Classifications

• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
  • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
  • E02D31/00—Protective arrangements for foundations or foundation structures; Ground foundation measures for protecting the soil or the subsoil water, e.g. preventing or counteracting oil pollution
  • E02D31/02—Protective arrangements for foundations or foundation structures; Ground foundation measures for protecting the soil or the subsoil water, e.g. preventing or counteracting oil pollution against ground humidity or ground water
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
  • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
  • E02D5/00—Bulkheads, piles, or other structural elements specially adapted to foundation engineering
  • E02D5/22—Piles
  • E02D5/56—Screw piles
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
  • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
  • E02D17/00—Excavations; Bordering of excavations; Making embankments
  • E02D17/02—Foundation pits
  • E02D17/04—Bordering surfacing or stiffening the sides of foundation pits
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
  • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
  • E02D5/00—Bulkheads, piles, or other structural elements specially adapted to foundation engineering
  • E02D5/02—Sheet piles or sheet pile bulkheads
  • E02D5/03—Prefabricated parts, e.g. composite sheet piles
  • E02D5/10—Prefabricated parts, e.g. composite sheet piles made of concrete or reinforced concrete
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
  • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
  • E02D5/00—Bulkheads, piles, or other structural elements specially adapted to foundation engineering
  • E02D5/22—Piles
  • E02D5/24—Prefabricated piles
  • E02D5/30—Prefabricated piles made of concrete or reinforced concrete or made of steel and concrete
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
  • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
  • E02D5/00—Bulkheads, piles, or other structural elements specially adapted to foundation engineering
  • E02D5/22—Piles
  • E02D5/48—Piles varying in construction along their length, i.e. along the body between head and shoe, e.g. made of different materials along their length
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
  • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
  • E02D5/00—Bulkheads, piles, or other structural elements specially adapted to foundation engineering
  • E02D5/72—Pile shoes
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
  • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
  • E02D7/00—Methods or apparatus for placing sheet pile bulkheads, piles, mouldpipes, or other moulds
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
  • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
  • E02D7/00—Methods or apparatus for placing sheet pile bulkheads, piles, mouldpipes, or other moulds
  • E02D7/22—Placing by screwing down

Definitions

• Retaining wall comprising prefabricated piles, and pile for such a wall
• the present invention relates to a retaining wall comprising prefabricated concrete piles.
• the maximum slope slope depends on the mechanical properties of the soil and leads to horizontal footprints horizontal worth
• Each type of support has its advantages, but also its disadvantages, which may be for example the need for rights of way or temporary or permanent support, an impossibility of the control of the execution, insufficient durability, significant consumption of materials that are incompatible with the principles of
• L-shaped retaining walls consisting of a sole and a reinforced concrete facing, provide stability due to the weight of the ground above the sole.
• This type of wall must imperatively be armed to withstand the stresses generated by the terrain.
• this type of retaining has the disadvantage of requiring rights of way or temporary supports during their realization.
• recent studies and accidents have highlighted a risk of corrosion damage to the main reinforcement at the site of the return of concreting between the sole and the facing. This type of damage is particularly pernicious because it causes a sudden and abrupt rupture of the siding, without any observable preliminary signs.
• Another example of self-supporting retaining wall precast concrete is described in US7001 1 10 patent. Such a wall has an apparent face and a face against which the ground that the wall aims to retain.
• the retaining wall is linked to the portal of a tunnel.
• This type of prefabricated retaining wall significantly reduces the time of implementation compared to walls cast on site.
• the design, sizing and application of this wall however remains limited to a tunnel wing wall or bridge.
• the "Berlin walls” are formed of an alignment of metal profiles stuck vertically in the ground and whose gap between two consecutive profiles is filled by elements of wood, prefabricated concrete or shotcrete to as the excavation progresses. This type of support has the advantage of a very short completion time and does not require temporary rights of way.
• the walls of Paris are similar to the Berlin walls, but use reinforced concrete piles cast in place instead of metal profiles.
• a major problem of Berlin and Paris walls is the accumulation of water that can form behind the siding. In order to avoid the stresses due to the hydrostatic thrust, this water is most often evacuated by means of holes, called barbacans, through the wall. This water flow causes unsightly marks and a proliferation of vegetation and moss on the visible side of the wall. In addition, this permanent humidity can lead to damage to the concrete siding in case of frost.
• GB2232701 describes a retaining wall comprising two rows of pillars with a diameter between 75mm and 300mm sealed with spray cement.
• the front can be reinforced by a steel frame. This document provides no solution to the problem of water accumulation behind the wall.
• FR2732383A1 relates to a draining formwork panel of plastic material or metal, for the formwork of a wall of
• An object of the present invention is to provide a retaining wall free, or at least partially lacking, limitations of known retaining walls.
• a particular object of the invention is to provide a retaining wall and a pile with great adaptability to the situation, great durability and rapid implementation. According to the invention, these objects are achieved in particular by means of a retaining wall of claim 1, a pile according to claim 20 and a method according to claim 24.
• This solution has the advantage over the prior art to allow implementation in a single step of the structural member carrier and the drainage system.
• the implementation is fast, requires no excavation and no temporary support. Earth movements are thus reduced to the strict minimum.
• the monolithic prefabricated concrete pile provides better durability because it lacks weak points created by resumption of concreting.
• the type of concrete may vary depending on its position in the pile section.
• each pile is a drainage collector which fulfills its role independently. In the event of an accidental malfunction of the pile drainage system, drainage of the wall may be ensured by the adjacent piles.
• the implementation does not require a concrete footing under the panels.
• the prefabricated piles can be connected at the head by a cast-iron reinforced concrete sill, with or without tie rods.
• the pile of the invention is multifunctional; it serves both as a structural element to retain the upstream land and the interlayers; it serves as a collector for drained water; and it allows, as an option, to pump the collected water.
• Figure 1 illustrates a horizontal section of a retaining wall according to the invention, in the case of secant piles
• FIG. 2 illustrates a horizontal section of a retaining wall according to the invention, for the case of piles regularly spaced and bridged by intermediate panels;
• Figures 3 and 4 respectively illustrate a vertical section and elevation of a retaining wall according to the invention, in the case of regularly spaced piles, without sill at the head of the pile;
• Figures 5 and 6 respectively illustrate a vertical section and an elevation of a retaining wall according to the invention, in the case of regularly spaced piles, with a sill at the head of the pile;
• Figures 7 to 9 respectively illustrate a vertical section and horizontal sections in the projecting upper part and the lower part stuck of a retaining wall according to the invention, for the case of regularly spaced piles.
• Figures 1 and 2 illustrate a retaining wall 1
• the piles 2 are intersecting.
• the piles 2 are evenly spaced and serve as support for intermediate panels 3 which hold the ground in the final stage.
• the spacing 206 of the piles is determined case by case depending on the geometry and properties of the ground 5, as well as possible vertical stresses of the ground located upstream of the wall of
• the spacing 206 of the piles is less than 3 meters so as to promote drainage by the piles, as described below.
• the pile 2 is a linear support structure, such as a pillar, or a column comprising a first portion 21 to be stuck in the ground and a second portion 22 projecting above the ground and intended to retain the terrain 5 on a height equivalent to the difference in altitude between the upstream levels 502 and downstream 501.
• the intermediate panels 3 are not plugged in, or only on a shallow depth.
• the section of the pile 2 allows to insert it into a hole 6 of circular shape (FIG 9) made in the field.
• the bore may be cased, that is to say that a tube not shown may be housed temporarily in the bore to retain the soil before the introduction of the pile 2.
• the pile 2 consists of a main body of reinforced concrete 201, providing structural safety, traversed from top to bottom by a longitudinal opening 26. Openings
• transverse 27 quasi-horizontal or possibly oblique are distributed regularly and radially in the main body 201. ensure the flow of water in both directions between the drainage ring 202 and the longitudinal opening 26 which serves as a collector for the drainage water, as will be seen below.
• a draining crown 202 may surround the main body 201.
• the section of the reinforced concrete main body 201 is prefabricated in a monolithic manner and does not require any resumption of concreting.
• concreting reversals may be provided for particular embodiments within the scope of the invention.
• the section of the main body of reinforced concrete 201 is provided on its two lateral faces 205 of crows 25 on which abutment panels 3 interpose. a projection, forming a flange on the front face of the pile 2, and preferably extending continuously from the top to the bottom of the pile.
• the crows could extend only over a portion of the height of the pile, for example only on the first portion 21 projecting, or on one or more segments of this first portion 21.
• the support of the spacer panels 3 on the crows 25 is exclusively by compressed concrete concrete contact on the bearing surface 251 crows 25 and requires no bonding armature. This configuration is therefore optimal from the point of view of sustainability.
• a waterproof membrane 252 may be inserted into the concrete of the main body of reinforced concrete 201 so as to extend vertically between the raven 25 and the spacer panels 3. This waterproof membrane 252 has the function of preventing any seepage water to the right of the bearing surface 251 between the crunches 25 of the main body 201 and the intermediate panels 3.
• the biased shape of the bearing surfaces 251 on the upstream face of the crows 25 facilitates the projection of the concrete forming the panels
• the crows 25 can be removed and the section of the reinforced concrete main body 201 is adapted.
• the crows 25 are replaced by an extension of the draining crown 202. This configuration allows the realization of secant piles without drilling in the structural concrete of the main body 201.
• the drainage ring 202 is made of draining material, for example draining concrete. It ensures the drainage of the water around the pile to the openings 27 and to the longitudinal hole acting as a collector. Even if a portion, for example the bottom of the draining crown, is clogged with sediments, the water still penetrates through the numerous transverse openings 27 towards the longitudinal opening 26 of relatively large diameter and therefore unlikely to occur. butcher.
• This draining material can be fixed to the main body 201 of the pile during prefabrication, that is to say before the blocking with the main body of the pile 201. In another embodiment, this draining material is put in place after the positioning of the main body 201 in the borehole 6, for example after removal of the casing.
• the water flows through the sections of draining material around the piles, before entering through the lateral drainage openings 27 in the longitudinal opening 26 which thus serves as a collector for the water from the draining ring 202
• the longitudinal opening 26 preferably has a diameter of between 10 and 30 cm, which makes it possible to reduce the risk of obstruction by sediments.
• the longitudinal opening 26 also allows cleaning (for example in air or water under pressure, or with a cleaning tool) during the entire period of use of the pile.
• the longitudinal opening 26 allows inspection control, for example visual, throughout the duration of use of the pile thus ensuring safety and durability of the structure.
• the longitudinal opening 26 also pumping the collected water during the establishment of the wall or later.
• the longitudinal opening 26 can also be used as a stencil for the precise positioning and centering of the piles in the boreholes.
• the shape of the longitudinal opening may be circular, square, oval or polygonal.
• the longitudinal opening 26 is provided with a removable closure cover 261 to prevent infiltration of water or soil into the pile, while ensuring a durable access window 260 in its the top part.
• the radial transverse openings 27 between the draining ring and the longitudinal opening 26 may have a circular cross section, oval, square or polygonal, with a maximum diameter of between 1 and 5 cm.
• the number of openings is between 1 and 100 per linear meter of pile 2, preferably between 6 and 60, for example between 9 to 20. This relatively large number provides redundancy and ensures drainage even if one or more openings are clogged.
• the radial transverse openings 27 are distributed over the entire length of the pile (FIGS 3 and 5). In the case of piles injected into the portion stuck in the ground 22, the radial transverse openings 27 are not positioned only on the second portion of the pile 22 (Fig 7). The transverse openings 27 are only provided on the upstream face and
• the downstream face is devoid of such openings to prevent the discharge of water on the front of the wall.
• openings 27 are also provided in the plugged portion 21 of the downstream face.
• the draining piles 2 of the invention can permanently suppress any hydrostatic pressure acting on the second projecting portion 22 of the retaining wall.
• the water is drained and collected in the drainage zone 264, situated between the upstream level of the land 502 and the temporary water level 263 inside the longitudinal opening 26, to be infiltrated naturally.
• An opening 28 can be provided on the downstream face of the pile 2 in order to act as overflowing overflow in the case of very important water inflow.
• This opening 28 is preferably located slightly below the downstream level of the ground 501. A single opening on the downstream face of the pile is sufficient.
• the spacer panels 3 are made of shotcrete or cast in place, or prefabricated concrete elements. Depending on the quality of the ground, the panels may consist of unreinforced concrete, fiber concrete or reinforced concrete. Interlayer panels 3 may have a section
• This temporary stability of the terrain 5 depends mainly on the mechanical properties of the ground 5, possible water inflow, the spacing of the piles 206 and the height of the excavation step. The last two parameters are thus chosen and adjusted case by case according to the mechanical properties of the ground 5.
• the draining retaining wall 1 can operate without anchors. However, as illustrated in FIGS. 5 and 6, in the case of a terrain 5 of very poor quality, or of large vertical loads acting on the upstream level of the ground 502, it is possible to connect the pile heads by a sill 7 horizontal reinforced concrete cast in place. This sill can optionally be provided with tie rods 8.
• Such sill 7 can also be considered without anchors 8. It increases the static redundancy of the system and provide structural safety even in case of rupture of a pile 2.
• the sill 7 can also serve as a foundation and diffusion of shock forces in a vehicle restraint system, for example for sliding rails. security.
• the prefabrication of the piles 2 guarantees a high quality and a better regularity of the concrete, a more precise positioning of the frame and allows an integral visual control of each pile and its longitudinal opening 26 as drainage collector, before its implementation. implemented. Potential defective piles can be eliminated even before they are transported to the site.
• the length of the pile equivalent to the sum of the length of the protruding portion 22 and the stub portion 21, is preferably between 4 meters and 12 meters.
• the diameter of the pile 23 is preferably between 40 and 150 cm.
• the pile preferably has a substantially identical cross section 24 along the two portions 21, 22.
• the plugged portion 21 of the pile is of equal length or less than the portion 22 projecting; in one embodiment
• the length of the plugged portion represents between 20 and 50% of the total length of the pile, preferably between 30 and 50%, of
• the pile 2 is configured to work in bending. Its T-shaped or mushroom cross-section is structurally optimal because it has an increased section of concrete in the compressed area. In addition, the horizontal stirrups are positioned optimally, perpendicular to the facing of the retaining wall. They are thus more effective than the circular pile calipers.
• This configuration allows not only to take up the vertical loads and transverse loads directed towards the edges, but it also allows to have two surfaces 251 of vertical supports, when the pile is retained in a drilling field, for the retention of ends of two adjacent panels.
• the downstream face 204 of the pile 2 may incorporate a fastening system 40 of facings 4 described below.
• the retaining wall 1 may comprise a prefabricated concrete facing 4, bound to the front of the piles 204 for example by a fastener 40, as shown in Figures 1 and 2.
• the facing may be used for aesthetic purposes particularly when the wall runs along traffic routes or is located in urban areas.
• the shape of the siding 4 is free. It can be rectilinear, polygonal or rounded.
• the facing 4 can be operated functionally.
• the cladding 4 may incorporate public lighting, be green, include photovoltaic or solar thermal panels, or works of art or billboards.
• the retaining wall 1 lends itself not only to sustainable use along the edges of roads or railroads to large
• the section of the pile 2 may be equipped with injection pipes 10. These pipes allow to inject from the top of the pile and through this last, a grout or a fine mortar 101 which spring on the outer surface of the first portion 21, in order to at least partially fill the void left by the withdrawal of the casing provisional casing ( Figures 7 to 9). This stabilizes the foot of the pile, especially in the case of a stable ground that would not close around the plugged portion of the pile.
• the section of the pile can be adapted in the stub portion 21 by replacing the draining crown 202 (which would in any case be filled by the grout) with structural concrete of the central body 201 (FIG 9). .
• the cross-section of the projecting portion 22 of the piles remaining substantially identical (Fig. 8) to that of the basic variant.
• the injection pipes 10 may be arranged in the section of the main body 201 or in the longitudinal opening 26. [0075] In the case of the variant with injection pipes, the longitudinal opening 26 is filled in. the staked portion of the pile 21 and
• the evacuation of the water is done exclusively by the downstream opening of water evacuation 28.
• the mounting method of the retaining wall comprises drilling at least two drill holes 6 in the ground 5.
• the drilling is either secant or spaced from each other in the variant comprising panels. 3.
• Drilling may be cased. In the case of a wet ground, the boreholes 6 fill with water up to the groundwater level.
• Draining piles 2 are then inserted into these holes.
• the water enters the longitudinal opening 26 through the transverse openings 27. If necessary, it can be pumped through the top of the opening 26 to dry the borehole and the surrounding terrain.
• the free space around the pile is optionally filled with a draining material, or with a grout injected by the openings 10.
• an intermediate panel can be made or placed between these piles, in the variant of Figure 2.
• This panel can be made on site by spraying concrete, pouring, or by placing a concrete structure. It relies in particular on the surfaces 251 of vertical supports of the piles.
• the implementation of the retaining wall can be continued by the realization of a new bore adjacent to one of the piles. Once the drilling is done, a new pile 2 can be inserted in this bore so as to allow the realization of a panel between the new pile and the adjacent pile.
• the longitudinal opening 26 can be exploited after the establishment of the pile 2 and during the entire period of operation of the wall for example for the following purposes:

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Structural Engineering (AREA)
• Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Paleontology (AREA)
• General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Civil Engineering (AREA)
• General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
• Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Composite Materials (AREA)
• Bulkheads Adapted To Foundation Construction (AREA)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

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Family Cites Families (8)

• 2017
  • 2017-09-13 CH CH01135/17A patent/CH714141A1/fr unknown
• 2018
  • 2018-09-12 EP EP18779786.5A patent/EP3682062A1/de active Pending
  • 2018-09-12 WO PCT/IB2018/056978 patent/WO2019053615A1/fr unknown

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