the actual data packet.
- Each of the sub-data packets 142 contains only a portion of the data packet 120.
- the data packet may further be channel-coded, so that not all sub-data packets 142 but only a portion of the sub-data packets 142 is required for error-free decoding of the data packet.
- a time-hopping pattern may indicate a sequence of transmission times or transmission time intervals at which the partial data packets are transmitted. For example, a first partial data packet may be transmitted at a first transmission time (or in a first transmission time slot) and a second partial data packet at a second transmission time (or in a second transmission time slot), the first transmission time and the second transmission time being different.
- the time jump pattern can define (or specify, or specify) the first transmission time and the second transmission time.
- the time-jump pattern may indicate the first transmission time and a time interval between the first transmission time and the second transmission time.
- the time jump pattern may also indicate only the time interval between the first time and the second transmission time. Between the sub-data packets transmission pauses may be present in which is not sent. The sub-data packets may also overlap in time (overlap).
- a frequency hopping pattern may indicate a sequence of transmission frequencies or transmission frequency jumps with which the sub-data packets are sent. For example, a first partial data packet with a first transmission frequency (or in a first frequency channel) and a second partial data packet with a second transmission frequency (or in a second frequency channel) can be transmitted, wherein the first transmission frequency and the second transmission frequency are different.
- the frequency hopping pattern can define (or specify, or specify) the first transmission frequency and the second transmission frequency.
- the frequency hopping pattern may indicate the first transmission frequency and a frequency spacing (transmission frequency jump) between the first transmission frequency and the second transmission frequency.
- the frequency hopping pattern may also indicate only the frequency spacing (transmission frequency hop) between the first transmission frequency and the second transmission frequency.
- the plurality of sub-data packets 142 may also be transmitted in both time and frequency distributed from the data transmitter 100 to the data receiver 110.
- the distribution of the plurality of sub-data packets in time and in frequency may be in accordance with a time-hopping pattern.
- a time-hopping pattern may be the combination of a time-hopping pattern and a frequency hopping pattern, ie, a sequence of transmission times or transmission time intervals with which the sub-data packets 142 are transmitted, with transmission frequencies (or transmission frequency jumps) associated with the transmission times (or transmission time intervals).
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing an occupancy of the transmission channel in the transmission of a plurality of partial data packets 142 in accordance with a time-frequency hopping pattern.
- the ordinate describes the frequency and the abscissa the time.
- the plurality of sub-data packets 142 may include, in addition to data (data symbols 146 in FIG. 2), also pilot sequences (pilot symbols (or synchronization symbols) 144 in FIG. 2) based on which the data receivers 1 10 detect the sub-data packets 142 in a receive signal 120 or receive data stream.
- Embodiments of the data receiver 110 which receives a signal 120 in such an interference-prone channel will now be described.
- FIG. 3 shows a schematic block diagram of a data receiver 110 according to an exemplary embodiment.
- the data receiver 110 is configured to receive a signal 120, the signal 120 having interferences 122 of an interference-prone transmission channel.
- the data receiver 110 is configured to form a histogram 124 of receive information (eg, power information or amplitude information) of a signal excerpt 126 (eg, a set of symbols or a set of samples) of the received signal 120 and to obtain from the histogram 124 a mean Receive information and / or noise figure (eg, noise variance) (eg, signal segment 126 (eg, the set of symbols or samples)).
- receive information eg, power information or amplitude information
- a signal excerpt 126 eg, a set of symbols or a set of samples
- noise figure eg, noise variance
- the histogram 124 may be a graphical representation of the frequency distribution of the reception information, the reception information therefor being classifiable into, for example, constant or variable width classes.
- the data receiver 110 may be configured to determine receive information (eg, power information or amplitude information) for a set of samples or symbols of the signal excerpt 126 and to form the histogram 124 over the detected receive information (eg, power information or amplitude information). For example, the data receiver 110 may be configured to receive, for each sample or symbol of the signal excerpt 126 of the received signal 120, receive information (eg, power information such as receive power, or
- Amplitude information such as Magnitude of the amplitude or magnitude of the nth root of the amplitude
- the data receiver 110 may be configured to determine the average receive information based on a maximum of a distribution 126 (e.g., Gaussian) of receive information of the histogram.
- a distribution 126 e.g., Gaussian
- the data receiver 110 may be configured to calculate the noise measure (eg, noise variance) from a maximum of a distribution (eg, Gaussian) of receive information of the histogram 124 based on a half width of the distribution 128 (eg, Gaussian) of receive information of the histogram 124 determine.
- the noise measure eg, noise variance
- the receive information may be power information or amplitude information, such as receive powers (eg, receive power value per symbol or sample), amounts of amplitudes, or amounts of nth roots of amplitudes (eg, an amount of amplitude or an amount of an nth, respectively) Root of an amplitude of the sample or symbol).
- receive powers eg, receive power value per symbol or sample
- amounts of amplitudes e.g, receive power value per symbol or sample
- amounts of amplitudes eg, or amounts of nth roots of amplitudes (eg, an amount of amplitude or an amount of an nth, respectively) Root of an amplitude of the sample or symbol).
- Embodiments assume a (quasi-) static channel, which means there is no / slight temporal change of the channel during a transmission. This is fulfilled, for example, if both data transmitter 100 and data receiver 1 10 are stationary or only move so slowly that the change of the channel is slower than the duration of a transmission
- the use of the signal power and the noise variance is suitable in the static channel.
- the detailed description of how these two parameters are used to determine the disturbed symbols is described below, eg in Chapter 3.
- the determination of the signal power and the noise variance after the detection in the decoder, but even before the synchronization (frequency, time and phase estimation) take place. It can be assumed that a rough frequency and time estimation was made by the detection and the error is smaller than the following parameters:
- T s is the symbol duration and f s is the symbol rate of the system.
- a modulation method with the same amplitude for all constellation points should be used (eg MSK, M-PSK, FSK), for example, in addition to the pilot symbols and the unknown data symbols for determining the signal power and the noise variance be used.
- the signal amplitude depends on the constellation point of the modulation method (eg QAM), it is possible to use only the pilot symbols.
- the received amplitude can be normalized to the modulation point, so that all symbols have the same power in ideal transmission without noise.
- the complex baseband samples before the matched filtering can be used instead of the symbols after the matched filtering. In this case, however, care must be taken to ensure that the oversampling of the signal is relatively small in order to limit the influence of noise outside the useful bandwidth.
- a constant envelope method eg FSK or MSK
- FIG. 4 shows a diagram of a profile of a received signal 120, wherein the signal has a telegram and wherein the signal 120 has no interferences.
- the ordinate describes the amplitude and the abscissa the samples
- Fig. 4 shows an example course of signal amplitudes of a telegram without interference. This is a complex baseband signal of MSK modulation (with frequency offset), where the signal power can be calculated by squaring the signal amplitude.
- FIG. 5 shows a diagram of a profile of a received signal 120, the signal 120 having interferences 122.
- the ordinate describes the amplitude and the abscissa the samples (engl samples).
- FIG. 5 shows a case in which individual disturbances 122 have arrived at the data receiver 110 with in some cases significantly higher amplitudes. In this case, it is necessary to determine the signal line and the noise variance.
- the signal powers are then due to noise, e.g. Gaussian distributed, wherein the peak of the Gaussian curve obtained depends on the channel attenuation and the width of the noise power.
- noise e.g. Gaussian distributed, wherein the peak of the Gaussian curve obtained depends on the channel attenuation and the width of the noise power.
- the powers of the received samples (English samples) or symbols can be calculated. This can be done, for example, by squaring the signal amplitudes.
- the width of the curve or distribution can specify the noise variance.
- the disturbed symbols Due to the random amplitude distribution of the interferers 122 (see FIG. 5), the disturbed symbols only have a very small influence on the distribution of the values in the histogram.
- FIG. 6 is a graph showing a histogram 124 of the detected powers of the samples or symbols of a received signal 120 that does not have additional ones Interference (interference) has.
- the ordinate describes the probability and the abscissa the power.
- FIG. 6 shows a typical histogram of a received telegram without interference (histogram of a transmission with a received power of -100 dBm and a noise power of -120 dBm without additional interference).
- the maximum can be determined, which represents the received power. From the half width of the Gaussian distribution of the noise, the noise variance s [3] and from this the noise power can be determined.
- FIG. 7 is a graph showing a histogram 124 of the detected powers of the samples or symbols of a received signal 120, the signal 120 having additional interferences.
- the ordinate describes the probability and the abscissa the power.
- Fig. 7 shows another histogram having the same channel parameters (histogram of a transmission with a reception power of -100 dBm and a noise power of -120 dBm), but in this case, interference 122 is additionally present in the channel.
- the position of the maxima and the half width do not change due to the disturbances.
- a histogram 124 can be formed via the symbols / samples. From this histogram 124, the signal power and the noise power can be determined via the maximum and the half-width to the maximum.
- the fluctuation of the amplitudes of the perturbations 122 may cause the resolution of the histogram 124 to be greatly reduced by the high dynamics of the perturbations in the region of the maximum. In this way, the exact maximum and the half-width can under certain circumstances only be determined very badly or not at all.
- an iterative approximation to the maximum may be performed until the resolution of the histogram 124 is sufficiently accurate.
- the half width may be 1/4 to 1/6 of the total resolution of the histogram 124.
- the limits (upper and lower limit) of the allowable range for the histogram can be narrowed step by step.
- the process may follow the scheme: 1. Formation of the initial histogram without limiting the limits (minimum and maximum)
- FIGS. 8a to 8c show this scheme using the example of FIG. 7, where the disturbances 122 have a much greater dynamic range than the useful signal.
- Figures 8a-8c are graphs of histograms 124 of the detected powers of the samples or symbols of a received signal 120, the signal 120 having additional interferences, the histograms 124 having different upper and lower limits of powers.
- the ordinates describe the probabilities and the abscissas the achievements.
- the boundaries of the histograms may be limited until the width of the Gaussian curve exceeds a certain threshold.
- Fig. 9 shows in a diagram a histogram 124 of the detected powers of the samples or symbols of a received signal 120, wherein the signal 120 has a low SNR.
- the ordinate describes the probability and the abscissa the power.
- Fig. 9 is a graph showing a histogram 124 of the performance of a bad SNR telegram. This effect can be nicely demonstrated by the example of a binary modulation where the symbols are mapped to an amplitude of +1 and -1, respectively.
- FIG. 10 shows in a diagram amplitude distributions of samples or symbols of two constellation points of a binary-modulated signal, the signal having noise.
- the ordinate describes a number / probability and the abscissa the amplitude.
- a first curve 129_1 describes the amplitude distribution of the samples or symbols of a first constellation point
- a second curve 129_2 describes the amplitude distribution of the samples or symbols of a second constellation point.
- a third curve 129_3 describes a superimposition of the first curve 129_1 and the second curve 129_2 (sum amplitude distribution).
- Fig. 10 shows an amplitude distribution of the received samples or symbols in noise and a received power of -100 dBm.
- the width of the Gaussian curves 129_1 and 129_2 is determined by the noise power. At relatively low noise, both curves 129__1 and 129__2 hardly or not at all overlap, with high noise (as seen in Figure 10) there is a significant overlap between the two curves 129_1 and 129_2. This overlay can lead to wrong decisions in the decoder.
- FIG. 11 shows a diagram of a power distribution of the sum amplitude distribution from FIG. 10.
- the ordinate describes a number / probability and the abscissa the power.
- the maximum does not result at the location of the received power, but at zero. From this maximum it is no longer possible to determine the received power of the signal.
- an input vector can be generated with signal amplitudes that increase linearly (eg, (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, ...) * 1e-5).
- This vector can then be squared, which corresponds to power generation and is shown graphically in FIG. 12.
- FIG. 12 shows a power distribution of an example telegram with a linear amplitude characteristic. The ordinate describes the number / probability and the abscissa the power.
- the amounts of the signal amplitudes can be used instead of the powers in the histogram. If a new histogram with the magnitudes of the signal amplitudes is formed for the same input data of the histogram from FIG. 9, this results in FIG. 13.
- Fig. 13 is a graph showing a histogram 124 of the detected magnitudes of the amplitudes of the samples or symbols of a received signal 120, the signal 120 having a low SNR.
- the ordinate describes the probability and the abscissa the amplitudes.
- a further resolution improvement can be achieved if, instead of the amounts of the amplitudes, the roots (or the nth root) of the magnitude of the amplitudes are used. This is shown in FIG. 14 for the input vector with linearly increasing amplitudes.
- FIG. 14 shows in a diagram a distribution of the roots of the amplitudes with the data from FIG. 12.
- the ordinate describes the number / probability and the abscissa the amplitudes.
- FIG. 15 shows in detail a histogram 124 of the detected magnitudes of the nth roots of the amplitudes of the samples or symbols of a received signal 120, the signal 120 having a low SNR.
- the ordinate describes the probability and the abscissa the nth roots of the amplitudes.
- Fig. 15 shows a histogram 124 with the data of Fig. 9 with the amounts of roots from the signal amplitudes.
- the signal amplitude and the noise variance can be extracted by inversion of the nth root.
- the power is obtained by squaring the signal amplitude.
- the amounts of the amplitudes or the amounts of the n-th root can be calculated.
- the nth root must be calculated for each symbol / sample used to determine the received power and the noise. This represents a considerable amount of data for a considerable amount of data.
- the quantization of the histogram bins (classes of the histogram) can be adjusted.
- Bins near zero have a smaller width than bins at higher values.
- the histogram bins (classes of the histogram) may have a non-linear distribution that may correspond, for example, to the nth rooting of the signal amplitudes.
- the input data to the histogram 124 may be the magnitude of the amplitudes (samples or symbols).
- the histogram may therefore be e.g. be filtered with a low pass filter.
- the curve is smoothed and the determination of the maximum and the half width are simplified.
- a comparison between an unfiltered and a filtered histogram 124 can be seen in Figures 16a and 16b.
- Fig. 16a diagrammatically shows an unfiltered histogram 124 over the detected magnitudes of the nth roots of the amplitudes of the samples or symbols of a received signal 120, where the signal 120 has a low SNR
- Fig. 16b shows a diagram filtered histogram 124 shows the detected amounts of the nth roots of the amplitudes of the samples or symbols of the received signal 120, the signal 120 having a low SNR.
- the ordinate describes the probability in each case and the abscissa in each case the nth roots of the amplitudes.
- the coefficients of the filter can be adjusted to the length of the histogram 124. Depending on the length of the input data, a more or less strong filtering may be necessary. After the calculation, the group delay of the filter can be taken into account or removed so as not to falsify the results. In the case of an iterative search, the filtering can also take place at all / specific histogram steps.
- the result of the histogram formation may be subjected to filtering to allow easier reading of the two parameters (maxima and half width).
- the data receiver 110 may be configured to determine the noise variance from the histogram 124, where the data receiver 110 may be configured to provide a median of receive information (eg, receive powers, magnitudes, or amounts of nth roots of amplitudes ) of a signal excerpt 126 (eg, a set of symbols or a set of samples) of the received signal 120, and a middle one Receive information (eg the signal excerpt (eg the set of symbols or
- the signal power can thus also be determined by forming the median of all received symbol powers (as an alternative to the histogram formation from section 2). It can be assumed that less than half of the received symbols are disturbed, or that packets with more than 50% of disturbed symbols usually can not be decoded. Then the approximate signal power of the undisturbed symbols can roughly be estimated by the median value of all the symbol powers. This is possible because the great performance of the disturbed symbols is not as significant here as in averaging. If less than half of the received symbols are disturbed, the median value will always be in the range of the Gaussian curve of the undisturbed symbols, allowing a rough determination of their performance.
- this estimate can also be made with the magnitudes of the amplitudes or the roots of the magnitude of the amplitudes.
- the median value of the powers may be determined. This value can provide an estimate of the performance of the undisturbed receive symbols.
- the signal 120 may comprise at least two data packets or partial data packets 142 transmitted over the interference-prone channel, with transmission pauses (eg transmission pauses) between the at least two data packets or partial data packets, wherein the data receiver 110 may be formed to place the signal segment 126 in a transmission interval between the at least two data packets or partial data packets 142.
- transmission pauses eg transmission pauses
- the noise power can also be determined from the received signal during a transmission pause.
- the receive symbols are considered similar to Section 2, except that only noise and possibly interferers are received.
- the mean value is now to be expected at zero amplitude, as a result of which the determination of the mean value of the symbol amplitudes analogously to section 2 is omitted.
- the variance or the width of the histogram of the received powers (or Amplitudes). This can again be done analogously to section 2, where the limits of the histograms are iteratively restricted until a certain half width is reached.
- the formation of the median of the receive amplitudes can provide a rough estimate of the noise power in the event of a disturbance.
- a histogram of the symbols or samples at the time of a transmission pause may be formed. From this histogram, the noise power can be determined via the half-width to the maximum.
- the data receiver 110 may be configured to determine an average value (eg, magnitude) of a receive amplitude and a standard deviation of the noise based on the determined average receive information and the noise variance, wherein the data receiver 110 may be configured to be based on the determined mean value (eg, the amount) of the reception amplitude and the standard deviation of the noise to determine a threshold value (eg receiving amplitude threshold), wherein the data receiver 1 10 may be formed to symbols or samples of the signal excerpt 126, their receive amplitudes (eg, their amounts of receive amplitudes) above of the threshold, in a further processing (eg detection or decoding) (eg of received data packets or sub-data packets) not to be considered, for example, to suppress interference of the interference-prone channel.
- a threshold value eg receiving amplitude threshold
- the performance of the FEC can be improved if it is known in interference channels which symbols are disturbed.
- the receive amplitudes of all undisturbed symbols are only dependent on the noise and the channel attenuation, if a modulation method with the same amplitude for all constellation points (all symbols are on the unit circle) is used, eg. M-PSK, FSK, MSK. If a modulation method is used in which this does not apply, the following methodology can be used on the known pilot symbols if these are normalized according to the expected constellation point in the power.
- Reception amplitude of the constellation point and s represents the standard deviation of the noise.
- the magnitude of the receive amplitude can be used, so that 99.7% of all magnitudes of the receive amplitudes are within
- a threshold value can be defined with the aid of the above-described theory, which defines whether the symbols / samples are within the noise variance or not.
- the received power and the noise variance from section 2 can be converted into the mean value of the received amplitude and the standard deviation of the noise.
- a threshold value can be determined, from which all symbols are marked as disturbed. These disturbed symbols can not be taken into account or set to zero when decoding the FEG.
- Fig. 17 is a graph showing a progression of the magnitudes of the amplitudes of a packet clipping with noise.
- the ordinate describes the amplitude and the abscissa the symbol number.
- the line 130 describes the detected threshold, so that all symbols above this threshold are suspected of being disturbed.
- the neighboring symbols of disturbed symbols can also be marked as disturbed. That is, if the previous and following symbols are disturbed, the current symbol is also considered disturbed.
- a symbol can also be marked as disturbed if only the previous or the following symbol is marked as disturbed. This can be extended, so that the penultimate and the next but one symbol are included.
- the symbols may be weighted according to the distance (eg a symbol closer to the current symbol has a higher weighting).
- a decision can also be made, for example with the aid of a rule for the neighboring symbols, whether these are disturbed.
- symbols that are below the threshold can also be marked as disturbed or weighted lower.
- the rule may include the previous, the following, or both symbols. Optionally, several symbols can be used for the decision in the past and the future.
- the data receiver 110 may be configured to receive symbols or samples of the signal segment 126 based on a distribution (eg, Gaussian) of receive information of the histogram for further processing (eg, decoding or detection) (eg, received data packets or sub-data packets) weights (eg to suppress interference from the interference-prone channel).
- a distribution eg, Gaussian
- decoding or detection e.g., received data packets or sub-data packets
- weights eg to suppress interference from the interference-prone channel.
- FIG. 18 is a graph showing a histogram 124 of received powers of samples or symbols of a received signal 120, the received signal 120 having interferences.
- FIG. 18 shows the section of a histogram of the powers of the symbols of a received telegram with interference.
- the Gaussian curve with the undisturbed symbols is distributed around the power 1 e-10.
- the symbols whose powers can be seen on the far right in FIG. 18 are obviously disturbed and can be rejected.
- the probability that a symbol is disturbed increases with the distance to the Gaussian curve. The higher the power, the higher the probability that it will be disturbed (applies to symbols with power higher than the mean of the Gaussian).
- This information can be used in decoding for a weighting of each received symbol in the form of a soft-decision decoding (reliability information decoding).
- each symbol can be weighted according to the probability that it is disturbed. For example, a symbol may be weighted the lower its power is from the center of the Gaussian curve. In embodiments, based on the distribution of the predetermined signal power and noise power in the channel, all symbols may be weighted according to their probability of being disturbed.
- the signal 120 may comprise at least one data packet or sub-packet 142 transmitted over the interference-prone channel, the at least one data packet or sub-packet 142 having a synchronization sequence, which data receiver may be configured to perform further iterative processing (eg, synchronization and / or demodulation) of the at least one data packet or partial data packet 142 based on the synchronization sequence of the at least one data packet or sub-packet 142, and at least one iteration step of iteratively detecting the at least one data packet or sub-packet 142 To suppress interference from the interference-prone channel.
- further iterative processing eg, synchronization and / or demodulation
- interference from the interference-prone channel can be suppressed by disregarding symbols or samples of the synchronization sequence that are above a threshold (e.g., receive amplitude threshold).
- a threshold e.g., receive amplitude threshold
- the data receiver may be configured to obtain a mean value based on, for example, the detected average receive information and the noise variance. an amount of a reception amplitude and a standard deviation of the noise, and to determine the threshold value (e.g., reception amplitude threshold value) based on the detected mean value (e.g., the magnitude) of the reception amplitude and the standard deviation of the noise.
- interference of the interference-prone channel can be suppressed by weighting less weighted symbols or samples of the synchronization sequence that do not meet a given distance to disturbed symbols.
- the data receiver 110 may be configured to provide symbols or samples of the signal excerpt whose received amplitudes (eg, their magnitudes of receive amplitudes) are below the threshold and which are a predetermined distance (eg, one, two, three, or four symbols or samples) Have symbols or samples whose reception amplitudes (eg, their magnitudes of received amplitudes) are above the threshold value, to be ignored or weighted lower in a detection or decoding (eg of received data packets or sub-data packets) (eg as symbols or samples of the Signal excerpt whose received amplitudes (eg, the amounts of
- interference of the interference-prone channel can be suppressed by weighting symbols or samples of the synchronization sequence.
- the data receiver 110 may be configured to generate symbols or samples of the signal segment 126 based on a distribution (e.g., Gaussian) of
- the algorithms may start after synchronization before synchronization.
- synchronization (e.g., first) may also be performed in the event of a disturbed channel. If the synchronization is carried out on the basis of the input symbols before the disturbance detection, the disturbed symbols can give rise to estimation errors which, for example, can be so great that a subsequent decoding (also with a subsequent decoding) occurs
- This process can be carried out in a multi-stage iterative manner, for example by the following steps:
- one iteration step for time, frequency and phase estimation may be performed, or alternatively one iteration step for all three or only two synchronization types.
- the frequency estimation it is advantageous if only pilot sequences are used which are not disturbed. It is important to note that there are enough pilot sequences left, as otherwise the frequency estimate is not sufficiently accurate. In embodiments, the frequency estimation may be performed with the remaining pilot sequences.
- pilot sequences can be used, which are partially disturbed and thus only a part of the pilot symbols is available. However, it is advantageous that a previously defined minimum proportion of pilot symbols is present.
- the time estimation can then be carried out with the remaining pilot sequences.
- a single value can usually be calculated for each signal segment. Thus, if the pilot sequence for this section is completely or almost completely destroyed, there is no phase estimation parameter.
- a multi-level iteratively a new synchronization can be performed.
- a Störererkennung and Störerunterdrückung be performed and subsequently a new synchronization of the telegram can be performed, in which you information about disturbances of synchronization symbols is taken into account.
- the symbols can be further processed in the data receiver. For example, with an MSK or M-PSK, the ISI can be removed.
- the disturbance detection and suppression for the data symbols can be performed again in accordance with Section 3.
- the pilot symbols can also be subjected to interference detection and suppression, but these are normally no longer needed for further processing.
- the information about the disturbed pilot sequences obtained during the first disturbance detection can be used again. All data areas in which the pilot sequence is disturbed completely or beyond the defined value can be completely suppressed, since at least no phase estimate is present for these areas. If the telegram splitting method [1] is used, then such an area can typically comprise a sub-data packet 142 or, in the case of two pilot sequences, half of a sub-data packet.
- the remaining symbols may be sent to the FEC for further processing and then decoding.
- further disturbance detection and suppression may be performed after synchronization for the data symbols.
- Previously detected (completely) disturbed pilot sequences can mark a complete area as disturbed.
- the detection and synchronization can be carried out based on one of the embodiments of sections 2 to 7. However, it is equally possible that the detection and synchronization was not based on one of the embodiments of sections 2 to 7, but that a different detection and / or synchronization has taken place.
- Embodiments of the present invention may be used in a radio based asynchronous packet transmission system in which the transmission pauses are significantly longer than the packet duration and in which Telegram Splitting (TSMA) is applied. Telegram splitting is described in DE 10 201 1 082098 B4 and [1].
- Embodiments prove to be particularly robust in interference limited systems in which a plurality of data transmitters 100 emit uncoordinated telegrams which are received and decoded by a single data receiver 110
- a plurality of data transmitters 100 emit uncoordinated telegrams which are received and decoded by a single data receiver 110
- sensor networks and all future applications under the keyword Internet of Things (loT) is the case.
- Embodiments essentially address the scaling of the soft-decision values (eg bits with reliability information) provided by the demodulator used in the decoding of various FEC (FEC) codes such as block codes, convolutional codes and their chained variants be needed [5], as in contrast to pure hard-decision values (eg hard-decision bits (without reliability information)) contain much more information and thus deliver a significantly lower packet error rate.
- FEC FEC
- the soft-decision values may be referred to, for example, as log-likelihood ratios (LLRs) [5].
- each packet in A can be subdivided into sub-data packets 142 (also called sub-packets or hops), each sub-data packet 142 having its own pilot sequence (often referred to as a training sequence or synchronization sequence) with P, the data receiver 110 known modulation symbols may contain.
- the pilot sequence is also called a preamble or midamble when it is at the beginning or in the middle of the sub-data packet 142.
- a pilot sequence can also be distributed within the sub-data packet 142 in the form of two or more subsequences, between which the data symbols are transmitted. It is common practice to take the pilot symbols the same modulation alphabet as the data symbols.
- FIG. 19 shows a schematic view of a plurality of sub-data packets 142, the sub-data packets 142 having a pilot sequence (or synchronization sequence) with P pilot symbols 144 (or synchronization symbols) and two data sequences with DL + DR data symbols 146.
- FIG. 19 shows a possible structure of the A subpackets 142 (exemplary packet subdivision into sub-data packets 142 with midamble and data blocks).
- the P symbols 144 of the pilot sequence are located approximately in the middle of the individual sub-data packets 142, surrounded by the two data blocks, which in turn may also have different lengths (labeled here with DL and DR).
- the method described below requires a static channel, which means that no temporal change of the channel takes place during the transmission of all sub-data packets 142. This is approximately fulfilled, for example, if both data transmitter 100 and data receiver 1 10 are stationary. Furthermore, a modulation method with the same amplitude for all constellation points (all symbols lie on the unit circle, such. B. MSK or FSK) provided. Then, in addition to the known pilot symbols 144, the unknown data symbols 146 can also be used to determine the interference variance.
- ADC analog-to-digital converter
- Each sample may be complex-valued and have a real and an imaginary part.
- the sampling can be done at least in the symbol clock or a multiple thereof (oversampling).
- the impulse response for each of the A sub-data packets 142 it is possible in a first step, the impulse response for each of the A sub-data packets 142.
- the index m refers to the symbol position within the sub-data packet 142 and the index a refers to the respective sub-data packet.
- FIG. 20 a shows in a diagram a profile 132_1 of sorted interference powers of received sub-data packets 142, wherein the sub-data packets are not disturbed by a disturber.
- FIGS. 20a and 20b show in a diagram gradients 132_2 and 132_3 of sorted interference powers of received sub-data packets 142, wherein a different number of sub-data packets 142 are disturbed by a disturber.
- the ordinate in each case describes the interference power
- a first curve 132_2 describes a history of sorted noise power in the event that a few sub-data packets 142 are disturbed by a interferer
- a second curve 132_3 shows a history of sorted noise power in the case that many sub-data packets 142 are disturbed by a disturber.
- FIGS. 20a and 20b show three schematic courses 132_1 to 132J3.
- Fig. 20a shows the interference-free case
- Fig. 20b shows two gradients 132_2 and 132_3 with different load. If a pilot sequence is disturbed by an interferer, the estimated interference power in this sub-data packet increases, and the greater, the more pilot symbols are disturbed by the interferer and depending on the interference power of the interferer (English interferers).
- X increase factor
- the comparison of the (L u + 2) -th disturbing power with the new X-weighted average value takes place again.
- the maximum number of M SUb sub -data packets 142 is determined, which is not corrupted by interference.
- Sub- data packets 142 selected via these M SUb can then finally be used to determine the final impulse response determine.
- the undisturbed RX symbols are equal to +1 or -1.
- the calculation of the symbol-based log likelihood ratios of all A (D L + D R ) data symbols of a partial data packet 142 takes place, for example, according to FIG where rk represents the undisturbed RX symbols and s ⁇ / 2 respectively the symbol-based noise variance of the guadrature component of real part and imaginary part.
- Embodiments now address the question of how the noise variance s for each symbol clock k can best be estimated on the basis of the symbol-based and downwardly limited squared noise values n n.
- All LLR values would then be scaled with this one value.
- the uncoordinated transmission of data from many subscribers may at any time lead to disturbing superimpositions by signals from other subscribers, which can originate both from their own network as well as from other networks.
- the disturbances in adjacent sub-data packets 142 are mostly independent of each other. In this respect, it is important to find the best possible LLR scaling for the more noisy AWGN interference, as well as for the strongly interference dominated case.
- Fig. 21 shows a schematic block diagram of a data receiver 1 10, according to an embodiment.
- the data receiver 110 may be configured to receive a signal 120 and to scale 160 (eg, using a scaler) with an averaged impulse response to obtain received symbols 162, the signal 120 having interference from an interfering transmission channel, the signal 120 at least a partial data packet 142 (eg, a plurality of sub-data packets) transmitted over the interference-prone channel.
- a partial data packet 142 eg, a plurality of sub-data packets
- the data receiver 110 may be configured to provide reliability information (eg LLR values) for the received data symbols 162 of the at least partial data packet 142 (eg per partial data packet 142) based on a first symbol-based noise measurement estimate 164 (eg by means of a first noise measure estimator) (eg eg AWGN-optimized LLR scaling) and / or a second symbol-based noise measurement estimate 166 (eg by means of a second noise measure estimator) (eg interference-optimized LLR scaling).
- a first symbol-based noise measurement estimate 164 eg by means of a first noise measure estimator
- a second symbol-based noise measurement estimate 166 eg by means of a second noise measure estimator
- the data receiver 110 may be configured to generate a noise measure over a subset (eg the right or left data block in FIG. 19) of the received data symbols of the at least one subset.
- the data receiver 110 may be designed to be in the case of the second symbol-based noise measurement estimate (eg, interference-optimized LLR scaling) for the received Data symbols of the at least one partial data packet 142 symbolwise (eg for each data symbol) to determine a noise measure.
- the second symbol-based noise measurement estimate eg, interference-optimized LLR scaling
- Embodiments of the first symbol-based noise measure estimate 164 e.g., AWGN-optimized LLR scaling
- the second symbol-based noise measure estimate 166 e.g., interference-optimized LLR scaling
- each one of the sub-data packets 142 may be considered separately and a separate averaging performed, respectively
- the index k in these equations no longer refers to the complete packet indexing, but to the symbol index within each sub-data packet 142. If the lengths of the data blocks of DL and DR are not equal but different, then the difference in the different lengths of P be balanced so that the right and left total average length in the two equations is identical. 2A different noise variances are estimated per package. All LLRs in one of the 2A data blocks are scaled accordingly with a single value of noise variance. Packet error rate simulations with pure AWGN interference have shown that the difference between optimal AWGN scaling and block-by-block scaling is less than 0.2 dB for the case under consideration.
- Interference optimization ILR scaling can be performed in the interference dominated case, since the disturbance conditions can change significantly from symbol to symbol.
- a smoothing of adjacent values of ri k can be performed.
- the best known smoothing is the polynomial smoothing according to Savitzky and Golay [6].
- Fl R filter coefficients By using Fl R filter coefficients, the data is usually weighted by quadratic or cubic polynomials.
- the method of Savitzky and Golay also allows the simplest smoothing method of measurement data, the (weighted) moving average.
- the data points are replaced by the arithmetic mean of the neighboring points (or a weighted form of them):
- the size of the sliding window is 2F + 1 and w ß are the associated weights.
- F 4 and the window width is 9 values.
- the first F values of the noise variance at the beginning and at the end of each partial data packet 142 each still require special treatment.
- L m can assume a value of 13. Similar to Eq. (2) is also expressed in Eq. (4) does not try to make a single LLR value arbitrarily large. Such measures have a positive effect on the packet error rate.
- the variants 1) to 4) are arranged according to their increasing complexity and should also show an ever better performance with increasing ranking.
- the data receiver 110 may be configured in embodiments to determine an interference rate of the interference-prone channel, and in dependence on the determined interference rate, the reliability information (LLR values) for the received symbols of the at least one partial data packet 142 either based on the first symbol-based noise measure estimation (AWGN-optimized LLR scaling) or based on the second symbol-based noise measure estimate (interference-optimized LLR scaling), as shown in FIG. 22.
- LLR values the reliability information for the received symbols of the at least one partial data packet 142 either based on the first symbol-based noise measure estimation (AWGN-optimized LLR scaling) or based on the second symbol-based noise measure estimate (interference-optimized LLR scaling), as shown in FIG. 22.
- FIG. 22 shows a schematic view of one of the first symbol-based noise measurement estimate 164 and the second symbol-based noise measurement estimate 166 preceding interference detection 168 for selecting the first symbol-based one Noise estimate 164 or the second symbol-based noise measure estimate 166 based on the interference rate.
- Fig. 22 shows a schematic view of an upstream noise or interference detection for selecting an option.
- the variant 1 according to FIG. 22 attempts to make a selection with an evaluation, for example based on the exemplary embodiments of the sections 2 and 3, as to whether the partial data packet 142 is more disturbed by noise or interference. Accordingly, the first symbol-based noise measurement estimate (AWGN-optimized LLR scaling) or the second symbol-based noise measurement estimate (interference-optimized LLR scaling) are then run through. This harsh approach is likely to deliver the worst performance. To be deployed only with very limited computing resources.
- the data receiver 110 may be configured in embodiments to provide the reliability information (eg, LLR values) for the received data symbols of the at least one sub-data packet 142 separately based on the first noise measurement estimate (AWGN-optimized LLR scaling) and the second noise measurement estimate (Interference Optimized LLR Scaling) to obtain first reliability information and second reliability information and, as shown in FIG. 23, for further processing (eg, decoding 172 (eg, FEC decoding or terbbo decoding) and Review 174 (eg CRC Check)) to combine 170.
- the reliability information eg, LLR values
- AWGN-optimized LLR scaling AWGN-optimized LLR scaling
- the second noise measurement estimate Interference Optimized LLR Scaling
- FIG. 23 shows a schematic view of one of the first symbol-based noise measurement estimate 164 and the second symbol-based noise measurement estimate 166 downstream combination 170 and further processing 172, 174 of the first reliability information provided by the first symbol-based noise measurement estimate 164 and that provided by the second symbol-based noise measurement estimate 166 second reliability information 167, according to one embodiment.
- Fig. 23 shows LLR combining followed by decoding.
- both LLR scaling variants 164 and 166 are run through and then a combination 170 is performed, such that the LLRs of both runs 164 and 166 (equivalent or differently weighted) are added up.
- This second variant should perform much better at the packet error rate the first variant.
- the third variant of the data receiver 1 10 may be formed to the
- Reliability information eg, LLR values
- LLR values for the received data symbols of the at least one partial data packet 142 separately based on the first symbol-based noise measurement estimate 164 (AWGN-optimized LLR scaling) and the second symbol-based noise measurement estimate 166 (interference-optimized LLR scaling) to obtain first reliability information 165 and second reliability information 167 and process them separately, as shown in FIG.
- FIG. 24 shows a schematic view of one of the first symbol-based noise measurement estimate 164 and the second symbol-based noise measurement estimate 166 of separate further processing 176 and 178 of the first symbol-based noise measurement estimate 164 provided first
- Reliability information 165 and the second reliability information 167 provided by the second symbol-based noise measurement estimate 166 according to one embodiment.
- the further processing 176 may be the first one provided by the first symbol-based noise measurement estimate 164
- Reliability information 165 includes a decode 172_1 (e.g., FEC decoding or tbo decoding) and a check 174_1 (e.g., CRC check).
- the further processing 178 of the second reliability information 167 provided by the second symbol-based noise measure estimate 166 may include a decode 172_2 (eg, FEC decoding or tbo decoding) and a check 174_2 (eg, CRC check), outputting the values that pass the check ,
- Fig. 24 shows 2-way parallel processing with post-selection.
- each LLR scaling variant also has its own decoding pass with its own CRC check. If no CRC error occurs in at least one of the variants, then the partial data packet has been transmitted successfully.
- This 2-way solution can be run sequentially. Starting with the interference-optimized scaling, its CRC value is checked. If unsuccessful, the next scaling variant (AWGN) is traversed and its CRC checked.
- AWGN next scaling variant
- This third (2-way) variant can be extended with the fourth variant by further branches, each with different parameter settings. For example, other LLR scaling variants may be used with others Window sizes and / or other weight factors are used, which show better performance, for example, at higher load.
- the optimal scaling for the AWGN case with d WGN can also be included in the multi-branch variant. This is only dependent on the available processing resources.
- the radio transmission system may comprise a large number of data transmitters 100 which send data packets in a non-coordinated manner which are to be received and evaluated by the data receiver 110.
- Non-coordinated in this context means that the temporal and the frequency position of the data packet transmissions of the data transmitter 100 in the data receiver 1 10 is not known and there are no temporal or frequency relationships between the data packet transmissions of the data transmitter.
- the uncertainty with respect to the frequency refers to the frequency position within a frequency band assigned to the radio transmission system, which is also used by other radio transmission systems. It follows that the received signal in the data receiver 1 10 of a data packet transmission of a particular data transmitter 100 may be disturbed in two ways:
- a temporal and / or frequency overlap may occur with a data packet transmission from another data transmitter of the same system.
- FIG. 25 shows a schematic block diagram of a data receiver 110 according to one exemplary embodiment.
- the data receiver 110 is configured to receive a signal 120, the signal 120 having interferences 122 of an interference-prone transmission channel.
- the data receiver 110 may include 10 (eg, a packet detector 180) configured to receive at least two histograms 124J and 124_2 of receive power information (eg, receive powers, logarithmic receive powers) from two different signal samples 126_1 and 126_2 (eg, a set of samples or a set of symbols) of the received signal.
- receive power information eg, receive powers, logarithmic receive powers
- the data receiver 110 may form a first histogram 124_1 of received power information of a first signal section 126__1 of the received signal and a second histogram 124_2 of received power information of a second signal section 126_2 of the received signal.
- the data receiver may further be configured to bin-wise combine (eg, add) the at least two histograms 124__1 and 124_2 and distributions 128_1 and 128_2, respectively, of received power information of the at least two histograms 124_1 and 124_2 to obtain a combined histogram 182, and to obtain from the combined histogram 182 a noise power information (eg noise power).
- a noise power information eg noise power
- the data receiver 110 may be configured to determine first receive information (eg, receive powers, logarithm receive powers) for a set of samples or symbols of the first signal patch 126, and the first histogram 124__1 via the first receive information (eg, receive powers, logarithmic Receive services). For example, the data receiver 110 may be configured to determine, for each sample or symbol of the first signal segment 126_1 of the received signal 120, receive information (eg received powers, logarithmic received powers) in order to determine the detected values for the set of samples or symbols of the first signal segment 126_1 to obtain first reception information and to form the first histogram 124_1 via the detected first reception information.
- receive information eg, receive powers, logarithm receive powers
- the data receiver 110 may be configured to determine second receive information (eg, receive powers, logarithmic receive powers) for a set of samples or symbols of the second signal patch 126_2 and the second histogram 124_2 via the determined second receive information (eg, receive powers, logarithmic receive powers ) to build.
- second receive information eg, receive powers, logarithmic receive powers
- the data receiver 110 may be configured to determine, for each sample or symbol of the second signal segment 126_2 of the received signal 120, receive information (eg, received powers, logarithmic received powers) for the second set of samples or symbols of the second signal segment 126_2 to obtain detected second reception information, and to form the first histogram 124_1 via the detected second reception information.
- receive information eg, received powers, logarithmic received powers
- the receive power information may be receive powers or logarithm received powers.
- the data receiver 110 may be configured to determine the noise power information based on a maximum of a distribution of combined received power information of the combined histogram 182.
- FIG. 26 shows a schematic block diagram of a data receiver 110 according to one exemplary embodiment.
- Fig. 26 shows processing in the data receiver 1 10.
- a packet detector 180 processes the wideband signal at the input and detects existing packets; while the time and frequency position of the packets are approximately determined.
- a packet decoder 184 extracts the time and frequency signal segments from the wideband signal required for processing the packet and subsequently processes them.
- Both the packet detector 180 and the packet decoder 184 are preferably sufficiently resistant to interference.
- the necessary measures in the packet detector 180 are not part of the present invention. It is therefore assumed in the following that the packets can be detected sufficiently accurately even under the influence of the expected interference.
- some embodiments also pertain to the packet detector 180 because the measures required in the packet decoder 184 benefit from a knowledge of the noise power and the packet detector 180 can estimate this quantity much more simply and accurately than the packet decoder 184. In addition to the time Therefore, the packet detector 180 also supplies the noise power it estimates as metadata to the packet decoder 184. Referring to Fig. 27, there is shown the extension of the packet detector 180 for estimating the noise power.
- FIG. 27 shows a schematic block diagram of a packet detector 180 of the data receiver 110, according to one exemplary embodiment.
- the packet detector 180 of the data receiver 110 includes a filter bank (e.g., a polyphase filter bank) 190, a correlation and packet detection 192, and an estimate of the noise power PR 194.
- a filter bank e.g., a polyphase filter bank
- the estimation of the noise power in the packet detector 180 will first be described below. This is followed by the description of the processing in the packet decoder 184.
- the packet detector 180 may include a high frequency resolution polyphase filter bank 190 that may be used to calculate the power density spectrum of the wideband signal.
- the noise power PR is understood below to be the noise power in a channel of the filter bank 190, ie the product of the noise power density and the noise bandwidth of the filter. Their calculation can therefore be carried out without further scaling directly from the absolute squares of the output signals of the filter bank. As in the case of spectral analyzers, here too a temporal averaging over successive power density spectra takes place in order to reduce the variance of the values.
- the averaging factor used for this purpose can be kept relatively low here, as must be expected with a high occupancy of the evaluated frequency band and a too large temporal averaging can prevent the formation of a recognizable noise floor.
- an averaging factor M 4 is used.
- the averaging is done by a weighted addition of M consecutive power density spectra. For the reasons already mentioned, there is no undersampling in the time direction, i. there is no additional temporal blur due to undersampling.
- Fig. 28 is a diagram showing eigen signals 280, extraneous signals 282, and evaluated regions 284 (e.g., channels, band 1, band 2) of the wideband signal.
- the ordinate describes the frequency and the abscissa the time.
- Fig. 28 is a diagram showing an example of the evaluated areas including an example signal scenario.
- the detected frequency range is at a sampling rate fs the interval [-fs / 2 fs / 2]
- several sub-ranges can be used for the evaluation, usually a sub-range below the center frequency (Band 1) and a sub-range above the center frequency (Volume 2) ,
- the regions at the edges (f ⁇ fi ,! Ow and f> f 2, h> gh ) are not evaluated since the frequency response of the wideband signal in these regions drops due to the preceding filtering of the wideband signal.
- a narrow range around the center frequency (fi hig n ⁇ f ⁇ f2.i ow ), which may contain a disturbing DC component or interfering low-frequency signal components in certain receiver technologies.
- the temporal and frequency resolution of the M-times averaged power density spectra is indicated by the grating.
- the signal scenario consists of transmissions of the own radio system (own signals) and transmissions of other radio systems (external signals).
- the eigensignals are narrowband compared to the bandwidths of the bands, while the extraneous signals may be narrow or broadband.
- Broadband external signals usually have a shorter duration than the intrinsic signals, while narrowband extraneous signals usually have a longer duration.
- all cells of the grid are marked, which are affected by the signals. In contrast, the signals themselves are generally neither in time nor in frequency direction in the grid.
- the noise power PR can be determined by means of a histogram of the power values. In scenarios that contain significantly more signals than the example in FIG. 28, a clear maximum in the range of small power values is formed, the position of which can be used as an estimate of the noise power PR. This also applies in the case that it is only a local and not the global maximum of the histogram.
- the measured histogram 124 is wider.
- the maximum is not 0 dB, but something below.
- a reference curve can be used and the position of the maximum determined by correlation of the values of the histogram 124 with the values of the reference curve (maximum likelihood method).
- the values of the reference curve can be determined by a simulation in which a much longer signal length is used than in the concrete application.
- the power values can be evaluated in blocks, as shown in FIG.
- FIG. 31 shows a schematic view of a calculation and evaluation of the histograms, according to one exemplary embodiment.
- the power values of all averaged power density spectrums occurring within a block duration T B can be combined into a block 126_1 to 126_N.
- a separate histogram 124_1 to 124_N may be calculated.
- N consecutive histograms 124_1 to 124_N are added 181 and evaluated.
- the histograms can be described cyclically, ie for block N + 1 the histogram 1 124_1 is used again.
- Successive values of the noise power PR result from the block-wise displacement indicated in FIG. 31, the implementation of which requires no special measures due to the cyclical use of the histograms.
- the noise power PR is estimated by adding the N histograms 124_1 to 124_N and evaluating the resulting sum histogram 182 only when a packet has been detected and the noise power PR of FIG. 27 is actually needed.
- a once estimated noise power PR then remains valid until a further block has been processed, ie the noise power PR is estimated only once per block duration T B , even with very many packet detections.
- the logarithm of the power values can be used. Since the accuracy requirements for this logarithm formation are very low due to the granularity of the histogram, very rough approximations for the logarithm can be used.
- the binary logarithm of the mantissa can also be easily determined since the mantissa is in the range of values
- MSB most significant bits
- a conversion into a representation with mantissa and exponent can first take place; For this, the number of leading zero bits of the fixed point value can be determined and the value can be shifted accordingly.
- Many processors have a special instruction to determine the number of leading zero bits, e.g. CLZ (Count Leading Zeros).
- the limitation of the precision to 1/16 corresponds to a resolution of the power values of 0.188 dB and is thus more than sufficient for the histogram calculation. Depending on the application, the accuracy can be reduced to 1/8 or 1/4 by rounding. Limiting accuracy also allows efficient calculation without prior range testing of the power values.
- the fixed point result of the C function log2int4 is used either directly or after rounding to 3 or 2 decimal bits as an index into the histogram to be calculated.
- the histogram in this case has the lengths and resolutions shown in the following table.
- Histogram processing based on all available performance values can potentially lead to significant computational effort. For this reason, exemplary embodiments are described below with which a reduction of the computing time can be achieved under certain conditions.
- all relevant power values of the averaged power density spectra are no longer included in the histogram calculation, but first characteristic values are formed and only these parameters are evaluated with the aid of histograms.
- the parameters used are:
- SIMD single instruction multiple data
- Fig. 31 The processing shown in Fig. 31 is now performed in parallel for the sum values and the minima. However, the number of values to be processed in a block and thus the number of values in the histograms is reduced by a factor that corresponds to the number of relevant power values in a power density spectrum. In other words, the frequency dimension in Fig. 28 disappears and only two values are processed per journal.
- Fig. 32a shows the ordinary histogram and Fig. 32b shows the simplified histogram calculation.
- the data receiver 110 may be configured to provide power information (eg, receive powers, logarithmic receive powers) of samples or symbols of a same time signal excerpt of the plurality subband signals, for example, to obtain a two-dimensional array 200 of power information, wherein a first dimension (in FIG. 32b, the y-axis (frequency axis)) of the two-dimensional array 200 describes the plurality of subband signals, wherein a second dimension (FIG. in Fig. 32b, the x-axis (time axis)) of the two-dimensional array 200 describes the sampling timings.
- power information eg, receive powers, logarithmic receive powers
- the data receiver 110 e.g., the packet detector 180 of the data receiver 110
- the data receiver 110 may be configured to receive a signal at each sampling instant of the signal excerpt
- the determined power information may form a matrix of power information, wherein rows of the matrix describe the plurality of subband signals, columns of the matrix describing sampling instants, wherein the data receiver 110 may be configured to perform the summation over the respective power information in columns.
- the data receiver 110 e.g., the packet detector 180 of the data receiver 110
- the data receiver 110 may be configured to receive a signal at each sampling instant of the signal excerpt
- Power information forms a matrix of power information, wherein rows of the matrix describe the plurality of subband signals, columns of the matrix describing sampling times, wherein the data receiver 110 may be configured to perform the minimum formation across the respective power information columns.
- the noise power P R, SUm is highly accurate, but only coincides with the actual noise power P R if there are sufficient times or f-columns in which there are no or only weak intrinsic or extraneous signals. This is the case, for example, in the left part of the signal scenario shown in FIG. However, in the right part of the scenario shown in Fig. 28, too high a value is always estimated when the two horizontal foreign signals are active for a long time and together have a power that is in the range of the total noise power in the relevant bands or exceeds them. The same problem occurs when significantly more eigen-signals with comparatively high power are present. In this case, while there is no constant power as with the two extraneous signals, the power in the relevant bands is always higher than the total noise power. In both cases, the estimated noise power P R SUm is greater than the actual noise power P R.
- the value resulting from the maximum can be divided by the number of values to obtain the noise power PR sum .
- a correction factor is usually not required. 2.
- the relationship is much more complicated.
- Fig. 33 is a diagram showing an example of a sum histogram
- Fig. 34 shows an example of a minima histogram.
- the high-resolution with 4 decimal bits is used in the sum histogram
- a resolution reduced to 2 decimal bits is used in the minima histogram.
- FIGS. 33 and 34 show that this results in comparable conditions with respect to the determination of the maxima. It can also be seen that an accuracy of less than 0.1 dB can be expected in the sum histogram, while deviations in the range of 0.5 dB can be expected in the minima histogram.
- FIG. 35 shows a schematic block diagram of a packet decoder 184 of the data receiver 110 according to an exemplary embodiment.
- the packet decoder 184 includes a standard processing 210 comprising a signal extraction 212, a t / f synchronization 214, a symbol sample 216, a channel estimate 218, a symbol evaluation 220, and a channel decoder 222. Further, the packet decoder 184 includes an estimate of the signal power 230 configured to estimate a signal power to obtain an estimated signal power Ps and an estimate of the interferer threshold 232 configured to be based on the estimated signal power P s and the noise power P estimated by the packet detector 180 R to get a disturber threshold Pu m *.
- the central parameter of the interferer suppression is the estimate of the interferer threshold Pumit from the estimated noise power PR taken over by the packet detector 180 and the estimated signal power Ps obtained from the relevant signal sections.
- the relevant signal sections are provided by the signal extraction, which is based on the data provided by the packet detector 180 for the time ( ⁇ rkt, a) and frequency (fpK T .ci) position of the packet.
- the value pair ( ⁇ rkt, a, ⁇ rkt.a) is representative of all the parameters required to locate the signal sections of the packet.
- this also includes information on the position of the sub-data packets 142 or information on the jump patterns used, from which the position of the sub-data packets 142 can be derived ,
- the signals of the DFT filter bank of the packet detector 180 are not used in the packet decoder 184 as a rule, but there is a separate processing on the basis of the wideband signal.
- the provision of the relevant signal sections in the context of signal extraction is concrete, is irrelevant for further processing in the packet decoder 184 and thus also for the Störer-suppression.
- the estimation of the signal power Ps is based on the power values of the relevant signal sections.
- the same method as for determining the noise power PR in the packet detector 180 is used in the core.
- only a single histogram is formed, in which all power values of the relevant signal sections are received.
- the calculation of the interferer threshold Pumit takes place on the assumption of a Gaussian distribution of the power values, where the mean value m of the distribution through the root of the signal power Ps and the standard deviation s of the distribution through the root of the sum of the noise power PR and a "self-noise "PRS is given. In this case, it can be assumed that the probability of performance values representing the value
- the processing in the packet decoder 184 it can be assumed that the intrinsic signals shown in the signal scenario in FIG. 28 in band 2 form a packet with 5 sub-data packets 142. This results in the signal sections shown in Fig. 36 in this case, the sections 1 and 4 are disturbed by extraneous signals. Disturbances due to intrinsic signals of other packages are also possible, but are not available here.
- the perturbation threshold Pu with can now be used in the processing steps 214, 218, 220 applied with Pumit in FIG. 35 in order to exclude signal components or symbols whose power exceeds the interferer threshold from the processing. The way this happens depends on the processing step:
- the symbols whose power exceeds the interferer threshold can be excluded from processing or set to zero.
- the effectiveness of the interferer suppression depends on the performance of the interferers compared to the power of the relevant signal sections. If the interferers have a lower power, they can not be detected, but then usually do not have a serious impact. Have the disturbers significant performance, they sit down in the histogram to determine the signal power Ps significantly and are therefore subsequently also well above the jammer threshold Pu with. Critical are interferers whose performance is in the range of performance of the sub-data packets 142 or slightly higher. In this case, the portions in the histogram overlap and a correct determination of the signal power is no longer possible. In this case, however, an interference suppression by exclusion of certain signal components or symbols from the processing is practically no longer possible, so that the method is no longer suitable in this case anyway.
- Embodiments provide a method for interferer suppression when receiving packets in packet-oriented radio transmission systems, characterized by a Estimation of the noise power by histogram formation on the basis of the output values of a filter bank according to FIG. 27.
- Embodiments provide a method of interferer suppression when receiving packets in packet-oriented radio transmission systems, characterized by efficient calculation of the histograms using the binary number representation of the power values according to the above C program code.
- Embodiments provide a method of interferer suppression when receiving packets in packet-oriented radio transmission systems, characterized by a sliding estimate of the noise power according to FIG. 31.
- Embodiments provide a method of interferer suppression when receiving packets in packet-oriented radio transmission systems, characterized by an optional simplified calculation with separate histograms for the sums and the minima of the power values according to the arrangement shown in Figure 32b including the choice between the two estimated noise power values PR.sum and PR, min.
- Embodiments provide a method for interferer suppression when receiving packets in packet-oriented radio transmission systems, characterized by a
- Embodiments provide a method for interferer suppression when receiving packets in packet-oriented radio transmission systems, characterized by
- Embodiments provide a method for interferer suppression when receiving packets in packet-oriented radio transmission systems, characterized by
- FIG. 37 shows a flowchart of a method 400 for receiving a signal, wherein the signal comprises interference of an interference-prone transmission channel.
- Method 400 includes a step 402 of forming a histogram over a signal portion of the received signal. Further, the method 400 includes a step 404 of determining a mean receive information and / or a noise measure from the histogram.
- Fig. 38 shows a flow diagram of a method 410 for receiving a signal, the signal having interferences of an interference-prone transmission channel.
- the method 410 includes forming a step 412 of forming a median over receive information of a signal portion of the received signal to obtain average receive information.
- Fig. 39 shows a flow diagram of a method 420 for receiving a signal, the signal comprising interference of an interference-prone transmission channel, the signal comprising at least one data packet or sub-packet transmitted over the interference-prone channel.
- the method 420 includes a step 422 of scaling the signal with an average impulse response to obtain normalized received data symbols.
- the method 420 comprises a step 424 of determining reliability information for the received data symbols of the at least one data packet or partial data packet based on a first symbol-based noise measure estimate and / or a second symbol-based noise measure estimate, wherein in the case of the first symbol-based noise measure estimate, a noise measure over a subset the received data symbols of the at least one data packet or sub-data packet is determined, wherein the subset comprises at least two symbols, wherein in the case of the second symbol-based noise measurement estimate for the received data symbols of the at least one data packet or sub-data packet, a noise measure is determined symbol by symbol.
- Fig. 40 shows a flow chart of a method 430 for receiving a signal, the signal having interference of an interference-prone transmission channel.
- the method 430 includes a step 432 of forming at least two histograms of received power information from two different signal samples of the received signal. Further, the method 430 includes a step 434 of binarizing the at least two histograms to obtain a combined histogram. Further, the method 430 includes a step 436 of determining noise power information from the combined histogram.
- FIG. 41 shows a flowchart of a method 440 for receiving a signal, wherein the signal comprises interferences of an interference-prone transmission channel.
- the method 440 includes a step 442 of dividing the signal into a plurality of subband signals, the plurality of subband signals having different subbands of the signal. Further, the method 440 includes determining a step 444 of determining power information of samples or symbols of a same time segment of the plurality of subband signals. Further, the method 440 includes a step 446 of performing summation for each sampling instant of the signal excerpt over the respective power information to obtain a set of summed power information for the signal excerpt. Further, the method 440 includes a step 448 of performing a minimum formation for each sampling instant of the signal excerpt over the respective power information to obtain a set of minimum power information for the signal excerpt. Further, the method 440 includes a step 450 of forming a sum histogram about the set of sum power information. Further, the method 440 includes a step 452 of forming a minimum histogram over the set of minimum power information.
- Embodiments of the present invention find application in a system for transmitting data from a transmitter to a receiver.
- the concepts described herein are for any arbitrary transmission if the channel is not coordinated (ALOHA or slotted ALOHA access method) and / or the transmission is in a non-exclusive band (eg ISM band).
- Embodiments of the present invention relate to the determination of the disturbed symbols of a transmission. There are different approaches here.
- the transmission power and noise variance in static channels can be determined.
- detection and suppression of interference in static channels may be based on transmit power and noise variance.
- a two-stage detection and suppression of interference in application may occur before synchronization.
- aspects have been described in the context of a device, it will be understood that these aspects also constitute a description of the corresponding method, so that a block or a component of a device is also to be understood as a corresponding method step or as a feature of a method step. Similarly, aspects described in connection with or as a method step also represent a description of a corresponding block or detail or feature of a corresponding device.
- Some or all of the method steps may be performed by a hardware device (or using a hardware device). Apparatus), such as a microprocessor, a programmable computer or an electronic circuit. In some embodiments, some or more of the most important method steps may be performed by such an apparatus.
- embodiments of the invention may be implemented in hardware or in software.
- the implementation may be performed using a digital storage medium, such as a floppy disk, a DVD, a Blu-ray Disc, a CD, a ROM, a PROM, an EPROM, an EEPROM or FLASH memory, a hard disk, or other magnetic disk or optical memory are stored on the electronically readable control signals, which can cooperate with a programmable computer system or cooperate, that the respective method is performed. Therefore, the digital storage medium can be computer readable.
- some embodiments according to the invention include a data carrier having electronically readable control signals capable of interacting with a programmable computer system such that one of the methods described herein is performed.
- a data carrier having electronically readable control signals capable of interacting with a programmable computer system such that one of the methods described herein is performed.
- Computer program product with a program code implemented, wherein the program code is effective to perform one of the methods when the computer program product runs on a computer.
- the program code can also be stored, for example, on a machine-readable carrier.
- inventions include the computer program for performing any of the methods described herein, wherein the computer program is stored on a machine-readable medium.
- an embodiment of the method according to the invention is thus a computer program which has a program code for performing one of the methods described herein when the computer program runs on a computer.
- a further embodiment of the inventive method is thus a data carrier (or a digital storage medium or a computer-readable medium) on which the computer program is recorded for carrying out one of the methods described herein.
- the medium, the digital storage medium or the computer readable medium are typically representational and / or non-transitory.
- a further embodiment of the method according to the invention is thus a data stream or a sequence of signals, which represent the computer program for performing one of the methods described herein.
- the data stream or the sequence of signals may be configured, for example, to be transferred via a data communication connection, for example via the Internet.
- Another embodiment includes a processing device, such as a computer or a programmable logic device, that is configured or adapted to perform one of the methods described herein.
- a processing device such as a computer or a programmable logic device, that is configured or adapted to perform one of the methods described herein.
- Another embodiment includes a computer on which the computer program is installed to perform one of the methods described herein.
- Another embodiment according to the invention comprises a device or a
- a system configured to transmit a computer program for performing at least one of the methods described herein to a receiver.
- the transmission can be done for example electronically or optically.
- the receiver may be, for example, a computer, a mobile device, a storage device or a similar device.
- the device or system may include a file server for transmitting the computer program to the recipient.
- a programmable logic device eg, a field programmable gate rarray, an FPGA
- a field programmable gate array may cooperate with a microprocessor to perform one of the methods described herein.
- the methods are performed by any hardware device. This may be a universal hardware such as a computer processor (CPU) or hardware specific to the process, such as an ASIC.
- the devices described herein may be implemented, for example, using a hardware device, or using a computer, or using a combination of a hardware device and a computer.
- the devices described herein, or any components of the devices described herein, may be implemented at least in part in hardware and / or software (computer program).
- the methods described herein may be implemented using a hardware device, or using a computer, or using a combination of a hardware device and a computer.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
- Signal Processing (AREA)
- Quality & Reliability (AREA)
- Noise Elimination (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102018206162.9A DE102018206162B3 (de) | 2018-04-20 | 2018-04-20 | Interferenzdetektion und Unterdrückung in nichtkoordinierten Systemen |
| PCT/EP2019/059939 WO2019202000A1 (de) | 2018-04-20 | 2019-04-17 | Interferenzdetektion und unterdrückung in nichtkoordinierten systemen |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP3782290A1 true EP3782290A1 (de) | 2021-02-24 |
Family
ID=66334420
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP19720491.0A Pending EP3782290A1 (de) | 2018-04-20 | 2019-04-17 | Interferenzdetektion und unterdrückung in nichtkoordinierten systemen |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US11923881B2 (de) |
| EP (1) | EP3782290A1 (de) |
| JP (1) | JP2021521716A (de) |
| CN (1) | CN112236945B (de) |
| DE (1) | DE102018206162B3 (de) |
| MY (1) | MY208848A (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2019202000A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (14)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE102017206236A1 (de) * | 2017-04-11 | 2018-10-11 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. | Spezifische hoppingmuster für telegram-splitting |
| CN114374985B (zh) * | 2020-10-14 | 2023-09-19 | Oppo广东移动通信有限公司 | 超带宽信号的接收信号强度修正方法与装置、电子设备 |
| KR102542126B1 (ko) * | 2021-04-01 | 2023-06-13 | 주식회사 솔리드뷰 | 라이다 센서 및 그의 노이즈 제거 방법 |
| US11664837B2 (en) * | 2021-04-07 | 2023-05-30 | Raytheon Company | Mitigating strong non-Gaussian interference in SS receivers |
| US11646777B2 (en) * | 2021-04-30 | 2023-05-09 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Detecting static channels |
| CN117178525A (zh) * | 2021-05-04 | 2023-12-05 | 华为技术有限公司 | 用于脏纸编解码方案的设备和方法 |
| US20240172137A1 (en) * | 2021-05-11 | 2024-05-23 | Qualcomm Incorporated | A method to limit tx transmit power for fdd hpue |
| US11728843B2 (en) * | 2021-10-19 | 2023-08-15 | L3Harris Technologies, Inc. | Frequency hopping interference detection using decoder codeword metrics |
| CN114257256B (zh) * | 2021-12-15 | 2023-08-15 | 哲库科技(北京)有限公司 | 噪声估计方法、装置、设备和可读存储介质 |
| CN120034209B (zh) * | 2022-06-21 | 2026-01-06 | 华为技术有限公司 | 一种应用于超宽带系统的信号同步的方法和通信装置 |
| TWI835593B (zh) * | 2023-03-16 | 2024-03-11 | 瑞昱半導體股份有限公司 | 無線通訊裝置與干擾偵測方法 |
| CN119051805B (zh) * | 2024-08-20 | 2025-10-21 | 武汉高德红外股份有限公司 | 译码器llr权重获取方法、译码方法、系统、设备及介质 |
| CN119535366B (zh) * | 2024-11-26 | 2025-11-14 | 河南大学 | 基于匹配滤波的星载合成孔径雷达散射波互干扰抑制方法、系统、存储介质与电子设备 |
| CN120415485B (zh) * | 2025-06-23 | 2025-10-21 | 北京广厦网络技术股份公司 | 一种基于透明天线的5g模组通讯装置 |
Family Cites Families (20)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5267272A (en) | 1988-10-24 | 1993-11-30 | Hughes Aircraft Company | Receiver automatic gain control (AGC) |
| JP2002290344A (ja) | 2001-03-27 | 2002-10-04 | Denso Corp | Sir測定装置および測定方法 |
| AU2003218091A1 (en) * | 2002-03-19 | 2003-10-08 | M2 Networks, Inc. | Dynamic channel selection in wireless modems |
| US7408907B2 (en) * | 2002-09-11 | 2008-08-05 | Cisco Technology, Inc. | System and method for management of a shared frequency band using client-specific management techniques |
| US7738848B2 (en) * | 2003-01-14 | 2010-06-15 | Interdigital Technology Corporation | Received signal to noise indicator |
| FI20055368A0 (fi) * | 2005-06-30 | 2005-06-30 | Nokia Corp | Vastaanotin ja menetelmä vastaanotetun datan käsittelemiseksi |
| US8019155B2 (en) * | 2007-03-26 | 2011-09-13 | Eastman Kodak Company | Digital object information via category-based histograms |
| US9113434B2 (en) * | 2010-09-10 | 2015-08-18 | Nokia Technologies Oy | Signal strength profiling |
| CN102780656A (zh) * | 2011-05-11 | 2012-11-14 | 中兴通讯股份有限公司 | 一种多符号子载波干扰消除联合信道估计方法和装置 |
| US8750726B2 (en) * | 2011-08-16 | 2014-06-10 | Cisco Technology, Inc. | Histogram-based chromatic dispersion estimation |
| DE102011082098B4 (de) | 2011-09-02 | 2014-04-10 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. | Batteriebetriebene stationäre Sensoranordnung mit unidirektionaler Datenübertragung |
| US9762351B2 (en) * | 2013-03-20 | 2017-09-12 | Zte (Usa) Inc. | Statistics adaptive soft decision forward error correction in digital communication |
| KR101559521B1 (ko) * | 2013-04-10 | 2015-10-14 | 한국과학기술원 | 소프트웨어 기반의 동기화된 진폭 히스토그램을 이용한 광신호의 품질 감시 방법 및 장치 |
| EP3055444A4 (de) | 2013-10-09 | 2017-06-07 | United Technologies Corporation | Wärmedämmschicht mit verbesserter haftung |
| EP2914039A1 (de) | 2014-02-26 | 2015-09-02 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. | Datensendeanordnung, Datenempfänger und Verfahren zum Betreiben derselben |
| CN103869298B (zh) * | 2014-03-21 | 2016-10-05 | 中国人民解放军海军航空工程学院 | 一种分布式mimo天波超视距雷达海杂波仿真方法 |
| US9577798B1 (en) * | 2014-04-30 | 2017-02-21 | Keysight Technologies, Inc. | Real-time separation of signal components in spectrum analyzer |
| US20150347351A1 (en) * | 2014-05-30 | 2015-12-03 | Apple Inc. | Determining Location System Signal Quality |
| CN105491669B (zh) * | 2016-02-02 | 2020-03-06 | 深圳市蜂联科技有限公司 | 一种自动评估无线信道干扰程度的方法和装置 |
| DE102016220886B3 (de) | 2016-10-24 | 2018-03-08 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. | Interleaving für die Übertragung von Telegrammen mit variabler Subpaketanzahl und sukzessiver Decodierung |
-
2018
- 2018-04-20 DE DE102018206162.9A patent/DE102018206162B3/de active Active
-
2019
- 2019-04-17 WO PCT/EP2019/059939 patent/WO2019202000A1/de not_active Ceased
- 2019-04-17 CN CN201980038281.0A patent/CN112236945B/zh active Active
- 2019-04-17 JP JP2020558425A patent/JP2021521716A/ja active Pending
- 2019-04-17 MY MYPI2020005468A patent/MY208848A/en unknown
- 2019-04-17 EP EP19720491.0A patent/EP3782290A1/de active Pending
-
2020
- 2020-10-20 US US17/074,939 patent/US11923881B2/en active Active
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US11923881B2 (en) | 2024-03-05 |
| US20210036727A1 (en) | 2021-02-04 |
| DE102018206162B3 (de) | 2019-09-19 |
| JP2021521716A (ja) | 2021-08-26 |
| CA3097604A1 (en) | 2019-10-24 |
| WO2019202000A1 (de) | 2019-10-24 |
| CN112236945B (zh) | 2022-08-26 |
| MY208848A (en) | 2025-06-03 |
| CN112236945A (zh) | 2021-01-15 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| DE102018206162B3 (de) | Interferenzdetektion und Unterdrückung in nichtkoordinierten Systemen | |
| DE60007487T2 (de) | Anordnung und Verfahren zum Bestimmen der Datenrate in einem drahtlosen Kommunikationssystem | |
| EP1130867A2 (de) | Empfänger und Verfahren zum Detektieren und Dekodieren eines DQPSK-modulierten und kanalkodierten Empfangssignals | |
| EP3876491B1 (de) | Sender und empfänger und entsprechende verfahren | |
| EP0829990B1 (de) | Verfahren zur Demodulation von höherstufigen MQAM-Signalen ohne Kenntnis der übertragenen Symbole | |
| WO2003019802A1 (de) | Adaptives filterverfahren und filter zum filtern eines funksignals in einem mobilfunk-kommunikationssystem | |
| DE602005003835T2 (de) | Sir-schätztechniken | |
| DE102018010284B3 (de) | Interferenzdetektion und Unterdrückung in nichtkoordinierten Systemen | |
| DE102018010283B3 (de) | Interferenzdetektion und Unterdrückung in nichtkoordinierten Systemen | |
| EP1396089B1 (de) | Verfahren zur kompensation einer stufenförmigen dc-störung in einem digitalen basisbandsignal eines homodyn-funkempfängers | |
| EP3756290B1 (de) | Empfänger, sender, verfahren und system zum empfangen und senden eines kombinationssignals | |
| DE102018202649A1 (de) | Empfänger und Verfahren zum Empfangen eines Kombinationssignals unter Verwendung getrennter Inphase- und Quadraturkomponente | |
| EP3756320B1 (de) | Empfänger und verfahren zum empfangen eines kombinationssignals unter verwendung von wahrscheinlichkeitsdichtefunktionen | |
| DE112010002685T5 (de) | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Dekodieren von Signalen die über nachlassende (fading) Kanäle mit multiplizierendem Rauschen übertragen werden | |
| EP1316182B1 (de) | Verbesserte kanalentzerrung für mobilfunkempfänger | |
| DE102019209800B4 (de) | Empfänger zum Empfangen eines Kombinationssignals mit Berücksichtigung einer Inter-Symbol-Interferenz, Verfahren zum Empfangen eines Kombinationssignals und Computerprogramm | |
| WO2019202031A1 (de) | Paket-korrelator für ein funkübertragungssystem | |
| DE102020110188A1 (de) | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Decodieren von Mehrfachübertragungen zeitbezogener Daten und Verfahren zum Überprüfen einer Vorrichtung zum Decodieren von Mehrfachübertragungen zeitbezogener Daten | |
| DE102015008020B4 (de) | Digitale Störgrößenmodulation zur Maximierung des erzielbaren Datendurchsatzes von Nachrichtenübertragungssystemen | |
| DE112021007068T5 (de) | Empfangsvorrichtung, übertragungsvorrichtung, steuerschaltung, speichermedium, empfangsverfahren und übertragungsverfahren | |
| DE102014115527B4 (de) | Erfassung von aktiven Spreizcodes und Modulationsschemata | |
| EP3994856B1 (de) | Empfänger zum empfangen eines kombinationssignals mit berücksichtigung einer inter-symbol-interferenz und niedriger komplexität, verfahren zum empfangen eines kombinationssignals und computerprogramm | |
| EP2647249B1 (de) | Verfahren und vorrichtung zur kalkulation des grundrauschens | |
| WO2009095001A2 (de) | Verfahren und vorrichtung zur schätzung von kanalparametern | |
| DE10342193B3 (de) | Verfahren zur Rekonstruktion von Nulldurchgangsinformation von verrauschten winkelmodulierten Signalen nach einer Limiter-Diskriminator-Signalverarbeitung |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: UNKNOWN |
|
| STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: THE INTERNATIONAL PUBLICATION HAS BEEN MADE |
|
| PUAI | Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012 |
|
| STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: REQUEST FOR EXAMINATION WAS MADE |
|
| 17P | Request for examination filed |
Effective date: 20201026 |
|
| AK | Designated contracting states |
Kind code of ref document: A1 Designated state(s): AL AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC MK MT NL NO PL PT RO RS SE SI SK SM TR |
|
| AX | Request for extension of the european patent |
Extension state: BA ME |
|
| DAV | Request for validation of the european patent (deleted) | ||
| DAX | Request for extension of the european patent (deleted) | ||
| RAP3 | Party data changed (applicant data changed or rights of an application transferred) |
Owner name: FRAUNHOFER-GESELLSCHAFT ZUR FOERDERUNG DER ANGEWANDTEN FORSCHUNG E.V. |
|
| STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: EXAMINATION IS IN PROGRESS |
|
| 17Q | First examination report despatched |
Effective date: 20230414 |