EP3440164A1 - Oil-replacement additive for reducing emissions from two-stroke engines - Google Patents
Oil-replacement additive for reducing emissions from two-stroke enginesInfo
- Publication number
- EP3440164A1 EP3440164A1 EP17779447.6A EP17779447A EP3440164A1 EP 3440164 A1 EP3440164 A1 EP 3440164A1 EP 17779447 A EP17779447 A EP 17779447A EP 3440164 A1 EP3440164 A1 EP 3440164A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- additive
- fuel
- oil
- boron
- ppm
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 108
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 102
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 134
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 66
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 66
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 21
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 150000001639 boron compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000005461 lubrication Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims description 8
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Butanol Chemical compound CCCCO LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000007717 exclusion Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCO BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 16
- 230000002708 enhancing effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 74
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 24
- KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N boric acid Chemical compound OB(O)O KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- 239000004327 boric acid Substances 0.000 description 17
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 10
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 9
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 8
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 8
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 description 7
- MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen oxide Inorganic materials O=[N] MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000003502 gasoline Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000001050 lubricating effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 4
- JKWMSGQKBLHBQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N diboron trioxide Chemical compound O=BOB=O JKWMSGQKBLHBQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N octane Chemical compound CCCCCCCC TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000003915 air pollution Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000010687 lubricating oil Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000010705 motor oil Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000013618 particulate matter Substances 0.000 description 3
- ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Butanone Chemical compound CCC(C)=O ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004220 aggregation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002537 cosmetic Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003344 environmental pollutant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003517 fume Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003350 kerosene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 231100000647 material safety data sheet Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 231100000252 nontoxic Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 230000003000 nontoxic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 231100000719 pollutant Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 2
- 231100000241 scar Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 230000036573 scar formation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000779 smoke Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003981 vehicle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012855 volatile organic compound Substances 0.000 description 2
- 208000024172 Cardiovascular disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010020751 Hypersensitivity Diseases 0.000 description 1
- NTIZESTWPVYFNL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl isobutyl ketone Chemical compound CC(C)CC(C)=O NTIZESTWPVYFNL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UIHCLUNTQKBZGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl isobutyl ketone Natural products CCC(C)C(C)=O UIHCLUNTQKBZGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010028980 Neoplasm Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010057190 Respiratory tract infections Diseases 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001154 acute effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007815 allergy Effects 0.000 description 1
- 208000006673 asthma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical group [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002199 base oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052810 boron oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 201000011510 cancer Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004359 castor oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019438 castor oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000002301 combined effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003085 diluting agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000921 elemental analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003337 fertilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002816 fuel additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000295 fuel oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZEMPKEQAKRGZGQ-XOQCFJPHSA-N glycerol triricinoleate Natural products CCCCCC[C@@H](O)CC=CCCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@@H](COC(=O)CCCCCCCC=CC[C@@H](O)CCCCCC)OC(=O)CCCCCCCC=CC[C@H](O)CCCCCC ZEMPKEQAKRGZGQ-XOQCFJPHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000036541 health Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000338 in vitro Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011835 investigation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002045 lasting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002352 nonmutagenic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000241 respiratory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004062 sedimentation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/12—Inorganic compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
- C10L10/02—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for reducing smoke development
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
- C10L10/08—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for improving lubricity; for reducing wear
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/12—Inorganic compounds
- C10L1/1291—Silicon and boron containing compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/16—Hydrocarbons
- C10L1/1616—Hydrocarbons fractions, e.g. lubricants, solvents, naphta, bitumen, tars, terpentine
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C10L1/182—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof
- C10L1/1822—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof hydroxy group directly attached to (cyclo)aliphatic carbon atoms
- C10L1/1824—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof hydroxy group directly attached to (cyclo)aliphatic carbon atoms mono-hydroxy
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L2230/00—Function and purpose of a components of a fuel or the composition as a whole
- C10L2230/22—Function and purpose of a components of a fuel or the composition as a whole for improving fuel economy or fuel efficiency
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L2270/00—Specifically adapted fuels
- C10L2270/02—Specifically adapted fuels for internal combustion engines
- C10L2270/023—Specifically adapted fuels for internal combustion engines for gasoline engines
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L2270/00—Specifically adapted fuels
- C10L2270/08—Specifically adapted fuels for small applications, such as tools, lamp oil, welding
Definitions
- a two-stroke engine is a type of internal combustion engine which completes a power cycle with only two strokes (up and down movements) of the piston during one crankshaft revolution.
- a "four-stroke engine” requires four strokes of the piston to complete a power cycle.
- the end of the combustion stroke and the beginning of the compression stroke happen simultaneously, with the intake and exhaust functions occurring at the same time.
- the main pollutants in exhaust fumes from two-stroke engines are particulate matter (PM), total hydrocarbons (THC), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and nitrogen oxides (NOx).
- PM particulate matter
- THC total hydrocarbons
- VOCs volatile organic compounds
- NOx nitrogen oxides
- CO2 carbon dioxide
- CO2 carbon monoxide
- An international patent application presents an additive for two-stroke engines where the amount of oil is reduced and a lubricating effect is achieved by an addition of boron. It is suggested that 10 - 90 % of the oil is replaced by fuel or a hydrocarbon carrier, for example an alcohol. However, according to a preferred embodiment, only 10 - 60 % of the oil is replaced, and the boron content of the additive is in the range 1500 - 2500 ppm. The application contains no examples.
- the Safety Data Sheet concerning an early product the "Triboron Fuelenhancer", issued 25.02.2008 and revised 01.02.2012 concerns an additive for regular 4-stroke fuels.
- the additive contained ethanol, butanone, isobutyl methyl ketone and ethyl acetate in addition to boric acid.
- the present inventors have surprisingly found that two-stroke engines can be operated with a significantly reduced amount of oil, and in a preferred embodiment, in the total absence of oil.
- a first aspect of the invention is an oil-replacement additive for two-stroke engine fuel, said additive comprising boron and a carrier, wherein the boron concentration in said additive is in the interval of 1 to 600 ppm, the carrier comprises an alcohol, the amount of oil in the additive is less than 10 % per weight, and the balance is a fuel.
- said alcohol is chosen from methanol, ethanol, propanol, and butanol
- said balance of fuel is a fuel having a flash point similar to that of the two- stroke fuel to which the additive is intended to be added.
- concentration of boron is in the interval of about 100 to about 300 ppm.
- the boron is added in the form of a stable boron solution prepared by dissolving a boron compound in an alcohol, followed by vigorous mixing and exclusion of particles larger than 100 nm.
- a second aspect is a novel two-stroke engine fuel comprising an additive according to the above aspect and embodiments thereof, wherein the boron concentration in the fuel is in the interval of 1 to 12 ppm.
- the boron concentration is in the interval of 1 to 6 ppm., most preferably about 2 - 3 ppm.
- the fuel contains less than 1 % oil (w/w).
- a third aspect relates to a method for reducing the emissions from a two- stroke engine, wherein an additive comprising boron dissolved in an alcohol, less than 10 % oil (w/w), the balance being a fuel and the concentration of boron in said additive is the interval of 1 to 600 ppm, preferably in the interval of 10 to 600 ppm, most preferably about 100 to 300 ppm is added to the fuel.
- an additive comprising boron dissolved in an alcohol, less than 10 % oil (w/w), the balance being a fuel and the concentration of boron in said additive is the interval of 1 to 600 ppm, preferably in the interval of 10 to 600 ppm, most preferably about 100 to 300 ppm is added to the fuel.
- said additive is mixed into the fuel at a proportion of about 1 part additive to 100 parts fuel.
- said additive is injected into the cylinder together with fuel at a proportion or about 1 part additive to 50 parts fuel.
- the invention allows the enhancement of combustion in two- stroke engines, a significant reduction of the emissions of total hydrocarbons (THC), CO and CO2 with maintained or even improved lubrication of the two-stroke engine.
- concentration of boron is indicated in ppm, this refers to the concentration of elemental boron in mg/kg corresponding to ppm.
- oil is used to indicate any oil, natural or synthetic, currently used in two-stroke engines.
- Two-stroke oils are sometimes referred to as two- cycle oils, 2-cycle oils, 2T oil or "petroil".
- a characteristic requirement is that two- stroke oils must have a lower ash content compared to regular lubricating oils, as the two-stroke oil is burned along with the fuel.
- the base oil is either petroleum, castor oil, semi-synthetic or synthetic oil or various mixtures thereof.
- synthetic oils are more frequently used, and different types of two-stroke oils have been developed for specialized uses and engine types.
- the fuel to oil mixing ratio ranges from 16: 1 to as low as 100: 1 .
- the emission problems are of course most accentuated at high mixing ratios, but they remain also at lower ratios. In modern two-stroke engines, the mixing ratio is generally low, 1 - 2 %.
- Lubricating oils are traditionally added to two-stroke fuel either by mixing in the fuel when filling up the tank, by using pre-mixed fuel, or by direct injection from a separate oil tank.
- mixing the lubricating additive into the fuel when refueling appears to be the most usual method.
- a separate oil tank is provided, and the lubricating additive is automatically injected when the engine is in operation.
- the additive disclosed herein is applicable to all of these methods.
- the oil- replacing additive is mixed into the bulk of fuel at a ratio of approximately 1 part additive to 100 parts fuel (approximately 1 %), or continuously added or injected, at a ratio of approximately 1 part additive to 50 parts fuel (approximately 2 %).
- the present inventors have investigated how the concentration of boron influences the emissions, the rate of combustion, and fuel consumption in two- stroke engines.
- a first aspect of the invention is an oil-replacement additive for two-stroke engine fuel, said additive comprising boron and a carrier, wherein the boron concentration in said additive is in the interval of 1 to 600 ppm, the carrier comprises an alcohol, the amount of oil in the additive is less than 10 % (w/w), and the balance is a fuel.
- boron compound such as a crystalline boric acid, boron oxide, boron trioxide etc. It is however preferable to use an oxygen-bearing boron compound such as boric acid (H3BO3) of pharmaceutical quality, i.e. with a purity of preferably at least 99 % and a molecular weight of 61.8 g/mol.
- H3BO3 boric acid
- An alternative is to use boron oxide (B2O3), with a molecular weight of 69.6 g/mol, also known as anhydrous boric acid, also of pharmaceutical quality.
- a stable boric solution where no particles are larger than 100 nm is then prepared for example according to the methods set out in
- the amount of oil in the additive is less than 8 %, preferably less than 6 %, more preferably less than 4 %, and most preferably less than 2 % per weight.
- the amount of oil in the additive is less than 1 % per weight, and most preferably the additive is substantially oil-free.
- said alcohol is chosen from methanol, ethanol, propanol and butanol
- said balance of fuel is a fuel having a flash point similar to that of the two-stroke fuel to which the additive is intended to be added.
- said fuel is the same as the fuel to which the additive is intended to be added. In standard two-stroke applications, this is frequently standard 95 octane unleaded gasoline.
- the flash point of a fuel is the lowest temperature where enough fuel can evaporate to form a combustible concentration of gas.
- fuel is mixed with air and ignited by the spark plug.
- There are standardized test methods for the measurement of flash points well known to persons skilled in the art.
- the above embodiment where the fuel or carrier in the additive has a flash point similar to that of the fuel to which it is intended to be added, has a particular advantage.
- the oil-replacement additive comprises a fuel with the same flash point as the bulk of fuel to which it is added, both fuels will combust simultaneously, and the additive will increase the effect of the engine.
- traditional two-stroke oils and oil containing additives are used, the oil obviously has a higher flash point, and will not contribute to the combustion, or does so only to a limited degree.
- using traditional two-stroke fuels and oils a large portion of the oil is not at all, or only partially combusted, which adds to the exhaust fumes and increases pollution.
- the concentration of boron is in the interval of 10 to 600 ppm, preferably about 100 to 600 ppm. More preferably, the concentration of boron is in the interval of 100 to 300 ppm.
- the boron is added in the form of a stable boron solution prepared by dissolving a boron compound in an alcohol, followed by vigorous mixing and exclusion of particles larger than 100 nm.
- WO 2010/134872 Methods for the production of a stable boron solution are disclosed in WO 2010/134872, incorporated by reference in its entirety. This method involves vigorous mixing and a settling step.
- the boron is incorporated in an organic solvent or a fuel, preferably first incorporated in an alcohol and then diluted to the desired concentration using a hydrocarbon carrier and/or a fuel.
- a hydrocarbon carrier and/or a fuel Preferably said fuel is the same fuel as the fuel to which the additive is intended to be added, or a fuel compatible with this fuel.
- the fuel is preferably unleaded 95 octane gasoline. Kerosene and naphtha can also be used as carriers and/or diluents in the additive.
- a second aspect is a novel two-stroke engine fuel comprising an additive according to the above aspect and embodiments thereof, wherein the boron concentration in the fuel is in the interval of 1 to 12 ppm.
- the boron concentration is in the interval of 1 to 6 ppm, most preferably 2 - 3 ppm.
- the fuel contains less than 1 % oil (w/w).
- the bulk of said fuel is preferably standard two-stroke fuel, such as but not limited to unleaded 95 octane gasoline.
- a third aspect relates to a method for reducing the emissions from a two- stroke engine, wherein an additive comprising boron dissolved in an alcohol, less than 10 % oil (w/w), the balance being a fuel and the concentration of boron in said additive is the interval of 1 to 600 ppm, preferably in the interval of 100 to 600 ppm, is added to the fuel.
- an additive comprising boron dissolved in an alcohol, less than 10 % oil (w/w), the balance being a fuel and the concentration of boron in said additive is the interval of 1 to 600 ppm, preferably in the interval of 100 to 600 ppm, is added to the fuel.
- said additive is mixed into the fuel at a proportion of about 1 part additive to 100 parts fuel.
- This is usually called a "premix” but has so far only referred to oil-containing mixtures.
- Premix ratios vary with the requirements of different engines, and a skilled person can figure out a suitable ratio starting from the above guidance, e.g. about 1 part additive to 100 parts fuel.
- boron unlike many other compounds that have been used or are suggested for use in lubricating additives, is non-toxic and has no known impact on the environment. As a matter of fact, boron is generally considered to be non-toxic at levels normally encountered, and boron is widely used cosmetics, products for oral hygiene, bath products and products for waving hair. In these applications, the allowed concentration (expressed as boric acid) ranges from 0.1 to 18 %, which is significantly higher than the ppm concentrations disclosed herein.
- boric acid is considered non-mutagenic based on the available in vitro data. No data regarding a possible association between cancer and boron exposure in humans has been found. In fact, different boron compounds and in particular boric acid is already widely used in cosmetics and healthcare products. Boron compounds are also widely used in agriculture, as a component of fertilizers. Examples
- Example 1 A comparative example
- the present inventors commissioned a study to be performed at an accredited research institute (SMP, Svensk Maskinprovning AB, part of RISE).
- SMP Svensk Maskinprovning AB
- the performance of a modern, commercially available chain saw was studied in a test bench, investigating the possibility to reduce or eliminate the addition of oil to the two-stroke fuel.
- Engine oil Commercial engine oil for two-stroke engines was used (Stihl standard oil “Low smoke 2 Stroke oil”).
- Oil replacement additive An oil replacement additive was prepared by mixing a stable ethanol solution of boric acid, prepared according to the methods of WO 2010/134872 with an amount of the above engine oil. In the final additive, the amount of oil was 30 % and the balance a mixture of kerosene and ethanol.
- Fuel Standard, commercial two-stroke fuel (unleaded 95 octane gasoline) was used. Standard oil was added to the fuel according to the engine manufacturer's instructions, i.e. 2 parts oil to 98 parts fuel (volume). In this test, the oil replacement additive was however added in a smaller amount, 1 part additive to 99 parts fuel (volume).
- Two-stroke engine A modern, commercially available chain saw (Stihl, Model MS181 ) was used. This chain saw has a 31.8 cc engine with a nominal effect of 1 .5 kW.
- the method used for differentiate the two-stroke mixtures, a standard oil and an additive according to embodiments of the present disclosure was the G3 Standard Cycle (according to ISO standard 8178-4:2007), performed using a chain saw as defined above.
- the ISO 8178 is an international standard for exhaust emission measurement from a number of non-road engine applications. It is used for emission certification and/or type approval testing in many countries, including the United States, European Union and Japan.
- the cycle can be defined by reference to the ISO 8178 standard, or else by specifying a test cycle equivalent to ISO 8178 in the national legislation (as it is the case with the US EPA regulations).
- the ISO 8178 includes a collection of steady-state engine
- dynamometer test cycles (designated as type C1 , C2, D1 , etc.) designed for different classes of engines and equipment. Each of these cycles represents a sequence of several steady-state modes with different weighting factors.
- the emissions i.e. selected pollutants in the exhaust, were measured according to the methods disclosed in ISO 8178 and EC Directive 97/68.
- Tests using the standard oil were designated A and A2, and tests using a boric acid containing additive according to the invention were designated B and B4.
- the test procedure was as follows:
- this chain saw (Stihl MS181 ) has an automatic carburetor (IntelliCarbTM Compensating Carburetor) designed to automatically adjust the air/fuel ratio when the air filter becomes restricted or partially clogged and it thus maintains the engine's correct RPM. Therefore there was no tuning of the carburetor between test runs. It is contemplated that by tuning the carburetor, the reduction in fuel consumption and emissions would have become even more pronounced.
- IntelliCarbTM Compensating Carburetor IntelliCarbTM Compensating Carburetor
- test engine will be operated for a longer duration when changing from an additive according to embodiments of the invention to a standard oil, in order to see how long the effect of the boric acid can be seen, or
- test engine will be cleaned between test runs, in order to avoid "carry over" of previous test conditions
- boric acid concentrations of boric acid will be tested, for example 200 mg/kg boron resulting in 2 and 4 mg/kg boron in the fuel depending on whether the boron containing oil-replacement additive is injected into the engine, or pre-mixed into the fuel
- the amount of oil will be in the interval of 0 to 30 % of the additive, resulting in a concentration of 0 to 0.3 or 0.6 % oil in the fuel after final mixing or injection. Compared to standard two-stroke oils and two-stroke fuels, this represents a significant reduction all the way to a total removal of the oil component.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Lubricants (AREA)
- Liquid Carbonaceous Fuels (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
SE1650481 | 2016-04-08 | ||
PCT/SE2017/050345 WO2017176206A1 (en) | 2016-04-08 | 2017-04-07 | Oil-replacement additive for reducing emissions from two-stroke engines |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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EP3440164A1 true EP3440164A1 (en) | 2019-02-13 |
EP3440164A4 EP3440164A4 (en) | 2019-12-04 |
Family
ID=60001334
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP17779447.6A Withdrawn EP3440164A4 (en) | 2016-04-08 | 2017-04-07 | Oil-replacement additive for reducing emissions from two-stroke engines |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20190119589A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP3440164A4 (en) |
AU (1) | AU2017246962B2 (en) |
CA (1) | CA3020248A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2017176206A1 (en) |
Family Cites Families (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US7547330B2 (en) * | 2000-12-21 | 2009-06-16 | Uchicago Argonne, Llc | Methods to improve lubricity of fuels and lubricants |
US6783561B2 (en) * | 2000-12-21 | 2004-08-31 | The University Of Chicago | Method to improve lubricity of low-sulfur diesel and gasoline fuels |
SE524898C3 (en) * | 2002-09-09 | 2005-06-01 | Eagle Water Ltd | Process for preparing a solution having lubricating properties intended to be used as additive to a liquid, use of the solution and solution |
WO2005083042A1 (en) * | 2004-03-02 | 2005-09-09 | Mats Selin | Additive for two stroke fuel with lubrificating properties adapted to replace traditional two stroke oil and two stroke fuel |
EA200702310A1 (en) * | 2005-04-22 | 2008-02-28 | Инвайрофьюэлз Эл.Эл.Си. | CARBON FUEL SUPPLEMENT, CONTAINING FROM OXYLATE INORGANIC BORON COMPOUNDS AND RELATED METHODS |
EP2427535A4 (en) * | 2009-05-08 | 2017-03-15 | Triboron International AB | Method for producing a stable boric solution |
-
2017
- 2017-04-07 CA CA3020248A patent/CA3020248A1/en active Pending
- 2017-04-07 AU AU2017246962A patent/AU2017246962B2/en active Active
- 2017-04-07 WO PCT/SE2017/050345 patent/WO2017176206A1/en active Application Filing
- 2017-04-07 US US16/091,572 patent/US20190119589A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2017-04-07 EP EP17779447.6A patent/EP3440164A4/en not_active Withdrawn
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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WO2017176206A1 (en) | 2017-10-12 |
AU2017246962B2 (en) | 2021-10-28 |
US20190119589A1 (en) | 2019-04-25 |
EP3440164A4 (en) | 2019-12-04 |
AU2017246962A1 (en) | 2018-11-15 |
CA3020248A1 (en) | 2017-10-12 |
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