EP3367032B1 - Method for drying logs - Google Patents
Method for drying logs Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP3367032B1 EP3367032B1 EP18159336.9A EP18159336A EP3367032B1 EP 3367032 B1 EP3367032 B1 EP 3367032B1 EP 18159336 A EP18159336 A EP 18159336A EP 3367032 B1 EP3367032 B1 EP 3367032B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- log
- longitudinal bore
- drying
- drying gas
- logs
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 title claims description 199
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 39
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 claims description 60
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 27
- 235000010099 Fagus sylvatica Nutrition 0.000 claims description 26
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 240000000731 Fagus sylvatica Species 0.000 claims 1
- 241001070947 Fagus Species 0.000 description 25
- 239000003570 air Substances 0.000 description 20
- 239000011121 hardwood Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000002845 discoloration Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 description 5
- 206010003497 Asphyxia Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 description 3
- 235000008331 Pinus X rigitaeda Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 235000011613 Pinus brutia Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 241000018646 Pinus brutia Species 0.000 description 3
- 238000004378 air conditioning Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000012080 ambient air Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 3
- 241000233866 Fungi Species 0.000 description 2
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007605 air drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001174 ascending effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005842 biochemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003750 conditioning effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002538 fungal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002906 microbiologic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003798 microbiological reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011122 softwood Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F26—DRYING
- F26B—DRYING SOLID MATERIALS OR OBJECTS BY REMOVING LIQUID THEREFROM
- F26B21/00—Arrangements or duct systems, e.g. in combination with pallet boxes, for supplying and controlling air or gases for drying solid materials or objects
- F26B21/006—Arrangements or duct systems, e.g. in combination with pallet boxes, for supplying and controlling air or gases for drying solid materials or objects the gas supply or exhaust being effected through hollow spaces or cores in the materials or objects, e.g. tubes, pipes, bottles
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F26—DRYING
- F26B—DRYING SOLID MATERIALS OR OBJECTS BY REMOVING LIQUID THEREFROM
- F26B1/00—Preliminary treatment of solid materials or objects to facilitate drying, e.g. mixing or backmixing the materials to be dried with predominantly dry solids
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F26—DRYING
- F26B—DRYING SOLID MATERIALS OR OBJECTS BY REMOVING LIQUID THEREFROM
- F26B21/00—Arrangements or duct systems, e.g. in combination with pallet boxes, for supplying and controlling air or gases for drying solid materials or objects
- F26B21/02—Circulating air or gases in closed cycles, e.g. wholly within the drying enclosure
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F26—DRYING
- F26B—DRYING SOLID MATERIALS OR OBJECTS BY REMOVING LIQUID THEREFROM
- F26B3/00—Drying solid materials or objects by processes involving the application of heat
- F26B3/02—Drying solid materials or objects by processes involving the application of heat by convection, i.e. heat being conveyed from a heat source to the materials or objects to be dried by a gas or vapour, e.g. air
- F26B3/06—Drying solid materials or objects by processes involving the application of heat by convection, i.e. heat being conveyed from a heat source to the materials or objects to be dried by a gas or vapour, e.g. air the gas or vapour flowing through the materials or objects to be dried
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F26—DRYING
- F26B—DRYING SOLID MATERIALS OR OBJECTS BY REMOVING LIQUID THEREFROM
- F26B2210/00—Drying processes and machines for solid objects characterised by the specific requirements of the drying good
- F26B2210/16—Wood, e.g. lumber, timber
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for drying logs.
- Wood drying is a process for removing moisture from wood.
- a distinction is made in particular between chamber-dried wood, which is dried in a controlled manner in a drying chamber, and air-dried wood, which slowly loses moisture simply by lying under cover in the open air.
- the aim of controlled drying processes is that the moisture in the wood reaches a so-called usage moisture. This is usually in the range between 6% and 16% wood moisture based on the weight of kiln-dry wood, i.e. wood in a practically anhydrous state. In contrast, wood fresh from the forest contains around 40% to 60% water.
- artificial drying of the Wood is required to avoid fungal growth, discoloration, cracks, peeling or warping of the wood.
- the particular disadvantage of artificial drying is the amount of energy it consumes. Air drying has the advantage that no energy has to be supplied. The disadvantage is that drying takes a long time and that the wood loses quality or is so damaged that it becomes unusable.
- This drying process allows pine logs to be dried in one piece.
- Pine wood is a soft wood and therefore easy to dry.
- this known drying method is not suitable for drying whole logs consisting of types of wood that are difficult to dry, in particular types of wood such as hardwood, and in particular beech wood.
- trunks are then stacked on top of one another running in a horizontal direction, the mutual spacing of the stacked trunks can be very small because the longitudinal bore is accessible to drying air.
- the object of the invention is to provide a more advantageous method for drying logs.
- the method is said to be particularly suitable for drying hardwood logs.
- the object is achieved with a method for drying a log, the log having a first and a second end face, an outer side and an entire length by producing a longitudinal bore which extends along the entire length from the first to the second end face , so that an inlet opening is created on the first end face and an outlet opening on the second end face, the longitudinal bore having an inside, with a drying gas flowing around both the inside and the outside so that the log is simultaneously from the inside and is dried from the outside, the log being held in a substantially vertical position and a drying gas is supplied from below the log, the drying gas also being supplied through the longitudinal bore flows, whereby water is withdrawn from the log by evaporating it on the surface of the longitudinal bore, so that the drying gas located in the longitudinal bore is humidified and its density is reduced, so that a buoyancy acting on the drying gas is generated within the longitudinal bore.
- the method is carried out in particular with a wood drying device for logs, having a longitudinal bore running along the entire length of the respective log, comprising a plurality of holding devices for logs for holding the logs in a substantially vertical position, the holding devices being so spaced in the vertical direction are arranged so that at least two logs can be arranged one above the other in the vertical direction.
- the holding devices are preferably designed in such a way that the inlet opening and the outlet opening of the longitudinal bore of each of the logs can be kept open for the drying gas to flow through.
- water is withdrawn from the vertically arranged log by evaporating it on the surface of the longitudinal bore, thereby humidifying the drying gas located in the longitudinal bore and by reducing the density of the drying gas locally in the longitudinal bore by increasing the humidity, so that the drying gas located in the longitudinal bore has at least partially a reduced density, which generates a lift on the drying gas located within the longitudinal bore.
- the moistened drying gas has a lower density and thus strives upwards, can also occur to a reduced extent on the outside of the log.
- the inner diameter and the length of the longitudinal bore are mutually adapted in such a way that a chimney effect is generated within the longitudinal bore by the drying gas flowing in from below and rising in the longitudinal bore, and the drying gas thus a substantially vertically oriented one within the longitudinal bore , preferably having laminar flow.
- the upward movement of the drying gas within the longitudinal bore can also be supported by arranging the log in a flow field with drying gas preferably flowing parallel to the log, and / or by heating the drying gas supplied to the log.
- the flow of the drying gas can be generated, for example, with a fan.
- the flowing drying gas and / or the heated drying gas is preferably fed into the longitudinal bore from below.
- drying gas flows around the outside of the log, so that the log is dried from the inside as well as from the outside.
- the drying device is designed in such a way that a chimney effect is also created within the entire drying device, so that the entire log, in particular also its outside, is exposed to this chimney effect or a flow of rising drying gas, preferably air.
- both the inner surface and the essentially cylindrical outer surface of the log is exposed to this chimney effect, or rising air flows around it.
- very moist and / or freshly felled logs in particular hardwood logs
- the drying method can be dried in a simple manner by arranging the logs vertically in the drying device after the longitudinal bore has been made, and by the drying method then comprising at least two process steps, one first process step, during which liquid water flows down from the logs, and a second process step, during which only evaporated water is removed, which is absorbed by the drying gas from the surface of the longitudinal bore and the outside of the logs
- the method according to the invention has the advantage that logs are provided with a longitudinal bore after they have been cut, are then dried and are only processed into sawn timber after drying.
- This approach has the advantage that larger components such as beams or girders can be produced, that warping of the wood during drying does not affect the sawn timber, since the sawn timber is only produced after drying, and that the timber yield is preferably greater.
- the timber exploitation of a log can be increased, for example, by knowing the exact dimensions of a plurality of logs, that the dimensions of the desired sawn timber are known in a CAD model, and that the logs are cut based on this data in such a way that the desired sawn timber is cut from the logs with as little waste wood as possible.
- the logs to be dried with the method according to the invention preferably have an outer diameter in the range from 16 cm to 90 cm, and preferably have a length in the range between 100 cm to 1600 cm, the continuous longitudinal bore preferably having an inner diameter in the range from 5 cm to 50 cm.
- Beech logs can be dried with the drying method according to the invention.
- Beech wood is a very widespread type of wood in Switzerland, but is mainly processed into firewood.
- Fresh beech wood has a water content of around 50%, with the beech bark being impermeable to water.
- Beech wood is also a hardwood, which is why it takes a relatively long time for the water to completely escape.
- With beech wood there is therefore a great risk that the wood will suffocate while it is drying, or that mold and bacteria will form, which damage the wood and make it worthless for high-quality products. It is therefore extremely difficult to manufacture high-quality products such as support columns, beams or boards from beech wood.
- beech wood is extremely difficult to dry, it is usually split up in order to allow the large amount of water stored in the wood to drain off as quickly as possible, in order to avoid mold formation, for example.
- splitting creates a larger drying surface, which also supports drying.
- wood split in this way can only be used as firewood.
- the drying method according to the invention makes it possible for the first time to dry whole beech logs by cutting the log to length after the tree has been felled and removing its bark by drilling a longitudinal hole along the entire length of the log and then running the cut log vertically is dried by a drying gas rising from below.
- the drying of beech wood has been extremely difficult until now Beech wood is particularly susceptible to discoloration or suffocation as a result of storage or processing.
- the discoloration of the beech wood can occur due to different physiological, microbiological, biochemical and chemical reactions, and can for example be biotically caused, for example by fungi or bacteria, or can be caused abiotic, for example, mostly due to oxidation reactions such as asphyxiation of the wood .
- the decisive quality criterion for beech wood in addition to the trunk dimension and the trunk shape, is the avoidance of storage and process-related discoloration that can occur after the timber has been felled.
- quality-reducing discolorations can occur during storage and drying of the wood, for example through an attack with bacteria or fungi, or through asphyxiation of the wood.
- the drying method according to the invention also enables large beech logs to be safely dried.
- the dried beech log can then be used to produce high-quality and high-priced products, such as support columns, beams or boards, whereby the products, for example a support column, can also have a large dimension of, for example, 3, 5 or 8 meters in length, and thus the support column is suitable, for example, for the construction of multi-storey houses.
- the drying method according to the invention for logs can also be carried out as a further possibility in such a way that the felled tree is cut to at least one log, but the log is not debarked, so that a longitudinal hole is then drilled along the entire length of the log that has been cut to length, that the cut log is then arranged running in a substantially vertical direction in a drying device, and that a drying gas is supplied below the log in such a way that the rising drying gas flows around the log through the elongated hole and from the outside, the bark of the log during the drying process dries, tears open and at least partially falls off, so that the at least partially barkless log is dried from the inside and outside.
- a stress relief cut is made along the entire length of the log, which extends from the longitudinal bore to the outside of the log, and which extends from the first end face to the second end face.
- Figure 1 shows a log 1 in a perspective view and Figure 2 in a longitudinal section, the log 1 having a first end face S1 and a second end face S2, an outer face 1f and an entire length L.
- the log 1 to be dried is preferably peeled, that is to say the outermost layer, comprising in particular bark, bast and cambrian, has been removed.
- a longitudinal bore 1b runs along the entire length L of the log 1 from the first face S2 to the second face S2, so that the first face S1 has an inlet opening 1c and the second face S2 has an outlet opening 1d.
- the longitudinal bore 1b is preferably designed as a central bore in order to remove the pith of the log.
- the center hole is advantageously designed as a core hole, and the wood of the core produced in this way is fed to a further use.
- the longitudinal bore 1b could, however, also run eccentrically in the log 1.
- the log 1 could also be provided with a plurality of parallel longitudinal bores 1b.
- the log 1 has an inner side 1e or an inner surface 1e towards the longitudinal bore 1b, via which water is withdrawn from the log 1 during the drying process.
- the log 1 is held in a substantially vertical position during drying, a drying gas G preferably being supplied from below the log 1 in such a way that the drying gas G flows through the longitudinal bore 1b on the one hand and flows along the outside 1f on the other hand
- Both the inside 1e and the outside 1f are flowed around directly, that is, with direct contact with the drying gas G, so that water is withdrawn from the log 1 via the inside 1e and the outside 1f at the same time.
- the drying gas G could also have little or no flow outside the log 1, with the drying gas G located inside the longitudinal bore 1b moving upwards within the longitudinal bore 1b due to the absorption of water vapor and the associated reduction in specific weight, so that via the Inlet opening 1c drying gas G is sucked into the longitudinal bore 1b.
- the inner diameter 1g of the longitudinal bore 1b and the length L of the longitudinal bore 1b are mutually adapted in such a way that a chimney effect is generated within the longitudinal bore 1b by the inflowing drying gas G, and the drying gas G thus has a vertically directed, preferably laminar flow within the longitudinal bore 1b.
- This drying gas G flowing through can dry out the inner surface 1e particularly well, or can divert any water or water vapor particularly well from the inner surface 1e.
- Figure 3 shows that a stress relief cut 1a was made along the entire length L of the log 1, which extends from the longitudinal bore 1b to the outside 1f of the log, and which extends from the first end S1 to the second end S2.
- This relaxation cut 1a is particularly advantageous for logs made of beech wood, because a log made of beech wood may warp moderately or even severely during drying despite careful drying, and cracking in the log can largely be avoided by the relaxation cut 1a.
- the beech log can be processed further, for example into support beams, beams or boards. Since the dried beech log has hardly any cracks, high-quality wooden parts can be cut from the log, and this with a large yield, since there are few cracks.
- Figure 3 also shows an additional heating device 2, for example an electric heater, which is installed in the log 1 according to FIG Figure 1 or Figure 3 is arranged within the longitudinal bore 1b, and around which the drying gas G flows, the heating device 2 introducing additional thermal energy into the longitudinal bore 1b and supplying it to the drying gas G, thus increasing or accelerating the drying process on the inside 1e, in particular in that the supplied heat increases the upward movement of the drying gas G or its flow speed within the longitudinal bore 1b, which increases the gas exchange in the longitudinal bore 1b, so that an increased amount of water vapor can be conveyed out of the longitudinal bore 1b, and thus the drying process can be accelerated.
- an additional heating device 2 for example an electric heater, which is installed in the log 1 according to FIG Figure 1 or Figure 3 is arranged within the longitudinal bore 1b, and around which the drying gas G flows, the heating device 2 introducing additional thermal energy into the longitudinal bore 1b and supplying it to the drying gas G, thus increasing or accelerating the drying process on the inside 1e, in particular in that the supplied heat increases the
- the heating device 2 runs along the entire length L of the log 1 within the longitudinal bore 1b, the heating device 2 being dimensioned such that it only fills a part of the cross-sectional area of the longitudinal bore 1b, so that the drying gas within the longitudinal bore 1b has a free space Flow cross-sectional area is available, which is preferably at least 50% of the total cross-sectional area of the longitudinal bore 1b.
- the heating device 2 is preferably designed in the form of a hose and, in one possible embodiment, comprises a water hose running through the longitudinal bore 1b, through which warm water is conveyed, or, for example, an electrical resistance heater.
- Figure 4 shows the wood moisture within a log 1, starting from the outside 1f, the moisture in the direction of the radial distance inwards at the distance points 1.5 cm, 3 cm, 4.5 cm, 6, cm 7.5 cm, 9 cm 10, 5 cm, 12 cm and 13.5 cm were measured.
- Figure 4 shows the wood moisture content for a log without longitudinal drilling after a drying time of 14 weeks.
- Figure 5 shows the wood moisture content within another log 1 at the same distance points as in Figure 4 described.
- the log according to Figure 5 has one in the middle of the log running longitudinal bore 1b and shows the wood moisture after a drying time of 14 weeks.
- the end Figure 5 the effect of the additional drying via the inner hole 1b, with the log arranged vertically, is clearly recognizable, namely by the fact that the log 1 is also dried from the inside and the wood moisture is thus towards the center, with the values 12 and 13.5 cm decreases.
- Figure 6 shows the wood moisture of a beech log 1 at a radial distance from the outside 1f for a log with a centered longitudinal bore as a function of time, the 1st removal at the beginning of drying, the 2nd removal after 2 weeks, the 3rd after 5 weeks, the 4th after 8 weeks, 5th after 11 weeks, 6th after 14 weeks, 7th after 17 weeks and 8th after 20 weeks.
- the end Figure 6 it can be seen that the wood moisture content of the beech tree trunk at the 8th removal, i.e. after 20 weeks, has an essentially constant, low value of approximately 9 to 11% wood moisture as a function of the distance from the outside 1f.
- the method according to the invention enables a beech wood trunk to be dried evenly right into its interior.
- the method according to the invention succeeds in drying beech wood trunks in such a uniform manner.
- Figure 7 shows an embodiment of a drying device 10 for logs 1, each log 1 having a longitudinal bore 1b (not shown) running along the entire length L of the log 1.
- the drying device 10 comprises a plurality of holding devices 18 for logs 1 for holding the logs 1 in a substantially vertical position, the holding devices 18 being arranged spaced apart in the vertical direction such that at least two logs 1 can be arranged one above the other.
- the holding devices 18 hold the respective inlet openings 1c and outlet openings 1d of each longitudinal bore 1b open.
- Figure 7 shows by way of example only three holding devices 18, each log 1 being held by such a holding device 18.
- the drying device 10 shown comprises a tower-shaped drying room 11 with an outer shell 12 open to vapor diffusion, the drying room 11 enclosing an interior 10a which has an inlet 10b at the bottom and an outlet 10c for the drying gas G, namely air, at the top.
- Gas-permeable intermediate floors namely a first intermediate floor 13a, a second intermediate floor 13b and a third intermediate floor 13c, which support the vertically extending logs 1, are arranged in the interior 10a.
- Adjacent to the drying room 11 are outlet channels 15a at the top and air inlet channels 14a at the bottom to let in ambient air G1 at the bottom via the inlet air channels 14a and to let out the humidified drying gas G or the humidified ambient air G2 at the top via the outlet channels 15a.
- the buoyancy of the drying gas G caused by the evaporation of water in the longitudinal bore is sufficient to generate an ascending air flow in the interior 10a. However, this effect decreases in particular with increasing drying of the logs 1.
- the heating is preferably carried out ecologically in that the heat is generated with solar energy, for example in which solar collectors 20 are arranged on the roof, and the energy thus obtained is used to heat the drying gas G.
- a flow of the drying gas G within the interior 10a can also be generated with the aid of heat, for example in that a side wall of the drying device 10 and / or the roof of the drying device 10 is heated with solar energy, and thereby the Drying gas G is locally heated in such a way that a flow is formed.
- Figure 8 shows a further drying device 10 for logs 1, each log 1 having a longitudinal bore 1b (not shown) running along the entire length L of the log 1.
- the drying device 10 comprises a plurality of holding devices 18 for logs 1 for holding the logs 1 in a substantially vertical position, the holding devices 18 being arranged at a distance in the vertical direction such that at least two logs 1 can be arranged one above the other.
- Figure 8 shows by way of example only three holding devices 18, each log 1 being held by such a holding device 18.
- the drying device 10 shown comprises a tower-shaped drying space 11 with a vapor diffusion-open Outer shell 12, the drying space 11 enclosing an interior 10a.
- Gas-permeable intermediate floors namely a first intermediate floor 13a, a second intermediate floor 13b and a third intermediate floor 13c, which support the vertically extending logs 1, are arranged in the interior 10a. Adjacent to the drying room 11 are exhaust air ducts 15 at the top and supply air ducts 14 at the bottom in order to supply a dry drying gas G1 from below and to remove a humidified drying gas G2 from above.
- the humidified drying gas G2 is fed via a line 16 to an air conditioning device 17, which at least partially removes moisture from the humidified drying gas G2 and also heats it before the dry drying gas is fed back to the drying room 11.
- the air-conditioning device 17 also serves as an air circulation device to suck the drying gas G out of the interior 10a at the top and supply it to the interior at the bottom, thereby generating a vertical flow of the drying gas G in the tower-like interior.
- the drying gas is usually air.
- the drying device 10 has a height in the range from 5 m to 30 m in order to generate a pronounced vertically directed air flow in the interior 10a.
- a drying gas flow is generated within the drying space 11 with a fresh air / exhaust air flow or a circulating flow.
- the temperature, the flow rate and the relative humidity of the drying gas G in the drying chamber is about the Air conditioning device 17 regulated.
- the relative humidity is initially kept at a high level for better heat transfer and, in some cases, increased by spraying water into the drying chamber.
- the drying gradient is optimized depending on the type of wood.
- the aim is to achieve moisture balance within the wood.
- the drying device 10 comprises according to FIG Figure 7 or 8 in addition, solar collectors 20, wind generators 20 or solar cells 20 in order to operate the drying device 10 partially and preferably completely autonomously from the public power grid.
- a completely autonomous operation has the advantage that the drying device 10 can also be set up in areas that do not have a power supply, whereby it must be ensured that sufficient solar and / or wind energy is available at the selected location.
- the drying device also includes an electrical energy store, for example a battery, to store electricity produced by the solar cells and / or wind turbines, advantageously so that the drying process can also be continued at night without interruption.
- the drying device 10 is advantageously arranged and designed in such a way that the drying process requires less energy than the existing, produced solar and / or wind energy, or, if the drying process is interrupted, that more energy is then available for the drying process than the currently produced amount of solar and / or wind energy, which is particularly advantageous if the currently produced amount of energy is too low to ensure safe and / or timely drying.
- Figure 9 shows a loading device in order to be able to load the drying device 10 efficiently with logs 1.
- the loading device comprises a multiplicity of holding devices 18, it being possible for each log 1 to run in a vertical direction to be fastened to a holding device 18.
- the holding devices 18 are movably arranged and are movably mounted, for example, along a rail 19, so that the logs 1 can be moved in the direction of the rail 19, and in particular can be fed to or removed from the drying device 10.
- the rail 19 could also be arranged running above the logs 1, so that the logs 1 are fastened, for example, hanging on trolleys, the trolleys being guided by the rail 19 and arranged to be movable in the direction of the rail 19.
- a plurality of rails 19 could also be provided.
- the loading device can be designed in a number of ways in order to move the logs 1 in the horizontal and / or vertical direction in the drying device 10.
- the loading device could also comprise a multiplicity of holding devices 18, which are arranged at fixed predetermined positions, and could also comprise a relocation device, for example a crane or a robot arm, in order to position the logs 1 in the holding devices 18, or a log 1 from a Holding device 18 to another Repositioning the holding device 18.
- the loading device according to Figure 8 and 9 could also be designed in such a way that logs 1, for example during drying, can be shifted in the horizontal direction to another position within the intermediate level 13a, 13b, 13c, or that the logs can be moved in the vertical direction from one to the other intermediate level 13a, 13b, 13c can be moved, or that the logs can be moved both in the horizontal direction and in the vertical direction within the drying device 10.
- at least some and preferably all logs 1 are provided with individual moisture sensors, so that the course of the drying process can be measured as a function of time for these logs and, if necessary, the logs can be repositioned in the drying device 10 to follow the course to individually adapt the drying process for a log.
- the logs 1 it is possible to supply at least one of the logs 1 with an individually heated and / or humidified drying gas G in order to reduce it The individual drying gas G to flow through the longitudinal bore 1b and / or its outside 1f.
- a heating device at least in sections in the longitudinal bore 1b, for example a hot water hose fed by solar collectors, in order to supply additional thermal energy to the inside 1e.
- Figure 10 shows an example of two logs 1 arranged one above the other in the vertical direction, which are arranged in such a way that their longitudinal bores 1b are mutually aligned in the vertical direction, so that the drying gas G emerging from the longitudinal bore 1b of the lower log 1 at least partially into the longitudinal bore 1b of the above arranged log 1 flows.
- the logs 1 are mutually aligned in the drying device 10, and particularly advantageously most or all of the logs 1 are arranged in groups in such an aligned manner, for example 2, 3 or 4 logs arranged one above the other in groups, the total possible number of logs arranged one above the other Logs of the total height of the drying device 10 depends.
- the aligned arrangement has the advantage that it increases the buoyancy of the drying gas G.
- a guide element 21, shown only schematically and with dashed lines between two logs 1 arranged one above the other, which at least partially seals the space between the two logs 1, and preferably seals it in a substantially airtight manner, so that the longitudinal bore 1b of the lower
- the drying gas G emerging from the log 1 is forced to flow into the longitudinal bore 1b of the upper log 1.
- a line preferably a flexible hose, is passed through the longitudinal bore 1b along the entire length.
- a warm fluid preferably water
- the line preferably has a diameter of at most one third of the diameter of the longitudinal bore 1b.
- the drying gas G in the interior of the longitudinal bore 1b, between the inside 1e of the longitudinal bore 1b and the line surface of the line, is preferably heated in such a way that the drying gas G flows upwards, as a natural air flow, and thereby the moisture absorbed by the drying gas G in the longitudinal bore 1b the longitudinal bore 1b is fed out.
- the tower-like device 10 is advantageously filled in such a way that a maximum of two thirds of the interior 10a is filled with logs 1, so that at least one third of the interior 10a is empty or is filled with drying gas G. It can prove to be advantageous to guide the air rising within the interior 10a by means of guide elements, for example with horizontal guide elements, starting from the outside of the interior 10a up to a respective log 1, in order to feed the flowing drying gas G more advantageously to the outer surface of the logs 1 so that the drying gas G can absorb or divert more water vapor from the outer surface of the log, and / or in order to save energy in particular.
- guide elements for example with horizontal guide elements
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- Drying Of Solid Materials (AREA)
- Chemical And Physical Treatments For Wood And The Like (AREA)
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zum Trocknen von Holzstämmen.The invention relates to a method for drying logs.
Als Holztrocknung bezeichnet man Verfahren zum Entzug von Feuchte aus Holz. Bezüglich Trocknungsverfahren wird insbesondere unterschieden zwischen kammergetrocknetem Holz, welches in einer Trocknungskammer kontrolliert getrocknet wird, und luftgetrocknetem Holz, welches allein durch abgedecktes Liegen im Freien langsam Feuchte verliert.Wood drying is a process for removing moisture from wood. With regard to the drying process, a distinction is made in particular between chamber-dried wood, which is dried in a controlled manner in a drying chamber, and air-dried wood, which slowly loses moisture simply by lying under cover in the open air.
Das Ziel von kontrollierten Trocknungsverfahren ist, dass die Feuchtigkeit des Holzes eine sogenannte Verwendungsfeuchte erreicht. Diese liegt üblicherweise im Bereich zwischen 6% und 16% Holzfeuchte bezogen auf das Gewicht von darrtrockenem Holz, das heisst Holz in praktisch wasserfreiem Zustand. Waldfrisches Holz enthält dagegen rund 40% bis 60% Wasser. Um Holz von hoher Qualität zu erlangen ist eine kontrollierte, künstliche Trocknung des Holzes erforderlich, um Pilzwachstum, Verfärbungen, Risse, Verschalen oder Verwerfen des Holzes zu vermeiden. Nachteilig an der künstlichen Trocknung ist insbesondere der Energieaufwand. Die Lufttrocknung weist den Vorteil auf, dass keine Energie zugeführt werden muss. Nachteilig ist, dass die Trocknung lange dauert, und dass das Holz an Qualität verliert oder derart geschädigt wird, dass es unbrauchbar wird.The aim of controlled drying processes is that the moisture in the wood reaches a so-called usage moisture. This is usually in the range between 6% and 16% wood moisture based on the weight of kiln-dry wood, i.e. wood in a practically anhydrous state. In contrast, wood fresh from the forest contains around 40% to 60% water. In order to obtain wood of high quality, controlled, artificial drying of the Wood is required to avoid fungal growth, discoloration, cracks, peeling or warping of the wood. The particular disadvantage of artificial drying is the amount of energy it consumes. Air drying has the advantage that no energy has to be supplied. The disadvantage is that drying takes a long time and that the wood loses quality or is so damaged that it becomes unusable.
Aus dem Dokument
Dieses Trocknungsverfahren erlaubt das Trocknen von Kiefernholzstämmen am Stück. Kiefernholz ist ein Weichholz und deshalb einfach zu trocknen. Dieses bekannte Trocknungsverfahren ist jedoch nicht geeignet um ganz Holzstämme bestehend aus Holzarten zu trocken, die schwierig zum Trocknen sind, insbesondere Holzarten wie Hartholz, und insbesondere Buchenholz.This drying process allows pine logs to be dried in one piece. Pine wood is a soft wood and therefore easy to dry. However, this known drying method is not suitable for drying whole logs consisting of types of wood that are difficult to dry, in particular types of wood such as hardwood, and in particular beech wood.
Aus dem Dokument
Anschliessend wird eine Mehrzahl solcher Stämme in horizontaler Richtung verlaufend aufeinander gestapelt, wobei der gegenseitige Abstand der gestapelten Stämme sehr klein sein kann, weil die Längsbohrung für eine trocknende Luft zugänglich ist.A plurality of such trunks are then stacked on top of one another running in a horizontal direction, the mutual spacing of the stacked trunks can be very small because the longitudinal bore is accessible to drying air.
Die Dokumente
Der Artikel "
Aufgabe der Erfindung ist es ein vorteilhafteres Verfahren zum Trocknen von Holzstämmen zu bilden. Das Verfahren soll insbesondere zum Trocknen von Holzstämmen aus Hartholz geeignet sein.The object of the invention is to provide a more advantageous method for drying logs. The method is said to be particularly suitable for drying hardwood logs.
Diese Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäß gelöst mit einem Verfahren aufweisend die Merkmale von Anspruch 1. Die abhängigen Ansprüche 2 bis 12 betreffen weitere, vorteilhafte Verfahrensschritte.This object is achieved according to the invention with a method having the features of
Die Aufgabe wird gelöst mit einem Verfahren zum Trocknen eines Holzstamms, wobei der Holzstamm eine erste und eine zweite Stirnseite, eine Aussenseite sowie eine gesamte Länge aufweist, indem eine Längsbohrung erzeugt wird, welche sich entlang der gesamten Länge von der ersten bis zur zweiten Stirnseite erstreckt, sodass an der ersten Stirnseite eine Eintrittsöffnung und an der zweiten Stirnseite eine Austrittsöffnung erzeugt wird, wobei die Längsbohrung eine Innenseite aufweist, wobei sowohl die Innenseite als auch die Aussenseite direkt vom einem Trocknungsgas umströmt wird, sodass der Holzstamm gleichzeitig von der Innenseite her als auch von der Aussenseite her getrocknet wird, wobei der Holzstamm in einer im Wesentlichen vertikal verlaufenden Lage gehalten wird und ein Trocknungsgas von unterhalb des Holzstamms zugeführt wird, wobei das Trocknungsgas auch durch die Längsbohrung strömt, wobei dem Holzstamm Wasser entzogen wird, indem dieses an der Oberfläche der Längsbohrung verdunstet wird, sodass dadurch das sich in der Längsbohrung befindliche Trocknungsgas befeuchtet wird und dadurch dessen Dichte reduziert wird, sodass innerhalb der Längsbohrung ein auf das Trocknungsgas wirkender Auftrieb erzeugt wird.The object is achieved with a method for drying a log, the log having a first and a second end face, an outer side and an entire length by producing a longitudinal bore which extends along the entire length from the first to the second end face , so that an inlet opening is created on the first end face and an outlet opening on the second end face, the longitudinal bore having an inside, with a drying gas flowing around both the inside and the outside so that the log is simultaneously from the inside and is dried from the outside, the log being held in a substantially vertical position and a drying gas is supplied from below the log, the drying gas also being supplied through the longitudinal bore flows, whereby water is withdrawn from the log by evaporating it on the surface of the longitudinal bore, so that the drying gas located in the longitudinal bore is humidified and its density is reduced, so that a buoyancy acting on the drying gas is generated within the longitudinal bore.
Die Verfahren wird insbesondere durchgeführt mit einer Holztrocknungsvorrichtung für Holzstämme, aufweisend eine entlang der gesamten Länge des jeweiligen Holzstamms verlaufenden Längsbohrung, umfassend eine Mehrzahl von Haltevorrichtungen für Holzstämme zum Halten der Holzstämme in einer im Wesentlichen vertikal verlaufenden Lage, wobei die Haltevorrichtungen in vertikaler Richtung derart beabstandet angeordnet sind, dass zumindest zwei Holzstämme in vertikaler Richtung übereinander angeordnet werden können. Vorzugsweise sind die Haltevorrichtungen derart ausgestaltet, dass die Eintrittsöffnung sowie die Austrittsöffnung der Längsbohrung jedes der Holzstämme offen gehalten werden kann für den Durchfluss des Trocknungsgases.The method is carried out in particular with a wood drying device for logs, having a longitudinal bore running along the entire length of the respective log, comprising a plurality of holding devices for logs for holding the logs in a substantially vertical position, the holding devices being so spaced in the vertical direction are arranged so that at least two logs can be arranged one above the other in the vertical direction. The holding devices are preferably designed in such a way that the inlet opening and the outlet opening of the longitudinal bore of each of the logs can be kept open for the drying gas to flow through.
Erfindungsgemäß wird dem vertikal verlaufend angeordneten Holzstamm Wasser entzogen, indem dieses an der Oberfläche der Längsbohrung verdunstet wird, indem dadurch das sich in der Längsbohrung befindliche Trocknungsgas befeuchtet wird und indem durch die Erhöhung der Feuchtigkeit die Dichte des Trocknungsgases lokal in der Längsbohrung reduziert wird, sodass das sich in der Längsbohrung befindliche Trocknungsgas zumindest teilweise eine reduzierte Dichte aufweist, was auf das sich innerhalb der Längsbohrung befindliche Trocknungsgas einen Auftrieb erzeugt. Der beschriebene Effekt, dass das befeuchtete Trocknungsgas eine geringere Dichte aufweist und dadurch nach oben strebt, kann in reduziertem Masse auch an der Aussenseite des Holzstamms auftreten. Ausgeprägter tritt dieser Effekt jedoch innerhalb der Längsbohrung auf, das sich das innerhalb der Längsbohrung befindliche, befeuchtete Trocknungsgas innerhalb der Längsbohrung nicht mit Trocknungsgas aus der Umgebungsluft vermischen kann, sodass innerhalb der Längsbohrung ein sogenannter Kamineffekt auftritt, indem das befeuchtete Trocknungsgas nur nach Oben entweichen kann und dadurch einen Sog beziehungsweise eine Bewegung der gesamten sich innerhalb der Längsbohrung befindlichen Säule des Trocknungsgases bewirkt.According to the invention, water is withdrawn from the vertically arranged log by evaporating it on the surface of the longitudinal bore, thereby humidifying the drying gas located in the longitudinal bore and by reducing the density of the drying gas locally in the longitudinal bore by increasing the humidity, so that the drying gas located in the longitudinal bore has at least partially a reduced density, which generates a lift on the drying gas located within the longitudinal bore. Of the The effect described, that the moistened drying gas has a lower density and thus strives upwards, can also occur to a reduced extent on the outside of the log. However, this effect is more pronounced within the longitudinal bore, since the humidified drying gas within the longitudinal bore cannot mix with drying gas from the ambient air, so that a so-called chimney effect occurs within the longitudinal bore, in which the humidified drying gas can only escape upwards and thereby causes a suction or a movement of the entire column of drying gas located within the longitudinal bore.
In einer besonders bevorzugten Ausgestaltung sind der Innendurchmesser sowie die Länge der Längsbohrung derart gegenseitig angepasst ausgestaltet, dass innerhalb der Längsbohrung durch das von unten einströmende und in der Längsbohrung aufsteigende Trocknungsgas ein Kamineffekt erzeugt wird, und das Trocknungsgas somit innerhalb der Längsbohrung eine im Wesentlichen vertikal gerichtete, vorzugsweise laminare Strömung aufweist. Die Bewegung des Trocknungsgases innerhalb der Längsbohrung nach Oben kann zudem unterstützt werden, indem der Holzstamm in einem Strömungsfeld mit vorzugsweise parallel zum Holzstamm strömendem Trocknungsgas angeordnet wird, und/oder indem das dem Holzstamm zugeführtem Trocknungsgas erwärmt wird. Die Strömung des Trocknungsgases kann beispielsweise mit einem Ventilator erzeugt werden. Das strömende Trocknungsgas und/oder das erwärmte Trocknungsgas wird vorzugsweise von Unten der Längsbohrung zugeführt. Die natürliche Aufwärtsbewegung des vorzugsweise warmen Trocknungsgases entlang der Innenfläche der Längsbohrung ermöglicht einen effizienten Wasserentzug über die Innenfläche, und ermöglicht somit ein effizientes Trocknen des Holzstammes von Innen. Zudem wird der Holzstamm auch an dessen Aussenseite von Trocknungsgas umströmt, sodass der Holzstamm sowohl von Innen als auch von Aussen getrocknet wird. In einer besonders bevorzugten Ausgestaltung ist die Trocknungsvorrichtung derart ausgestaltet, dass zudem innerhalb der gesamten Trocknungsvorrichtung ein Kamineffekt entsteht, sodass der gesamte Holzstamm, insbesondere auch dessen Aussenseite diesem Kamineffekt, beziehungsweise einem Strom von aufsteigendem Trocknungsgas, vorzugsweise Luft, ausgesetzt ist. Besonders bevorzugt ist somit sowohl die Innenfläche als auch die im Wesentlichen zylinderförmige Aussenfläche des Holzstamms diesem Kamineffekt ausgesetzt, bzw. wird dieser von aufsteigender Luft umströmt. Dieses Trocknungsverfahren ist insbesondere auch zum Trocknen von Hartholzstämmen vorteilhaft. Es ist wesentlich schwieriger dem Hartholz Wasser zu entziehen, weshalb bis heute nicht versucht wurde Hartholzstämme am Stück zu trocknen. Das Trocknen von ganzen Hartholzstämmen führte bisher zum Problem, dass diese Holzstämme nach dem Schlagen verstickten und anschliessend verfaulten.In a particularly preferred embodiment, the inner diameter and the length of the longitudinal bore are mutually adapted in such a way that a chimney effect is generated within the longitudinal bore by the drying gas flowing in from below and rising in the longitudinal bore, and the drying gas thus a substantially vertically oriented one within the longitudinal bore , preferably having laminar flow. The upward movement of the drying gas within the longitudinal bore can also be supported by arranging the log in a flow field with drying gas preferably flowing parallel to the log, and / or by heating the drying gas supplied to the log. The flow of the drying gas can be generated, for example, with a fan. The flowing drying gas and / or the heated drying gas is preferably fed into the longitudinal bore from below. The natural upward movement of the preferably warm drying gas along the inner surface of the longitudinal bore enables efficient water removal via the inner surface, and thus enables efficient drying of the log from the inside. In addition, drying gas flows around the outside of the log, so that the log is dried from the inside as well as from the outside. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the drying device is designed in such a way that a chimney effect is also created within the entire drying device, so that the entire log, in particular also its outside, is exposed to this chimney effect or a flow of rising drying gas, preferably air. Particularly preferably, both the inner surface and the essentially cylindrical outer surface of the log is exposed to this chimney effect, or rising air flows around it. This drying method is particularly advantageous for drying hardwood logs. It is much more difficult to remove water from the hardwood, which is why no attempts have been made to dry hardwood trunks in one piece. The drying of whole hardwood logs has previously led to the problem that these logs embroidered after being felled and then rotted.
Mit dem erfindungsgemässen Trocknungsverfahren können auch sehr feuchte und/oder frisch gefällte Holzstämme, insbesondere Hartholzstämme, auf einfache Weise getrocknet werden, indem die Holzstämme nach dem Erstellen der Längsbohrung vertikal in der Trocknungsvorrichtung angeordnet werden, und indem das Trocknungsverfahren anschliessend zumindest zwei Verfahrensschritte umfasst, einen ersten Verfahrensschritt, während welchem flüssiges Wasser aus den Holzstämmen nach unten strömt, und einen zweiten Verfahrensschritt, während welchem nur noch verdunstetes Wasser abgeführt wird, welches vom Trocknungsgas von der Oberfläche der Längsbohrung und der Aussenseite der Holzstämme aufgenommen wirdWith the drying method according to the invention, very moist and / or freshly felled logs, in particular hardwood logs, can be dried in a simple manner by arranging the logs vertically in the drying device after the longitudinal bore has been made, and by the drying method then comprising at least two process steps, one first process step, during which liquid water flows down from the logs, and a second process step, during which only evaporated water is removed, which is absorbed by the drying gas from the surface of the longitudinal bore and the outside of the logs
Bisher war es üblich Holzstämme zu Schnittholz zu verarbeiten, beispielsweise zu Brettern, und dieses Schnittholz danach zu trocknen. Das erfindungsgemässe Verfahren weist den Vorteil auf, dass Holzstämme nach dem Schlagen mit einer Längsbohrung versehen werden, danach getrocknet werden und erst nach dem Trocknen zu Schnittholz verarbeitet werden. Dieses Vorgehen weist den Vorteil auf, dass grössere Bauelemente wie Balken oder Träger herstellbar sind, dass sich ein Verziehen des Holzes während des Trocknens nicht auf das Schnittholz auswirkt, da das Schnittholz erst nach dem Trocknen hergestellt wird, und dass die Holzausbeutung vorzugsweise grösser ist. Die Holzausbeutung eines Holzstamms lässt sich zum Beispiel dadurch vergrössern, dass die genauen Masse einer Mehrzahl von Holzstämmen bekannt ist, dass in einem CAD-Modell die Dimensionen des gewünschten Schnittholzes bekannt sind, und dass die Holzstämme basierend auf diesen Daten derart geschnitten werden, dass das gewünschte Schnittholz mit möglichst wenig Abfallholz aus den Holzstämmen geschnitten wird.Until now, it was common to process logs into sawn timber, for example into boards, and then dry this sawn timber. The method according to the invention has the advantage that logs are provided with a longitudinal bore after they have been cut, are then dried and are only processed into sawn timber after drying. This approach has the advantage that larger components such as beams or girders can be produced, that warping of the wood during drying does not affect the sawn timber, since the sawn timber is only produced after drying, and that the timber yield is preferably greater. The timber exploitation of a log can be increased, for example, by knowing the exact dimensions of a plurality of logs, that the dimensions of the desired sawn timber are known in a CAD model, and that the logs are cut based on this data in such a way that the desired sawn timber is cut from the logs with as little waste wood as possible.
Die mit dem erfindungsgemässen Verfahren zu trocknenden Holzstämme weisen vorzugsweise einen Aussendurchmesser im Bereich von 16 cm bis 90 cm auf, und weisen vorzugsweise eine Länge im Bereich zwischen 100 cm bis 1600 cm auf, wobei die durchgehende Längsbohrung vorzugsweise einen Innendurchmesser im Bereich von 5 cm bis 50 cm aufweist.The logs to be dried with the method according to the invention preferably have an outer diameter in the range from 16 cm to 90 cm, and preferably have a length in the range between 100 cm to 1600 cm, the continuous longitudinal bore preferably having an inner diameter in the range from 5 cm to 50 cm.
Es hat sich überraschenderweise gezeigt, dass mit dem erfindungsgemässen Trocknungsverfahren Buchenholzstämme getrocknet werden können. Buchenholz ist in der Schweiz eine an sich sehr weit verbreitete Holzart, wird jedoch vorwiegend zu Brennholz verarbeitet. Frisches Buchenholz weist einen Wasseranteil von etwa 50% auf, wobei die Rinde der Buche wasserundurchlässig ist. Zudem ist Buchenholz ein Hartholz, weshalb es relativ lange dauert bis das Wasser vollständig entwichen ist. Bei Buchenholz besteht somit eine grosse Gefahr, dass das Holz während dem Trocknen erstickt, oder dass sich Schimmel und Bakterien bilden, welche das Holz schädigen und für hochwertige Produkte wertlos machen. Es ist daher äusserst schwierig hochwertige Produkte wie Tragsäulen, Balken oder Bretter aus Buchenholz herzustellen. Weil Buchenholz äusserst schwierig zu trocknen ist wird dieses üblicherweise aufgespalten, um die grosse Menge des im Holz gespeicherten Wassers möglichst schnell abfliessen zu lassen, um zum Beispiel Schimmelbildung zu vermeiden. Zudem erzeugt das Spalten eine grössere Trocknungsoberfläche, was das Trocknen zusätzlich unterstützt. Derart aufgespaltenes Holz kann jedoch nur noch als Brennholz verwendet werden.It has surprisingly been found that beech logs can be dried with the drying method according to the invention. Beech wood is a very widespread type of wood in Switzerland, but is mainly processed into firewood. Fresh beech wood has a water content of around 50%, with the beech bark being impermeable to water. Beech wood is also a hardwood, which is why it takes a relatively long time for the water to completely escape. With beech wood there is therefore a great risk that the wood will suffocate while it is drying, or that mold and bacteria will form, which damage the wood and make it worthless for high-quality products. It is therefore extremely difficult to manufacture high-quality products such as support columns, beams or boards from beech wood. Because beech wood is extremely difficult to dry, it is usually split up in order to allow the large amount of water stored in the wood to drain off as quickly as possible, in order to avoid mold formation, for example. In addition, splitting creates a larger drying surface, which also supports drying. However, wood split in this way can only be used as firewood.
Das erfindungsgemässe Trocknungsverfahren ermöglicht es erstmals ganze Buchenholzstämme zu trocknen, indem nach dem Fällen des Baums der Holzstamm abgelängt wird und dessen Rinde entfernt wird, indem danach ein Längsloch entlang der Gesamtlänge des abgelängten Holzstammes gebohrt wird, und indem der abgelängte Holzstamm danach in vertikaler Richtung verlaufend durch ein von unten aufsteigendes Trocknungsgas getrocknet wird. Das Trocknen von Buchenholz war bisher ausserordentlich schwierig, da Buchenholz besonders anfällig ist sich lagerungsbedingt oder prozessbedingt zu verfärben oder zu ersticken. Die Verfärbung des Buchenholzes kann auf Grund unterschiedlicher physiologischer, mikrobiologischer, biochemischer und chemischer Reaktionen erfolgen, und kann beispielsweise biotisch bedingt sein, zum Beispiel durch Pilze oder Bakterien, oder kann beispielsweise abiotisch bedingt sein, meistens auf Grund von Oxidationsreaktionen wie beispielsweise ein Ersticken des Holzes. Das massgebende Qualitätskriterium für Buchenholz ist neben der Stammdimension und der Stammform somit das Vermeiden von lagerungs- und prozessbedingten Verfärbungen, die nach dem Schlagen des Holzes auftreten können. Solche qualitätsmindernde Verfärbungen können während der Lagerung und Trocknung des Holzes auftreten, beispielsweise durch einen Befall mit Bakterien oder Pilzen, oder durch ein Ersticken des Holzes. Mit dem erfindungsgemässen Trocknungsverfahren können diese Verfärbungseffekte vermieden werden. Das erfindungsgemässe Trocknungsverfahren ermöglicht es auch grosse Buchenholzstämme sicher zu trocken. Aus dem getrockneten Buchenholzstamm lassen sich anschliessend qualitativ hochstehende und hochpreisige Produkte herstellen, wie Tragsäulen, Balken oder Bretter, wobei die Produkte, zum Beispiel eine Tragsäule, auch eine grosse Dimension aufweisen kann von beispielsweise 3, 5 oder 8 Meter Länge, und die Tragsäule somit beispielsweise zum Bau von mehrgeschossigen Häusern geeignet ist.The drying method according to the invention makes it possible for the first time to dry whole beech logs by cutting the log to length after the tree has been felled and removing its bark by drilling a longitudinal hole along the entire length of the log and then running the cut log vertically is dried by a drying gas rising from below. The drying of beech wood has been extremely difficult until now Beech wood is particularly susceptible to discoloration or suffocation as a result of storage or processing. The discoloration of the beech wood can occur due to different physiological, microbiological, biochemical and chemical reactions, and can for example be biotically caused, for example by fungi or bacteria, or can be caused abiotic, for example, mostly due to oxidation reactions such as asphyxiation of the wood . The decisive quality criterion for beech wood, in addition to the trunk dimension and the trunk shape, is the avoidance of storage and process-related discoloration that can occur after the timber has been felled. Such quality-reducing discolorations can occur during storage and drying of the wood, for example through an attack with bacteria or fungi, or through asphyxiation of the wood. With the drying process according to the invention, these discoloration effects can be avoided. The drying method according to the invention also enables large beech logs to be safely dried. The dried beech log can then be used to produce high-quality and high-priced products, such as support columns, beams or boards, whereby the products, for example a support column, can also have a large dimension of, for example, 3, 5 or 8 meters in length, and thus the support column is suitable, for example, for the construction of multi-storey houses.
Das erfindungsgemässe Trocknungsverfahren für Holzstämme kann als weitere Möglichkeit auch derart ausgeführt werden, dass der gefällte Baum zu zumindest einem Holzstamm abgelängt wird der Holzstamm jedoch nicht entrindet wird, dass danach ein Längsloch entlang der Gesamtlänge des abgelängten Holzstammes gebohrt wird, dass der abgelängte Holzstamm danach in im Wesentlichen vertikaler Richtung verlaufend in einer Trocknungsvorrichtung angeordnet wird, und dass unterhalb des Holzstamms ein Trocknungsgas derart zugeführt wird, dass das aufsteigende Trocknungsgas den Holzstamm durch das Längsloch und von Aussen umströmt, wobei die Rinde des Holzstamms während des Trocknungsvorgangs trocknet, aufreisst und zumindest teilweise abfällt, sodass der zumindest teilweise rindenlose Holzstamm von Innen und von Aussen getrocknet wird.The drying method according to the invention for logs can also be carried out as a further possibility in such a way that the felled tree is cut to at least one log, but the log is not debarked, so that a longitudinal hole is then drilled along the entire length of the log that has been cut to length, that the cut log is then arranged running in a substantially vertical direction in a drying device, and that a drying gas is supplied below the log in such a way that the rising drying gas flows around the log through the elongated hole and from the outside, the bark of the log during the drying process dries, tears open and at least partially falls off, so that the at least partially barkless log is dried from the inside and outside.
In einem vorteilhaften Verfahrensschritt wird entlang der gesamten Länge des Holzstamms ein Entspannungsschnitt erstellt, der sich von der Längsbohrung bis zur Aussenseite des Holzstamms erstreckt, und der sich von der ersten Stirnseite bis zur zweiten Stirnseite erstreckt. Ein solcher Entspannungsschnitt weist den Vorteil auf, dass das Holz während des Trocknens kaum mehr oder nicht mehr reisst, was die Ausbeute an qualitativ hochwertigem Holz erhöht.In an advantageous method step, a stress relief cut is made along the entire length of the log, which extends from the longitudinal bore to the outside of the log, and which extends from the first end face to the second end face. Such a stress relief cut has the advantage that the wood hardly or no longer cracks during drying, which increases the yield of high-quality wood.
Nachfolgend wird die Erfindung an Hand von Ausführungsbeispielen erläutert.The invention is explained below on the basis of exemplary embodiments.
Die zur Erläuterung der Ausführungsbeispiele verwendeten Zeichnungen zeigen:
- Fig. 1
- eine perspektivische Ansicht eines Holzstamms;
- Fig. 2
- einen Längsschnitt des Holzstamms gemäss
Figur 1 ; - Fig. 3
- eine perspektivische Ansicht eines Holzstamms mit Entspannungsschnitt;
- Fig. 4
- Holzfeuchte eines Holzstamms nach 14 Wochen ohne Längsbohrung;
- Fig. 5
- Holzfeuchte eines Holzstamms nach 14 Wochen mit Längsbohrung;
- Fig. 6
- Holzfeuchte eines Holzstamms mit Längsbohrung zu unterschiedlichen Zeitpunkten;
- Fig. 7
- schematisch eine Trocknungsvorrichtung, die nicht zur Erfindung gehört;
- Fig. 8
- schematisch eine weitere Trocknungsvorrichtung, die nicht zur Erfindung gehört;
- Fig. 9
- beispielhaft eine Anordnung von Holzstämmen in der Trocknungsvorrichtung;
- Fig. 10
- beispielhaft fluchtend übereinander angeordnete Holzstämme.
- Fig. 1
- a perspective view of a log;
- Fig. 2
- a longitudinal section of the log according to
Figure 1 ; - Fig. 3
- a perspective view of a log with relaxation cut;
- Fig. 4
- Wood moisture content of a log after 14 weeks without longitudinal drilling;
- Fig. 5
- Wood moisture content of a log after 14 weeks with longitudinal drilling;
- Fig. 6
- Wood moisture content of a log with longitudinal drilling at different points in time;
- Fig. 7
- schematically a drying device not belonging to the invention;
- Fig. 8
- schematically a further drying device which does not belong to the invention;
- Fig. 9
- an example of an arrangement of logs in the drying device;
- Fig. 10
- exemplary logs arranged one above the other in alignment.
Grundsätzlich sind in den Zeichnungen gleiche Teile mit gleichen Bezugszeichen versehen.In principle, the same parts are provided with the same reference symbols in the drawings.
Vorteilhafterweise wird die Mittenbohrung als Kernbohrung ausgeführt, und wird das Holz des dadurch erzeugten Kerns einer weiteren Nutzung zugeführt. Die Längsbohrung 1b könnte jedoch auch exzentrisch im Holzstamm 1 verlaufen. Zudem könnte der Holzstamm 1 auch mit einer Mehrzahl von parallel verlaufenden Längsbohrungen 1b versehen sein. Der Holzstamm 1 weist zur Längsbohrung 1b hin eine Innenseite 1e beziehungsweise eine Innenfläche 1e auf, über welche dem Holzstamm 1 während dem Trocknungsvorgang Wasser entzogen wird. Der Holzstamm 1 ist während des Trocknens in einer im Wesentlichen vertikal verlaufenden Lage gehalten, wobei ein Trocknungsgas G vorzugsweise derart von unterhalb des Holzstamms 1 zugeführt wird, dass das Trocknungsgas G einerseits durch die Längsbohrung 1b hindurch strömt und andererseits entlang der Aussenseite 1f strömt, sodass sowohl die Innenseite 1e als auch die Aussenseite 1f direkt, das heisst unter direkter Berührung vom Trocknungsgas G umströmt wird, sodass dem Holzstamm 1 gleichzeitig über die Innenseite 1e als auch über die Aussenseite 1f Wasser entzogen wird. Das Trocknungsgas G könnte ausserhalb des Holzstamms 1 auch nur eine geringe oder keine Strömung aufweisen, wobei das sich innerhalb der Längsbohrung 1b befindliche Trocknungsgas G auf Grund der Wasserdampfaufnahme und der damit einhergehenden Reduzierung des spezifischen Gewichtes innerhalb der Längsbohrung 1b nach oben bewegt, sodass über die Eintrittsöffnung 1c Trocknungsgas G in die Längsbohrung 1b hinein nachgesogen wird.The center hole is advantageously designed as a core hole, and the wood of the core produced in this way is fed to a further use. The
Vorteilhafterweise sind der Innendurchmesser 1g der Längsbohrung 1b sowie die Länge L der Längsbohrung 1b derart gegenseitig angepasst ausgestaltet, dass innerhalb der Längsbohrung 1b durch das einströmende Trocknungsgas G ein Kamineffekt erzeugt wird, und das Trocknungsgas G somit innerhalb der Längsbohrung 1b eine vertikal gerichtete, vorzugsweise laminar verlaufende Strömung aufweist. Dieses durchströmende Trocknungsgas G kann die Innenfläche 1e besonders gut austrocknen, bzw. kann allfälliges Wasser bzw. Wasserdampf besonders gut von der Innenfläche 1e ableiten.Advantageously, the inner diameter 1g of the
In einer vorteilhaften Ausgestaltung weist die Trocknungsvorrichtung 10 eine Höhe im Bereich von 5 m bis 30 m auf, um im Innenraum 10a eine ausgeprägte vertikal gerichtete Luftströmung zu erzeugen.In an advantageous embodiment, the drying
In der Trocknungsvorrichtung 10 gemäss
In einer bevorzugten Ausgestaltung umfasst die Trocknungsvorrichtung 10 gemäss
Zudem ist es in einer vorteilhaften Ausgestaltung möglich zumindest einem der Holzstämme 1 ein individuell erwärmtes und/oder befeuchtetes Trocknungsgas G zuzuführen, um dessen Längsbohrung 1b und/oder dessen Aussenseite 1f mit dem individuellen Trocknungsgas G zu beströmen. Zudem kann es vorteilhaft sein in der Längsbohrung 1b zumindest abschnittweise eine Heizvorrichtung anzuordnen, zum Beispiel ein durch Solarkollektoren gespeister Warmwasserschlauch, um der Innenseite 1e zusätzliche Wärmeenergie zuzuführen.In addition, in an advantageous embodiment, it is possible to supply at least one of the
In einer vorteilhaften Ausgestaltung wird eine Leitung, vorzugsweise ein flexibler Schlauch, entlang der gesamten Länge durch die Längsbohrung 1b hindurchgeführt. Vorteilhafterweise wird ein warmes Fluid, vorzugsweise Wasser durch die Leitung geleitet, um den Innenraum der Längsbohrung 1b zu erwärmen. Vorzugsweise weist die Leitung einen Durchmesser von maximal einem Drittel des Durchmessers der Längsbohrung 1b auf. Das Trocknungsgas G im Innenraum der Längsbohrung 1b, zwischen Innenseite 1e der Längsbohrung 1b und Leitungsoberfläche der Leitung, wird vorzugsweise derart erwärmt, dass das Trocknungsgas G nach Oben strömt, als natürliche Luftströmung, und dadurch die vom Trocknungsgas G in der Längsbohrung 1b aufgenommene Feuchtigkeit aus der Längsbohrung 1b hinausgefördert wird.In an advantageous embodiment, a line, preferably a flexible hose, is passed through the
Vorteilhafterweise ist die turmartige Vorrichtung 10 derart befüllt, dass der Innenraum 10a zu maximal zwei Dritteln mit Holzstämmen 1 gefüllt ist, sodass zumindest ein Drittel des Innenraums 10a leer ist bzw. mit Trocknungsgas G gefüllt ist. Es kann sich als vorteilhaft erweisen die innerhalb des Innenraums 10a aufsteigende Luft mittels Leitelementen, beispielsweise mit horizontalen, ausgehend von der Aussenseite des Innenraums 10a bis zu einem jeweiligen Holzstamm 1 reichenden Leitelementen zu leiten, um das strömende Trocknungsgas G vorteilhafter der Aussenoberfläche der Holzstämme 1 zuzuführen, damit das Trocknungsgas G von der Aussenoberfläche des Holzstamms mehr Wasserdampf aufnehmen bzw. ableiten kann, und/oder um dadurch insbesondere Energie zu sparen.The tower-
Claims (12)
- Method for drying a log (1), wherein the
log has a first and a second end face (S1, S2), an outer face (1f) and an entire length (L), in which a longitudinal bore (1b) is produced which extends along the entire length (L) from the first to the second end face (S1, S2), so that an inlet opening (1c) is produced at the first end face (S1) and an outlet opening (1d) is produced at the second end face (S2), wherein the longitudinal bore (1b) has an inner face (1e), wherein both the inner face (1e) and the outer face (1f) being directly flowed around by a drying gas (G), so that the log (1) is dried simultaneously from the inner side (1e) and from the outer side (1f), characterized in that the log (1) is held in a substantially vertical position and a drying gas (G) is supplied from below the log (1), the drying gas (G) also flowing through the longitudinal bore (1b), that water is extracted from the log (1) by evaporating it on the surface of the longitudinal bore (1b), in that the drying gas (G) located in the longitudinal bore (1b) is thereby moistened and its density is thereby reduced, so that a buoyancy acting on the drying gas (G) is generated within the longitudinal bore (1b). - The method according to claim 1, characterized in that unheated drying gas (G) is supplied.
- Method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the inner diameter (1g) as well as the length (L) of the longitudinal bore (1b) are mutually adapted in such a way that a chimney effect is generated within the longitudinal bore (1b) by the flowing drying gas (G), and the drying gas (G) thus has a vertically directed flow within the longitudinal bore (1b).
- Method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the log (1) and thus also the longitudinal bore (1b) has a length (L) of at least one meter along which the drying gas (G) flows upwards inside the longitudinal bore (1).
- A method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the drying method comprises, after the log (1) has been placed vertically, at least two process steps, a first process step during which liquid water flows downwards from the log (1), and a second process step during which only evaporated water is discharged, which is absorbed by the drying gas (G) from the surface of the longitudinal bore (1b) and the outer face (1f).
- Method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that a log (1) consisting of beech wood is dried.
- The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the longitudinal bore (1b) has an inner diameter ranging from 5 to 50 cm.
- A method according to claim 6 or 7, characterized in that a relief cut (1a) is made along the entire length (L) of the log, extending from the longitudinal bore (1b) to the outer face (1f) of the log, and extending from the first end face (S1) to the second end face (S2).
- Method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that a plurality of logs (1) are dried in a tower-like device (10), the logs (1) being arranged partly next to one another and partly one above the other in the vertical direction, wherein the tower-like device (10) being designed in such a way and the drying gas (G) being supplied in such a way that a substantially vertically extending air flow is generated in the tower-like device (10).
- Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that logs (1) arranged one above the other in the vertical direction are at least partially arranged in such a way that their longitudinal bores (1b) are mutually aligned in the vertical direction, and in that the drying gas (G) emerging from the longitudinal bore (1b) of the lower log (1) flows at least partially into the longitudinal bore (1b) of the log (1) arranged above it.
- Method according to any one of the preceding claims with the exception of claim 2, characterized in that at least some of the logs (1) are flowed around and/or through with preheated drying gas (G), in particular with individually preheated drying gas (G).
- Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that additional heat is supplied to the inner face (1e) of the longitudinal bore (1b) of the log (1) by means of a heating device (2).
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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EP17158546 | 2017-02-28 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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EP3367032A1 EP3367032A1 (en) | 2018-08-29 |
EP3367032B1 true EP3367032B1 (en) | 2021-10-27 |
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ID=58212947
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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EP18159336.9A Active EP3367032B1 (en) | 2017-02-28 | 2018-02-28 | Method for drying logs |
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EP (1) | EP3367032B1 (en) |
CH (1) | CH713511B1 (en) |
Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US1228240A (en) * | 1916-02-17 | 1917-05-29 | James Louis Pierce | Furnace and evaporator. |
EP2336457A1 (en) * | 2009-12-11 | 2011-06-22 | Enia Architectes | Superimposed computer room building and process for cooling this building |
Family Cites Families (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US1446844A (en) * | 1922-06-07 | 1923-02-27 | Alexander R Duff | Drying kiln |
US1534499A (en) * | 1923-06-14 | 1925-04-21 | Gen Fire Extinguisher Co | Drying apparatus |
US1629151A (en) * | 1926-02-10 | 1927-05-17 | Commercial Shearing | Drying tile |
AT383304B (en) | 1979-05-14 | 1987-06-25 | Josef Leisser | METHOD FOR PREPARING ROUND OR QUANTITY WOOD FOR THE DRYING PROCESS |
FR2739999B1 (en) * | 1995-10-17 | 1998-01-02 | Inst Textile De France | MATERIAL HOLDER FOR APPLYING A HIGH FREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD TO A STACK OF MATERIALS, AND PROCESSING ENCLOSURE, IN PARTICULAR A HIGH FREQUENCY TEXTILE QUICK DRYER EQUIPPED WITH SUCH A MATERIAL HOLDER |
FR2821581A1 (en) * | 2001-03-01 | 2002-09-06 | Menuiserie Ebenisterie Amedee | Method for preparing solid wooden parts before drying comprises making channel along long fiber axis so as to modify natural fiber organization |
CN103009447A (en) * | 2012-12-06 | 2013-04-03 | 嘉善县魏塘镇永兴工艺品厂 | Log cracking prevention method |
CN103406959A (en) * | 2013-07-29 | 2013-11-27 | 安徽农业大学 | Method for drying small-diameter cylindrical raw wood |
KR101359476B1 (en) | 2013-12-26 | 2014-02-11 | 서울대학교산학협력단 | Method for drying a hollow timber |
-
2018
- 2018-02-28 CH CH00243/18A patent/CH713511B1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2018-02-28 EP EP18159336.9A patent/EP3367032B1/en active Active
Patent Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US1228240A (en) * | 1916-02-17 | 1917-05-29 | James Louis Pierce | Furnace and evaporator. |
EP2336457A1 (en) * | 2009-12-11 | 2011-06-22 | Enia Architectes | Superimposed computer room building and process for cooling this building |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
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G.D. MCBAIN: "Natural convection with unsaturated humid air in vertical cavities", INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER, vol. 40, no. 13, 1 September 1997 (1997-09-01), AMSTERDAM, NL, pages 3005 - 3012, XP055672386, ISSN: 0017-9310, DOI: 10.1016/S0017-9310(96)00371-7 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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EP3367032A1 (en) | 2018-08-29 |
CH713511B1 (en) | 2022-07-15 |
CH713511A2 (en) | 2018-08-31 |
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