EP3538607A1 - Nanocomposites nanomatériau/système polymoléculaire colloïdaux, et méthodes de préparation - Google Patents
Nanocomposites nanomatériau/système polymoléculaire colloïdaux, et méthodes de préparationInfo
- Publication number
- EP3538607A1 EP3538607A1 EP17808099.0A EP17808099A EP3538607A1 EP 3538607 A1 EP3538607 A1 EP 3538607A1 EP 17808099 A EP17808099 A EP 17808099A EP 3538607 A1 EP3538607 A1 EP 3538607A1
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- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- natural
- nanocomposite
- laminar
- nanomaterial
- colloid
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L3/00—Compositions of starch, amylose or amylopectin or of their derivatives or degradation products
- C08L3/02—Starch; Degradation products thereof, e.g. dextrin
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L5/00—Compositions of polysaccharides or of their derivatives not provided for in groups C08L1/00 or C08L3/00
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/02—Elements
- C08K3/04—Carbon
- C08K3/042—Graphene or derivatives, e.g. graphene oxides
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/02—Elements
- C08K3/04—Carbon
- C08K3/046—Carbon nanorods, nanowires, nanoplatelets or nanofibres
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/34—Silicon-containing compounds
- C08K3/346—Clay
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L5/00—Compositions of polysaccharides or of their derivatives not provided for in groups C08L1/00 or C08L3/00
- C08L5/12—Agar or agar-agar, i.e. mixture of agarose and agaropectin; Derivatives thereof
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L89/00—Compositions of proteins; Compositions of derivatives thereof
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L99/00—Compositions of natural macromolecular compounds or of derivatives thereof not provided for in groups C08L89/00 - C08L97/00
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y30/00—Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y40/00—Manufacture or treatment of nanostructures
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K2201/00—Specific properties of additives
- C08K2201/001—Conductive additives
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K2201/00—Specific properties of additives
- C08K2201/002—Physical properties
- C08K2201/005—Additives being defined by their particle size in general
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K2201/00—Specific properties of additives
- C08K2201/01—Magnetic additives
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K2201/00—Specific properties of additives
- C08K2201/011—Nanostructured additives
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L2203/00—Applications
- C08L2203/16—Applications used for films
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L2203/00—Applications
- C08L2203/20—Applications use in electrical or conductive gadgets
Definitions
- the present invention relates in particular to a nanocomposite consisting of a laminar nanomaterial and a natural polymolecular system in which the nanomaterial is an exfoliated and / or dispersed laminar (for example graphitic) material, and the polymolecular system has a hydrophilic equilibrium.
- the present invention also relates to a laminar nanomaterial nanocomposite colloid / natural polymolecular system in a polar solvent, wherein the concentration of nanomaterial exfoliated / dispersed in the polar solvent is ⁇ 1 g / L, and wherein the nanomaterial is a material laminar (eg graphitic) exfoliated and / or dispersed, and the natural polymolecular system has a hydrophilic / lipophilic balance ⁇ 8.
- the present invention also relates to a process for preparing a nanocomposite colloid according to the invention, as well as to a process for exfoliation and / or dispersion of a laminar material, for example graphitic material.
- the present invention also relates to a nanocomposite or nanocomposite colloid obtainable by a method according to the invention, as well as its use, in particular for the manufacture of inks, conductive coatings such as a conductive paint, catalysts such as metal-free catalysts for the selective dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene or styrene, or energy storage systems; or as an additive in polymers and composites, as a catalyst support, in the manufacture of electrodes and conductive layers, in the manufacture of transparent electrodes and layers facilitating the transport of charges, in the manufacture of conductive films, in the production of development of layers for mechanical reinforcement, in tribology, for the formation of conductive networks for example by self-assembly, or in applications in batteries, supercapaci
- Graphene is a two-dimensional crystal (monoplane) of carbon whose stack constitutes graphite. It has excellent electronic properties and is potentially available in large quantities by exfoliation of graphite.
- Graphene is a basic building block of a large family of nano-graphitic materials that are generally of very large surface area and combine a number of properties such as high electrical and thermal conductivity, good mechanical and chemical resistance, specific sensitivity and adsorption force, or light absorption allowing access to many applications in high performance composites, (opto) electronics, energy storage and transfer, catalysis or field biomedical.
- the structure-property-application relationship is, however, an important consideration and the specific properties of graphene will depend on how geometrically and chemically it is shaped.
- Nanocarbons such as tubes, ribbons, dots, and multilayer graphenes rely on the winding, cutting and stacking of graphene sheets.
- Small, high-oxygen leaflets may be beneficial for other applications such as biomedical applications or catalysis.
- the introduction of defects or heteroatoms with different electronegativity not only increases the binding capacity towards the active metal nanoparticles but also makes the active graphitic materials themselves. This concerns the field of metal-free catalysis, which for environmental (and economic) reasons is of increasing interest in the scientific and industrial community.
- the most important examples include vertically aligned N-doped carbon nanotubes that are very active in the oxygen reduction reaction [1], as well as nanodiamonds which are very promising as a catalyst for the selective dehydrogenation of ethylene benzene to styrene [2].
- the surfactant molecules used generally comprise porphyrins [3,4], polymers [5, 6, 7], or conjugated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of large size (PAH) such as pyrene
- the present invention is specifically intended to meet this need by providing a method of exfoliation and / or dispersion of a laminar material, for example graphitic material, characterized in that comprises exposing a laminar material to a source of shear forces in a polar solvent in the presence of a natural polymolecular system of hydrophilic / lipophilic balance ⁇ 8. Said process leads to the formation of a nanocomposite constituted by the material in nanometric form (nanomaterial) and the natural polymolecular system, preferably in the form of a colloid.
- the natural polymolecular system is not an acacia, a guar gum, a locust bean gum (locust bean gum), a carrageenan, a xanthan gum, or a combination thereof, particularly when the process is carried out to form a colloid with a mono- or multi-layer graphene concentration ⁇ 0.5 to 1 g / L in nanocomposite .
- the method according to the invention implements two phenomena according to the nature of the laminar material: exfoliation and dispersion. These two phenomena are related but do not necessarily occur together with all laminar materials that can be implemented in the process of the present invention.
- the method of the invention makes it possible to obtain a colloidal dispersion of exfoliated and / or dispersed nanomaterials in the form of colloidal nanocomposite with the natural polymolecular system of HLB ⁇ 8.
- a dispersion is obtained, and this with yields and concentrations significantly higher than the dispersion methods known from the prior art.
- the present invention also relates to a process for preparing a nanocomposite colloid, comprising the exfoliation and / or dispersion of a laminar material in a polar solvent in the presence of a natural polymolecular system.
- the source of shear forces may be a sonicator, an emulsifier, a homogenizer or a system generating turbulence or vibration, mechanical stirrer.
- the source of shear forces is a sonicator, such as an ultrasonic bath or an ultrasonic finger assisted by mechanical stirrer.
- the sonicator may be used at a frequency of 45 to 65 Hz, preferably 50 to 60 Hz.
- the sonicator may be used with an intensity of 30 to 50 W, preferably 35 to 45 W, preferably 40 W ⁇ 2W.
- the action of the source of shear forces can be coupled with mechanical agitation.
- the action of the source of shear forces, optionally coupled with mechanical stirring can be carried out for 5 minutes to 50 hours, preferably for 15 minutes to 5 hours, more preferably for 1 to 3 hours.
- the parameters of the process according to the invention in particular the duration of application of the shearing forces, and / or the intensity of these forces can be modified in order to obtain colloids of nanocomposites more and more exfoliated and / or dispersed, even more and more functionalized.
- the prolongation of the exfoliation time of expanded graphite from 2 to 5 hours gives multilayer graphene with smaller lateral sizes because they are more dispersed and also have a higher oxygen content.
- the quantities of laminar material, starting natural polymolecular system, the ratio between the two and the polar solvent can be adjusted according to the desired final consistency (solution, gel, paste, etc.), and the concentration of exfoliated nanomaterial. / dispersed targeted in the final colloid.
- the mass ratio amount of laminar material / amount of natural polymolecular system may be between 50:50 and 99: 1, preferably between 70:30 and 99: 1, even more preferably between 85:15 and 95: 5 and again 88:12 and 92: 8, for example when the targeted applications are conductive inks.
- the mass ratio amount of laminar material / amount of natural polymolecular system can be between 50:50 and 30:70, for example, when the targeted applications are supercapacitor electrodes.
- the mass ratio amount of laminar material / amount of Natural polymolecular system can be between 0.1: 99.9 and 10:90, for example when the targeted applications are so-called "inverted" nanocomposites containing the excess polymolecular system.
- x: y: z ratio around 10: 1: 10, where x represents the quantity of starting laminar material in mg, where y represents the quantity of starting natural polymolecular system in mg, and z representing the volume of polar solvent in ml.
- This ratio may be particularly advantageous when the natural polymolecular system is one or more proteins, such as hemoglobin, myoglobin or bovine serum albumin, in particular for obtaining colloids in the form of fluid colloids.
- colloids in paste form (concentration> 70g / L)
- an x: y: z ratio around 80: 8: 1 can be used, where x y and z have the same meaning as above.
- the aforementioned methods may furthermore comprise a step of isolating the colloid obtained.
- the isolation may be filtration, decantation and / or centrifugation of the colloid obtained.
- the aforementioned methods may furthermore comprise any other step allowing the separation of the constituents of the colloid having different morphologies, for example graphene multilayer of size and / or number of varied layers.
- Such a separation of the constituents of the colloid according to the invention can be implemented for example by a non-chemical separation step, such as decantation, centrifugation, a source of vibration, or by combustion.
- the aforementioned methods may comprise one or more repetitions of the successive steps:
- the succession of steps a) and b) can be repeated several times, by subjecting the material obtained at the end of step b) of the iteration n, to the successive steps a) and b) of the iteration n + 1.
- the abovementioned processes may comprise a concentration step of the colloid obtained.
- This concentration step can be carried out for example by evaporation of the polar solvent, and in particular makes it possible to reach higher concentrations of nanomaterial exfoliated and / or dispersed in the colloid. Evaporation of the polar solvent can be achieved without substantial aggregation of the nanocomposite.
- the evaporation of the polar solvent can be carried out until complete elimination of the solvent, thus resulting in a dry solid nanocomposite, which can subsequently be redispersed in a solvent, preferably a polar solvent such as H 2 O, a C 1 -C 8 alcohol of preferably C2 to C4, or a mixture thereof; preferably H2O, / ' -PrOH, or a mixture thereof; preferably H2O.
- a polar solvent such as H 2 O, a C 1 -C 8 alcohol of preferably C2 to C4, or a mixture thereof; preferably H2O, / ' -PrOH, or a mixture thereof; preferably H2O.
- the processes according to the present invention may further comprise a step of drying the colloid (evaporation of the polar solvent), and optionally a redispersion step of the solid nanocomposite thus obtained in a solvent, preferably polar.
- the aforementioned methods may further comprise a step of separating or destroying the natural polymolecular system of the colloid.
- it may be a separation or chemical destruction step, for example by acidic or basic hydrolysis.
- the natural polymolecular system may be partially or completely removed by treatment with aqua regia or nitric acid under reflux.
- the aforementioned methods may further comprise a solvent separation step.
- the aforementioned methods may further comprise a step of calcination at high temperature, preferably at a temperature T> 200 ° C, under an inert atmosphere or between 60 and 600 ° C under oxygenated atmosphere (eg in the presence of air, or oxygen).
- inert atmosphere an environment in which the air or moisture sensitive reactions can be carried out, for example argon, helium or nitrogen.
- this calcination step may make it possible to perfect the elimination and / or the carbonization of the natural polymolecular system, especially if a prior step of separation or destruction by acidic or basic treatment has not made it possible to completely eliminate the system. natural polymolecular.
- the exfoliation and / or dispersion under the action of a source of shear forces can be carried out in the presence of at least one metal salt, at least one dopant source, at least one porogenic agent, at least one water-soluble polymer or water-soluble polymer monomer, and / or a pH modifier.
- the metal salt may be iron nitrate.
- the dopant may be nitrogen, boron or sulfur (the dopant source may be, for example, ammonium carbonate, urea, thiourea, etc.
- the blowing agent may be, for example, polystyrene beads.
- water-soluble polymer or water-soluble polymer monomer may be eg polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polyethylene oxide, polyacrylamide, polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), latex, polyvinyl acetate (PVA), polyethylene glycol (PEG).
- the pH modifier may be an inorganic base such as NaOH, KOH or inorganic acids, such as HCl for example.
- the pH modifier will be implemented under conditions that do not lead to hydrolysis or degradation of the natural polymolecular system and / or nanocomposite. Typically, it will be necessary to adjust the temperature and concentration conditions of the pH modifier to moderate values to avoid any hydrolysis or degradation.
- Natural polymolecular system such as NaOH, KOH or inorganic acids, such as HCl for example.
- the above-mentioned natural polymolecular system having a hydrophilic / lipophilic balance (HLB) ⁇ 8 may be a natural polymolecular system of vegetable, animal, fungus, algae or crustacean origin.
- the natural polymolecular system having a hydrophilic / lipophilic balance (HLB) ⁇ 8 and can be chosen from phosphoglycerides, omega-3 fatty acids, plant extracts (preferably aqueous or hydroalcoholic) or biopolymers selected from among the proteins , polysaccharides or natural gums, preferably from sources of plant, animal origin, fungi, algae, or crustaceans.
- polynucleotides (RNA, DNA) and monomolecular biomolecules, such as flavin are excluded from the scope of the present invention.
- HBL 0.2 * (molecular weight of the hydrophilic part) / (total molecular weight of the natural polymolecular system).
- all polymolecular systems of natural origin soluble in water, or having at least a low solubility in water generally have a hydrophilic / lipophilic balance adequate within the scope of the invention (cad ⁇ 8). This is the case, for example, of polymolecular systems derived from plant extracts, in particular aqueous or hydroalcoholic extracts.
- the natural polymolecular system may be a protein.
- it may be hemoglobin, myoglobin or bovine serum albumin.
- These proteins can be extracted / obtained by any suitable method known in the state of the art.
- Hydrophobins are excluded from the scope of the invention, insofar as this class of fungal proteins of one hundred amino acids is known for its ability to form a hydrophobic film on the surfaces where they form / self-regulate. assemble, especially at the air / water interface.
- the natural polymolecular system may be a polysaccharide, preferably having hydrocolloid properties.
- it may be maltodextrin, pectins such as pectin E 440, alginates, or gelatin.
- the natural polymolecular system may be lecithin, casein, or chitin.
- the natural polymolecular system can be a natural source of omega-3 fatty acid.
- it may be fish liver oil, such as cod liver oil, sardine, salmon, herring, or flax seed oil, or rapeseed.
- the natural polymolecular system can be any plant extract that can be obtained by conventional methods in the field. It may be for example extracts of plants obtained by hydrodistillation (steam distillation), by expression, using volatile organic solvents such as petroleum ether, hexane, ethyl ether, alcohol ethyl, acetone, carbon dioxide, methylene chloride, benzene, toluene, etc. or other types of extraction such as cold maceration, hot digestion, decoction to boiling, leaching or cold percolation or under pressure, hot and cold infusion, and alcoholic tincture.
- volatile organic solvents such as petroleum ether, hexane, ethyl ether, alcohol ethyl, acetone, carbon dioxide, methylene chloride, benzene, toluene, etc.
- other types of extraction such as cold maceration, hot digestion, decoction to boiling, leaching or cold percolation or under pressure, hot and cold infusion, and alcoholic tinct
- the natural polymolecular system may be an extract of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) or an extract of groundnut and African baobab leaves (Adansonia digitata), preferably aqueous or aqueous-alcoholic extract.
- the dried leaves and husks can be ground and used directly as a natural polymolecular system, without resorting to prior extraction (the components of the plant are extracted in the polar solvent during the implementation of the method).
- the natural polymolecular system may be a gum, preferably having hydrocolloid properties.
- it may be tragacanth gum, karaya gum, tara gum, gellan gum, konjac gum, or agar-agar.
- the natural polymolecular system may comprise phosphoglycerides, omega-3 fatty acids, plant extracts (preferably aqueous or hydroalcoholic), or biopolymers selected from proteins, polysaccharides or natural gums.
- the natural polymolecular system can be a nonionic compound.
- the natural non-ionic polymolecular system may be hemoglobin, myoglobin, bovine serum albumin, maltodextrin, agar or an extract of okra or groundnut and African baobab leaves, tannic acid, egg white, karaya gum, gellan gum.
- the natural polymolecular system may be hemoglobin, myoglobin, bovine serum albumin, maltodextrin, agar-agar or an extract (preferably aqueous or hydroalcoholic) of okra or fruit mash and African baobab leaves.
- HLB hydrophilic / lipophilic balance
- ⁇ 8 from any two of the natural polymolecular systems described above, can be used.
- it may be two natural polymolecular systems selected from hemoglobin, myoglobin, bovine serum albumin, maltodextrin, agar-agar or an extract (preferably aqueous or hydroalcoholic) of okra or crushed fruit and African baobab leaves.
- the laminar material used in the abovementioned processes can be chosen from laminar carbonaceous materials, laminar nitrogen materials, lamellar inorganic materials, silicon-based pseudo-graphitic carbonaceous materials, or laminar minerals.
- the laminar material may be a laminar carbonaceous material, for example graphitic, such as preferably expanded graphite, carbon nanofiber bundles, nanodiamonds, or nanocornets.
- the laminar material may be a laminar nitrogenous material such as carbon nitride or boron nitride.
- the material may be a pseudo-graphitic carbon material based on silicon, such as silicon carbide.
- the laminar material may be a lamellar inorganic material of the metal chalcogenide family such as WS2, M0S2, WSe2 or GaSe, semi-metals (eg WTa2, TCS2), superconductors (eg NbS2 , TaSe2), or topological insulators and thermoelectric materials (eg Bi 2 Se 3 , Bi2Te).
- WS2, M0S2, WSe2 or GaSe semi-metals
- superconductors eg NbS2 , TaSe2
- topological insulators and thermoelectric materials eg Bi 2 Se 3 , Bi2Te
- the laminar material may be a laminar mineral (also called "lamellar mineral”).
- Lamellar minerals include clay, clay, and all minerals in general that can be cleaved along flat surfaces, including: p. ex. gypsum, muscovite, calcite, galena, halite;
- Lamellar phyllosilicates such as talc (Mg3Si4010 (OH) 2), micas and montmorillonite.
- Phyllosilicates are constituted by a regular stack of elementary sheets of crystalline structure, the number of which varies from a few units to a few thousand units.
- the group comprising in particular talc, mica and montmorillonite is characterized in that each elemental sheet is constituted by the association of two layers of tetrahedrons located on either side of a layer of octahedra . This group corresponds to phyllosilicates 2: 1, including smectites.
- phyllosilicates 2: 1 are also referred to as TOT (tetrahedron-octahedron-tetrahedron).
- Lamellar phyllosilicates are for example used in the form of fine particles in many industrial sectors, such as: thermoplastics, elastomers, paper, paint, varnishes, textiles, metallurgy, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, phytosanitary products or fertilizers in which phyllosilicates such as talc are used , by incorporation into a composition, as inert filler (for their chemical stability or for the dilution of active compounds of higher cost) or functional charges (for example to enhance the mechanical properties of certain materials).
- A alkali metal ion
- M transition element
- x is between 0.5 and 1 (for example, NaxMC> 2, NaxVC> 2 , UC0O2);
- double-lamellar hydroxides eg Mg6Al2 (OH) 16
- the lamellar oxides can advantageously find application in batteries, supercapacities, and applications in magnetism.
- At least two different laminar materials out of any two of the laminar materials described above, may be used.
- the polar solvent may be H 2 O, a C 1 to C 8 alcohol, preferably a C 2 to C 4 alcohol, or a mixture of these; preferably H2O, / ' -PrOH, or a mixture thereof; preferably H2O.
- the laminar material may be a laminar carbonaceous material, for example graphitic, such as preferably expanded graphite, the bundles carbon nanofibers, nanodiamonds, or nanocornets, a lamellar inorganic material of the metal chalcogenide family such as WS2, M0S2, WSe2 or GaSe, semi-metals (eg WTa2, TCS2), superconductors ( eg NbS2, TaSe2), or topological insulators and thermoelectric materials (eg Bi2Se3, Bi2Te and the natural polymolecular system may be nonionic and for example selected from a protein such as hemoglobin, myoglobin , bovine serum albumin, a polysaccharide such as maltodextrin, agar-agar or a plant extract such as an extract of okra or fruit mash and African baobab leaves, preferably when the material Exfoliated laminar carbonaceous material is graphene (monotheli
- the process may be a process for exfoliation and / or dispersion of a laminar material chosen from the group comprising a laminar carbonaceous material, such as preferably expanded graphite, carbon nanofiber bundles, nanodiamonds, or nanocornets, a lamellar inorganic material of the metal chalcogenide family such as WS2, M0S2, WSe2 or GaSe, semi-metals (eg WTa2, TCS2), superconductors (eg NbS2, TaSe2), or alternatively topological insulators and thermoelectric materials (eg Bi2Se3, Bi2Te, including exposing the laminar material to a source of shear forces, optionally coupled to mechanical agitation, in a polar solvent in the presence of a polymolecular system natural hydrophilic / lipophilic balance balance 8, preferably nonionic and for example selected from a protein such as hemoglobin, myoglobin, bovine serum albumin, a polysaccharide
- the action of the source of shear forces can be coupled to mechanical agitation; or when the laminar carbonaceous material is expanded graphite, the natural polymolecular system may be nonionic and the action of the source of shear forces may optionally be coupled to mechanical agitation.
- the process for preparing a nanocomposite colloid may comprise the exfoliation and / or dispersion of a laminar material chosen from the group comprising a laminar carbonaceous material, such as preferably expanded graphite, nanofiber bundles of carbon, nanodiamonds, or nanocornets, a lamellar inorganic material of the metal chalcogenide family such as WS2, M0S2, WSe2 or GaSe, semi-metals (eg WTa2, TCS2), superconductors (e.g.
- a laminar carbonaceous material such as preferably expanded graphite, nanofiber bundles of carbon, nanodiamonds, or nanocornets
- a lamellar inorganic material of the metal chalcogenide family such as WS2, M0S2, WSe2 or GaSe
- semi-metals eg WTa2, TCS2
- superconductors e.g.
- topological insulators and thermoelectric materials eg Bi2Se3, Bi2Te in a polar solvent in the presence of a natural polymolecular system of hydrophilic / lipophilic balance ⁇ 8, preferably nonionic and for example selected from a protein such as hemoglobin, myoglobin, bovine serum albumin, a polysaccharide such as maltodextrin, agar-agar or a plant extract such as an extract of okra or crushed At the end of fruits and leaves of African baobab under the action of a source of shear forces, possibly coupled with mechanical agitation.
- a natural polymolecular system of hydrophilic / lipophilic balance ⁇ 8 preferably nonionic and for example selected from a protein such as hemoglobin, myoglobin, bovine serum albumin, a polysaccharide such as maltodextrin, agar-agar or a plant extract such as an extract of okra or crushed At the end of fruits and leaves of African baobab under the action
- the action of the source of shear forces may be coupled to mechanical agitation; or the natural polymolecular system may be nonionic and the action of the source of shear forces may be coupled with mechanical agitation.
- natural polymolecular system refers to a macromolecular system of natural origin (derived from plants, animals, fungi, algae, crustaceans) consisting of compounds or entities of different molecular sizes and / or close molecular structures but not strictly identical, such as biopolymers, natural oils sources of fatty acids, polysaccharides, proteins, etc.
- the natural polymolecular system in the context of the present invention therefore consists of a set molecules of natural origin that are not strictly identical (not isomolecular) and not strictly linked by covalent bonds, but that exist in the system as a community of molecules generally of the same class corresponding to a distribution curve and having a precise biological function in living or natural species in general.
- nonionic when referring to natural polymolecular system in the sense of the present invention, refers to a natural polymolecular system having no net charge, for example not ionizing in water.
- nanomaterial nanocomposite / natural polymolecular system refers to a composite consisting of a laminar nanomaterial and a natural polymolecular system.
- laminar material or “lamellar material” are used interchangeably herein and mean, within the meaning of the present invention, a material in which an element or its texture (structure) exists in the form of a blade.
- the laminar or lamellar materials within the meaning of the invention include graphitic materials, pseudographitic carbonaceous materials, lamellar minerals as defined above, metal chalcogenides with lamellar structure, of general formula MaXb, in which M represents a metal and X a chalcogen, a and b representing the respective proportions of metal and chalcogen, such as WS2, M0S2, MoSe2, MoTe2, WSe2 or GaSe, GaTe.
- MX2 metal atoms
- X chalcogen atoms
- laminar materials also include semi-metals (eg WTa2, TCS2), superconductors (eg NbS2, TaSe2), or topological insulators and thermoelectric materials (e.g. eg Bi2Se3, Bi 2 Te 3 ).
- graphitic material denotes a crystalline laminar material consisting of a stack of sheets of hexagonal structure, in which the sheets are interconnected by weak atomic interactions (van der Waals forces). , allowing easy sliding perpendicular to the direction of the stack of sheets, like graphite.
- the term "pseudo-graphitic carbonaceous material” denotes a crystalline material characterized by the regular arrangement of metal (eg silicon) and carbon tetrahedrons such as graphite and diamond.
- Silicon carbide is one of these pseudographically carbonaceous materials. Indeed, the structure of silicon carbide is marked as for graphite and diamond by the regular arrangement of silicon and carbon tetrahedra which can arrange a cubic structure of ZnS type: ⁇ -SiC, but also in hexagonal or rhombohedral structures: ⁇ -SiC which is the usual structure of high temperatures, however the ⁇ -SiC structure can be stabilized by small amounts of impurities. There is also a method for synthesizing graphene from SiC by thermal decomposition of SiC (Si sublimates and C becomes graphitized).
- nanomaterial within the meaning of the present invention, denotes a material whose size is a few nanometers in at least one of the dimensions of space.
- the size of the material in at least one of the dimensions of the space is between 1 and 100 nm, preferably between 1 and 50 nm, preferably between 1 and 20 nm, preferably between 1 and 5 nm.
- nanocarbon refers to any ordered structure based on carbon of nanometric dimension.
- nanoscale carbon-based structure is meant a carbon material whose size is between about the thickness of a graphene plane to a few nanometers in at least one of the spatial dimensions.
- the size of the carbonaceous material in at least one of the dimensions of the space may be between 0.3 and 100 nm, preferably between 0.3 and 50 nm, preferably between 0.3 and 20 nm, preferably between 0.3 and 10 nm, more preferably between 0.3 and 2 nm.
- Nanocarbons include carbon nanofibers, nanodiamonds, and carbon nanocornets.
- nanocarbons such as partially hydrogenated graphene (for example, graphyne, graphane), as well as fullerene type materials, carbon nanotubes (simple (SWCNT) , double (DWCNT), few- (FWCNT) and multi-walled (MWCNT)), cups of stacked nanocarbons (“cup-stacked nanocarbons”), carbon nanocones, etc., or any hydrogenated or partially hydrogenated form thereof, are also encompassed by the term "nanocarbon”.
- the nanocarbons include i) nanocarbon compounds having a definable single structure (e.g., individual carbon nanofibers, graphite exfoliated graphene planes, or individual units of carbon nanocornets, or nanodiamonds); or ii) aggregates of nanocarbon structures (e.g., raw carbon nanofibers, stacked graphene planes (i.e., graphite or turbostratic carbon), crude nanodiamonds, or raw carbon nanocornets.
- a definable single structure e.g., individual carbon nanofibers, graphite exfoliated graphene planes, or individual units of carbon nanocornets, or nanodiamonds
- aggregates of nanocarbon structures e.g., raw carbon nanofibers, stacked graphene planes (i.e., graphite or turbostratic carbon), crude nanodiamonds, or raw carbon nanocornets.
- the term “dispersed” refers to a composition in which the material under consideration is suspended (or dispersed) in a solvent.
- the dispersion contains solid particles of material in suspension / dispersion in the solvent.
- the term “dispersed nanomaterial” in the context of the present invention covers fully individualized nanomaterials (eg, monobloc graphene), as well as partially disintegrated nanomaterials such as multi-layered graphene, or cut carbon nanofibers.
- the nanomaterial considered is laminar, for example a graphitic material, it may be exfoliated in addition to being dispersed.
- the dispersion is moreover stabilized by the natural polymolecular system used to implement the dispersion / exfoliation method according to the invention.
- polar solvent within the meaning of the present invention, refers to any organic or aqueous solvent whose dielectric constant is ⁇ 4. In particular, it may be a protic polar solvent.
- the process according to the invention leads to the formation of a nanocomposite consisting of the exfoliated and / or dispersed laminar material whose size in at least one of the dimensions of the space can be between 1 and 100 nm, and the natural polymolecular system, preferably in the form of a colloid.
- the present invention also relates to a nanomaterial nanomaterial / natural polymolecular system in which the nanomaterial may be an exfoliated and / or dispersed laminar material whose size in at least one of the dimensions of the space may be between 1 and 100 nm, and the polymolecular system has a hydrophilic / lipophilic balance (HLB) ⁇ 8 and can be chosen among phosphoglycerides, omega-3 fatty acids, plant extracts (preferably aqueous or hydroalcoholic), or biopolymers selected from proteins, polysaccharides or natural gums.
- HLB hydrophilic / lipophilic balance
- the natural polymolecular system is not an acacia, a guar gum, a locust bean gum (locust bean gum), a carrageenan, a xanthan gum, or a combination thereof, particularly when the process is carried out to form a colloid with a mono- or multi-layer graphene concentration ⁇ 0.5 to 1 g / L in nanocomposite .
- the exfoliated and / or dispersed laminar nanomaterial may be chosen from nanocarbons, nitrogen nanomaterials, lamellar inorganic nanomaterials, silicon-based pseudo-graphitic nanomaterials, or laminar minerals.
- nanocarbon for example graphitic, exfoliated and / or dispersed such as graphene, multi-slip graphene, carbon nanofibers, nanodiamonds or nanocornets; a dispersed nitrogen nanomaterial such as carbon nitride or boron nitride;
- an exfoliated and / or dispersed lamellar inorganic nanomaterial of the family of metal chalcogenides such as WS2, M0S2, WSe2 or GaSe; semi-metals (eg WTa2, TCS2), superconductors (eg NbS2, TaSe2), or topological insulators and thermoelectric materials (eg Bi2Se3, Bi2Te);
- a dispersed pseudo-graphitic nanomaterial based on silicon such as silicon carbide
- a dispersed lamellar / laminar mineral such as:
- clay, clay, gypsum, muscovite, calcite, galena, halite • the family of "laminar oxides" in general, p. ex. V 2 O 5 , M0O 3, MnO 2 , LaNb 2 O 7 , TiO 2 ;
- lamellar phyllosilicates such as talc (Mg3Si40io (OH) 2), micas and montmorillonite;
- Double-lamellar hydroxides or “LDH" (e.g.
- lamellar metal halides eg Cd, MgBr2.
- the natural polymolecular system constituting it may be as defined above for the exfoliation and / or dispersion method according to the invention, namely a protein such as hemoglobin, myoglobin or bovine serum albumin; a polysaccharide such as maltodextrin, pectins such as pectin E 440, alginates, or gelatin; lecithin, casein, chitin; a natural source of omega-3 fatty acid such as fish liver oil; a plant extract such as an extract of okra or an extract of groundnut and African baobab leaves (preferably aqueous or aqueous-alcoholic extracts); or an eraser such as tragacanth gum, karaya gum, tara gum, gellan gum, konjac gum or agar-agar.
- a protein such as hemoglobin, myoglobin or bovine serum albumin
- a polysaccharide such as maltodextrin, pectins such as pectin E 440
- the natural polymolecular system constituting it may be as defined above for the exfoliation and / or dispersion process according to the invention and may be nonionic, namely a protein such as hemoglobin, myoglobin, bovine serum albumin, a polysaccharide such as maltodextrin, agar-agar or a plant extract such as an extract of okra or fruit mash and African baobab leaves.
- the exfoliated and / or dispersed laminar nanomaterial may be a nanocarbon, for example graphitic, exfoliated and / or dispersed such as graphene, multi-layered graphene, carbon nanofibers, nanodiamonds or nanoparticles.
- nanocornets or an exfoliated and / or dispersed lamellar inorganic nanomaterial of the metal chalcogenide family such as WS2, M0S2, WSe2 or GaSe; semi-metals (eg WTa2, TCS2), superconductors (eg NbS2, TaSe2), or topological insulators and thermoelectric materials (eg Bi2Se3, Bi2Te) and the natural polymolecular system constituting it can be non-ionic, namely a protein such as hemoglobin, myoglobin, bovine serum albumin, a polysaccharide such as maltodextrin, agar-agar or a plant extract such as an extract of okra or crushed fruits and African baobab leaves.
- a protein such as hemoglobin, myoglobin, bovine serum albumin
- a polysaccharide such as maltodextrin
- agar-agar or a plant extract such as an extract of okra or crushed fruits and
- the invention relates to a nanomaterial / nanomaterial nanomaterial colloid / natural polymolecular system in a polar solvent, wherein the concentration of exfoliated nanomaterial / dispersed in the polar solvent may be ⁇ 1 g / L, preferably ⁇ 2 g / L, more preferably ⁇ 3 g / L, still more preferably ⁇ 4 g / L, even ⁇ 5 g / L, and wherein the nanomaterial may be an exfoliated and / or dispersed laminar material, and the natural polymolecular system has a hydrophilic / lipophilic balance ⁇ 8 and may be chosen from phosphoglycerides, omega-3 fatty acids, plant extracts (preferably aqueous or hydroalcoholic), or biopolymers selected from proteins, polysaccharides or natural gums.
- the concentration of nanomaterial exfoliated / dispersed in the polar solvent may be ⁇ 1 g / L, preferably ⁇ 2 g / L, more preferably ⁇ 3 g / L, even more preferably ⁇ 4 g / L, or even ⁇ 5 g / L.
- the concentration may be ⁇ 7 g / L, even ⁇ 10 g / L or even ⁇ 20 g / L.
- the nanomaterial and the natural polymolecular system are as defined previously for the nanocomposite according to the invention.
- the natural polymolecular system may be hemoglobin, myoglobin, bovine serum albumin, maltodextrin, agar or an (preferably aqueous or hydroalcoholic) extract of okra or fruit mash and African baobab leaves.
- the polar solvent may be as defined above for the exfoliation and / or dispersion process, namely H2O, a C1 to C8 alcohol preferably C2 to C4, or a mixture thereof; preferably H2O, / ' -PrOH, or a mixture thereof; preferably H2O.
- the colloid according to the invention may be in the form of emulsion, gel, suspension, paste or solution.
- solution we will speak of "solution” in the case of natural polymolecular systems with very high hydrophilic / lipophilic equilibrium (typically> 12) and nanomaterials exfoliated / dispersed of small size (a few nanometers) and low concentration ( ⁇ 5 g / L) in nanomaterial exfoliated / dispersed in the colloid obtained.
- the invention relates to the use of a nanocomposite or nanocomposite colloid according to the invention, for the manufacture of inks, conductive coatings such as conductive paints, catalysts such as catalysts without metal for selective dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene or styrene, or energy storage systems.
- the nanocomposite or nanocomposite colloid according to the invention can also be used as an additive in polymers and composites to modify the electrical, mechanical, thermal, barrier (eg oxygen, moisture, gas), cement, as a catalyst support, in the manufacture of electrodes and conductive layers, in the manufacture of transparent electrodes and layers facilitating the transport of charges in the slides of types: photovoltaic, liquid crystal, light emitting diode, touch screens and "smart" Windows "in general, in the manufacture of conductive films, in the development of layers for mechanical reinforcement, in tribology (this term covers, inter alia, all areas of friction, wear, the study of interfaces and lubrication), for the formation of conductive networks for example by self-assembly or assembly under an electric / magnetic field in biomedical applications (p.
- ex. prosthesis sensors, vectors for drugs
- membranes / filters or in applications in batteries, supercapacitors, and applications in magnetism.
- any use where the properties of the exfoliated and / or dispersed nanomaterial may be of interest may be considered within the scope of the present invention.
- the exfoliation and / or dispersion method according to the invention applied to carbon nanofibers of the "fishbone" type, makes it possible to obtain carbonaceous structures which have proved to be very effective as catalyst, for example in the dehydrogenation reaction of ethylbenzene to styrene.
- the present invention offers many advantages, including:
- nanocomposite colloids with a very high concentration of exfoliated / dispersed nanomaterial (for example in the form of gels, suspensions or emulsions, which can be used, for example, in inks, paints and conductive pastes), or in the form of a solution with great stability, and without resorting to a concentration step of the colloid for example by evaporation of the polar solvent.
- exfoliated / dispersed nanomaterial for example in the form of gels, suspensions or emulsions, which can be used, for example, in inks, paints and conductive pastes
- concentration step of the colloid for example by evaporation of the polar solvent.
- the process according to the invention makes it possible to obtain nanocomposite nanomaterial / natural polymolecular system nanocomposite colloids in a polar solvent, in which the concentration of exfoliated nanomaterial / dispersed in the polar solvent may be ⁇ 1 g / L, preferably ⁇ 2 g / L, more preferably ⁇ 3 g / L, more preferably ⁇ 4 g / L, even ⁇ 5 g / L, or even ⁇ 7 g / L without subsequent colloid concentration step.
- this concentration of exfoliated / dispersed nanomaterial in the colloid can be increased by subjecting the colloid to a concentration step (eg, evaporation of the polar sovant).
- the major advantage of the process over other known methods is the possibility of directly obtaining concenteration colloids ⁇ 1 g / L, preferably ⁇ 2 g / L, more preferably ⁇ 3 g / L, even more preferentially
- nanocomposite colloids of very high concentration of exfoliated / dispersed nanomaterial can be obtained when the laminar carbonaceous material is graphite and the natural polymolecular system is nonionic and they are subjected to the action of the source of shear forces coupled with mechanical agitation or, when the laminar carbonaceous material, is expanded graphite and the natural polymolecular system nonionic, the action of the source of shear forces possibly being coupled to mechanical agitation.
- the yields of exfoliated and / or dispersed nanomaterials obtained by the process according to the invention are significantly higher than those which can be expected with other existing methods. On average, yields of 60 to 80%, or even up to 100%, can be obtained according to the process of the invention.
- the concentrations (several grams per liter) of exfoliated and / or dispersed nanomaterial obtained by the process according to the invention are also much higher than those obtained with other existing methods. These high concentrations allow in particular the production of graphene (mono- or multilayer) in large quantities with a very low cost.
- the method according to the invention is based on an implementation in an aqueous solvent or water, and is, as such, environmentally friendly, economical and attractive from an industrial point of view .
- Other advantages may still appear to those skilled in the art on reading the examples below, with reference to the appended figures, given for illustrative purposes, and not limiting.
- Figure 1 Photographs showing A) a suspension of expanded graphite (EG) in water, B) a suspension of expanded graphite (EG) in water in presence of hemoglobin (HEM) before exfoliation / dispersion according to the method of the invention, C) a colloid FLG-water-HEM (multilayer graphene / water / hemoglobin) according to the invention.
- EG expanded graphite
- HOM hemoglobin
- FIG. 2 SEM micrographs of multilayer graphene nanocomposite / HEM obtained after exfoliation of EG in water in the presence of HEM for 2 hours of ultrasonication and 2 days of decantation A, B) representing the fraction in the supernatant (FLG-HEM) and C, D) the decanted portion with a large portion of the hemoglobin residues.
- Image 3 MET micrographs of multilayer graphene colloid obtained in the supernatant, after exfoliation of EG in water in the presence of HEM for 2 hours and 2 days of decantation.
- Image B shows the cut of FLG. The number of layers in the product can be well counted on images C and D.
- Figure 4 A) Raman spectra of FLG-HEM nanocomposite showing a high degree of graphitization (peak D, and very low D / G peak ratio) and a number of varied layers (up to 5 layers), B UV-Vis spectra of the aqueous solution of HEM, and the FLG-HEM suspension in water before and after ultrasonication.
- Figure 5 A) representative l (V) curves obtained by the four-point method on a "paper" of FLG-HEM and FLG-HEM-700 ° C, B and C) SEM paper micrographs highlighting its thickness and its surface.
- FIG. 6 A, B) SEM and C, D micrographs. MET micrographs, of multilayer graphene obtained by exfoliation and dispersion of EG in water in the presence of HEM for 5 hours of ultrasonication and 2 days of decantation (supernatant part).
- Figure 7 A) ATG derivatives of EG, FLG-HEM and FLG-HEM-5h showing that the combustion temperature decreases gradually after prolonged ultrasonic treatment, B) XPS spectra of EG, FLG-HEM and FLG-HEM- 5h.
- FIG. 8 SEM and MET micrographs of multilayer graphene nanocomposite obtained by exfoliation of EG in water in the presence of ASB (FLG-ASB nanocomposite) for 2 hours of ultrasonication and decantation for 2 days of (supernatant part).
- Figure 9 A) Representative l (V) curves obtained by the four-point method on "papers" of FLG-ASB and FLG-acid (hydrolysis-treated), B and C) SEM micrographs of these "papers” implementing evidence their thickness.
- Figure 10 ATG derivatives of FLG-acid and FLG-acid-700 ° C showing an increase in the combustion temperature for the sample treated at high temperature under helium.
- Figure 1 1 Photograph of colloid FLG-ASB (with a ratio of 10: 1) in water with a concentration of A) 40 g / L, B) of 0.04 g / L (diluted 1000 times)
- Figure 12 Photograph of colloid FLG-ASB (with a ratio of 10: 1) in water: A) 40 g / L, B) 4.0 g / L, C) 0.4 g / L, D) 0.04 g / L with the formation of aggregates, E) 0.04 g / L with an FLG-ASB ratio of 10: 2, or amount of ASB was added in D) and sonicated for 10 min.
- Figure 13 Optical image of colloid FLG-ASB obtained in the ultrasonic bath.
- Figure 14 A) Photograph of colloid FLG-ASB with a concentration of 1 1 .3 g / L, B) corresponding SEM micrograph.
- Figure 15 Optical image of aqueous colloids from (from left to right) boron nitride, carbon nitride, nanodiamonds, silicon carbide, carbon nanofibers obtained after ultrasonication for 2 hours in the presence of ASB.
- Figure 16 A) SEM micrograph and B) MET micrograph of carbon nanofibers (CNF) starting.
- FIG. 17 Colloid carbon nanofibers colloid micrographs in water obtained by ultrasonication in the presence of HEM for 1 h (nanocomposite colloid CNF-HEM).
- FIG. 18 A) ATG derivatives of the starting carbon nanofibers (CNF) and the CNF-HEM nanocomposite obtained according to the method of the invention, B) Desorption at programmed temperature of the starting CNFs and the CNF-HEM nanocomposite.
- FIG. 19 The results of the catalytic tests (conversion and selectivity in the dehydrogenation reaction of ethylbenzene to styrene, as a function of time under flow) obtained on two catalysts: initial carbon nanofibers (CNF), and the product obtained after exfoliation of CNF in water in the presence of HEM according to the method of the invention (nanocomposite CNF-HEM).
- FIG. 20 Comparison of the catalyst catalytic performance obtained by the process according to the invention (nanocomposite CNF-HEM) with the starting material (CNF), a commercial catalyst (K-Fe) and a carbon catalyst, the most active known to date in the literature.
- FIG. 21 MET micrographs of the FLG-CNF-HEM composite obtained according to the method of the invention after ultrasonic treatment of EG and CNF in water in the presence of HEM (FLG-CNF-HEM nanocomposite).
- FIG. 22 MET micrographs of FLG-maltodextrin nanocomposite according to the invention and photograph of this colloid in water and in isopropanol.
- Figure 23 (A, B) Images illustrating the flexibility and electrical conductivity of FLG / tissue obtained by expanded graphite exfoliation in the presence of maltodextrin according to the invention, for intelligent textile applications. (B, C) Image of the FLG / polyurethane foam composite highlighting the change in electrical conductivity versus pressure for their uses as a sensor.
- Figure 24 SEM micrographs of: A and B) graphite, the starting material, B and C) the heavy part (bottom) of the colloid after exfoliation of graphite in water + HEM for 5h, decanted for 24h.
- Figure 25 SEM micrographs of the products in the separated supernatant after the process of exfoliation of graphite in water in the presence of HEM for 5 hours, and 24h of decantation, A and B) second fraction (heavier), C and D) first fraction (light).
- FIG. 26 MET micrographs of multilayer graphene obtained after exfoliation of EG by ultrasound treatment in water in the presence of agar-agar.
- Figure 27 Images illustrating (A) Dispersion of CsN 4 in the absence and presence of maltodextrin after the ultrasonication process and 1 day rest. (B) Dispersion of CsN 4 in the absence and in the presence of maltodextrin 15 days later.
- CNF carbon nanofibers
- EG expanded graphite
- Aa agar-agar
- ASB bovine serum albumin
- HEM hemoglobin
- Bovine blood hemoglobin and bovine serum albumin were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Expanded graphite (EG) was purchased from Carbone Lorraine. The graphite pellets were purchased from Timcal. Boron nitride was purchased from Johnson Matthey Company. Nanodiamonds were purchased from Carbodeon Co.Ltd. Silicon carbide was purchased from SICAT SARL. Carbon nanofibers were prepared by catalytic chemical vapor deposition ("CCVD” or "catalytic chemical vapor deposition").
- CCVD catalytic chemical vapor deposition
- SEM Scanning electron microscopy
- TEM micrographs were made on JEOL 2100F at an acceleration voltage of 200 kV, equipped with a probe for spherical aberrations, and a resolution of 0.2 nm from point to point.
- drops of aqueous suspensions were deposited on a film a grid covered by a carbon membrane.
- X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were carried out in a UHT plant (base pressure 1 ⁇ 10 "9 mbar) equipped with a VSW-class VSW hemispheric electronic analyzer (150 mm radius) with a multichanneltron detector
- a monochromatic X-ray source Al Ka anode operating at 240 W
- XP spectra were recorded in the fixed transmission mode using pass energies of 90 for scans and "scanned" scans for 44 eV
- the Shirley method was used for bottom subtraction before the adjustment procedure
- Raman spectra were recorded using equipment LabRAMARAMIS Horiba Raman spectrometry in the range of 500-4000 cm -1 at the 532 nm laser excitation wavelength.
- the samples were deposited on an SiO 2 Si substrate by impregnation with a Pasteur pipette and then carefully dried.
- UV-Vis spectra of the dispersions were recorded on a spectrophotometer equipped with a Peltier PTP1 system (PerkinElmer Lambda 35) at room temperature.
- Rs Layer resistance measurements were performed on thin paper by the four point method ("FPP"), inducing a different current (I); from 1 pA to 1 mA using two external probes and measuring the voltage difference (V) between two internal probes, with a Keithley 220 programmable current source coupled to a Hewlett-Packard 34401 A multimeter. Rs from Ohm's law, a geometric factor of the samples was considered [12].
- x mg of starting laminar material and y mg of natural polymolecular system of HLB ⁇ 8 are added in z ml of distilled water in the ratio x: y: z varied.
- the sonication can be assisted or not mechanical agitation and the duration is between 5 min and 50h.
- Ultrasonic power and mixing volume can be varied.
- the colloids obtained contain nanomaterials exfoliated / dispersed in the form of nanocomposites with the molecules of the natural polymolecular system.
- the dispersions are left standing (1 h - a few days) in order to decant the heavy parts and / or are centrifuged. The supernatants thus obtained are stable for long periods (days-months).
- Concentrations and yields of exfoliated and / or dispersed nanomaterial are calculated from the amount of the decanted heavy parts.
- the colloid obtained is thus separated from the heavy parts, which are dried and weighed. Yields and concentrations are calculated on the basis of the mass of exfoliated and / or dispersed nanomaterials remaining stable in the colloid.
- EG expanded graphite
- HEM hemoglobin
- 300 mg of expanded graphite (EG) and 30 mg of hemoglobin (HEM) are added in 300 ml of the distilled water in a 1000 ml beaker.
- the mixture is subjected to an ultrasonic treatment using an ultrasonic finger type Branson Digital Sonifier 450, ⁇ 50/60 Hz frequency with an intensity of 10% of 400W, and assisted by mechanical agitation for 2 hours (fig. .1).
- the mixture obtained is left to settle for 2 days.
- the 250 ml supernatant containing the exfoliated multilayer graphene (in the form of FLG-HEM nanocomposite) and a remaining portion of the hemoglobin are then separated from the bottom.
- the exfoliation yield calculated as a function of the mass of graphene multilayer obtained in the supernatant relative to the initial mass of expanded graphite is 60%.
- the SEM images of multilayer graphene obtained in the supernatant are shown in FIG. 2 A, B.
- the SEM images of the decanted part (bottom) containing most of the residues of hemoglobin and graphite with a lower degree of exfoliation (leaves with higher numbers of layers) are represented in FIG. . 2 C, D.
- the number of layers is varied and low ( ⁇ 10) in the multilayer graphene obtained (FIG 3) and these observations are confirmed by Raman spectroscopy carried out on several FLG (the 2D peak) (fig.4 A).
- the full spectrum also highlights the high quality of FLG obtained, with a very low defect rate (the peak D and the peak ratio D and G is very small).
- the dispersion obtained is filtered in the form of blotting paper and dried at 130 ° C., and the electrical resistance of the material obtained is measured by the four-point method.
- the electrical conductivity is then calculated on the basis of the resistance obtained (adjusted by the geometric factor) and the average thickness of the "paper" of 50 ⁇ determined by SEM imaging.
- the paper is also subjected to a high temperature treatment of 700 ° C under He and its electrical conductivity was measured.
- the conductivity of the starting material is of the order of 10 2 S / m and goes to 10 4 S / m after the treatment at 700 ° C.
- Fig. Figure 5 shows l (V) curves and associated SEM images.
- EG expanded graphite
- HEM hemoglobin
- 300 mg of expanded graphite (EG) and 30 mg of hemoglobin (HEM) are added in 300 ml of the distilled water in a 1000 ml beaker.
- the mixture is subjected to an ultrasonic treatment using an ultrasonic finger type Branson Digital Sonifier 450, ⁇ 50/60 Hz frequency with an intensity of 10% of 400W, and assisted by mechanical stirring for 5 hours (fig. .1).
- the resulting mixture is left to decant for 2 days.
- the 250 ml supernatant containing the multilayer graphene (in the form of FLG-HEM nanocomposite) and a remaining portion of the hemoglobin are then separated from the bottom.
- EG expanded graphite
- BSA bovine serum albumin
- the exfoliation yield calculated as a function of the mass of multilayer graphene obtained in the supernatant relative to the initial mass of expanded graphite is 70%, and the images of the SEM and MET of multilayer graphene obtained in the supernatant are presented in FIG. . 8.
- a) The dispersion obtained is filtered in the form of blotting paper and dried at 130 ° C. and the electrical resistance of the material obtained is measured by the four-point method. The electrical conductivity is then calculated on the basis of resistance obtained (adjusted by the geometric factor) and the average thickness of "paper" of 30 ⁇ determined by SEM imaging.
- the material conductivity is of the order of 10 2 S / m.
- Figs. A and B show the associated curve I (V) and SEM.
- Paper obtained is dried for 20 hours at 50 ° C and its electrical resistance is measured by the four-point method.
- the electrical conductivity calculated for a thickness of 0.4 ⁇ is of the order of 10 5 S / m.
- Figs. 9A and C show the associated I (V) curve and SEM image.
- the increase in the conductivity after treatment at high temperature is related to desorption of oxygen groups and other possible impurities.
- the "paper" of FLG-acid is also processed at high temperature (700 ° C, 2h).
- the ATG derivatives of the FLG-acid and FLG-acid-700 ° C samples show a higher combustion temperature for the sample treated at high temperature (FIG. 10).
- the XPS analysis is in agreement with these data and shows a ratio of O to C which decreases from 0.035 to 0.025.
- Example 4 FLG-ASB Nanocomposite Ink
- EG expanded graphite
- BSA bovine serum albumin
- FIG. 1 A shows the resulting colloid with a foam appearance related to the detergent function of ASB.
- Fig. 11B shows this colloid diluted a thousand times.
- the dispersion remains very stable (Fig.12A: 40 g / L, B) 4 g / L, C) 0.4 g / L).
- a thousand times dissolution (0.04g / L) can be observed the formation of light aggregates (fig.12D) which can be re-dispersed by short sonication (10min) by adding a very small amount of BSA.
- the stable final colloid (supernatant) is recovered and has a concentration of multilayer graphene / monolayer of 46 g / l for an exfoliation yield of 85%. Additional drying for 24h gives a paste with a concentration of multilayer graphene / monolayer of 80 g / L.
- EG expanded graphite
- BSA bovine serum albumin
- CNF carbon nanofibers
- HEM HEM
- 300 mg of carbon nanofibers (CNF) (Fig. 16) and 30 mg of HEM are added in 300 ml of the distilled water to a 1000 ml beaker.
- the mixture is subjected to an ultrasonic treatment using an ultrasonic finger type Branson Digital Sonifier 450, ⁇ 50/60 Hz frequency with an intensity of 10% of 400W, and assisted by mechanical stirring for 2 hours.
- the dispersion obtained contains exfoliated and dispersed nanofibers (cut) and remains stable for months, resulting in an estimated yield of 100%.
- the suspension is then filtered and dried for
- the product obtained is presented in the MET images (FIG. XPS and ATG analyzes show that the product obtained has a higher degree of graphitization (Fig. 18A) than the starting CNFs.
- the results collected with the ATG and the XPS show that the combustion temperature increases and shows a decrease in the oxygen level, after the sonication.
- the O / C ratio is 0.083 and 0.022 for CNF and CNF-HEM respectively.
- the analysis of the programmed temperature desorption shows that the type of grouping in the two samples changes (FIG. 18B).
- the specific surface of this material measured by the BET method is 135 m 2 / g against 154 m 2 / g for the starting carbon nanofibers.
- the nanocomposite CNF-HEM has also been used as a catalyst in the dehydrogenation reaction of ethylbenzene to styrene.
- the catalytic tests carried out as a function of time under flow show that the CNF-HEM nanocomposite is very efficient with a conversion of 32% and selectivity of 99%, compared to the starting nanofiber starting catalyst which has a conversion of 10%. and selectivity of 93% ( Figure 19).
- the catalytic tests were carried out with 300 mg of catalysts and a volume ethylbenzene concentration of (2.8%) with a flow of 30 ml / min He at 550 ° C. under atmospheric pressure.
- the reagents and products were analyzed online by gas chromatography.
- the styrene ethylbenzene dehydrogenation activity of the CNF-HEM catalyst was also compared to the commercial iron catalysts as well as to the nanodiamond which is currently the most active metal-free catalyst known in the literature (Fig. 20). .
- 300 mg of EG and 30 mg of maltodextrin are added in 300 ml of distilled water in a 600 ml beaker.
- the mixture is subjected to an ultrasonic treatment using an ultrasonic finger type Branson Digital Sonifier 450, ⁇ 50/60 Hz frequency with an intensity of 10% of 400W, and assisted by mechanical stirring for 2 hours.
- 300 mg of graphite and 30 mg of HEM are added in 300 ml of distilled water in a 600 ml beaker.
- the mixture is subjected to an ultrasonic treatment using an ultrasonic finger type Branson Digital Sonifier 450, ⁇ 50/60 Hz frequency with an intensity of 10% of 400W, and assisted by mechanical agitation for 5 hours.
- the mixture obtained is left to settle for 1 day.
- the supernatant (separated into two fractions) containing the FLG-HEM nanocomposite is separated from the bottom (Fig. 24B, C-bottom).
- the first part of 70 ml which is a high fraction of the supernatant
- Fig. 25 C, D the second part of the 70 ml is the next fraction below the first fraction (Fig. 25 A, B).
- the second fraction contains a nanocomposite with thicker multilayer graphene (with a higher number of layers).
- This example shows that by simple decantation based on the Arrhenius law it is possible to separate the multilayer graphene with a different degree of exfoliation (number of layers) and lateral size.
- the calculated yield for the fraction is 23%.
- 600 mg of EG and 60 mg of agar (Aa) are added in 300 ml of distilled water in a 600 ml beaker.
- the mixture is subjected to an ultrasonic treatment using an ultrasonic finger type Branson Digital Sonifier 450, ⁇ 50/60 Hz frequency with an intensity of 10% of 400W, and assisted by mechanical stirring for 1 h.
- the mixture obtained is left to settle for 2 days.
- the 250 ml of supernatant containing the FLG-Aa nanocomposite is separated from the bottom.
- MET images of multilayer graphene obtained in the supernatant are presented in FIG. 26.
- Fig. 27 shows the stability of this colloid obtained after 1 and 15 days of rest, compared with a suspension of C3N4 obtained by ultrasonication in the absence of maltodextrin.
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Abstract
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Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR1660935A FR3058418B1 (fr) | 2016-11-10 | 2016-11-10 | Nanocomposites nanomateriau/ systeme polymoleculaire colloidaux, et methodes de preparation |
| PCT/FR2017/053064 WO2018087484A1 (fr) | 2016-11-10 | 2017-11-09 | Nanocomposites nanomatériau/système polymoléculaire colloïdaux, et méthodes de préparation |
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| EP3538607A1 true EP3538607A1 (fr) | 2019-09-18 |
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| EP17808099.0A Withdrawn EP3538607A1 (fr) | 2016-11-10 | 2017-11-09 | Nanocomposites nanomatériau/système polymoléculaire colloïdaux, et méthodes de préparation |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20190382561A1 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP3538607A1 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR3058418B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2018087484A1 (fr) |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| WO2018028772A1 (fr) * | 2016-08-10 | 2018-02-15 | Politecnico Di Milano | Matériau actif et générateur d'énergie électrique le contenant |
| CN109137030A (zh) * | 2018-06-29 | 2019-01-04 | 洛阳师范学院 | 一种二硒化铌薄膜的制备方法 |
| CN108927195A (zh) * | 2018-07-06 | 2018-12-04 | 常州大学 | 一种用于丙烷氧化脱氢的氧化钒催化剂及其制备方法 |
| CN109449410B (zh) * | 2018-10-30 | 2021-08-17 | 陕西科技大学 | 一种氮、硫共掺杂二硫化钨钠离子电池负极材料的制备方法 |
| CN109772419B (zh) * | 2019-03-11 | 2021-12-28 | 辽宁石油化工大学 | 在限域空间构筑氮化碳基超薄纳米片复合材料的制备方法 |
| CN111013552B (zh) * | 2019-12-24 | 2020-12-29 | 中南大学 | 一种用于储存臭氧的黏土基复合材料 |
| CN116490258A (zh) * | 2020-06-04 | 2023-07-25 | 株式会社无忧 | 氧化石墨烯-纳米粒子复合膜及其制备方法与应用 |
| CN111908434B (zh) * | 2020-07-16 | 2023-08-18 | 北京理工大学 | 一种过渡金属硫族化合物纳米片水相分散液的制备方法 |
| CN113555646B (zh) * | 2021-08-10 | 2022-04-19 | 大连理工大学 | 一种凝剂型锂硫电池正极侧隔层材料的制备方法 |
| CN114113032B (zh) * | 2021-11-01 | 2023-07-21 | 佛山市高明佛水供水有限公司 | 基于新型sers基底的同时检测两种异味物质的方法 |
| CN116474796B (zh) * | 2022-01-14 | 2024-12-24 | 长沙学院 | 一种复合光催化剂及其制备方法 |
| CN114950413B (zh) * | 2022-06-08 | 2023-02-28 | 中国科学院化学研究所 | 一种石墨炔改性亲水催化剂的制备方法及其在水相加氢中的应用 |
| WO2024163983A1 (fr) * | 2023-02-03 | 2024-08-08 | Soarce, Inc. | Procédés et compositions pour matériaux textiles durables |
| CN116873968B (zh) * | 2023-06-07 | 2025-04-25 | 哈尔滨理工大学 | 一种鱼骨形CuBr纳米晶及其制备方法 |
| CN116408128B (zh) * | 2023-06-09 | 2023-08-04 | 西南林业大学 | 采用苦樱桃树胶制备Cu-N掺杂树胶炭催化剂的方法及应用 |
| CN116751840B (zh) * | 2023-06-29 | 2024-01-30 | 浙江洛兮医学检验实验室有限公司 | 一种石墨相氮化碳纳米片捕获探针的制备及应用 |
| CN119680393A (zh) * | 2025-02-25 | 2025-03-25 | 浙江工业大学 | 一种同步分离降解含油废水纤维膜及其制备方法和应用 |
| CN121177978B (zh) * | 2025-11-25 | 2026-02-03 | 吉林大学 | 一种石墨炔基超分子油水分离材料及其制备方法和应用 |
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| US20150041730A1 (en) * | 2012-04-11 | 2015-02-12 | Veijo Kangas | Carbon nanotube - polysaccharide composite |
| WO2016011124A1 (fr) * | 2014-07-17 | 2016-01-21 | The Research Foundation For The State University Of New York | Membranes composites à base de graphène poreux destinées à la nanofiltration, au dessalement et à la pervaporation |
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| EP1581588B1 (fr) * | 2003-01-08 | 2007-02-28 | Süd-Chemie Ag | Composition a base de nano-argiles pre-exfolies et leur utilisation |
| CA2443059A1 (fr) * | 2003-09-29 | 2005-03-29 | Le Groupe Lysac Inc. | Nanocomposites superabsorbants a base de polysaccharide et d'argile |
| FR2958650B1 (fr) * | 2010-04-13 | 2012-04-20 | Univ Limoges | Procede de fabrication d'un film nanocomposite et utilisations comme film comestible |
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- 2017-11-09 US US16/349,078 patent/US20190382561A1/en not_active Abandoned
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20150041730A1 (en) * | 2012-04-11 | 2015-02-12 | Veijo Kangas | Carbon nanotube - polysaccharide composite |
| WO2016011124A1 (fr) * | 2014-07-17 | 2016-01-21 | The Research Foundation For The State University Of New York | Membranes composites à base de graphène poreux destinées à la nanofiltration, au dessalement et à la pervaporation |
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| US20190382561A1 (en) | 2019-12-19 |
| FR3058418B1 (fr) | 2020-07-10 |
| FR3058418A1 (fr) | 2018-05-11 |
| WO2018087484A1 (fr) | 2018-05-17 |
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