EP3414768A1 - Hybridmagnet und verfahren zu dessen herstellung - Google Patents
Hybridmagnet und verfahren zu dessen herstellungInfo
- Publication number
- EP3414768A1 EP3414768A1 EP17700819.0A EP17700819A EP3414768A1 EP 3414768 A1 EP3414768 A1 EP 3414768A1 EP 17700819 A EP17700819 A EP 17700819A EP 3414768 A1 EP3414768 A1 EP 3414768A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- layer
- soft magnetic
- hybrid magnet
- hard magnetic
- layers
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
- H01F41/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing or assembling magnets, inductances or transformers; Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing materials characterised by their magnetic properties
- H01F41/02—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing or assembling magnets, inductances or transformers; Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing materials characterised by their magnetic properties for manufacturing cores, coils, or magnets
- H01F41/0253—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing or assembling magnets, inductances or transformers; Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing materials characterised by their magnetic properties for manufacturing cores, coils, or magnets for manufacturing permanent magnets
- H01F41/0273—Imparting anisotropy
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
- H01F1/00—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties
- H01F1/01—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials
- H01F1/03—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity
- H01F1/032—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of hard-magnetic materials
- H01F1/04—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of hard-magnetic materials metals or alloys
- H01F1/047—Alloys characterised by their composition
- H01F1/053—Alloys characterised by their composition containing rare earth metals
- H01F1/055—Alloys characterised by their composition containing rare earth metals and magnetic transition metals, e.g. SmCo5
- H01F1/057—Alloys characterised by their composition containing rare earth metals and magnetic transition metals, e.g. SmCo5 and IIIa elements, e.g. Nd2Fe14B
- H01F1/0579—Alloys characterised by their composition containing rare earth metals and magnetic transition metals, e.g. SmCo5 and IIIa elements, e.g. Nd2Fe14B with exchange spin coupling between hard and soft nanophases, e.g. nanocomposite spring magnets
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
- H01F1/00—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties
- H01F1/01—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials
- H01F1/03—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity
- H01F1/032—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of hard-magnetic materials
- H01F1/04—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of hard-magnetic materials metals or alloys
- H01F1/06—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of hard-magnetic materials metals or alloys in the form of particles, e.g. powder
- H01F1/08—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of hard-magnetic materials metals or alloys in the form of particles, e.g. powder pressed, sintered, or bound together
Definitions
- the invention relates to a hybrid magnet comprising at least one soft magnetic and at least one hard magnetic material. Furthermore, the invention relates to a manufacturing method of such a hybrid magnet.
- Magnetic materials can be produced by a melt metallurgy process (as cast magnet materials) or a powder metallurgy process (as sintered magnet materials or powder magnet composites).
- powder metallurgy methods which include a sintering, magnetic components can be produced whose shape is melt metallurgically unrealizable. This applies z. B. in particular for magnetic materials with crystal anisotropy (NdFeB, SmCo, etc.).
- Powder metallurgy manufacturing processes may include the following process steps: pulverization of a magnetic starting material, pressing the resulting powder into a green part to form a desired shape, sintering the green part, optional thermal stressing and microstructural optimization, and optionally magnetizing in an external magnetic field.
- magnets produced in this way can be mechanically post-treated if necessary, for example by grinding or polishing.
- metallic crystalline, metallic amorphous and oxidic materials are classified by their coercivity (often abbreviated as HcJ) into magnetically hard (having a high coercivity), semi-hard (having a mean coercive force), and soft (having a small coercive force) type.
- HcJ coercivity
- magnetically hard having a high coercivity
- semi-hard having a mean coercive force
- soft having a small coercive force
- hybrid magnets are known.
- a hybrid magnet is meant a component comprising at least two different magnetic materials, in particular at least one hard magnetic material and at least one soft magnetic material.
- hybrid magnets are known in which the hard magnetic and the soft magnetic material are integrated into a matrix body made of plastic.
- a disadvantage of hybrid magnets of this kind is that their magnetic properties are less than desired, that due to the plastic material, the temperature stability and the mechanical strength may be limited, and / or that such hybrid magnets can not be exposed to media that can damage the plastic. could attack fabric material.
- US Pat. No. 6,972,046 B2 discloses a method for producing hybrid magnets. In this case, a coating of powder particles is used, which serves to avoid agglomeration.
- US 2014/0072470 A1 describes a process for the production of hybrid magnesia in which a powder mixture is molded with a squeeze die having an angled channel.
- process step C) is carried out in each case once after each execution of process step A) and in each case once after each execution of process step B).
- one (individual) separating layer is formed between two adjacent layers of hard magnetic material and / or soft magnetic material.
- Hybrid magnets with a layer structure can be produced in which the hard magnetic layers and the soft magnetic layers are combined in any desired layer sequence.
- hard magnetic layers and soft magnetic layers are formed alternately or in a different regular way.
- a hybrid magnet can have a pronounced effect as a permanent magnet (large remanent magnetization), which is difficult to destroy due to external influences (high coercivity).
- the soft magnetic layers Due to the layer structure of the hybrid magnet, it can be achieved, in particular when the magnetization is oriented perpendicular to the layer structure, that the soft magnetic layers are always located in a support field of the hard magnetic layers and thus contribute to the overall magnetization of the hybrid magnet. Soft magnetic regions are placed next to hard magnetic regions, e.g. in the extreme case that the hard magnetic layers are magnetized along their layer plane, the soft magnetic layers act as a magnetic short circuit and the hybrid magnet can not produce any usable outside magnetic flux.
- a hard magnetic layer is to be understood as meaning a region of the hybrid magnet which consists predominantly or exclusively of a hard magnetic material.
- a hard magnetic layer does not necessarily have to be a contiguous area of hard magnetic material.
- a hard magnetic layer can be formed of partial areas of hard magnetic material which are (partially) separated from one another in the layer plane by the matrix material.
- all hard magnetic layers are made of the same hard magnetic material.
- various hard magnetic materials may be used in a hybrid magnet.
- Various hard magnetic materials can be processed in one layer. However, it is also possible for different layers to be present, each consisting of different hard-magnetic materials.
- martensitic steels As the hard magnetic material, preferred are: martensitic steels; Alloys based on CuNiFe [copper, nickel, iron], CuNiCo [copper, nickel, cobalt], FeCoVCr [iron, cobalt, vanadium, chromium], MnAlC [manganese, aluminum, carbon], or AINiCo [aluminum, nickel, cobalt ]; Hard magnets based PtCo [platinum, cobalt]; Rare earth magnets such.
- NdFeB neodymium, iron, boron
- SmCo samarium, cobalt
- SmFeN samarium, iron, nitrogen
- oxidic permanent magnets hard ferrites
- novel hard magnets such.
- MnBi manganesese, bismuth] or Fei 6 N 2 [iron, nitrogen].
- a soft magnetic layer is to be understood as meaning a region of the hybrid magnet which consists predominantly or exclusively of a soft magnetic material.
- a soft magnetic layer does not necessarily have to be a contiguous area of soft magnetic material.
- a soft-magnetic layer can be formed by partial regions of soft-magnetic material which are (partially) separated from one another in the layer plane by the matrix material.
- all soft magnetic layers are made of the same soft magnetic material.
- various soft magnetic materials may be used in a hybrid magnet.
- Various soft magnetic materials can be processed in one layer. However, it is also possible for different layers to be present, each consisting of different soft magnetic materials.
- Preferred soft magnetic materials are: soft iron, carbon steels, alloys based on FeAl [iron, aluminum], FeAlSi [iron, aluminum, silicon], FeNi [iron, nickel], FeCo [iron, cobalt]; amorphous soft magnetic materials such. FeNiBSi [iron, nickel, boron, silicon], FeBSi [iron, boron, silicon]; soft magnetic ferrite materials such. MnZn ferrites [manganese, zinc], MgZn ferrites [magnesium, zinc]; Spinel materials such. MnMgZn [manganese, magnesium, zinc], NiZn [nickel, zinc]; or garnet materials such. B. BiCa [bismuth, calcium], YGd [yttrium, gadollinium].
- a magnetically hard material may be used. the. If a magnetically semi-hard material is used, the explanations for the hard magnetic materials or the soft magnetic materials apply analogously.
- Preferred magnetically semi-hard materials are: alloys based on FeNi [iron, nickel], FeMn [iron, manganese], FeNiMn [iron, nickel, manganese], CoFe [cobalt, iron], or FeCu [iron, copper]; Co 4 Fe 4 8V 3 [cobalt, iron, vanadium; also known as Remendur]; CossNiFe [cobalt, nickel, iron; also known as Vacozet], and Kovar.
- the magnetically passive material may in particular be a diamagnetic material or a paramagnetic material.
- a paramagnetic or diamagnetic metal may be used, such as Dy [dysprosium], Tb [terbium], Al [aluminum], Pt [platinum], Ti [titanium], Cu [copper], Pb [lead], Zn [zinc ], Sn [tin], Ga [gallium], Ge [germanium], Au [gold], Ag [silver], Mg [magnesium], Mo [molybdenum], Mn [manganese], Zr [zirconium], Li [lithium ].
- alloys or oxides of the specified materials can be used. Further preferred materials are listed below.
- the same magnetically passive material is used for all separation layers.
- an electrically non-conductive or poorly conductive magnetically passive material is used.
- a changing magnetic field may generate electrical currents (eddy currents) due to electromagnetic induction. These can lead to heating of the extended electrical conductor and / or adversely affect its magnetic properties. If separation layers of an electrically non-conductive or only poorly conductive material interrupt the electrical conductivity of the hybrid magnet, eddy currents can be reduced and / or locally restricted. Eddy currents can be effectively suppressed, in particular in hybrid magnets with a matrix body, since in such cases the individual magnetic layers are formed from partial regions of magnetic material which are also (partially) separated from one another in the layer plane by the matrix material.
- coating technology is used in at least one of method steps A), B) and C).
- the coating technology is preferably a wet technique, such.
- a physical vapor deposition (PVD) process is a vacuum-based coating process in which a starting material is converted into the gas phase and deposited on a substrate to be coated.
- CVD are similar to the processes of physical vapor deposition, with the difference that here takes place during the deposition of the starting material on the substrate, a chemical reaction.
- the coating technologies in particular have in common that the material is supplied in small particles to the substrate and can be connected to the substrate so that a firmly bonded to the substrate surface layer is formed.
- a coating technology that is, in particular a coating method of the above type
- the same coating technology is used for all process steps.
- Method step A) comprises at least the following partial step: AI) providing a hard magnetic powder having hard magnetic particles of the hard magnetic material.
- Process step B) comprises at least the following substep:
- Process step C) comprises at least the following substep:
- the method further preferably comprises the following method steps:
- Partial step AI) may comprise a recipe preparation, mixing and / or portioning of the hard magnetic material used. Furthermore, in substep AI) a powder of the hard magnetic material can be obtained. be witnessed, for. B. by crushing a solid from this hard magnetic material.
- sub-step AI can also be used for the provision of the soft magnetic material in sub-step Bl).
- the coating of the particles is preferably carried out with one of the following coating methods: PVD such as. Eg “vacuum deposition”, “plasma deposition”, “sputtering”, “molecular beam epitaxy (MBE)", “vapor phase epitaxy”, or “liquid phase epitaxy”; CVD such. B. “sol-gel deposition”, or “metallo-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD)". These methods are well known to a person skilled in the art.
- a single coating layer is applied to the particles in sub-step Cl).
- two coating layers of different materials are applied in partial step Cl).
- the particles By coating the particles can be avoided that adjacent particles agglomerate. This can facilitate the manufacturing process. Furthermore, the coating of the particles can reduce a magnetic exchange interaction of adjacent particles, in particular of adjacent particles of different materials. Likewise, the coating of the particles can lead to a passivation of the surfaces of the particles. This can reduce the risk of spontaneous combustion of the particles upon contact with air. This can facilitate the implementation of the method because an inert gas atmosphere can be dispensed with. In particular, eddy currents can be reduced and / or locally restricted by the electrically insulating coating of the particles.
- the body is formed by applying the soft magnetic powder and the hard magnetic powder in the desired sequence of the layer structure one above the other.
- the distribution of the powder forming this layer can be improved.
- the separating layers are formed by the coating of the particles, so that only layers of the hard magnetic powder and layers of the soft magnetic powder have to be layered together, with exactly one (uniform and / or coherent) separating layer being formed between adjacent layers.
- method step C) is additionally carried out with each execution of method step A) and with each execution of method step B).
- a hybrid magnet is formed from the body formed in method step D) by sintering.
- Sintering means that the body is exposed to an elevated temperature, wherein the coating of the particles is transformed into a matrix body surrounding the particles.
- the temperature selected for sintering is preferably selected such that no sintering of the hard magnetic and the soft magnetic materials takes place. This means in particular that the temperature selected for sintering preferably corresponds at most to the melting temperature of the magnetically passive material, or, if such a melting temperature is not well-defined for the relevant material, the transformation temperature.
- the latter relates to such amorphous materials, such as. As glass, in which a melt does not occur at a certain melting temperature. Instead, the mechanical properties of these materials change continuously over a range of temperatures.
- the sintering temperature is preferably selected depending on all the materials used.
- the transformation temperature of many glasses is in the range up to 900 ° C.
- a preferred temperature range for sintering is 400 ° C to 800 ° C at normal pressure (1013 hPa [hectopascal]), especially 550 ° C to 650 ° C.
- the body Before step E) the body becomes generally referred to as pressed. After the sintering has been carried out in step E), the body is commonly referred to as a sintering.
- the entire process is carried out under conditions in which no (significant or widespread) sintering of the hard magnetic or soft magnetic material used occurs.
- the sintering temperature of a material can be pressure-dependent.
- the temperature during the entire process is significantly smaller, in particular at least 50 ° C. smaller and preferably at least 100 ° C. lower than the sintering temperature of any hard-magnetic or soft-magnetic material used.
- the coating has a coating thickness which lies in the range from 1 nm to 300 nm [nanometer], in particular in the range from 2 nm to 50 nm.
- the coating thickness is to be understood regularly as the spatial extent of the coating. which has the smallest dimension.
- the body is compressed between process step D) and E) to form an intermediate product, a so-called compact.
- an increased, externally discontinued, pressure can lead to a compaction of the particles. This can lead to the improvement of the sintering activity and thus to the increase of the stability of the finished sintered hybrid magnet.
- Under a compact here is a body to be understood, which is produced by pressing powder, in particular a die press can be used.
- the pressing takes place in an external magnetic field.
- the external magnetic field can be generated for example by an electrical coil.
- the external magnetic field has an extent that encloses the entire compact.
- the external magnetic field is a homogeneous magnetic field pointing in the direction of the magnetization desired for the hybrid magnet.
- the method is particularly preferred when the external magnetic field is aligned perpendicular to the layer plane.
- the external magnetic field may cause the magnetization of the magnetic particles to align along the external magnetic field.
- the external magnetic field applied during pressing may favorably affect the properties of the hybrid magnet. Particularly in the case of magnetic materials with pronounced crystal anisotropy, an external magnetic field applied during the pressing can orient the particles in such a way that a preferred direction of magnetization is the same for all particles. After pressing, the orientation of the particles can be fixed.
- the hard-magnetic particles and the soft-magnetic particles are acted upon at least temporarily by ultrasound. Exposure to ultrasound can increase the packing density of the powder. This can improve the stability of the hybrid magnet.
- the ultrasound is generated by an ultrasound probe in the vicinity of the hybrid magnet. The action of ultrasound preferably takes place before and / or during the pressing.
- the separating layer has a separating layer thickness which lies in the range from 1 nm to 300 nm [nanometer], in particular in the range from 2 nm to 50 nm.
- the separating layer thickness is to be understood as meaning the spatial extent which is the lowest Dimension has, which also regularly affects the extent of the separation layer perpendicular to the layer structure.
- the separating layer thickness depends in particular on the coating thickness described above. In any case, ie also for hybrid magnets which are produced in a different way, the advantages described above in connection with the choice of the coating thickness apply correspondingly to the choice of the separating layer thickness.
- the hybrid magnet is magnetized in an external magnetic field.
- the magnetization is preferably carried out when the hybrid magnet is already finished sintered.
- the method is particularly preferred when the external magnetic field is oriented perpendicular to the layer plane.
- the magnetizing can optionally be carried out.
- the magnetizing can be done in a z. B. generated by an electric coil, external magnetic field are performed, which is preferably homogeneous and encloses the entire hybrid magnet.
- This external magnetic field may deviate from the external magnetic field described above in both orientation and strength.
- the external magnetic field could also be referred to herein as a second external magnetic field to distinguish it from the previously described magnetic field.
- the external magnetic field used here is preferably sufficiently strong to be parallel Alignment of the magnetization of the particles to achieve, which persists even without external magnetic field (remanent magnetization).
- the method may comprise an (additional) thermal treatment in another external magnetic field (material-specific, for example in Alnico alloys.
- Another aspect of the invention relates to a hybrid magnet comprising a layered structure of layers, wherein at least one of the layers is a hard magnetic layer and at least one of the layers is a soft magnetic layer, and adjacent layers are separated by a magnetically passive material.
- such a hybrid magnet is made by the method proposed herein.
- the explanations described in connection with the method can be used individually or in combination also for explanations on the structure, the properties and advantages of the proposed hybrid magnet.
- each hard magnetic layer of hard magnetic particles and each soft magnetic layer of soft magnetic particles is formed, wherein the hard magnetic particles and the soft magnetic particles are surrounded by a matrix body.
- Such a hybrid magnet is preferably produced by the method according to the invention in an embodiment comprising the use of powder. In that case, the particles in the hybrid magnet correspond to the particles of the powder.
- the hard magnetic particles and the soft magnetic particles have a (mean) diameter (or grain size) in the range from 0.2 ⁇ m to 250 ⁇ m [micrometers].
- the magnetically passive material forming the matrix body is one of the following materials, in particular: glass, glass ceramic, metallic glass or ceramic.
- the embodiment of the matrix body with one of these materials can be achieved, for example, by sintering a body formed from powder with a corresponding coating.
- Glasses are understood in particular to be amorphous substances which structurally exist as an irregular structure (network). In contrast, in particular crystalline substances that are present in an ordered lattice structure.
- Metallic glasses are primarily understood to mean metal alloys which, unlike ordinary metals or metal alloys, are amorphous, i. H. have no ordered lattice structure. Glasses, glass ceramics or ceramics are characterized by a particularly high corrosion protection and protection against ignition.
- each layer has a layer thickness and a (spatial) width, wherein for each layer the width corresponds to at least ten times the layer thickness.
- the width is then the extent of the layer perpendicular to the direction in which the layer thickness is measured. This means in particular that with an arbitrarily shaped layer in each direction perpendicular to the layer structure, the width must be greater than ten times the layer thickness.
- the layers are aligned perpendicular to the magnetization of the hybrid magnet.
- the soft magnetic layers are always located in a supporting field of the hard magnetic layers and thus contribute to the overall magnetization of the hybrid magnet.
- the described advantages of a hybrid magnet with layer structure can be maximally utilized with a hybrid magnet with magnetization aligned perpendicular to the layer structure.
- hybrid magnet or of the production method for producing the hybrid magnet will be described below by way of example.
- a production method in a recipe preparation corresponding to component and material requirements (in particular with respect to magnetic properties such as a remanent magnetization and a coercive force, as well as with respect to temperature properties such as a transformation temperature), starting materials for the production process are selected and provided , Subsequently, in a powder The starting materials are pulverized. This happens z. B. with conventional techniques. In a subsequent coating powder particles are coated, for. B. with a single or multiple coating. Furthermore, a green body is built up in layers in a construction of a layer structure made of powder. Optionally, pressing (with or without a magnetic field) results in a compact. This is followed by sintering of the green body, optional tempering, optional aftertreatment and optionally magnetization. Three examples of this first embodiment of the manufacturing method will be described below.
- a second embodiment of a manufacturing method the recipe preparation described above is performed first. This is followed by building up a layer structure and layering with coating technologies, which can optionally be performed in a magnetic field. Finally, as before, sintering, optional tempering, optional post-treatment and optional magnetization follow. Two examples of this second embodiment of the manufacturing method will be described below.
- a first example of a hybrid magnet relates to a hybrid magnet made of powder consisting of NdFeB [neodymium, iron, boron] as a hard magnetic material.
- the particles of this material have 90% of a diameter of less than 3 ⁇ [micrometers], 50% of less than 1 ⁇ and 30% of 0.2 to 0.5 ⁇ .
- the hybrid magnet is made of pure iron [Fe] as a soft magnetic material.
- the particles of this material have 90% of a diameter of less than 2 ⁇ and 30% of 0.2 to 0.8 ⁇ .
- the coating is formed from an oxide composition comprising the following molar proportions: 30 to 60 mol% [mol%] Bi 2 0 3 [bismuth oxide], 30 to 40 mol% B 2 0 3 [boron oxide], 10 to 20 mol% ZnO [zinc oxide] and 5 to 10 mol% of Si0 2 [silica].
- the layer structure alternately has one hartmagneti- see and one soft magnetic layer, wherein adjacent layers are each separated from a separating layer (indirectly through the coating of the Powder given).
- the body is 100 mm by 300 mm wide and has a height of 8 mm [millimeter].
- the individual layers (together with one separating layer each) have a layer thickness of 2.5 ⁇ [micrometers] each.
- the layer structure comprises 3200 layers, ie 1600 layers per material.
- the NdFeB particles are aligned by means of an external magnetic field with a strength of 1200 kA / m generated by an electromagnet. No pressing takes place.
- the sintering (“no-press sintering" or "in-mold") is carried out over a period of one hour at 400 to 500 ° C in an argon atmosphere.
- the body is then cut into pieces by cutting with a width of 20 mm by 10 mm and a height of 5 mm [millimeters].
- another magnetization follows.
- a second example of a hybrid magnet is a hybrid magnet made of powder consisting of NdFeB [neodymium, iron, boron] as a hard magnetic material.
- the particles of this material have 90% of a diameter of less than 3 ⁇ [microns], 50% of less than 2 ⁇ and 30% of 0.2 to 1 ⁇ .
- the hybrid magnet is composed of a composition of 90% Fe [iron], 5% Ni [nickel], 2% Co [cobalt], and 3% Si [silicon] as a soft magnetic material.
- the particles of this composition have 90% of a diameter of less than 2 ⁇ and 30% of 0.2 to 0.1 ⁇ .
- the coating is formed from an oxide composition comprising the following molar proportions: 40 to 60 mol% [mol%] PbO [lead oxide], 30 to 40 mol% B 2 0 3 [boron oxide], 5 to 10 mol% ZnO [zinc oxide].
- the layer structure alternately has one hard magnetic and two soft magnetic layers.
- the body is 100 mm by 300 mm wide and has a height of 9.9 mm [millimeter].
- the individual layers have a layer thickness (each with a separating layer) of 3 ⁇ [microns].
- the layer structure comprises 3300 layers, ie 1100 layers of the hard magnetic material and 2200 layers of the soft magnetic material. Pressing takes place in the form of masticating.
- the sintering is carried out for one hour at 400 to 500 ° C in an argon atmosphere. Subsequently, the body is divided into parts cut by cutting with a width of 20 mm by 10 mm and with a height of 9 mm [millimeters].
- another magnetization follows.
- a third example of a hybrid magnet is a hybrid magnet made of powder consisting of NdFeB [neodymium, iron, boron] as a hard magnetic material with a layer thickness of 300 nm [nanometer] and 90% Fe [iron], 5% Ni [nickel ], 2% Co [cobalt], 3% Si [silicon] as a soft magnetic material with a layer thickness of 350 nm.
- the separation layers are formed from an oxide composition comprising the following molar proportions: 40 to 60 mol% [mol%] PbO [lead oxide], 30 to 40 mol% B 2 O 3 [boron oxide], 5 to 10 mol% SiO 2 [silicon dioxide] with a separation layer thickness of 10 nm.
- the layer structure alternately has one hard magnetic layer and one soft magnetic layer.
- the body is 10 mm [millimeter] by 25 mm wide and has a height of 6 mm.
- alignment takes place in the magnetic field.
- the sintering is carried out over a period of one hour at 400 to 900 ° C in an argon atmosphere.
- another magnetization follows.
- a layer structure with coating technologies is produced by first growing a thin hard magnetic layer in a first step, e.g. From Nd 2 Fei 4 B [neodymium, iron, boron] with a thickness of 250 to 300 nm [nanometer]. This layer thickness corresponds to a single domain particle diameter of Nd 2 Fei 4 B.
- ALD atomic layer deposition
- MOCVD metal-organic chemical vapor deposition
- chemical vapor deposition the following organometallic compounds can be used: tris- [N, N-bis- (trimethylsilyl) -amido] -neodymium (III) for neodymium [Nd], iron (III) tris (2,2, 6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionate) for iron [Fe] and triisopropyl borate for boron [B]
- a 5 to 10 nm [nanometer] thin separating layer is applied by means of CVD
- oxides may be used: SiO 2 [silica], B 2 O 3 [Boron oxide], Na 2 O [sodium oxide], KO [potassium oxide], Al 2 O 3 [aluminum oxide].
- TEOS tetraethyl or- thosilicate
- TEB triethyl borate
- PbO [lead oxide] Bi 2 O 3 [bismuth oxide]
- P 2 O 5 [phosphorus oxide] ZnO [zinc oxide]
- SnO [tin oxide] SnO [tin oxide]
- the following precursors are possible: lead (II) acetate trihydrate for PbO [lead oxide], bismuth (III) acetates for Bi 2 O 3 [bismuth oxide], phosphorus trichloride for P 2 O 5 [phosphorus oxide], zinc acetate for ZnO [zinc oxide] , Tin (II) acetate for SnO [tin oxide].
- lead (II) acetate trihydrate for PbO [lead oxide] bismuth (III) acetates for Bi 2 O 3 [bismuth oxide]
- phosphorus trichloride for P 2 O 5 [phosphorus oxide]
- zinc acetate for ZnO [zinc oxide] zinc acetate for ZnO [zinc oxide]
- Tin (II) acetate for SnO [tin oxide Tin
- a separating layer of binary, ternary or quaternary oxide mixtures is applied again, from which forms a glass, a glass ceramic or a ceramic phase in the further course of the process.
- the sequence of the layer structure is repeated until the desired total thickness is reached. This results in a layer structure in which alternating hard magnetic layers and soft magnetic layers follow each other, which are separated from each other by separating layers.
- a fifth example is a hybrid magnet similar to that previously described in the fourth example. The only difference is the sequence and the number of different layers ... Instead of alternating hard magnetic layers and soft magnetic layers, several soft magnetic layers can be used. netic layers or more hard magnetic layers follow each other, each of which may also be separated from each other by a separating layer. Adjacent layers of the same material are grouped together.
- FIGS. show particularly preferred embodiments, to which the invention is not limited.
- the figures and in particular the illustrated proportions are only schematic.
- the particles and the layers are shown only in such a small number that are sufficient for clear visualization of the inventive concepts. Show it:
- FIG. 1 shows a schematic representation of a cross section of an intermediate product of a hybrid magnet produced from already coated powder before sintering
- FIG. 2 shows a schematic representation of a cross section of the hybrid magnet from FIG. 1 after sintering
- FIG. 3 shows a schematic representation of a hybrid magnet produced using coating technologies
- FIG. 4 shows a schematic representation of a cross section of a further hybrid magnet produced using coating technologies
- FIG. 5 shows a flowchart of a first embodiment of a production method
- FIG. 6 shows a flowchart of a second embodiment of a production method.
- 1 shows an intermediate product of a hybrid magnet 1, comprising hard magnetic layers 13 and soft magnetic layers 14.
- the hard magnetic layers 13 are (substantially) formed by hard magnetic particles 2.
- the hard magnetic particles 2 are formed (only) of a hard magnetic material 5.
- the soft magnetic layers 14 are (substantially) formed of soft magnetic particles 3, which themselves are formed (only) of a soft magnetic material 6.
- the soft magnetic material 6 is represented by hatching.
- the hard magnetic particles 2 and the soft magnetic particles 3 each have a coating 4 of a magnetically passive material 7.
- the hard coating 4 has a coating thickness 8.
- the hard magnetic particles 2 and the soft magnetic particles 3 each have approximately a diameter 12, which in this embodiment is the same for all hard magnetic particles 2 and all soft magnetic particles 3.
- a layer thickness 19 is also shown as the distance between adjacent layers.
- hard magnetic layers 13 have a hard magnetic layer thickness 33 and soft magnetic layers 14 a soft magnetic layer thickness 16, which need not be identical to the hard magnetic layer thickness 33.
- a width 20 is here indicated as an extension of the hybrid magnet 1 perpendicular to the direction in which the layer thickness 19 is measured.
- the hybrid magnet 1 is shown in this FIG. 1 as a cross section through the layer structure, wherein a situation before the sintering of the hybrid magnet semi-finished product is shown, so that the hard magnetic particles 2, the soft magnetic particles 3 and the coating 4 still recognize as such are.
- an applied external magnetic field 11 which leads to the orientation of the hard magnetic particles 2 and to the magnetization of the soft magnetic particles 3.
- Fig. 2 shows the hybrid magnet 1 of Fig. 1 after pressing and sintering.
- a matrix body 9 formed from the magnetically passive material 7.
- the matrix body 9 and the hard magnetic particles 2 and the soft magnetic particles 3 together now form a sintered compact 10.
- the sintered compact 10 is formed from the hard magnetic particles 2 and the soft magnetic particles 3 and the coating 4 by pressing and sintering.
- the sintered compact 10 forms the body 17 of the hybrid magnet 1.
- the hard magnetic particles 2 of the hard magnetic material 5 form the hard magnetic layers 13.
- the hard magnetic particles 2 represent subregions of the hard magnetic layers 13 which form the matrix body 9 in the layer plane magnetically passive material 7 are separated from each other.
- the soft magnetic particles 3 made of the soft magnetic material 6 form the soft magnetic layers 14.
- Fig. 3 shows a hybrid magnet 1 resulting from a manufacturing process using a coating technology.
- the hybrid magnet 1 comprises a body 17 comprising hard magnetic layers 13 of a hard magnetic material 5, soft magnetic layers 14 of a soft magnetic material 6 and separating layers 15 of a magnetically passive material 7.
- the soft magnetic material 6 is represented by hatching.
- the separating layers 15 have a separating layer thickness 18.
- the hard magnetic layers 13 and the soft magnetic layers 14 have a layer thickness 19, which in this embodiment is the same for all layers.
- an external magnetic field 11 which can be applied during the production of the hybrid magnet 1.
- FIG. 3 relates in particular to the fourth example of a hybrid magnet explained above. 4 shows a hybrid magnet 1 in a further embodiment. In comparison to FIG.
- FIG. 4 relates in particular to the fifth example of a hybrid magnet explained above.
- the matched layer structure with grouped layers of the same material shown in FIG. 4 is also applicable to hybrid magnets according to the first three examples. Even with such hybrid magnets grouped layers can be provided.
- Fig. 5 shows the above-described first embodiment of a manufacturing method.
- starting materials for the production process are selected and provided in accordance with component and material requirements (in particular with regard to magnetic properties such as a remanent magnetization and a coercive force, as well as with respect to temperature properties such as, for example, a transformation temperature).
- the starting materials are pulverized in a powder supply 23. This happens z. B. with conventional techniques.
- powder particles are coated, for. B. with a single or multiple coating.
- a green compact is built up layer by layer in a build up of a layer structure of powder 25.
- pressing 26 (with or without a magnetic field) results in a compact.
- sintering 27 of the green body applies in particular to the first three examples of a hybrid magnet.
- Fig. 6 shows the above-described second embodiment of a manufacturing method.
- the recipe preparation 22 previously described for FIG. 5 is performed.
- This is followed by building up a layer structure 31 and layering with coating technologies 32, which can optionally be performed in a magnetic field.
- sintering 27, optional tempering 28, optional aftertreatment 29 and the optional mag- net 30.
- the second embodiment of a manufacturing method applies in particular for the fourth and the fifth example of a hybrid magnet.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Composite Materials (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Manufacturing Cores, Coils, And Magnets (AREA)
- Hard Magnetic Materials (AREA)
- Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102016102386.8A DE102016102386A1 (de) | 2016-02-11 | 2016-02-11 | Hybridmagnet und Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung |
| PCT/EP2017/050939 WO2017137220A1 (de) | 2016-02-11 | 2017-01-18 | Hybridmagnet und verfahren zu dessen herstellung |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP3414768A1 true EP3414768A1 (de) | 2018-12-19 |
| EP3414768B1 EP3414768B1 (de) | 2020-04-15 |
Family
ID=57851066
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP17700819.0A Active EP3414768B1 (de) | 2016-02-11 | 2017-01-18 | Hybridmagnet und verfahren zu dessen herstellung |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP3414768B1 (de) |
| CN (1) | CN108780687B (de) |
| DE (1) | DE102016102386A1 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2017137220A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP7003543B2 (ja) * | 2017-09-29 | 2022-02-04 | セイコーエプソン株式会社 | 絶縁物被覆軟磁性粉末、圧粉磁心、磁性素子、電子機器および移動体 |
| DE102022115198A1 (de) | 2022-06-17 | 2023-12-28 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Verfahren zum Herstellen eines Rotorelements für einen Rotor einer elektrischen Maschine, Rotorelement, Rotor, elektrische Maschine und Kraftfahrzeug |
| CN117728038B (zh) * | 2023-08-08 | 2024-12-17 | 荣耀终端有限公司 | 锂电池的制备方法及其系统 |
Family Cites Families (14)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE10128262A1 (de) * | 2001-06-11 | 2002-12-19 | Siemens Ag | Magnetoresistives Sensorsystem |
| DE10236983A1 (de) * | 2002-08-13 | 2004-03-04 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Magnetsensoranordnung |
| US6972046B2 (en) * | 2003-01-13 | 2005-12-06 | International Business Machines Corporation | Process of forming magnetic nanocomposites via nanoparticle self-assembly |
| DE10308640B4 (de) * | 2003-02-27 | 2006-06-08 | Siemens Ag | Magneto-resistives Schichtelement, insbesondere TMR-Zelle |
| CN101000821B (zh) * | 2006-01-11 | 2010-05-12 | 中国科学院物理研究所 | 一种闭合形状的磁性多层膜及其制备方法和用途 |
| US20100054981A1 (en) * | 2007-12-21 | 2010-03-04 | Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System | Magnetic nanoparticles, bulk nanocomposite magnets, and production thereof |
| DE102009048658A1 (de) * | 2009-09-29 | 2011-03-31 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Transformatorkern oder Transformatorblech mit einer amorphen und/oder nanokristallinen Gefügestruktur und Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung |
| US20140132376A1 (en) * | 2011-05-18 | 2014-05-15 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Nanostructured high-strength permanent magnets |
| US20140072470A1 (en) | 2012-09-10 | 2014-03-13 | Advanced Materials Corporation | Consolidation of exchange-coupled magnets using equal channel angle extrusion |
| DE102013004985A1 (de) * | 2012-11-14 | 2014-05-15 | Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft | Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Permanentmagneten sowie Permanentmagnet |
| DE102013213494A1 (de) * | 2013-07-10 | 2015-01-29 | Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft | Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Permanentmagneten sowie Permanentmagnet und elektrische Maschine mit einem solchen |
| DE102013213645A1 (de) * | 2013-07-12 | 2015-01-15 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Hochgefüllte matrixgebundene anisotrope Hochleistungspermanentmagnete und Verfahren zu deren Herstellung |
| US9520175B2 (en) * | 2013-11-05 | 2016-12-13 | Tdk Corporation | Magnetization controlling element using magnetoelectric effect |
| CN104945754B (zh) * | 2015-07-20 | 2017-04-05 | 广州新莱福磁电有限公司 | 一种提高吸力的橡胶挤出磁条的制造方法 |
-
2016
- 2016-02-11 DE DE102016102386.8A patent/DE102016102386A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
2017
- 2017-01-18 EP EP17700819.0A patent/EP3414768B1/de active Active
- 2017-01-18 CN CN201780016637.1A patent/CN108780687B/zh active Active
- 2017-01-18 WO PCT/EP2017/050939 patent/WO2017137220A1/de not_active Ceased
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE102016102386A1 (de) | 2017-08-17 |
| CN108780687A (zh) | 2018-11-09 |
| WO2017137220A1 (de) | 2017-08-17 |
| EP3414768B1 (de) | 2020-04-15 |
| CN108780687B (zh) | 2020-12-29 |
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