EP3612329A1 - Method and device for producing foundry ingots from metal - Google Patents

Method and device for producing foundry ingots from metal

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Publication number
EP3612329A1
EP3612329A1 EP18722911.7A EP18722911A EP3612329A1 EP 3612329 A1 EP3612329 A1 EP 3612329A1 EP 18722911 A EP18722911 A EP 18722911A EP 3612329 A1 EP3612329 A1 EP 3612329A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
longitudinal axis
ingot
mold
block
cast
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP18722911.7A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP3612329B1 (en
Inventor
Klaus Von Eynatten
Harald Holzgruber
Heinz Rumpler
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Inteco Melting And Casting Technologies GmbH
Original Assignee
Inteco Melting And Casting Technologies GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Inteco Melting And Casting Technologies GmbH filed Critical Inteco Melting And Casting Technologies GmbH
Publication of EP3612329A1 publication Critical patent/EP3612329A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP3612329B1 publication Critical patent/EP3612329B1/en
Active legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
    • B22D11/12—Accessories for subsequent treating or working cast stock in situ
    • B22D11/128—Accessories for subsequent treating or working cast stock in situ for removing
    • B22D11/1281—Vertical removing
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
    • B22D11/04—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths into open-ended moulds
    • B22D11/0401—Moulds provided with a feed head
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
    • B22D11/04—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths into open-ended moulds
    • B22D11/0405—Rotating moulds
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
    • B22D11/04—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths into open-ended moulds
    • B22D11/041—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths into open-ended moulds for vertical casting
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
    • B22D11/08—Accessories for starting the casting procedure
    • B22D11/081—Starter bars
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
    • B22D11/08—Accessories for starting the casting procedure
    • B22D11/081—Starter bars
    • B22D11/083—Starter bar head; Means for connecting or detaching starter bars and ingots
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
    • B22D11/10—Supplying or treating molten metal
    • B22D11/11—Treating the molten metal
    • B22D11/114—Treating the molten metal by using agitating or vibrating means
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
    • B22D11/10—Supplying or treating molten metal
    • B22D11/11—Treating the molten metal
    • B22D11/114—Treating the molten metal by using agitating or vibrating means
    • B22D11/115—Treating the molten metal by using agitating or vibrating means by using magnetic fields
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
    • B22D11/12—Accessories for subsequent treating or working cast stock in situ
    • B22D11/122—Accessories for subsequent treating or working cast stock in situ using magnetic fields
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
    • B22D11/12—Accessories for subsequent treating or working cast stock in situ
    • B22D11/124—Accessories for subsequent treating or working cast stock in situ for cooling

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for producing cast blocks from metal, in particular from steel, with a cross-sectional area of more than 0.1 m 2 , according to the preamble of claim 1. Furthermore, the invention relates to an apparatus for carrying out the method according to the invention.
  • the object of the invention is to develop a method for producing cast blocks made of metal, in particular of steel, with a cross-sectional area of more than 0.1 m 2 , according to the preamble of claim 1, that the cast blocks produced have a particularly high quality.
  • the principle according to the invention consists in an at least temporary rotation of the ingot about its longitudinal axis, as long as the metal of the ingot is not completely solidified, the rotation already taking place during the actual casting process, ie within the region of the mold.
  • the timing of the start and end of turning the ingot, the type of rotation and the direction of rotation depends on various factors and may need to be adapted to the particular application.
  • a first variant of the method which is particularly easy to implement in terms of device technology, provides that the cast block is continuously rotated in a (single) direction about the longitudinal axis.
  • the casting block is rotated in an oscillating manner about the longitudinal axis, for example by a rotation angle of ⁇ 45 ° relative to a middle position.
  • a rotation angle of ⁇ 45 ° relative to a middle position is provided.
  • An additional possibility for influencing the quality or the solidification properties of the cast block provides that during the movement of the cast block, the rotational angular velocity of the cast ingot is varied about the longitudinal axis. For example, a uniform increase or reduction of the rotational angular velocity may be provided, or a sudden stopping and subsequent turning with high acceleration.
  • liquid metal continuously passes into the region of the mold, at the same time the at least partially solidified block being withdrawn by means of the withdrawal punch, so that liquid metal can be replenished into the mold.
  • a withdrawal movement of the ingot takes place continuously or at a constant take-off speed, at least until the time at the end of the casting, in which the take-off speed is reduced, for example.
  • a further variation of the inventive method described so far provides that the mold (in addition to the ingot) is rotated about the longitudinal axis.
  • Such a rotation of the mold about the longitudinal axis can be done either by an additional, separate drive, or by the fact that the mold is arranged to be movable about its longitudinal axis, and a rotation of the mold is caused by the friction with the metal of the ingot.
  • the rotation of the ingot about its longitudinal axis should take place until it is ensured that the cross section of the ingot is completely solidified over its entire length.
  • an additional optimization of the quality of the ingot is achievable if the molten metal of the ingot is moved by means of an electromagnetic stirring coil.
  • a stirring coil can either be arranged stationary in the region of the cast block, or longitudinally displaceable in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the cast block around the cast block. It is also possible to provide a combination of a rigid and a movable electromagnetic stirring coil.
  • the invention comprises an apparatus for carrying out the inventive method described so far, wherein the
  • Device has a ladle and optionally an intermediate vessel for supplying liquid molten metal in a downwardly open mold.
  • a height-adjustable arranged withdrawal stamp for at least indirectly arranging the ingot is provided on a mold surface facing the mold.
  • Device is characterized by means for rotating the ingot about its longitudinal axis.
  • the means are formed by the withdrawal stamp itself or a stand element on which the ingot stands by the trigger stamp or the stand element is rotatable about its longitudinal axis by means of a drive.
  • the means are formed by drive means acting on the outer circumference of the cast block, in particular in the form of rotatable rollers or rollers.
  • Such rollers or rollers are at least non-positively on the outer circumference of the cast block and cause the desired rotation of the ingot, in which case the trigger may need to be rotatable about the longitudinal axis, but does not require its own drive.
  • the mold is arranged rotatably about the longitudinal axis and / or that at least one electromagnetic stirring coil is provided for the cast block.
  • the device 10 shown in the figure is used for the discontinuous production of a cast block 1 of metal 2, in particular of steel, with a cross-sectional area of preferably more than 0.1 m 2 and a length of, for example, up to 15m.
  • the cross-sectional area of the cast block 1 is preferably circular, but may be rectangular or square, or may have another desired shape.
  • the device 10 comprises a ladle 1 1, from the liquid metal 2 via a possibly present distribution vessel 12 in a downwardly open Mold 15 can be delivered. Above the mold 15 may optionally be provided on the side facing the distributor vessel 12 a lining 16 which is surrounded radially by a heating device in the form of an induction coil 17.
  • the unit of lining 16 and heating means or induction coil 17 is also referred to as "feeder".
  • the feeder is used in particular at the end of the casting to heat the liquid metal.
  • a different shape and arrangement of a heating device can be provided, for example in the form of above the lining 16 arranged heating rods, electrodes or the like.
  • the mold 15 adjoins the feeder, which optionally can be radially surrounded by an electromagnetic stirrer 19.
  • the pouring level 3 of the molten metal is located, for example, in the region of the mold 15, wherein the pouring level 3 can be covered by unillustrated powder for lubrication and / or for (thermal) insulation.
  • the inner cross section of the mold 15 is adapted to the cross section of the cast block 1 to be formed or corresponds to it.
  • a cooling device 21 which is arranged in operative connection with the cast block 1, optionally adjoins below the mold 15.
  • a further electromagnetic stirrer 22 may be provided, which may be arranged to be movable longitudinally in the direction of the double arrow 23 in the direction of a longitudinal axis 5 of the cast block 1.
  • the mold 15 is rotatably mounted about the longitudinal axis 5 of the ingot 1 and the mold 15 by means not shown bearing means.
  • a possibly cooled stand element 25 which forms a base 26 for the cast block 1 on the side facing the cast block 1.
  • the stand element 25 is connected to a trigger stamp 28, which is connected via a cross member 29 with a longitudinal column 30.
  • the cross member 29 and the withdrawal punch 28 can be raised and lowered by means of a drive, not shown, in the direction of the longitudinal axis 5.
  • the stand element 25 is also rotatably mounted about the longitudinal axis 5 and by means of a drive 32 can generate an active rotation of the ingot 1 about the longitudinal axis 5 during the casting process of the ingot 1.
  • the drive 32 is preferably designed such that it, depending on the application, the casting block 1 or the stand member 25 but also oscillating, for example by 45 ° to a central position of the ingot 1, as well as with different rotational angular velocities according to a proposed velocity profile, can move.
  • rollers 35 acting as an alternative to the outer circumference 6 of the cast block 1 above the stand element 25 can be used, which are each rotatably mounted in an axis 36 and driven by a drive 37.
  • rollers 35 preferably at uniform angular intervals about the longitudinal axis 5, is provided.
  • the cast block 1 is pulled down from the mold 15 by means of the withdrawal punch 28 in the direction of the longitudinal axis 5.
  • the take-off speed of the ingot 1 may be uniform or discontinuous. Furthermore, during the withdrawal of the ingot 1 from the mold 15, by h.h. during the casting process, possibly also after the end of the withdrawal process, at least a temporary rotation of the ingot 1 about the longitudinal axis. 5
  • the liquid metal 2 solidifies within the ingot 1 from the outer periphery 6 of the ingot 1 in the direction of the longitudinal axis 5. After the regular pouring end, it may be provided that further liquid metal according to the disclosure of WO 2015/101553 A2 in the mold 15 to compensate the shrinkage of the molten metal is poured.
  • the device 10 described so far or the described method can be modified or modified in various ways, without deviating from the inventive idea.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Continuous Casting (AREA)
  • Casting Support Devices, Ladles, And Melt Control Thereby (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for producing foundry ingots (1) from metal, in particular from steel, having a cross-sectional area of more than 0.1 m2, wherein liquid metal (2) is discharged into an ingot mold (15) open at the bottom either directly form a casting ladle (11) or via a tundish (12), and wherein, by means of a drawing piston (28), which is vertically movable in the direction of a longitudinal axis (5) of the foundry ingot (1) and on which the foundry ingot (1) is at least indirectly arranged, the at least partially solidified foundry ingot (1) is drawn from the ingot mold (15) in the direction of the longitudinal axis (5).

Description

Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Herstellen von Gussblöcken aus Metall  Method and device for producing cast blocks from metal
Stand der Technik Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zum Herstellen von Gussblöcken aus Metall, insbesondere aus Stahl mit einer Querschnittsfläche von mehr als 0,1 m2, nach dem Oberbegriff des Anspruchs 1 . Ferner betrifft die Erfindung eine Vorrichtung zum Durchführen des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens. PRIOR ART The invention relates to a method for producing cast blocks from metal, in particular from steel, with a cross-sectional area of more than 0.1 m 2 , according to the preamble of claim 1. Furthermore, the invention relates to an apparatus for carrying out the method according to the invention.
Aus der WO 2015/079071 A2 ist ein gattungsgemäßes Verfahren bekannt, das sich dadurch auszeichnet, dass der gegossene Gussblock erst nach dem vollständigen Abziehen aus einer Kokille bzw. der Beendigung des Gießvorgangs im Bereich einer Tertiärkühlzone um seine Längsachse gedreht wird. From WO 2015/079071 A2 a generic method is known, which is characterized in that the cast ingot is rotated about its longitudinal axis only after complete removal from a mold or the completion of the casting process in the region of a Tertiärkühlzone.
Ein weiteres Verfahren zum Herstellen von Gussblöcken aus Metall mit den Merkmalen des Oberbegriffs des Anspruchs 1 ist aus der WO 2015/101553 A2 der Anmelderin bekannt geworden. Mittels des bekannten Verfahrens lassen sich auch geringe Stückzahlen von Gussblöcken mit 300mm Durchmesser und darüber und Blocklängen von mehr als 5m wirtschaftlich herstellen, wobei nach Ende des regulären Gießvorgangs weiter flüssiges Metall in den Kokillenkreislauf in einem Ausmaß zugeführt wird, so dass mindestens die bei der Erstarrung auftretende Schrumpfung der Metall- bzw. Stahlschmelze ausgeglichen wird. Zusätzlich besteht, und zwar unabhängig von dem Durchmesser bzw. der Länge des Gussblocks die Forderung nach einem qualitativ hochwertigen Gussblock. Gemeint ist hierbei insbesondere eine gute Erstarrungsstruktur insbesondere mit Blick auf die Zentrumsseigerung und die Zentrumsporosität, damit derartige Gussblöcke ihre (Qualitäts-) Eigenschaften vollständig ausschöpfen können. Das aus der oben genannten Schrift bekannte Verfahren nennt diesbezüglich keine Maßnahmen zur Gewährleistung bzw. Erzielung einer optimalen Gussqualität, da es in der Schrift primär um eine möglichst hohe Wirtschaftlichkeit geht. Another method for producing cast blocks from metal having the features of the preamble of claim 1 has become known from the Applicant's WO 2015/101553 A2. By means of the known method, even small numbers of ingots of 300 mm diameter and above and block lengths of more than 5m can be produced economically, further liquid metal being fed into the mold cycle to an extent after the end of the regular casting process, so that at least that during solidification occurring shrinkage of the metal or molten steel is compensated. In addition, regardless of the diameter or length of the ingot, there is a demand for a high quality ingot. In particular, this refers to a good solidification structure, especially with regard to the center segregation and the center porosity, so that such ingot blocks can fully exploit their (quality) properties. The method known from the above-mentioned document does not refer to any measures for ensuring or achieving an optimal casting quality in this regard, since the primary aim in writing is to achieve the highest possible economic efficiency.
Offenbarung der Erfindung Ausgehend von dem dargestellten Stand der Technik liegt der Erfindung die Aufgabe zugrunde, ein Verfahren zum Herstellen von Gussblöcken aus Metall, insbesondere aus Stahl mit einer Querschnittsfläche von mehr als 0,1 m2, nach dem Oberbegriff des Anspruchs 1 derart weiterzubilden, dass die hergestellten Gussblöcke eine besonders hohe Qualität aufweisen. Gemeint ist hierbei insbesondere, dass der Querschnitt eines derartigen Gussblocks möglichst homogen und seigerungsfrei sowie mit möglichst wenig bzw. eine geringe Größe aufweisenden Poren und Lunkern ausgebildet werden kann. Diese Aufgabe wird bei einem Verfahren zum Herstellen von Gussblöcken aus Metall mit den Merkmalen des Anspruchs 1 dadurch gelöst, dass der Gussblock zumindest während des Gießvorgangs zumindest zeitweise um seine Längsachse gedreht wird, wobei die Drehung des Gussblocks vorzugsweise über ein Standelement oder einen Abzugsstempel erzeugt wird, auf dem der Gussblock mit seiner zugewandten Seite steht. Eine derartige, zumindest zeitweise Drehung des Gussblocks während des Gießvorgangs um seine Längsachse, solange das flüssige Metall des Gussblocks noch nicht vollständig erstarrt ist, wirkt über die gesamte Gussblocklänge wie ein elektromagnetischer Rührer, so dass der erstarrte Strang eine stark reduzierte Zentrumsporosität und Zentrumsseigerung aufweist. Darüber hinaus hat es sich herausgestellt, dass durch die ständige Bewegung der noch flüssigen Metallschmelze in dem Gussblock die Erstarrungszeit verkürzt werden kann und damit pro Zeiteinheit eine besonders hohe Leistung bei der Erzeugung bzw. Herstellung von Gussblöcken erzielbar ist. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Starting from the illustrated prior art, the object of the invention is to develop a method for producing cast blocks made of metal, in particular of steel, with a cross-sectional area of more than 0.1 m 2 , according to the preamble of claim 1, that the cast blocks produced have a particularly high quality. In particular, this means that the cross section of such a cast block can be formed as homogeneously as possible and free from segregation and with pores and voids having as little or as small a size as possible. This object is achieved in a method for producing cast blocks made of metal with the features of claim 1, characterized in that the cast block is at least temporarily rotated about its longitudinal axis during the casting process, wherein the rotation of the cast block is preferably generated via a stand element or a trigger stamp on which the ingot stands with its facing side. Such, at least temporary rotation of the ingot during the casting process about its longitudinal axis, as long as the molten metal of the ingot is not completely solidified, acts like an electromagnetic stirrer over the entire ingot length, so that the solidified strand has a greatly reduced center porosity and center segregation. In addition, it has been found that the solidification time can be shortened by the constant movement of the molten metal still molten in the ingot and thus a particularly high performance in the production or production of cast ingot blocks can be achieved per unit of time.
Vorteilhafte Weiterbildungen des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens zum Herstellen von Gussblöcken aus Metall sind in den Unteransprüchen aufgeführt. In den Rahmen der Erfindung fallen sämtliche Kombinationen aus zumindest zwei von in den Ansprüchen, der Beschreibung und/oder den Figuren offenbarten Merkmalen. Advantageous developments of the method according to the invention for the production of cast blocks made of metal are listed in the subclaims. All combinations of at least two of the features disclosed in the claims, the description and / or the figures fall within the scope of the invention.
Wie oben erläutert, besteht das erfindungsgemäße Prinzip in einer zumindest zeitweisen Drehung des Gussblocks um seine Längsachse, solange das Metall des Gussblocks noch nicht vollständig erstarrt ist, wobei die Drehung bereits während des eigentlichen Gießvorgangs, d.h. innerhalb des Bereichs der Kokille erfolgt. Der Zeitpunkt für den Beginn und das Ende des Drehens des Gussblocks, der Art der Drehung sowie der Drehrichtung hängt von verschiedenen Faktoren ab und ist ggf. dem jeweiligen Anwendungsfall anzupassen. So sieht es eine erste Variante des Verfahrens, die sich vorrichtungstechnisch besonders einfach realisieren lässt vor, dass der Gussblock in eine (einzige) Richtung um die Längsachse kontinuierlich gedreht wird. Alternativ kann es vorgesehen sein, dass der Gussblock um die Längsachse oszillierend gedreht wird, beispielsweise um einen Drehwinkel von ± 45°, bezogen auf eine mittlere Position. Eine zusätzliche Möglichkeit zur Beeinflussung der Qualität bzw. der Erstarrungseigenschaften des Gussblocks sieht vor, dass während der Bewegung des Gussblocks die Drehwinkelgeschwindigkeit des Gussblocks um die Längsachse variiert wird. Es kann beispielsweise eine gleichförmige Steigerung bzw. Reduzierung der Drehwinkelgeschwindigkeit vorgesehen sein, oder aber ein plötzliches Abstoppen und anschließendes Drehen mit hoher Beschleunigung. As explained above, the principle according to the invention consists in an at least temporary rotation of the ingot about its longitudinal axis, as long as the metal of the ingot is not completely solidified, the rotation already taking place during the actual casting process, ie within the region of the mold. The timing of the start and end of turning the ingot, the type of rotation and the direction of rotation depends on various factors and may need to be adapted to the particular application. Thus, a first variant of the method, which is particularly easy to implement in terms of device technology, provides that the cast block is continuously rotated in a (single) direction about the longitudinal axis. Alternatively, it can be provided that the casting block is rotated in an oscillating manner about the longitudinal axis, for example by a rotation angle of ± 45 ° relative to a middle position. An additional possibility for influencing the quality or the solidification properties of the cast block provides that during the movement of the cast block, the rotational angular velocity of the cast ingot is varied about the longitudinal axis. For example, a uniform increase or reduction of the rotational angular velocity may be provided, or a sudden stopping and subsequent turning with high acceleration.
Während der Herstellung des Gussblocks gelangt fortlaufend flüssiges Metall in den Bereich der Kokille, wobei gleichzeitig der zumindest teilweise erstarrte Block mittels des Abzugsstempels abgezogen wird, sodass in die Kokille flüssiges Metall nachdosiert werden kann. Üblicherweise findet eine derartige Abzugsbewegung des Gussblocks kontinuierlich bzw. mit konstanter Abzugsgeschwindigkeit statt, zumindest bis zu dem Zeitpunkt beim Gießende, bei dem die Abzugsgeschwindigkeit beispielsweise reduziert wird. During the production of the ingot, liquid metal continuously passes into the region of the mold, at the same time the at least partially solidified block being withdrawn by means of the withdrawal punch, so that liquid metal can be replenished into the mold. Usually, such a withdrawal movement of the ingot takes place continuously or at a constant take-off speed, at least until the time at the end of the casting, in which the take-off speed is reduced, for example.
Eine weitere Variation des soweit beschriebenen erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens sieht vor, dass die Kokille (zusätzlich zum Gussblock) um die Längsachse gedreht wird. Eine derartige Drehung der Kokille um die Längsachse kann entweder durch einen zusätzlichen, separaten Antrieb erfolgen, oder aber dadurch, dass die Kokille um ihre Längsachse beweglich angeordnet ist, und eine Drehung der Kokille durch die Reibung mit dem Metall des Gussblocks hervorgerufen wird. Weiterhin kann es vorgesehen sein, dass zur Erzielung einer möglichst hohen Qualität des Gussblocks dieser nach Gießende über einen bestimmten Zeitraum weiterhin um seine Längsachse gedreht wird. Insbesondere soll das Drehen des Gussblocks um seine Längsachse solange stattfinden, bis sichergestellt ist, dass der Querschnitt des Gussblocks über seine gesamte Länge vollständig erstarrt ist. A further variation of the inventive method described so far provides that the mold (in addition to the ingot) is rotated about the longitudinal axis. Such a rotation of the mold about the longitudinal axis can be done either by an additional, separate drive, or by the fact that the mold is arranged to be movable about its longitudinal axis, and a rotation of the mold is caused by the friction with the metal of the ingot. Furthermore, it can be provided that in order to achieve the highest possible quality of the ingot after pouring over a certain period continues to be rotated about its longitudinal axis. In particular, the rotation of the ingot about its longitudinal axis should take place until it is ensured that the cross section of the ingot is completely solidified over its entire length.
Eine zusätzliche Optimierung der Qualität des Gussblocks ist erzielbar, wenn das flüssige Metall des Gussblocks mittels einer elektromagnetischen Rührspule bewegt wird. Eine derartige Rührspule kann dabei entweder ortsfest im Bereich des Gussblocks angeordnet sein, oder aber längsverschiebbar in Richtung der Längsachse des Gußblocks um den Gussblock. Auch ist es möglich, eine Kombination einer starren und einer beweglichen elektromagnetischen Rührspule vorzusehen. An additional optimization of the quality of the ingot is achievable if the molten metal of the ingot is moved by means of an electromagnetic stirring coil. Such a stirring coil can either be arranged stationary in the region of the cast block, or longitudinally displaceable in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the cast block around the cast block. It is also possible to provide a combination of a rigid and a movable electromagnetic stirring coil.
Weiterhin umfasst die Erfindung eine Vorrichtung zum Durchführen des soweit beschriebenen erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens, wobei dieFurthermore, the invention comprises an apparatus for carrying out the inventive method described so far, wherein the
Vorrichtung eine Gießpfanne und ggf. ein Zwischengefäß zum Zuführen von flüssiger Metallschmelze in eine nach unten offene Kokille aufweist.Device has a ladle and optionally an intermediate vessel for supplying liquid molten metal in a downwardly open mold.
Zusätzlich ist ein höhenbeweglich angeordneter Abzugsstempel zum zumindest mittelbaren Anordnen des Gussblocks auf einer der Kokille zugewandten Standfläche vorgesehen. Die erfindungsgemäßeIn addition, a height-adjustable arranged withdrawal stamp for at least indirectly arranging the ingot is provided on a mold surface facing the mold. The inventive
Vorrichtung zeichnet sich durch Mittel zum Rotieren des Gussblocks um seine Längsachse aus. Device is characterized by means for rotating the ingot about its longitudinal axis.
In einer vorrichtungstechnisch besonders einfach realisierbaren Variante zum Rotieren des Gussblocks um seine Längsachse sind die Mittel durch den Abzugsstempel selbst oder ein Standelement gebildet, auf dem der Gußblock steht, indem der Abzugsstempel bzw. das Standelement mittels eines Antriebs um seine Längsachse drehbar ausgebildet ist. Insbesondere werden bei derartig ausgebildeten Mitteln zur Strangrotation mechanische Beanspruchungen der Umfangsfläche des Gussblocks vermieden. Alternativ oder zusätzlich kann es jedoch auch vorgesehen sein, dass die Mittel durch an dem Außenumfang des Gussblocks einwirkende Antriebsmittel, insbesondere in Form von drehbaren Rollen bzw. Walzen, gebildet sind. Derartige Rollen bzw. Walzen liegen zumindest kraftschlüssig an dem Außenumfang des Gussblocks an und bewirken die gewünschte Rotation des Gußblocks, wobei in diesem Fall der Abzugsstempel ggf. lediglich ebenfalls um die Längsachse drehbar angeordnet sein muss, jedoch keinen eigenen Antrieb benötigt. In a device technology particularly easy to implement variant for rotating the ingot about its longitudinal axis, the means are formed by the withdrawal stamp itself or a stand element on which the ingot stands by the trigger stamp or the stand element is rotatable about its longitudinal axis by means of a drive. In particular, mechanical stresses on the peripheral surface of the ingot are avoided in such trained means for strand rotation. Alternatively or additionally, however, it may also be provided that the means are formed by drive means acting on the outer circumference of the cast block, in particular in the form of rotatable rollers or rollers. Such rollers or rollers are at least non-positively on the outer circumference of the cast block and cause the desired rotation of the ingot, in which case the trigger may need to be rotatable about the longitudinal axis, but does not require its own drive.
Weiterhin kann es vorgesehen sein, dass die Kokille um die Längsachse drehbar angeordnet ist und/oder dass wenigstens eine elektromagnetische Rührspule für den Gussblock vorgesehen ist. Weitere Vorteile, Merkmale und Einzelheiten der Erfindung ergeben sich aus der nachfolgenden Beschreibung bevorzugter Ausführungsbeispiele sowie anhand der Zeichnung. Furthermore, it can be provided that the mold is arranged rotatably about the longitudinal axis and / or that at least one electromagnetic stirring coil is provided for the cast block. Further advantages, features and details of the invention will become apparent from the following description of preferred embodiments and from the drawing.
Diese zeigt in der einzigen Figur einen stark vereinfachten Längsschnitt einer Vorrichtung zum Herstellen eines Gussblocks. This shows in the single figure a highly simplified longitudinal section of an apparatus for producing a cast block.
Die in der Figur dargestellte Vorrichtung 10 dient zum diskontinuierlichen Herstellen eines Gussblocks 1 aus Metall 2, insbesondere aus Stahl, mit einer Querschnittsfläche von vorzugsweise mehr als 0,1 m2 und einer Länge von beispielsweise bis zu 15m. Die Querschnittsfläche des Gussblocks 1 ist vorzugsweise kreisförmig ausgebildet, kann aber rechteckförmig bzw. quadratisch sein, oder aber eine sonstige gewünschte Form aufweisen. Die Vorrichtung 10 umfasst eine Gießpfanne 1 1 , aus der flüssiges Metall 2 über ein ggf. vorhandenes Verteilergefäß 12 in eine nach unten offene Kokille 15 abgegeben werden kann. Oberhalb der Kokille 15 kann optional auf der dem Verteilergefäß 12 zugewandten Seite eine Ausmauerung 16 vorgesehen sein, die radial von einer Heizeinrichtung in Form einer Induktionsspule 17 umgeben ist. Die Einheit aus Ausmauerung 16 und Heizeinrichtung bzw. Induktionsspule 17 wird auch als "Speiser" bezeichnet. Der Speiser dient insbesondere bei Gießende zur Beheizung des flüssigen Metalls. The device 10 shown in the figure is used for the discontinuous production of a cast block 1 of metal 2, in particular of steel, with a cross-sectional area of preferably more than 0.1 m 2 and a length of, for example, up to 15m. The cross-sectional area of the cast block 1 is preferably circular, but may be rectangular or square, or may have another desired shape. The device 10 comprises a ladle 1 1, from the liquid metal 2 via a possibly present distribution vessel 12 in a downwardly open Mold 15 can be delivered. Above the mold 15 may optionally be provided on the side facing the distributor vessel 12 a lining 16 which is surrounded radially by a heating device in the form of an induction coil 17. The unit of lining 16 and heating means or induction coil 17 is also referred to as "feeder". The feeder is used in particular at the end of the casting to heat the liquid metal.
Ergänzend wird erwähnt, dass auch eine andere Form und Anordnung einer Heizeinrichtung vorgesehen sein kann, beispielsweise in Form von oberhalb der Ausmauerung 16 angeordneten Heizstäben, Elektroden oder ähnlichem. In addition, it is mentioned that a different shape and arrangement of a heating device can be provided, for example in the form of above the lining 16 arranged heating rods, electrodes or the like.
Auf der dem Verteilergefäß 12 abgewandten Seite schließt sich an den Speiser die Kokille 15 an, die optional radial von einem elektromagnetischen Rührer 19 umgeben sein kann. Der Gießspiegel 3 der Metallschmelze befindet sich beispielhaft im Bereich der Kokille 15, wobei der Gießspiegel 3 von nicht dargestelltem Pulver zur Schmierung und/oder zur (Wärme-) Isolation abgedeckt sein kann. Weiterhin ist zu erwähnen, dass der Innenquerschnitt der Kokille 15 dem Querschnitt des auszubildenden Gussblocks 1 angepasst ist bzw. diesem entspricht. On the side facing away from the distributor vessel 12, the mold 15 adjoins the feeder, which optionally can be radially surrounded by an electromagnetic stirrer 19. The pouring level 3 of the molten metal is located, for example, in the region of the mold 15, wherein the pouring level 3 can be covered by unillustrated powder for lubrication and / or for (thermal) insulation. Furthermore, it should be mentioned that the inner cross section of the mold 15 is adapted to the cross section of the cast block 1 to be formed or corresponds to it.
Auf der dem Verteilergefäß 12 abgewandten Seite schließt sich unterhalb der Kokille 15 gegebenenfalls eine Kühleinrichtung 21 an, die in Wirkverbindung mit dem Gussblock 1 angeordnet ist. Optional kann unterhalb der Kokille 15 ein weiterer elektromagnetischer Rührer 22 vorgesehen sein, der in Richtung des Doppelpfeils 23 längsbeweglich in Richtung einer Längsachse 5 des Gussblocks 1 beweglich angeordnet sein kann. Weiterhin wird erwähnt, dass es insbesondere auch vorgesehen sein kann, dass die Kokille 15 mittels nicht dargestellter Lagereinrichtungen um die Längsachse 5 des Gußblocks 1 und der Kokille 15 drehbar gelagert ist. On the side facing away from the distributor vessel 12, a cooling device 21, which is arranged in operative connection with the cast block 1, optionally adjoins below the mold 15. Optionally, below the mold 15, a further electromagnetic stirrer 22 may be provided, which may be arranged to be movable longitudinally in the direction of the double arrow 23 in the direction of a longitudinal axis 5 of the cast block 1. Furthermore, it is mentioned that in particular it can also be provided that the mold 15 is rotatably mounted about the longitudinal axis 5 of the ingot 1 and the mold 15 by means not shown bearing means.
Unterhalb des Gussblocks 1 ist ein ggf. gekühltes Standelement 25 vorgesehen, das auf der dem Gussblock 1 zugewandten Seite eine Standfläche 26 für den Gussblock 1 ausbildet. Das Standelement 25 ist mit einem Abzugsstempel 28 verbunden, der über einen Querträger 29 mit einer Längssäule 30 verbunden ist. Der Querträger 29 bzw. der Abzugsstempel 28 ist mittels eines nicht dargestellten Antriebs in Richtung der Längsachse 5 heb- und senkbar angeordnet. Weiterhin ist es vorgesehen, dass das Standelement 25 ebenfalls um die Längsachse 5 drehbar gelagert ist und mittels eines Antriebs 32 eine aktive Drehung des Gussblocks 1 um die Längsachse 5 während des Gießvorgangs des Gussblocks 1 erzeugen kann. Below the cast block 1, a possibly cooled stand element 25 is provided which forms a base 26 for the cast block 1 on the side facing the cast block 1. The stand element 25 is connected to a trigger stamp 28, which is connected via a cross member 29 with a longitudinal column 30. The cross member 29 and the withdrawal punch 28 can be raised and lowered by means of a drive, not shown, in the direction of the longitudinal axis 5. Furthermore, it is provided that the stand element 25 is also rotatably mounted about the longitudinal axis 5 and by means of a drive 32 can generate an active rotation of the ingot 1 about the longitudinal axis 5 during the casting process of the ingot 1.
Beispielhaft ist dargestellt, dass die Drehung des Standelements 25 und des Gussblocks 1 sowie der Kokille 15 im Uhrzeigersinn entsprechend der Pfeile 33, 34 erfolgt. Der Antrieb 32 ist vorzugsweise derart ausgebildet, dass er, je nach Anwendungsfall, den Gussblock 1 bzw. das Standelement 25 aber auch oszillierend, beispielsweise um jeweils 45° um eine mittlere Stellung des Gußblocks 1 , als auch mit unterschiedlichen Drehwinkelgeschwindigkeiten entsprechend eines vorgesehenen Geschwindigkeitsprofils, bewegen kann. By way of example, it is shown that the rotation of the stand element 25 and the ingot 1 and the mold 15 in the clockwise direction according to the arrows 33, 34 takes place. The drive 32 is preferably designed such that it, depending on the application, the casting block 1 or the stand member 25 but also oscillating, for example by 45 ° to a central position of the ingot 1, as well as with different rotational angular velocities according to a proposed velocity profile, can move.
Ist kein mittels eines Antriebs 32 um die Längsachse 5 drehbares Standelement 25 vorgesehen, so können alternativ beispielhaft am Außenumfang 6 des Gussblocks 1 oberhalb des Standelements 25 angreifende Rollen 35 dienen, die jeweils in einer Achse 36 drehbar gelagert und mittels eines Antriebs 37 angetrieben sind. Üblicherweise sind dabei mehrere derartige Rollen 35, vorzugsweise in gleichmäßigen Winkelabständen um die Längsachse 5, vorgesehen. If no stand element 25 which is rotatable about the longitudinal axis 5 by means of a drive 32 is provided, rollers 35 acting as an alternative to the outer circumference 6 of the cast block 1 above the stand element 25 can be used, which are each rotatably mounted in an axis 36 and driven by a drive 37. Usually are several such rollers 35, preferably at uniform angular intervals about the longitudinal axis 5, is provided.
Bei der Herstellung des Gussblocks 1 wird der Gussblock 1 mittels des Abzugsstempels 28 in Richtung der Längsachse 5 nach unten aus der Kokille 15 abgezogen. Die Abzugsgeschwindigkeit des Gussblocks 1 kann gleichförmig sein, oder aber diskontinuierlich. Weiterhin erfolgt während des Abziehens des Gussblocks 1 aus der Kokille 15, durch h.h. während des Gießvorgangs, ggf. auch nach Ende des Abzugsvorgangs, zumindest ein zeitweises Drehen des Gussblocks 1 um die Längsachse 5. In the production of the ingot 1, the cast block 1 is pulled down from the mold 15 by means of the withdrawal punch 28 in the direction of the longitudinal axis 5. The take-off speed of the ingot 1 may be uniform or discontinuous. Furthermore, during the withdrawal of the ingot 1 from the mold 15, by h.h. during the casting process, possibly also after the end of the withdrawal process, at least a temporary rotation of the ingot 1 about the longitudinal axis. 5
Das flüssige Metall 2 erstarrt innerhalb des Gussblocks 1 vom Außenumfang 6 des Gussblocks 1 her in Richtung zur Längsachse 5. Nach dem regulären Gießende kann es vorgesehen sein, dass weiterhin flüssiges Metall entsprechend der Offenbarung der WO 2015/101553 A2 in die Kokille 15 zum Ausgleich der Schrumpfung der Metallschmelze nachgegossen wird. The liquid metal 2 solidifies within the ingot 1 from the outer periphery 6 of the ingot 1 in the direction of the longitudinal axis 5. After the regular pouring end, it may be provided that further liquid metal according to the disclosure of WO 2015/101553 A2 in the mold 15 to compensate the shrinkage of the molten metal is poured.
Die soweit beschriebene Vorrichtung 10 bzw. das beschriebene Verfahren können in vielfältiger Art und Weise abgewandelt bzw. modifiziert werden, ohne vom Erfindungsgedanken abzuweichen. The device 10 described so far or the described method can be modified or modified in various ways, without deviating from the inventive idea.
Bezugszeichen reference numeral
1 Gussblock 1 cast block
2 Metall  2 metal
3 Gießspiegel  3 pouring mirrors
5 Längsachse 5 longitudinal axis
6 Außenumfang  6 outer circumference
10 Vorrichtung 10 device
1 1 Gießpfanne  1 1 ladle
12 Verteilergefäß  12 distribution vessel
15 Kokille 15 mold
16 Ausmauerung  16 lining up
17 Induktionsspule  17 induction coil
19 Rührer 19 stirrer
21 Kühleinrichtung 21 cooling device
22 elektromagnetischer Rührer 22 electromagnetic stirrer
23 Doppelpfeil 23 double-headed arrow
25 Standelement 25 stand element
26 Standfläche  26 floor space
Abzugsstempel deducting stamp
Querträger  crossbeam
Längssäule  steering column
32 Antrieb 32 drive
33 Pfeil Pfeil Rolle Achse Antrieb 33 arrow Arrow roller axle drive

Claims

Verfahren zum Herstellen von Gussblöcken (1 ) aus Metall, insbesondere aus Stahl mit einer Querschnittsfläche von mehr als 0,1 m2, wobei flüssiges Metall (2) entweder direkt aus einer Gießpfanne (1 1 ) oder über ein Zwischengefäß (12) in eine nach unten offene Kokille (15) abgegeben wird, und wobei der zumindest teilweise erstarrte Gussblock (1 ) mittels eines in Richtung einer Längsachse (5) des Gussblocks (1 ) höhenbeweglichen Abzugstempels (28), auf dem der Gussblock (1 ) zumindest mittelbar angeordnet ist, aus der Kokille (15) in Richtung der Längsachse (5) abgezogen wird, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Gussblock (1 ) zumindest während des Gießvorgangs zumindest zeitweise um seine Längsachse (5) gedreht wird, wobei die Drehung des Gussblocks (1 ) vorzugsweise über ein Standelement (25) oder einen Abzugsstempel (28) erzeugt wird, auf dem der Gussblock (1 ) mit seiner zugewandten Seite steht. Method for producing cast blocks (1) from metal, in particular from steel with a cross-sectional area of more than 0.1 m 2 , wherein liquid metal (2) either directly from a ladle (1 1) or via an intermediate vessel (12) into one downwardly open mold (15) is discharged, and wherein the at least partially solidified ingot (1) by means of a in the direction of a longitudinal axis (5) of the ingot (1) vertically movable withdrawal punch (28) on which the ingot (1) arranged at least indirectly is withdrawn from the mold (15) in the direction of the longitudinal axis (5), characterized in that the casting block (1) at least during the casting process at least temporarily rotated about its longitudinal axis (5), wherein the rotation of the ingot (1) is preferably generated via a stand element (25) or a trigger stamp (28) on which the cast block (1) is with its side facing.
Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 , Method according to claim 1,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, characterized,
dass der Gussblock (1 ) in einer Richtung um die Längsachse (5) kontinuierlich gedreht wird. in that the cast block (1) is continuously rotated in a direction about the longitudinal axis (5).
Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 , Method according to claim 1,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, characterized,
dass der Gussblock (1 ) um die Längsachse (5) oszillierend gedreht wird. the casting block (1) is oscillated about the longitudinal axis (5).
Verfahren nach Anspruch 2 oder 3, Method according to claim 2 or 3,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass während der Drehung des Gussblocks (1 ) die Drehwinkelgeschwindigkeit des Gussblocks (1 ) um die Längsachse (5) variiert wird. characterized, in that, during the rotation of the ingot (1), the rotational angular velocity of the ingot (1) is varied about the longitudinal axis (5).
Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, Method according to one of claims 1 to 4,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, characterized,
dass der Gussblock (1 ) während des Abziehens aus der Kokille (15) in Richtung der Längsachse (5) diskontinuierlich bewegt wird. the casting block (1) is moved discontinuously in the direction of the longitudinal axis (5) during the withdrawal from the mold (15).
Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 5, Method according to one of claims 1 to 5,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, characterized,
dass die Kokille (15) um die Längsachse (5) gedreht wird. that the mold (15) is rotated about the longitudinal axis (5).
Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, Method according to one of claims 1 to 6,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, characterized,
dass das Rotieren des Gussblocks (1 ) nach Gießende über einen bestimmten Zeitraum fortgesetzt wird. that the rotation of the ingot (1) after pouring is continued over a certain period of time.
Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 7, Method according to one of claims 1 to 7,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, characterized,
dass das flüssige Metall (2) des Gussblocks (1 ) mittels wenigstens einer elektromagnetischen Rührspule (19, 22) bewegt wird. in that the liquid metal (2) of the ingot (1) is moved by means of at least one electromagnetic stirring coil (19, 22).
Vorrichtung (10) zum Durchführen eines Verfahrens nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 8, mit einer Gießpfanne (1 1 ) und ggf. ein Zwischengefäß (12) zum Zuführen von flüssigem Metall (2) in eine nach unten offene Kokille (15), und mit einem höhenbeweglich angeordneten Abzugsstempel (28) zum zumindest mittelbaren Anordnen des Gussblocks (1 ) auf einer der Kokille (15) zugewandten Standfläche (26), dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass Mittel zum Rotieren des Gussblocks (1 ) um seine Längsachse (5) vorgesehen sind. Device (10) for carrying out a method according to one of claims 1 to 8, with a ladle (1 1) and possibly an intermediate vessel (12) for supplying liquid metal (2) in a downwardly open mold (15), and with a height-adjustable arranged withdrawal punch (28) for at least indirectly arranging the cast block (1) on one of the mold (15) facing the base surface (26), characterized in that means for rotating the cast block (1) about its longitudinal axis (5) are provided.
Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 9, Device according to claim 9,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, characterized,
dass die Mittel durch den um die Längsachse (5) beweglichen, mit einem Antrieb (32) verbundenes Standelement (25) oder Abzugsstempel (28) gebildet sind. in that the means are formed by the stand element (25) or withdrawal punch (28) which is movable about the longitudinal axis (5) and is connected to a drive (32).
Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 9 oder 10, Device according to claim 9 or 10,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, characterized,
dass die Mittel durch an dem Außenumfang (6) des Gußblocks (1 ) einwirkende Antriebsmittel, insbesondere in Form von drehbaren Rollen (35), gebildet sind. the means are formed by drive means acting on the outer circumference (6) of the cast block (1), in particular in the form of rotatable rollers (35).
Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 9 bis 1 1 , Device according to one of claims 9 to 11,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, characterized,
dass die Kokille (15) um die Längsachse (5) drehbar angeordnet ist. in that the mold (15) is arranged to be rotatable about the longitudinal axis (5).
Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 9 bis 12, Device according to one of claims 9 to 12,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, characterized,
dass wenigstens eine elektromagnetische Rührspule (19, 22) für den Gussblock (1 ) vorgesehen ist. in that at least one electromagnetic stirring coil (19, 22) is provided for the cast block (1).
Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 9 bis 13, Device according to one of claims 9 to 13,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, characterized,
dass auf der der Gießpfanne (1 1 ) bzw. dem Zwischengefäß (12) zugewandten Seite der Kokille (15) eine Ausmauerung (16) vorgesehen ist. in that a lining (16) is provided on the side of the mold (15) facing the tundish (11) or the tundish (12).
Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 14, Device according to claim 14,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, characterized,
dass der Bereich der Ausmauerung (16) mittels einer Heizeinrichtung beheizbar ist, vorzugsweise mittels einer die Ausmauerung (16) radial umgebenden Induktionsspule (17) oder eines oberhalb der Ausmauerung (16) angeordneten Heizelements, wie einer Elektrode o.a.. in that the region of the lining (16) can be heated by means of a heating device, preferably by means of a heating device Wall lining (16) radially surrounding induction coil (17) or above the lining (16) arranged heating element, such as an electrode or the like.
EP18722911.7A 2017-04-20 2018-04-17 Method and apparatus for producing metal slab Active EP3612329B1 (en)

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