EP3431181B1 - Crushing device for various materials - Google Patents

Description

The invention relates to a device for comminuting various materials, in particular waste, the device having a comminution drum which is open at the top and has a horizontal drum base and a cylindrical drum casing, a comminution rotor rotatably mounted about the vertical drum axis with at least one attached to it in the comminution drum Comminution tool is provided, and the drum shell has at least one closable contaminant discharge opening with an opening height.

Numerous different shredding devices for shredding various materials, such as waste from household waste, plastic films, textiles, paper, cardboard boxes, have already become known from the prior art. Such waste can be used, for example, for the production of alternative fuels, a previous comminution of the corresponding materials being necessary for their further processing.

For example, is from the document EP 0 859 693 B1 a crushing device is known in which an impact reactor is used to process components made of mixed plastics and other construction materials mixed with them, such as metal parts, glass, rubber, wood or fiber materials, and the components are crushed by an impact stress in the device. As soon as the components to be processed have reached the desired state, the material is removed from the impact reactor via a material outlet flap that can be opened. In this known embodiment there are therefore only two operating states, namely when the flap is closed or when the flap is open. An adaptation to different material mixtures and material types is therefore not possible. Another significant disadvantage of this known device is that the rotor and thus also the impact elements within the reactor space cannot be adjusted in height in order to achieve any desired adaptation to the material. Adjustment is only possible with the help of washers, which is extremely complex and in particular also leads to machine downtimes. There is no separate discharge for coarse material or solid contaminants that cannot be further shredded.

Furthermore is from the publication WO 2014/180468 A2 a device for comminuting objects is known, the device having a container having a peripheral wall and a bottom and a receiving head provided in a lower region of the container, on which at least one striking tool is provided, which in the revolves around the bottom of the container. At least a lower part of the peripheral wall and / or the bottom are of sieve-like design, so that the container is open to the surroundings at least there, a discharge shaft for discharging fine material being coupled to the sieve-like area of the bottom and / or the peripheral wall.

The grain sizes of the material to be shredded depend on the nature and mesh size of the sieve used. Depending on the material to be shredded, the screen openings can be designed, for example, as slot openings or circular holes. The edges of the screen openings act as baffles for the waste material to be shredded.

Materials that can be used as separation media and contain a large number of equally large sieve openings are generally referred to as sieves or sieve coverings. The sieves described below are preferably made of metal and can be produced, for example, as perforated plates, wire mesh, metal grids or from metal bars. The size of the screen openings is called the mesh size and defines the screen cut. In most countries, the size of the screen openings is defined in "mm" or "µm", in the USA the specification in "mesh" (number of screen openings per square inch) is common. Particles that are too large are retained by the sieve and form the so-called sieve overflow or coarse material. Small particles pass through the sieve openings and form the so-called sieve passage, which is also known as fine material. Particles of approximately the same size as the size of the sieve openings are referred to as boundary particles. A sieve can consist of one or more sieve layers lying one above the other, the sieve with the largest mesh size lying in the sieve stack at the top.

Disadvantage of the in WO 2014/180468 A2 The disclosed embodiment is at least that for solid impurities which are present in the waste material and which cannot be or only inadequately comminuted in the comminution device, no possibilities for discharge are provided. Due to the arrangement of sieve surfaces in the lower part of the peripheral wall and at the bottom of the container, solid contaminants are deposited precisely on the sieve surfaces during continuous operation of the shredding device and thus block the discharge shaft coupled to the sieve surfaces for discharging fine material, which is undesirable and what to regular maintenance interruptions to the operation of the device leads, since the separation performance of the shredding device decreases rapidly due to the contaminants accumulated in the base area. There is also the risk that deposited solid contaminants can damage the more sensitive sieve surfaces on the bottom of the container or in the lower region of the peripheral wall of the container, which also leads to undesirable maintenance and repair costs leads. Which is why the in WO 2014/180468 A2 shown version is not suitable for shredding waste materials with higher contaminant loads.

The document DE 196 03 603 A1 describes a shredding device with a cylindrical housing, a lower wall section being designed as a closed grinding surface and an upper wall section being designed as a sieve.

Furthermore is from the document EP 1057 531 A1 a device for processing components made of mixed materials has become known. In a known manner, a rotor with impact elements attached to it is provided in an impact reactor with a cylindrical jacket. One or more discharge openings are arranged on the circumference of the casing in the area of the rotor, each of which is covered with slotted or perforated cover plates. A disadvantage of this embodiment is at least that the ejection openings are spaced apart from each other in the axial direction from the impact reactor floor. Undesired impurities, which collect as coarse material on the reactor floor during operation, are prevented by this height distance of the jacket-side ejection openings in relation to the level of the reactor floor in their discharge through the slot openings or hole-shaped recesses of the cover plates to the outside. The same also applies in the event that the slotted or perforated cover plates have to be completely removed in order to discharge excessively large contaminants which are larger in size than the boundary grain and consequently do not pass through the slotted or perforated openings in the cover plates from the impact reactor . In this case, too, with completely opened or removed cover plates, the desired discharge of the separated coarse material is significantly hindered due to the jacket-side height distances of the discharge openings, which height distances act like overflow weirs. Furthermore, an undesired discharge of fine material cannot be prevented with fully opened cover plates, as a result of which the separation performance of the entire comminution device is significantly reduced.

In another in EP 1 057 531 A1 In the embodiment variant shown, depressions are provided in the impact reactor floor in order to collect and deposit coarse material therein. A further ejection opening, which is covered with a slotted or perforated cover plate, can be provided in this lowered or recessed area of the impact reactor base. This embodiment also has disadvantages, since the manufacture of an impact reactor base with depressions is complex and there is a risk of blockage of coarse material which has already been deposited in the depressions and is clamped by the impact edges of the impact elements. The coarse material deposited in the depressions, which due to its nature cannot be further crushed, can damage the impact edges of the impact elements or can be clamped between the impact reactor base and the impact edges and thus cause deformation and damage to the impact reactor base and the cover plate of the ejection opening and in further damage to the rotor or rotor drive. Thus, the in EP 1 057 531 A1 shown execution not suitable for the continuous, trouble-free shredding of waste materials with higher contaminant loads.

The same is from the DE 20 2004 007 482 U1 known version of a dismantling device for the continuous, trouble-free shredding of waste materials with higher contaminant loads not suitable. When the disruptive material flap arranged laterally in the jacket of the grinding chamber is opened during operation of the disassembly device, due to the height offset of the disruptive material flap above the grinding chamber floor, there is always a residue of unwanted interfering substances in the disassembly device. Another disadvantage of this embodiment is that the side parts, which form individual jacket sections of the octagonal grinding chamber here, are either designed as continuous grids with a large number of individual outlet openings, the outlet openings, however, already at the lower section of the side parts adjacent to the floor of the grinding chamber kick off. Or the side parts are designed as tightly closing flaps without outlet openings - as an impurity flap or as a man flap. Undesired damage or blockages due to the accumulated impurities or the coarse material can thus not be avoided at least for the lower outlet openings of the grinding chamber casing reaching to the bottom of the grinding chamber.

The present invention therefore has as its object to avoid the disadvantages known from the prior art for shredding devices of the type mentioned at the outset, and to create a device which is suitable for continuously shredding various materials, in particular waste, and which are correspondingly robust is to process even higher proportions of solid contaminants in the waste material, which cannot or cannot be comminuted adequately, regardless of the separation performance of the comminution device.

This object is achieved in a shredding device according to the preamble of claim 1 with the features of the characterizing part of claim 1. The subclaims relate to further particularly advantageous embodiments of the invention.

In a device according to the invention for comminuting various materials, in particular waste, the device having a comminution drum open at the top with a horizontal drum base and a cylindrical drum casing, and in the comminution drum a comminution rotor rotatably mounted about the vertical drum axis with at least one comminution tool attached to it is provided and the drum jacket has at least one closable contaminant discharge opening with an opening height, the at least one contaminant discharge opening in the drum jacket directly borders the drum base The drum shell is formed from a dense wall material in its lower drum shell section, which extends from the drum bottom to the opening height of the impurity discharge opening, the drum shell having a permeable upper drum shell section directly next to the dense lower drum shell section, which at least in sections as a sieve shell permeable to fine material is formed with sieve openings.

In the shredding device according to the invention, the drum base and the lower drum shell section, which by definition extends in the drum axis direction from the drum base to the opening height of the contaminant discharge opening, are advantageously formed from a dense wall material. During this continuous operation of the comminution device, impurities can be collected and separated in this dense lower drum casing section, which impurities cannot or only inadequately be comminuted by the rotating comminution tools which are attached to the comminution rotor. The at least one impurity discharge opening is located in the drum jacket at the same level as the horizontal, level drum base. The at least one impurity discharge opening in the drum casing thus begins directly at the level of the drum base and extends with its opening height in the casing direction to the border between the dense lower drum casing section and that at least sectionally permeable upper drum casing section which is located directly adjacent to the opening height of the contaminant discharge opening and which is formed at least in sections as a sieve shell with sieve openings that is permeable to fine material.

The jacket height of the dense lower drum jacket section, measured in the direction of the vertical drum axis, thus corresponds to the opening height of the at least one contaminant discharge opening. If a plurality of impurity discharge openings are arranged along the circumference of the drum shell, then these impurity discharge openings are either either all of the same size and each have the same opening height. Alternatively, the plurality of impurity discharge openings have different opening heights, the impurity discharge opening with the largest opening height in relation to the level of the drum base specifying the casing height of the dense lower drum casing section. In any case, all the discharge openings for contaminants begin at the same level with the drum base in order to eliminate the disadvantages of excessive discharge openings known from the prior art, which act like overflow weirs and which impede the unimpeded discharge of contaminants.

Advantageously, the impurities collected in the comminution drum do not therefore hinder the areas of the sieve jacket, since they are collected with dense walls in the lower drum jacket section lying underneath in the direction of the drum axis. When the impurity discharge openings are closed, the lower drum casing section is advantageously completely closed or sealed. Unwanted damage or blockages of the screen openings due to the accumulated contaminants or coarse material are thus reliably avoided. Due to the flat drum base, damage to the shredding rotor or the shredding tools attached to it is also avoided. Coarse material that can no longer be shredded is simply sanded by the rotating shredding tools over the dense, flat drum base or along the closed, dense walls of the lower drum shell section until it is level with the drum base through one or more open contaminant discharge openings is carried outside. Blocking, deformation or even damage to the comminuting rotor drive can thus be reliably avoided due to the inventive design of the comminuting device.

Depending on the amount of the impurities, they can be discharged from the comminution drum, for example continuously or semi-continuously, during operation through the at least one closable discharge opening without the device having to be switched off. Expediently, a plurality of impurity discharge openings can also be provided, which are arranged, for example, at equal intervals from one another along the lower, dense drum casing section, each starting at the same level as the drum base. For example, metals, glass and minerals are removed as impurities that cannot be used.

The impurities are discharged from the comminution drum by means of centrifugal forces, frictional forces and / or momentum or displacement forces. A separate drive to discharge the accumulated contaminants is not necessary. The at least one contaminant discharge opening is expediently opened periodically in order to allow the removal of accumulated contaminants. In any case, fines are withdrawn continuously through the screen openings in the upper drum jacket section of the screen jacket.

The drum axis coincides with the rotor axis of the comminution rotor. For example, one or more impact chains can be attached to the comminution rotor as the comminution tool. Several impact chains are preferably attached in a star shape to the comminution rotor, the impact chains at an attachment height or in different mounting heights can be attached in relation to the rotor axis. Rigid shredding tools can also be used, which can be fastened to the shredding rotor in one or more fastening heights spaced apart from one another in the axial direction.

In a further development of the invention, the upper drum casing section can be designed as a sieve casing along its entire circumference in a comminution device. In this particularly efficient embodiment of the invention, the preparation surface of the screen jacket extends along the entire circumference of 360 °, which leads to a particularly large screen area and the highest possible separation performance in relation to the possible throughput of fine material through the comminution device.

In a particularly expedient embodiment of a comminution device according to the invention, the screen jacket in the upper drum jacket section can be formed from at least two screen segments, preferably from at least two screen segments with different screen mesh sizes. In this embodiment, different fractions of fine material can advantageously be separated or the fine material can be classified. In general, the sieve mesh size denotes the size of the sieve openings and thus defines the sieve cut. Depending on the size reduction task, different screens and screen materials can be used within the scope of the invention, and the design and geometry of the screen openings are also not subject to any restrictions. For example, sieves or sieve segments can be produced as perforated plates, wire mesh, metal grids or from metal rods. Consequently, the screen openings can be designed, for example, as round holes with a defined hole diameter. Likewise, the screen openings can have, for example, oval, rectangular or square edges or can be structured as a fabric or grid. The sieve openings are expediently approximately 5 mm to 100 mm in size, the selection of the sieve material used depending on the particular comminution task or the waste material to be comminuted.

It can be advantageous if, in a development of the comminution device according to the invention, each sieve segment with a different sieve mesh size is followed by a separate fine material discharge. In this embodiment, the individual sieve segments with different sieve mesh widths are separated from each other by separate fines or fines collection devices. Waste materials to be shredded can thus be separated into several grain size fractions comparable to a sieve cut, which can have advantages in the subsequent further processing.

Depending on the separation task, it is conceivable for the different screen segments to be arranged, for example, optionally offset from one another transversely to the circumferential direction, along the upper drum shell section. Individual sieve segments thus form individual circumferential sections of the upper drum casing section.

As an alternative to this, the different screen segments can also form individual height sections of the upper drum shell section one above the other in the circumferential direction of the upper drum shell section in the direction of the vertical drum axis. For example, according to this embodiment, a first screen segment is located in a strip-like manner with a first jacket height measured in the drum axis direction, adjacent to the dense lower drum jacket section, the first screen segment having a first screen mesh size. Adjacent directly above this is a second sieve segment, which also extends along the entire circumference as a sieve jacket and forms a second sieve strip which, viewed in the direction of the drum axis, has a second jacket height.

Classification of the fine material is also advantageously possible in this embodiment. If the sieve segments are arranged alternately in the circumferential direction or alternatively transversely to the circumferential direction, a plurality of sieve segments, each with the same sieve mesh size, can expediently be coupled to one and the same fine material discharge.

In a comminution device according to the invention, a casing height of the lower, dense drum casing section measured in the drum axis direction can be particularly expediently from 2% to 50%, preferably from 3% to 30%, particularly preferably from 5% to 20%, of the total casing height of the drum casing of the comminution drum. A comminution drum with a casing height of the drum casing, for example, of 100 cm would thus have a lower, dense drum casing section which, depending on the task, has a casing height of 2 cm to 50 cm, measured in the drum axis direction from the bottom of the comminution drum.

The design, fastening position and / or number of the shredding tools attached to the shredding rotor can advantageously also be adapted to the respective shredding task. For example, the attachment points of impact chains, which are attached as comminution tools to the comminution rotor, can be varied in their attachment position in the axial direction of the rotor.

In a comminution device according to the invention, the at least one closable contaminant discharge opening with a downstream one can be particularly expedient Impurity discharge can be coupled, wherein at least one closure device is provided in the discharge of impurities, which acts on the discharge opening for contaminants. In this preferred embodiment of the invention, contaminants pass through the one or more opened discharge openings into a downstream contaminant discharge, for example a discharge shaft, as soon as a closure device is opened. The closure device can be arranged directly in the area of the contaminant discharge opening or else in the area of the contaminant discharge opening and in any case acts on the at least one contaminant discharge opening. The at least one closure device can be designed, for example, as a slide or flap. If necessary, further locking devices can be provided in the contaminant discharge or discharge duct to prevent undesirable simultaneous leakage of fine material together with the coarse material or the contaminants when the discharge opening is open.

In an advantageous development of the invention, in the case of a comminution device, the impurity discharge opening can be coupled to a closure control for opening and closing the at least one closure device. With a lock control that controls the opening and closing of the one or more contaminant discharge openings, different lock control programs can be implemented depending on the size reduction task. For example, the at least one closure device is opened and closed periodically in order to discharge accumulated contaminants semi-continuously.

In an embodiment of the comminution device with a plurality of closure devices which are arranged at a distance from one another in the discharge direction of the interfering substances in the interfering substance discharge, the closure control naturally acts together on the plurality of closure devices. For example, a lock effect can be realized with a corresponding control, a closure device arranged downstream in the discharge of impurities only being opened when the first closure device or the closure device arranged upstream in the discharge direction is already closed again. This lock control prevents unwanted discharge of fine material, which can get into the contaminant discharge when the contaminant discharge opening is open.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, in the case of a comminution device, the contaminant discharge opening can be closed with at least one contaminant slide. An impurity valve has the advantage of being particularly robust and is therefore particularly well suited for the closure task of the impurity discharge opening. The front-side slide plate of the interfering material slide is preferably designed such that in the closed position it is flush with the inside wall of the tight lower drum shell section in the, if possible without joints and gaps Shredding drum completes. The impurity valve is also used to keep the discharge of contaminants free. Appropriately, in the embodiment with a plurality of impurity discharge openings, these are each equipped with an impurity slide as a closure device.

In a comminution device according to the invention, the contaminant pusher is particularly advantageously arranged to be horizontally displaceable. A horizontally or horizontally arranged impurity slide, which is therefore positioned at the same level as the horizontal drum base, offers the advantage that impurities can be removed from the side of the shredding drum without hindrance. Unwanted blocking of the contaminant discharge opening can thus be reliably prevented, which ensures continuous operation of the comminution device without regular downtimes due to maintenance work.

In an advantageous embodiment of the comminution device according to the invention, the closable contaminant discharge opening is particularly advantageously coupled to a sealing air blower for blowing sealing air through the opened contaminant discharge opening into the comminution drum. Sealing air, which enters the inside of the comminution drum against the direction of discharge of the coarse material or the impurities from the outside through the open impurity discharge opening, prevents the discharge of fine material, i.e. light, fine or already severely comminuted waste particles into the impurity discharge chute or at least significantly reduced.

In an advantageous development of the invention, a blower control for controlling the sealing air blower can be provided in a comminution device, the blower output of the sealing air blower being controllable in such a way that the blower output when the impurity discharge opening is open is increased compared to that when the discharge opening is closed. For example, a permanent air flow is generated by the sealing air blower, which prevents unwanted deposits in the area of the discharge chutes. By means of an air-permeable fabric or filter material, in particular a fabric filter, which is arranged, for example, at the upper end of the impurity chute, this permanent air stream - after filter separation of possible fine particles - has emerged from the comminution device. Likewise, it can be provided within the scope of the invention that the air flow after the cleaning of fine material particles is fed back, for example, back into the interior of the drum or into one of the fine material discharge chutes. If the impurity discharge opening opens, the fan control increases the blower output accordingly, and a partial flow of the sealing air reaches the interior of the drum through the one or more impurity discharge openings. As a result, the undesired discharge of fine material or of coarse material that can be further ground, grinded into the discharge shaft is prevented as far as possible.

In a comminution device according to the invention, the comminution rotor can be particularly advantageously coupled to a drive unit comprising a drive motor, the drive unit being mounted separately from the comminution drum. In this embodiment, the driving forces, shocks or vibrations and torques of the comminution rotor together with the comminution tools attached to it are introduced into a support frame of the comminution device. The drive unit together with the drive motor, however, is mounted separately from the shredding drum in terms of force. For this purpose, the drive unit is preferably fastened on a separate support frame with corresponding vibration dampers. Vibrations of the comminution drum are therefore advantageously not transmitted to the drive unit, as a result of which the maintenance intervals and downtimes of the comminution device can be extended accordingly. In addition, due to the decoupling of the forces, a lighter and less expensive construction of the comminution device is possible than is often possible in conventional comminution machines in which the forces are introduced into the comminution drum.

In an advantageous further embodiment variant of the comminution device, a suction device for extracting fine material can be provided. In this embodiment, the fine material is not only conveyed through the screen jacket by the acting centrifugal forces, frictional forces and momentum or displacement forces, but can also be suctioned through the screen openings of the screen jacket by means of the suction device. This advantageously further increases the separation capacity of the comminution device and correspondingly minimizes the dust load caused by fine dust which undesirably leaves the comminution device.

In addition or as an alternative to the suction of fine material, this can also be discharged from the comminution device by means of corresponding conveying devices such as, for example, screw conveyors or conveyor belts.

• Fig. 1 in einer teilweisen Schnittansicht von der Seite eine erste Ausführungsform einer erfindungsgemäßen Zerkleinerungsvorrichtung;
• Fig. 2 in einer Schnittansicht von der Seite in einer Detailansicht eine Zerkleinerungstrommel einer zweiten Ausführungsform einer erfindungsgemäßen Zerkleinerungsvorrichtung;
• Fig. 3 in einer Seitenansicht die in Fig. 2 veranschaulichte Zerkleinerungsvorrichtung samt Außengehäuse, Antriebseinheit sowie peripheren Einrichtungen;
• Fig. 4 in einer Schnittansicht von oben eine Draufsicht auf die in Fig. 3 gezeigte erfindungsgemäße Zerkleinerungsvorrichtung.

Further details, features and advantages of the invention result from the following explanation of exemplary embodiments shown schematically in the drawings. The drawings show:

• Fig. 1 in a partial sectional view from the side of a first embodiment of a comminution device according to the invention;
• Fig. 2 in a sectional view from the side in a detailed view a crushing drum of a second embodiment of a crushing device according to the invention;
• Fig. 3 in a side view the in Fig. 2 Illustrated shredding device including outer housing, drive unit and peripheral devices;
• Fig. 4 in a sectional view from above a top view of the in Fig. 3 shown shredding device according to the invention.

Fig. 1 shows a first embodiment of a comminution device 1 according to the invention. For a better view of the components essential to the invention, an outer housing 10 of the comminution device 1 is essentially cut free here. Waste material 100 to be shredded here arrives in the direction of arrow 100 from above through a feed chute 11 into a shredding drum 20. In order to reduce the development of dust, the shredding device 1 shown here is equipped with a suction device 12 together with a drum hood or drum cover 13, which will be explained in more detail below is received.

The waste material 100 to be comminuted thus passes through the feed chute 11 into the comminution drum 20, which is open at the top or is covered here by the drum cover 13 and which has a substantially horizontal drum base 21 here, a vertical drum axis 22 or rotor axis standing perpendicularly thereto, and one Has drum jacket 23. The feed chute 11 opens into the drum cover 13, which forms a section of the drum casing 23 with a cylindrical connection with a casing height 130. If necessary, internals such as baffles or the like can also be provided in the region of the casing height 130 of the drum cover in order to distribute the waste material 100 to be shredded as evenly as possible within the shredding drum 20. Such internals are not shown in the figures.

A total height 230 of the drum jacket 23 is determined in the direction of the drum axis 22. The comminution drum 20 has different sections according to the invention. In a lower drum casing section 24, which with a casing height 240 of the lower drum casing section 24 extends from the drum base 21 to the upper edge of a contaminant discharge opening 30, the drum casing 23 is made of a dense, robust wall material 245. Directly adjoining the lower drum casing section 24 in the direction of the drum axis 22 is an upper drum casing section 25 with a casing height 250 of the upper drum casing section 25. The uppermost drum casing section with a casing height 130 is the drum cover 13 Made of a dense wall material - with the exception of bushings in the drum cover such as an opening for the feed chute 11 or corresponding connection openings for the suction device 12. The total height 230 of the drum casing 23 thus corresponds to the sum of the casing height 240 of the lower drum casing section 24 and the casing height 250 of the upper drum jacket section 25 together with the jacket height 130 of the drum cover 13. In the in Fig. 1 In the illustrated embodiment, the jacket height 240 of the lower drum jacket section 24 extends to approximately 40% of the total height 230 of the drum jacket 23. Assuming that the jacket height 130 is approximately 10% of the total height 230, approximately 50% of the total area of the drum jacket 23 is thus a screen jacket surface 26 of the upper drum casing section 25 are available.

The upper drum casing section 25 is made from a sieve casing 26 with sieve openings 27 of the same size. As in Fig. 1 the screen jacket 26 extends along the entire jacket circumference of the drum jacket.

Alternatively, a screen jacket 26 can be used within the scope of the invention, which comprises two or more different screen segments 261, 262. This is in Fig. 2 illustrated. For example, in Fig. 2 a first sieve segment 261 has somewhat smaller sieve openings 27 or a somewhat smaller sieve mesh width 271 than a second sieve segment with larger sieve openings or a comparatively larger sieve mesh width 272. The sieve mesh width 271 of the first sieve segment 261 is, for example, 20 mm and the sieve mesh width 272 of the second sieve segment 262 is, for example, 80 mm hole diameter of the screen openings. In this arrangement, the first sieve segment 261 with a sieve mesh width 271 of 20 mm hole diameter can be used to obtain a fine material fraction with a defined grain size of a maximum of 20 mm particle diameter. With the second sieve segment 262 with a larger sieve mesh width 272 of 80 mm hole diameter, a mixed material fraction is obtained which contains fine material with a maximum particle diameter of 80 mm and thus also with corresponding proportions of that fine material fraction which is obtained with the first sieve segment 261.

Fine material 280, which is in the Figures 1 and 2nd is symbolized in each case as arrow 280, of which in Fig. 2 shown two or more sieve segments 261, 262 are classified or separated into different fine material classes. This is in Fig. 2 represented by arrows 281, 282, which symbolize a first fines discharge 281 and a second fines discharge 282. The fine material discharges 281 and 282 are each designed, for example, as fine material discharge chutes 28 which are assigned to the respective sieve segments 261, 262 and which lead to separate fine material collecting devices. Depending on the selection of the sieve segments 261, 262 or the sieve mesh widths 271, 272 different classes or fractions of fine material 280 are collected separately from one another, which has advantages for subsequent further processing of the comminuted waste material. The one or more fines collection devices, which are not explicitly shown, are correspondingly fed with one or more fines conveyor belts 29, which collect the fines 280 falling from the discharge chutes.

The jacket height 240 of the lower drum jacket section 24 is in the Fig. 2 shown embodiment about 35% of the total height 230 of the drum jacket 23. The jacket height 250 of the upper drum jacket section 25 designed as a screen jacket is consequently about 55% of the total height 230 of the drum jacket 23 on the assumption that the drum cover 13 lying above with its cylindrical connection is a top drum jacket section with jacket height 130 has approximately 10% of the total height 230.

Apart from the differently designed designs of the sieve shells 26, the illustration in accordance with FIG Fig. 2 essentially a detailed view of Fig. 1 . Which is why the description of the figures also applies equally to both Figures 1 and 2nd relates.

In the Figures 1 and 2nd A contaminant discharge opening 30, which has an opening height 300, is sketched on the left in each of the images. The opening height 300 is measured in the axial direction 22 along the jacket. The opening height 300 of the impurity discharge opening 30 corresponds to the casing height 240 of the lower, sealed drum casing section 24 and extends with its lower edge from the drum base 21 to the upper edge of the contaminant discharge opening 30, which lies at the height of the casing height 240 of the lower, sealed drum casing section 24. The impurity discharge opening 30 is equipped with a closure device 31 including the associated closure control 310. In the embodiment illustrated here in the drawings, the closure device 31 is designed as an impurity slide 32. The interfering material slide 32 together with the interfering material chute is advantageously arranged horizontally or horizontally and at the same level as the horizontal drum base 21. The contaminant shaft, in which the contaminant slide 32 is moved, is guided through the fine material discharge shaft 28 or is encapsulated accordingly. The discharge of the contaminants 330 takes place via the horizontally attached contaminant slide 32. Depending on the design, the contaminant slide 32 can be driven either electrically, pneumatically or hydraulically.

The in Fig. 2 The double arrow 320 shown symbolizes the direction of movement of the interfering substance slide 32 in the interfering substance shaft between the closed and the open position of the closure device 31. In the open position of the interfering substance slide 32 Disturbing coarse material accumulated on the drum base 21 through the contaminant discharge opening 30 into a contaminant discharge chute 33. Underneath the contaminant discharge chute 33 there is a contaminant conveyor belt 35, which picks up the discharged contaminants 330 and forms a downstream, not shown Collection facility transported.

In the center of the comminution drum 20 is a comminution rotor 40 which is rotatably mounted about the vertical drum axis 22. The comminution rotor 40 is coupled in a manner known per se to a drive shaft 41 which is mounted by means of a corresponding shaft bearing 42. A plurality of comminution tools 45, which are each designed as impact chains 45, are fastened to the comminution rotor 40 here. Like the drawings Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 can be removed, the impact chains 45 in the arrangement shown here on diametrically opposite sides of the comminution rotor 40 are offset in the direction of the drum axis 22 or spaced apart in the drum axis direction 22. Thus, in operation of the comminution device 1 with the comminution rotor 40 rotating, a first, lower impact chain 45 is rotated at a smaller distance from the drum base 21, while an opposing second, upper impact chain 45 is rotated at a greater distance with respect to the drum base 21.

A wide variety of configurations of comminution tools 45, which are fastened to the comminution rotor 40, can be used within the scope of the invention. For example, it is possible for one or more comminution tools 45 to be attached to the comminution rotor 40 in a star shape in one or more elevation directions 22 of the rotor axis or the drum axis. It is also conceivable that comminution rotors 40 are used within the scope of the invention which have different rotor heights and / or rotor diameters or which can be mounted in the direction of the vertical drum axis 22 at different heights in relation to the comminution drum 20. It is also possible to use a comminuting rotor 40 which is height-adjustable in the drum axis direction 22.

Falling feed material, for example waste material 100 to be comminuted, passes through the feed chute 11 into the comminution drum 20, which is open at the top, and is thereby gripped by the rotating impact chains 45 and crushed by mutual collision and by the sieve edges of the sieve jacket 26. Furthermore, the waste material 100 to be shredded is rapidly shredded due to the acting centrifugal forces, frictional forces and momentum or displacement forces between the internal rotating impact chains 45 and the external static drum base 21 and the drum casing 23. Correspondingly comminuted material is - depending on the screen size of the screen jacket 26 - transported by the centrifugal forces and the fan effect of the rotating impact chains 45 through the screen jacket 26 to the outside in the fine material space 280 and from there by gravity to the fine material discharge 280. From there, the fine material 280 arrives for further processing via a speed-controlled fine material conveyor belt 29 or speed-controlled screw conveyors. Another possibility would be to extract the fine material 280 from outside through the screen jacket 26. For this purpose, for example, a suction device, not shown here, is required, which acts on the fine material discharge space or discharge shaft 28 and pressurizes it in order to further facilitate and accelerate the separation of fine material 280 through the sieve openings 27 of the sieve jacket 26. In this embodiment, the separation performance of the shredding device 1 can be increased further.

Impurities 330 or coarse material, which cannot be further shredded, remains in the lower drum section, that is to say the lower drum chamber delimited by the drum base 21 and the lower, dense drum casing section 24. The deposited coarse material is entrained by the comminuting rotor 40 and moved along the lower drum shell section 24 by the rotating comminution tools 45 until the closure device 31, here the impurity slide 32, is opened to the outside in the direction of arrow 320 and the contaminant discharge opening 30 is opened . The impurity slide 32 releases the impurity discharge chute 33, and impurities 330 can get out into the impurity discharge chute 33. In the open position, the contaminant slide 31 advantageously releases the entire opening height 300 of the contaminant discharge opening 30. After separation of the discharged contaminants 330, the closure device 31 is closed again in the direction of the arrow 320 and the lower, empty drum space is again available for collecting contaminants. The interfering substance slide 32 is expediently opened and closed periodically by the closure control 310 in order to empty the lower drum space at regular time intervals. Apart from times or operating states in which the impurity valve 32 is temporarily open during operation, the rest of the lower drum space with the impurity valve 32 closed is from the drum base 21 to the jacket height 240 of the lower, sealed drum jacket section 24 through a tight, closed wall or floor material limited. The end face of the impurity slide 32 is advantageously adapted to the contour of the lower drum casing section 24 and is made of the same robust, dense wall material as the lower drum casing section 24. In the closed position of the impurity slide 32, this forms, together with the lower drum casing section 24, a uniform, tightly closed drum wall surface, which is without projections or joints and which consequently from Coarse or fines particles whirling around inside the drum cannot be damaged.

Correspondingly, a plurality of impurity discharge openings 30 can also be provided in a comminution device 1, which are arranged, for example, at uniform intervals in the circumferential direction along the lower drum shell section 24. The impurity discharge openings 30 are each provided at the same level as the horizontal drum base 21.

Fig. 3 shows in a side view the in Fig. 2 Illustrated shredding device 1 together with outer housing 10, drive unit 60 and further peripheral devices. In order to avoid undesired discharge of fine material together with the contaminant discharge 33 when the contaminant discharge opening 30 is open, a sealing air blower 50 is provided here. Sealing air 500, which is generated by the sealing air blower 50, moves in the direction of arrow 500 against the discharge direction of the contaminants 330 in the direction of the closure device 31, which is implemented here as a slide valve 32. The impurity discharge chute 33 is expediently also closed further below the sealing air supply 500, for example with a further slide. In this way, a contaminant lock with two closure devices arranged one after the other in the flow direction of the contaminants 330 is formed within the contaminant discharge chute 33. The downstream slide or the downstream closure device only opens when the upstream closure device is closed again. Thus, the unwanted entrainment of fine material is reliably avoided with such a contaminant lock.

The impurity discharge chute is equipped with a protected, air-permeable fabric above the impurity slide 32 in order to prevent fines deposits. For this purpose, a constant air flow is generated from the impurity discharge shaft through the tissue by means of a sealing air blower 50. The blower output can be controlled by means of a blower control 510 of the sealing air blower 50 in such a way that the blower output is increased compared to that when the discharge opening is open when the impurity discharge opening 30 is open. In the event of the opening of the impurity slide 32, a majority of the partial flow of the air is blown through the impurity discharge opening 30 into the comminution drum 20 when the blower output is increased. This is to reduce the discharge of light materials or fine material 280 into the contaminant discharge chute.

A drive unit 60 for driving the comminution rotor 40 is also shown. The drive unit 60 comprises a drive motor 61 with a belt drive 62, which one forms a non-positive connection between the drive motor 61 and the drive shaft 41 of the comminution rotor 40. The drive unit 60 is advantageously mounted separately from the comminution drum 20 or decoupled in terms of force. Corresponding vibration dampers 70, which are arranged between the support frame 80, on which the drive unit 60 is mounted, and the other supporting components of the comminution device 1 prevent in a manner known per se that oscillations and vibrations of the comminution drum 20 can act mechanically on the drive unit 60 .

In Fig. 3 Above the feed area of the waste material 100, the drum hood 13 can be seen, which is provided with a manhole and can be removed for maintenance purposes. A suction device 12 is also provided above the fine material conveyor belt and the interfering substance conveyor belt 35 shown in the foreground in order to prevent the undesirable dust escape outside the comminution device 1 as far as possible.

The outer housing 10 is designed to be removable for maintenance purposes. In addition, a separate assembly opening is provided for the maintenance of the belt drive 62 and the drive shaft 41. The feedthroughs of the belt drive 62 and the carrier of the support frame 80 through the fine material space are encapsulated and provided with a pointed roof in order to prevent the fine material 280 from being packed up. As an alternative to the embodiment shown, the fine material or the contaminants can also be removed by screw conveyors instead of one or more speed-controlled conveyor belts 29, 35.

Fig. 4 shows in a sectional view from above a top view of the in Fig. 3 shown shredding device according to the invention. At the bottom of the drawing, the motor bracket with the drive motor 61, the motor-side belt drive 62 together with the pulley and corresponding tensioning device are shown schematically.

In summary, the present invention is a shredding device 1 for shredding a wide variety of materials. For example, various flat or two-dimensional wastes such as plastic films, textiles, paper, cardboard boxes or mixed wastes such as household waste and waste similar to household waste can be comminuted with this device. The comminuted fine material fractions can, for example, be further processed to produce alternative fuels. Solid contaminants that can no longer be shredded can, depending on their material composition, be recycled under certain circumstances. The grain sizes of the comminuted material referred to as fines depend on the mesh size of the screen materials 26 or 261, 262 used. In a comminution device 1 according to the invention, the waste material 100 to be comminuted can be dried during the comminution process, for example by introducing hot gas into the comminution drum 20. Depending on the initial moisture, temperature control and residence time of the waste material 100 to be comminuted in the comminution drum 20, the initial moisture of the material can be reduced, for example, by around 10%. Because of the efficient size reduction, the size reduction of the fine material compared to conventional shredder methods can be advantageously achieved with the size reduction device according to the invention. This is important and particularly advantageous for the subsequent processing and use of the shredded waste material as an alternative fuel. Organic waste materials are crushed completely and with very fine fibers.

LIST OF REFERENCES

1

Shredding device

10th

Outer housing

100

Waste material (arrow)

11

Feed chute

12th

Suction device

13

Drum hood or drum cover

130

Shell height of the drum cover

20th

Shredding drum

21

Drum bottom

22

vertical drum axis

23

Drum jacket

230

Total height of the drum shell

24th

lower drum casing section

240

Jacket height of the lower drum jacket section

245

dense wall material

25th

upper drum casing section

250

Jacket height of the upper drum jacket section

26

Sieve jacket

261, 262

first, second, ... sieve segment

27

Sieve opening

271, 272

first, second, ... mesh size

28

Fine material discharge or fine material discharge shaft

280

Fines (arrow)

281, 282

first, second, ... fines discharge (arrow)

29

Fine goods conveyor belt

30th

Impurity discharge opening

300

Opening height of the contaminant discharge opening

31

Locking device

310

Locking control for locking device

32

Impurity valve

320

Direction of movement of the contaminant slide (double arrow)

33

Impurity discharge or discharge duct

330

Impurity (arrow)

35

Impurity conveyor

LIST OF REFERENCES (CONTINUED)

40

rotatably mounted shredding rotor

41

drive shaft

42

Shaft bearing

45

Shredding tool

50

Air purge fan

500

Sealing air (arrow)

510

Fan control for sealing air blowers

60

Drive unit

61

Drive motor

62

Belt drive

70

Vibration damper

80

Support frame

Claims (13)

1. A device (1) for crushing various materials (100), particularly waste materials, wherein the device (1) has an upwardly open crushing drum (20) with a horizontal drum floor (21) and a cylindrical drum shell (23), wherein a crushing rotor (40) which is supported so as to be rotatable about the vertical drum axis (22) with at least one crushing tool (45) attached thereto is provided in the crushing drum (20), and the drum shell (23) has at least one closable impurity discharge opening (30) with an opening height (300), characterized in that the at least one impurity discharge opening (30) immediately borders the drum floor (21) in the drum shell (23), wherein the lower drum shell section (24) of the drum shell (23) extending from the drum floor (21) as far as the opening height (300) of the impurity discharge opening (30) is made from an impermeable wall material (245), and the drum shell (23) has a permeable, upper drum shell section (25) which immediately borders the impermeable lower drum shell section (24), which upper section is designed at least in regions as a strainer shell (26) with sieve openings (27) which allows the passage of fine material (280).
2. The crushing device (1) according to Claim 1, characterized in that the upper drum shell section (25) is constructed as a strainer shell (26) around the entire circumference thereof.
3. The crushing device (1) according to Claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the strainer shell (26) in the upper drum shell section (25) consists of at least two strainer segments (261, 262), preferably at least two strainer segments (261, 262) with different sieve mesh sizes (271, 272).
4. The crushing device (1) according to Claim 3, characterized in that a dedicated fine material discharge (281, 282), each with a different sieve mesh size (271, 272), is positioned after each sieve segment (261, 262).
5. The crushing device (1) according to any of Claims 1 to 4, characterized in that a shell height (240) of the lower, impermeable drum shell section (24) measured in the direction of the drum axis (22) is equal to 2 % to 50 %, preferably 3 % to 30 %, particularly preferably 5 % to 20 %, of the total shell height (230) of the drum shell (23) of the crushing drum (20).
6. The crushing device (1) according to any of Claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the at least one closable impurity discharge opening (30) is coupled with a downstream impurity discharge (33), wherein at least one closure device (31) is provided in the impurity discharge (33) and acts on the impurity discharge opening (30).
7. The crushing device (1) according to Claim 6, characterized in that the impurity discharge opening (30) is coupled with a closing controller (310) for opening and closing the at least one closure device (31).
8. The crushing device (1) according to any of Claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the impurity discharge opening (30) can be closed with at least one impurity slide gate (32).
9. The crushing device (1) according to Claim 8, characterized in that the impurity slide gate (32) is arranged to be horizontally displaceable (320).
10. The crushing device (1) according to any of Claims 1 to 9, characterized in that the closable impurity discharge opening (30) is coupled with a seal air blower (50) for blowing sealing air (500) into the crushing drum (20) through the open impurity discharge opening (30).
11. The crushing device (1) according to Claim 10, characterized in that a blower controller (510) is provided for controlling the seal air blower (50), wherein the blower capacity of the seal air blower (50) is controllable in such manner that the blower capacity is greater when the impurity discharge opening (30) is open than when said discharge opening is closed.
12. The crushing device (1) according to any of Claims 1 to 11, characterized in that the crushing rotor (40) is coupled with a drive unit (60) which comprises a drive motor (61), wherein the drive unit (60) is supported separately from the crushing drum (20).
13. The crushing device (1) according to any of Claims 1 to 12, characterized in that a suction device (12) is provided for extracting fine material (280) by suction.

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