EP3492814B1 - Poêle à biomasse à émissions réduites - Google Patents

Poêle à biomasse à émissions réduites Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3492814B1
EP3492814B1 EP18209730.3A EP18209730A EP3492814B1 EP 3492814 B1 EP3492814 B1 EP 3492814B1 EP 18209730 A EP18209730 A EP 18209730A EP 3492814 B1 EP3492814 B1 EP 3492814B1
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EP
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Prior art keywords
stove
flue
area
gas
apertures
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP3492814A1 (fr
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Simone Pietro PARMIGIANI
Domenico PETROCELLI
Luigi Francesco POLONINI
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Aico SpA
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Aico SpA
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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24B—DOMESTIC STOVES OR RANGES FOR SOLID FUELS; IMPLEMENTS FOR USE IN CONNECTION WITH STOVES OR RANGES
    • F24B1/00—Stoves or ranges
    • F24B1/02—Closed stoves
    • F24B1/026—Closed stoves with several combustion zones
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23B—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING ONLY SOLID FUEL
    • F23B50/00—Combustion apparatus in which the fuel is fed into or through the combustion zone by gravity, e.g. from a fuel storage situated above the combustion zone
    • F23B50/02—Combustion apparatus in which the fuel is fed into or through the combustion zone by gravity, e.g. from a fuel storage situated above the combustion zone the fuel forming a column, stack or thick layer with the combustion zone at its bottom
    • F23B50/10—Combustion apparatus in which the fuel is fed into or through the combustion zone by gravity, e.g. from a fuel storage situated above the combustion zone the fuel forming a column, stack or thick layer with the combustion zone at its bottom with the combustion zone at the bottom of fuel-filled conduits ending at the surface of a fuel bed
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23B—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING ONLY SOLID FUEL
    • F23B80/00—Combustion apparatus characterised by means creating a distinct flow path for flue gases or for non-combusted gases given off by the fuel
    • F23B80/02—Combustion apparatus characterised by means creating a distinct flow path for flue gases or for non-combusted gases given off by the fuel by means for returning flue gases to the combustion chamber or to the combustion zone
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G7/00—Incinerators or other apparatus for consuming industrial waste, e.g. chemicals
    • F23G7/10—Incinerators or other apparatus for consuming industrial waste, e.g. chemicals of field or garden waste or biomasses
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24B—DOMESTIC STOVES OR RANGES FOR SOLID FUELS; IMPLEMENTS FOR USE IN CONNECTION WITH STOVES OR RANGES
    • F24B5/00—Combustion-air or flue-gas circulation in or around stoves or ranges
    • F24B5/02—Combustion-air or flue-gas circulation in or around stoves or ranges in or around stoves
    • F24B5/021—Combustion-air or flue-gas circulation in or around stoves or ranges in or around stoves combustion-air circulation
    • F24B5/026—Supply of primary and secondary air for combustion
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24B—DOMESTIC STOVES OR RANGES FOR SOLID FUELS; IMPLEMENTS FOR USE IN CONNECTION WITH STOVES OR RANGES
    • F24B5/00—Combustion-air or flue-gas circulation in or around stoves or ranges
    • F24B5/02—Combustion-air or flue-gas circulation in or around stoves or ranges in or around stoves
    • F24B5/028—Arrangements combining combustion-air and flue-gas circulation
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G2202/00—Combustion
    • F23G2202/10—Combustion in two or more stages

Definitions

  • the present invention concerns a biomass stove, particularly a pellet stove.
  • This type of stove typically comprises a combustion chamber, an unburned gas storage chamber, a flue gas extractor fan device for extracting unburned gas from the storage chamber and for sending it to an exhaust flue, and at least one air intake for feeding air from the outside to the inside of the combustion chamber.
  • the combustion chamber comprises a brazier area adapted to receive the biomass, typically by means of an auger, and to generate combustible gas and a flame area intended for the combustion of combustible gas coming from the brazier area.
  • first and a second series of apertures are typically present in these stoves.
  • the first series of apertures is placed at the brazier area for supplying primary air, while the second series of apertures is placed at the flame area for supplying secondary air.
  • known solutions provide for the use of a recirculation system which allows to reintroduce flue gases in the flame area of the stove such that to subject them to further combustion before being discharged.
  • Combustion stoves are known, in particular wood stoves in relatively large numbers, such as for example the one described in EP0268208 , in which two supplies of combustion air or other combustion gas with similar effects are provided.
  • An aperture for the primary combustion air is provided in communication with the combustion chamber in which the combustible material load is housed.
  • the combustible material rests on a combustion plane in which one or more apertures are provided for the passage of the gases generated in the combustion of the combustible material in an underlying storage chamber of these gases, also named flue gases. This chamber in turn communicates with an exhaust flue.
  • a post-combustion chamber for flue gases coming from the combustion chamber.
  • a supply duct of secondary ambient air flows in this post-combustion chamber and causes any possible unburned residues present in the flue gases coming from the combustion chamber to be burned before these flue gases are transferred into the storage chamber from where they are eliminated by the exhaust flue.
  • the document DE202006007860U1 shows a particular of a combustion chamber intended to operate in devices of the type described in EP260208 .
  • the primary air is directly supplied into a combustion chamber, while the secondary air is supplied into a post-combustion chamber in which the flue gases coming from the combustion of the combustible material are subjected to combustion.
  • the primary air is supplied into the combustion chamber which is at a higher height than the post-combustion chamber of the fuel gases.
  • This chamber has an independent inlet for the supply of secondary combustion air.
  • the flue gases deriving from the post-combustion process can be recovered and mixed with the fuel gases coming from the combustion chamber so that to be subjected to the post-combustion step together.
  • the post-combustion step is carried out directly on the flue gases in a post-combustion chamber that is separate from the brazier, and the flue gases deriving from the post-combustion process are at least partially reintroduced in the post-combustion chamber where they are mixed with the flue gases combing from the combustion chamber and that still have to be subjected to the post-combustion.
  • the post-combustion of the flue gases does not participate directly in the combustion of the combustible.
  • Object of the present invention is therefore to achieve a biomass stove, particularly a pellet stove, with reduced NO x emissions compared to traditional stoves.
  • the invention achieves the object with a stove as described in the beginning, in which there is a branch intercepting the flue gas directed to the exhaust flue such to at least partially direct said flue gases to the primary gas inlet apertures.
  • the unburned gases are sent to the primary air inlet, i.e. in the brazier area, instead of being directed on the flame area in order to face a further combustion.
  • the primary air therefore results poorer in oxygen and at a higher temperature compared to traditional stoves. This favors the pyrolytic step, i.e. the generation of combustible gases intended to be burned with secondary comburent air.
  • Pyrolysis is a reaction of transformation of a solid combustible into gas, which occurs at high temperatures without a flame and, therefore, without oxidation.
  • the inventors have surprisingly discovered how such reaction can be facilitated by using the same flue gases intended to be reclaimed in a very original way and with a drastic reduction of the pollutants released in the environment as the final result.
  • Flue gases can be channeled directly to the primary air intake, both pure and mixed with the external air, or they can also be sent both to the primary inlet and to the secondary inlet so that to also achieve the beneficial effect of the secondary combustion of unburned gases in order to further improve the quality of the flue gases released in the environment.
  • Constructive variations provide the use of a mixing chamber in fluid dynamic communication either only with the primary inlets or with the primary and secondary inlets, by arranging the external air intake at the primary inlets so that to achieve different flue gases/air mixing ratios for the primary and secondary inlets with a simple geometric arrangement.
  • More complex solutions in which the stoichiometric ratio of the primary and secondary gases can be finely varied by acting on the flows of flue gases and external air, can obviously be provided, for example with fans and separate mixing chambers.
  • the bypass created for the recirculation of exhausted flue gases is advantageously provided inside the stove structure downstream the fan acting as the extractor device of flue gas so that to achieve a very compact solution. It is however also possible to provide an external deviation to be applied to traditional stoves so that to intercept part of the flue gases directed to the chimney flue and to direct them to the primary air inlet. This allows to achieve a kit to be used to retrofit existing systems with clear benefits for users in terms of direct costs and installation fees.
  • the invention concerns kits in combinations with biomass stoves, particularly pellet stoves, equipped with a flue gas outlet for the connection to an exhaust flue, a primary air inlet and a secondary air inlet in fluid dynamic communication respectively with a brazier area and a flame area of a combustion chamber, characterized in that it comprises a fitting intended for the connection of flue gas outlet with the exhaust flue and with primary air inlet to make a stove according to one or more of the preceding claims.
  • the fitting can advantageously comprise a choke, a grid, a labyrinth or the like to adjust the ratio of the flue gases reintroduced in the combustion chamber through the primary air inlet of the stove in a simple and effective way.
  • the storage chamber is directly provided under the combustion chamber and the brazier also significantly juts out inside the storage chamber.
  • the brazier is well-like, cup-like or bowl-like, the latter being open on the side facing the combustion chamber and jutting out inside the storage chamber under the combustion chamber and which storage chamber constitutes a flue gases and air mixing chamber.
  • the flame is generated in this well that has apertures for the primary combustion air intake on the bottom and apertures for the secondary air intake at the end of said brazier, the end facing the combustion chamber and being open towards it, which are essentially coinciding or interfering with the area of said brazier 7 in which the flame is formed.
  • An embodiment provides that the storage or mixing chamber of the flue gases with ambient air is separated in two parts of which one directly communicates with the secondary air passage apertures and the other directly with the passage apertures of the primary air and recirculated flue gases.
  • the brazier is a body with a vertical axial extension that ends in a diametrical bottom wall of the combustion chamber and with its upper side open, while the bottom wall, at or immediately near which the inlet apertures of the primary combustion air and recirculation flue gases are provided, ends in the storage or mixing chamber which is under the combustion chamber.
  • the primary air supply together with the unburned flue gases, is supplied to these lower apertures, while the secondary air is supplied through the holes in the upper part of the brazier, which are rather spaced from the bottom wall.
  • a biomass stove typically comprises a compartment or tank, generally loaded from above, that contains the biomass to be burned. It can have a capacity ranging from fifteen and up to sixty or more kilograms depending on the stove model. Inside it, there is an endless screw or auger that drags the pellet from the tank to the inside of the brazier, where the combustible material is burned thanks to the presence of an electric resistance that, becoming incandescent in the start-up step, triggers the flame in the presence of oxygen coming from an external air inlet.
  • the brazier can, for example, be made according to the teachings of the patent IT1428942 of the same Proprietor.
  • the flue gases deriving from combustion are channeled in an exhaust flue by an extractor fan.
  • the heat produced is diffused in the environment either by natural convection, by forced air with one or more fans that help distribute the hot hair in the adjacent environments and by a heat-transfer fluid that is circulated in an exchanger of the stove to distribute the heat through the exchangers of a heating system.
  • the present invention aims to achieve an improvement that allows to reduce the polluting emissions, in particular NO x , of traditional stoves by acting on the mechanism that adjusts their combustion.
  • the following description will therefore mainly focus on such improvement, leaving out the details concerning the shared operations of these types of stoves, which are well known to the operators.
  • the biomass stove comprises a combustion chamber 2, an unburned gas storage chamber 3, a flue gas extractor fan device 4 for extracting unburned gas from the storage chamber 3 and for sending it to an exhaust flue 5, and at least one air intake 6 for feeding air from the outside to the inside of the combustion chamber 2.
  • the combustion chamber 2 in turn comprises a brazier area 7 adapted to receive the biomass and to generate combustible gas and a flame area 8 intended for the combustion of combustible gas coming from the brazier area 7.
  • Purpose of the primary gas is to transform the biomass into gases intended to be burned in the flame area thanks to the comburent action exerted by the oxygen present in the secondary gas, typically air.
  • a branch 9 intercepting the flue gases directed to the exhaust flue 5 such to at least partially direct said flue gases to the primary gas inlet apertures 107.
  • the mixing chamber can be a compartment separate from the combustion chamber and communicating therewith.
  • the mixing chamber 10 is in fluid dynamic communication with at least the primary gas inlet apertures 107 and the flue gas intercepting branch 9 to introduce unburned gas, pure or mixed with air coming from outside, into the brazier area 7.
  • the mixing chamber 10 has an inlet 110 for flue gases coming from the branch 9 and an inlet for the external air 6.
  • the inlet for the flue gases 110 is advantageously provided at the apertures 107 of the brazier area 7 while the air inlet 6 is provided at the apertures 108 of the flame area 8 such that the fuel gases/air mixture reaching the apertures 107 of brazier area 7 has a stoichiometric content different from that of the flue gases/air mixture reaching the apertures 108 of the flame area 8.
  • the mixing chamber 10 is divided in two parts 210, 310 not in communication, for example through a septum.
  • the first part of the mixing chamber 201 is in fluid dynamic communication with the apertures 107 of the brazier area 7 and the intercepting branch 9 of the flue gas while the second part of the mixing chamber 310 is in fluid dynamic communication with the apertures 108 of the flame part 8 and the external air 6.
  • the flue gas intercepting branch 9 has an inlet 109 for the external air such that intercepted flue gases are mixed with the external air before entering the first part of the mixing chamber 210 without altering the oxygen content present in the primary gas.
  • the flue gas intercepting branch 9 is placed outside of the stove on a duct 12 that puts in communication the extractor fan device 4 with the exhaust flue 5. This is particularly advantageous in case of the retrofit of existing stoves.
  • the flue gas intercepting branch 9 is placed inside the stove body downstream the extractor fan device 4.
  • the extractor fan device 4 and the flue gas intercepting branch 9 are housed within a compartment 11 inside the stove adjacent to the mixing chamber 210.
  • the first part of the mixing chamber 210 is adjacent to the compartment 11 housing the extractor fan device 4 and has an aperture for the inflow of flue gases coming from the branch 9.
  • the first part 210 of the mixing chamber 10 can be closed as shown in figure 4 , or have an aperture 110 towards the outside for the inflow of air as shown in figure 5 .
  • the flue gas intercepting branch 9 can advantageously comprise a choke, a grid, a labyrinth or the like that in a fixed or variable geometrical manner defines the percentage of flue gases to be directed into the mixing chamber 10.
  • the inlet of the branch 9 for the flue gas recirculation flow is advantageously provided at a point of the flue gas path in which there is an overpressure compared to the existing pressure inside the flue gas path in the stove.
  • the flue gas path from the combustion chamber to the chimney flue itself is in depression, while in the volute of the extractor fan 4 and in the immediate vicinity of the delivery mouth thereof, an overpressure condition is generated, therefore according to a further embodiment of the invention that can be provided in combination with any one of the preceding variations described, the inlet of said branch 9 is provided at said volute of the extractor fan or immediately downstream the delivery mouth thereof.
  • An embodiment provides that said inlet of the branch 9 for the collection of the recirculation flue gases is provided approximately in the maximum overpressure area generated by the extractor fan and, in particular, at a distance not greater than 10-15 mm from the delivery mouth.
  • the extractor fan device 4 can advantageously be driven by a control unit able to set the flow rate of the flue gases intercepted by the branch 9, for example to adjust the air and recirculation flue gas supply with respect to the combustion process conditions.
  • the ideal conditions for obtaining an Nox reduction effect consist in adjusting the mixing ratio of the comburent air to recirculation flue gases so that to determine an oxygen content of the air and recirculation flue gas mixture present in the mixing chamber between 9 and 18% by volume.
  • Better effects are achieved in the narrower range of oxygen content that is preferably between 11 and 16% by volume.
  • the maximum efficiency of Nox content reduction in flue gases is obtained by setting the mixing between comburent air and recirculation flue gases so that to cause an oxygen content of the mixture in the mixing chamber between 13 and 14% by volume.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
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Claims (13)

  1. Poêle à biomasse (1) comprenant une chambre de combustion (2), une chambre de stockage de gaz non brûlés (3), un dispositif de ventilateur d'extraction de gaz de combustion (4) pour extraire les gaz non brulés de la chambre de stockage (3) et pour les envoyer vers un conduit d'évacuation (5), au moins une entrée d'air (6) pour fournir de l'air extérieur à l'intérieur de la chambre de combustion (2), dans lequel la chambre de combustion (2) comprend une zone brasier (7) en forme de coupe ou de bol, adaptée pour recevoir la biomasse et pour générer du gaz combustible et une zone flamme (8) destinée à la combustion du gaz combustible provenant de la zone brasier (7), dans lequel la chambre de combustion (2) comprend une première série d'ouvertures (107) en correspondance de la zone inférieure dudit brasier (7), éventuellement dans la paroi inférieure ou dans les parois latérales directement adjacentes à ladite paroi inférieure, pour fournir du gaz primaire, notamment de l'air ambiant, et une seconde séries d'ouvertures (108) en correspondance de ladite zone flamme (8), c.à.d. de l'extrémité supérieure dudit brasier (7), laquelle est ouverte vers une partie supérieure de la chambre de combustion pour fournir du gaz secondaire, puisque le poêle à biomasse comprend une branche (9) interceptant les gaz de combustion dirigés vers le conduit d'évacuation (5) de sorte à diriger au moins partiellement lesdits gaz de combustion vers les ouvertures d'entrée de gaz primaire (107), dans lequel il y a une chambre de mélange (10), laquelle chambre de mélange (10) est en communication fluidique dynamique avec au moins les ouvertures d'entrée de gaz primaire (107) de la zone inférieure du brasier (7) et la branche interceptant les gaz de combustion (9) pour introduire du gaz non brûlé, pur ou mélangé à l'air ambiant provenant de l'extérieur de la zone brasier (7), caractérisé en ce que
    la chambre de mélange (10) présente une entrée (110) pour les gaz de combustion provenant de la branche (9) et une entrée d'air extérieur (6), l'entrée des gaz de combustion (110) étant prévue en correspondance des ouvertures (107) de la zone brasier (7) et l'entrée d'air (6) étant prévue en correspondance des ouvertures (108) de la zone flamme (8) de sorte à ce que le mélange de gaz de combustion/air atteignant les ouvertures (107) de la zone brasier (7) présente un contenu stœchiométrique différent de celui du mélange de gaz de combustion/air atteignant les ouvertures (108) de la zone flamme (8) et dans lequel la chambre de mélange (10) est divisée en deux parties (210, 310) non en communication directe l'une par rapport à l'autre, c.à.d. dont les parois de séparation communes ne présentent pas d'ouvertures débouchant directement dans une ou l'autre chambre, dans lequel la première partie de la chambre de mélange (210) est en communication fluidique dynamique avec les ouvertures (107) de la zone brasier (7) et la branche des gaz de combustion (9) et la seconde partie de la chambre de mélange (310) est en communication fluidique dynamique directe avec les ouvertures (108) de la partie flamme (8) et l'air ambiant extérieur (6).
  2. Poêle (1) selon la revendication 1, dans lequel la branche de gaz de combustion (9) présente une entrée d'air extérieur (109) de sorte à ce que les gaz de combustion interceptés soient mélangés à l'air extérieur avant d'entrer dans la première partie de la chambre de mélange (210).
  3. Poêle (1) selon la revendication 1 ou 2, dans lequel la branche interceptant les gaz de combustion (9) est placée à l'extérieur du poêle sur un conduit (12) qui met le dispositif ventilateur d'extraction (4) en communication avec le conduit d'évacuation (5).
  4. Poêle (1) selon l'une ou plusieurs des revendications précédentes, dans lequel la branche interceptant les gaz de combustion (9) est placée à l'intérieur du corps du poêle en aval du dispositif ventilateur d'extraction (4).
  5. Poêle (1) selon la revendication 4, dans lequel le dispositif ventilateur d'extraction (4) et la branche interceptant les gaz de combustion (9) sont logés dans un compartiment (11) à l'intérieur du poêle adjacent à la chambre de mélange (210).
  6. Poêle (1) selon la revendication 4 ou 5, dans lequel la première partie de la chambre de mélange (210) est adjacente au compartiment (11) logeant le dispositif ventilateur d'extraction (4) et présente une ouverture pour l'entrée des gaz de combustion provenant de la branche (9).
  7. Poêle (1) selon la revendication 8, dans lequel la première partie de la chambre de mélange (210) présente une ouverture (110) vers l'extérieur pour laisser entrer l'air.
  8. Poêle (1) selon l'une ou plusieurs des revendications précédentes, dans lequel la branche interceptant les gaz de combustion (9) comprend un étranglement, une grille, un labyrinthe ou similaire qui, de manière géométrique fixe ou variable, définit le pourcentage de gaz de combustion à diriger dans la chambre de mélange (10).
  9. Poêle (1) selon l'une ou plusieurs des revendications précédentes, dans lequel le dispositif de ventilateur d'extraction (4) est guidé par une unité de commande capable de régler le débit des gaz de combustion interceptés par la branche (9).
  10. Poêle selon l'une ou plusieurs des revendications précédentes, comprenant des moyens de réglage pour régler le contenu d'oxygène du mélange d'air et de gaz de combustion de recirculation de 9 à 18% en volume, de préférence de 11 à 16% en volume, et notamment de 13 à 14% en volume.
  11. Poêle selon l'une ou plusieurs des revendications précédentes, dans lequel l'entrée de la branche de recirculation des gaz de combustion (9) est prévue sur la volute du ventilateur d'extraction ou en correspondance de la sortie de refoulement de celui-ci, et de toute façon dans une zone d'entrée de gaz de combustion dans laquelle il existe une surpression en raison de l'action du ventilateur d'extraction (4).
  12. Kit prévu en combinaison avec des poêles à biomasses, notamment des poêles à granulés, selon l'une ou plusieurs des revendications précédentes, lesdits poêles étant équipés d'une sortie de gaz de combustion pour le raccordement à un conduit d'évacuation, un entrée de gaz primaire et une entrée de gaz secondaire en communication fluidique dynamique avec la zone brasier et une zone flamme d'une chambre de combustion respectivement, ledit kit étant caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend un raccord destiné au raccordement de la sortie de gaz de combustion avec le conduit d'évacuation et avec l'entrée d'air primaire pour réaliser un poêle selon l'une ou plusieurs des revendications 1 à 11.
  13. Kit selon la revendication 12, dans lequel le raccord comprend un étranglement, une grille, un labyrinthe ou similaire pour régler le taux de gaz de combustion réintroduits dans la chambre de combustion à travers l'entrée d'air primaire du poêle.
EP18209730.3A 2017-12-04 2018-12-03 Poêle à biomasse à émissions réduites Active EP3492814B1 (fr)

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IT202100007760A1 (it) * 2021-03-30 2022-09-30 Palazzetti Lelio Spa Apparecchiatura di riscaldamento

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