EP3349929B1 - Penetrator mit einem von einer duktilem hülle umgebenen kern und verfahren zur herstellung solch eines penetrators - Google Patents

Penetrator mit einem von einer duktilem hülle umgebenen kern und verfahren zur herstellung solch eines penetrators Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3349929B1
EP3349929B1 EP16757687.5A EP16757687A EP3349929B1 EP 3349929 B1 EP3349929 B1 EP 3349929B1 EP 16757687 A EP16757687 A EP 16757687A EP 3349929 B1 EP3349929 B1 EP 3349929B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
tungsten
core
sheath
mass
cobalt
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EP16757687.5A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP3349929A1 (de
EP3349929C0 (de
Inventor
Rafael CURY
Laurent DARTUS
Fabien ISSARTEL
Hervé COUQUE
Nicolas Eches
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Knds Ammo France
Cime Bocuze SA
Original Assignee
Cime Bocuze SA
Nexter Munitions SA
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Publication of EP3349929A1 publication Critical patent/EP3349929A1/de
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Publication of EP3349929B1 publication Critical patent/EP3349929B1/de
Publication of EP3349929C0 publication Critical patent/EP3349929C0/de
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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B12/00—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material
    • F42B12/02—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect
    • F42B12/04—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect of armour-piercing type
    • F42B12/06—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect of armour-piercing type with hard or heavy core; Kinetic energy penetrators
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F7/00—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression
    • B22F7/06—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite workpieces or articles from parts, e.g. to form tipped tools
    • B22F7/062—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite workpieces or articles from parts, e.g. to form tipped tools involving the connection or repairing of preformed parts
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
    • C22C1/04—Making non-ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy
    • C22C1/045—Alloys based on refractory metals
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B12/00—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material
    • F42B12/72—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the material
    • F42B12/74—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the material of the core or solid body
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B14/00—Projectiles or missiles characterised by arrangements for guiding or sealing them inside barrels, or for lubricating or cleaning barrels
    • F42B14/06—Sub-calibre projectiles having sabots; Sabots therefor
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B14/00—Projectiles or missiles characterised by arrangements for guiding or sealing them inside barrels, or for lubricating or cleaning barrels
    • F42B14/06—Sub-calibre projectiles having sabots; Sabots therefor
    • F42B14/061—Sabots for long rod fin stabilised kinetic energy projectiles, i.e. multisegment sabots attached midway on the projectile

Definitions

  • the technical field of the invention is that of heavy metal penetrators and in particular that of penetrators used to produce large caliber sub-caliber projectiles (calibrated greater than or equal to 25 mm).
  • projectiles are most often referred to as arrow projectiles. They feature a sub-caliber penetrator or bar that is fired by a weapon using a weapon-caliber sabot.
  • the penetrator For a projectile of caliber 120 mm, the penetrator generally has a diameter of 20 to 30 mm and the sabot allowing the shot is formed of a set of sectors made of light material (aluminum alloy for example).
  • Licences US8580188B2 , FR-2521717 And FR-2661739 describe examples of arrow projectiles.
  • penetrators are most often made of an alloy with a high tungsten content.
  • Such alloys are sensitive to the transverse stresses they receive during impact on an inclined target or else during interaction with reactive protection.
  • the transverse shocks cause the penetrator to break, which reduces the perforating power of the penetrator after passing such targets.
  • a penetrator comprising a core formed from an alloy comprising 90 to 97% by mass of tungsten and which is surrounded by a peripheral sheath of a tungsten alloy that is more ductile than the material of the core.
  • the sheath of this penetrator has a tungsten content between 85% and 91%.
  • the tungsten percentage of the sheath is relatively close to that of the core and this penetrator therefore has insufficient bending resistance performance.
  • Such a penetrator is not suited to current needs for making arrow projectiles having an elongation, that is to say a ratio (L/D) of the length (L) of the penetrator to the diameter (D) of the penetrator, which is important.
  • the patent EP-1940574 proposes to sinter the core and the sheath in the same mould.
  • the separation between sheath and core is ensured by a particular funnel associated with a tube which separates the core zone and the sheath zone.
  • the tube and funnel are removed.
  • the cladding and core materials are then in contact and sintering can be performed.
  • Such a method has the disadvantage of leaving between cladding and core a transition zone having a thickness between 25 micrometers and 200 micrometers.
  • This zone is formed of a material whose composition and characteristics are intermediate between those of the core and of the cladding.
  • Such a transition zone associates, like the core and the cladding, tungsten nodules and a gamma phase. The size of the tungsten nodules and the composition of the gamma phase of this zone are obligatorily different from those of the core and the sheath. If it were otherwise, there would be no such transition zone.
  • this transition zone thickness, positioning relative to the axis of the indenter, etc.
  • the ductility of the cladding obtained with this process is therefore slightly higher than that of the core, of the order of 5 to 10%.
  • the object of the invention is to propose an indenter structure in which the adhesion between sheath and core is excellent, even with a difference in tungsten content between sheath and core.
  • the penetrator according to the invention can then have a sheath ductility which is greater than that of the known tungsten sheath penetrators.
  • the subject of the invention is a heavy metal penetrator with a high tungsten content comprising a central part or core formed of an alloy comprising from 85 to 97% by mass of tungsten associated with additional metals and which is surrounded by a peripheral sheath of a tungsten alloy that is more ductile than the material of the core, penetrator characterized in that the sheath is made of an alloy comprising from 30% to 72% by mass of tungsten, the core comprising tungsten nodules bonded by a matrix of a gamma ⁇ C phase associating tungsten with the additional metals, the two gamma phases being connected to each other continuously without a transition zone.
  • the gamma phases of the ⁇ C core and of the ⁇ G cladding will have a composition combining tungsten, nickel, cobalt and possibly iron.
  • the core may comprise 85% by mass of tungsten and the cladding 38% by mass of tungsten, the gamma phases of the ⁇ C core and of the ⁇ G cladding having compositions combining Tungsten, Nickel, and Cobalt.
  • the core may comprise 89% by mass of tungsten and the cladding 68% by mass of tungsten, the gamma phases of the ⁇ C core and of the ⁇ G cladding having compositions combining Tungsten, Nickel and Cobalt.
  • the alloy of the core may comprise 95% by mass of Tungsten, 2% by mass of Nickel, 1.5% by mass of Cobalt and 2% by mass of Fe and the sheath 70% in mass of tungsten, the gamma phases of the ⁇ C core and of the ⁇ G sheath having compositions combining Tungsten, Nickel, Cobalt and Iron.
  • the invention also relates to a method for producing such an indenter.
  • FIG. 1 shows an arrow projectile 1 which comprises in a conventional way a sabot 2 made of light material (such as an aluminum alloy), sabot formed of several segments and which surrounds a sub-caliber penetrator 3.
  • a sabot 2 made of light material (such as an aluminum alloy), sabot formed of several segments and which surrounds a sub-caliber penetrator 3.
  • the penetrator comprises a conical front part 3a and carries at its rear part 3b a stabilizer 4 ensuring its stabilization on trajectory.
  • the very structure of the indenter 3 will be described later.
  • the sabot carries a belt 5, made of plastic material, and which seals against propellant gases during firing in the barrel of a weapon (not shown).
  • the gases of the propellant charge exert their thrust at the level of a rear part 6 of the sabot which is in the caliber and which constitutes what is called the thrust plate.
  • Sabot 2 is intended to allow the projectile to be fired in the weapon. It is made up of several segments (most often three) which surround the indenter3 and which are in contact two by two at the joint planes.
  • the segments of the sabot 2 deviate from the penetrator 3 under the action of the aerodynamic pressure which is exerted at the level of the front part (AV) of the sabot 2.
  • Shape-matching means (not shown), for example a thread, are interposed between the sabot 2 and the indenter 3 to drive the latter.
  • FIG. 2 shows more precisely the structure of the penetrator 3 which comprises a central part or core 7 which is surrounded by a peripheral sheath 8.
  • the core is formed from an alloy comprising from 85% to 97% by weight of tungsten and the sheath is made from an alloy comprising from 30% to 72% by weight of tungsten.
  • Tungsten is alloyed, both at the level of the core and of the sheath, with addition metals such as Nickel which will always be associated with Cobalt with or without iron.
  • the material comprises nodules 9 of phase ⁇ tungsten with a centered cubic crystalline structure which are bonded together by a matrix 10 of a gamma ⁇ C phase combining tungsten with nickel, with cobalt with or without iron (Fe), with a face-centered cubic crystal structure.
  • the tungsten content of the core is between 85% and 97%, which results in a core density of the order of 17 g/cm 3 .
  • the core 7 is formulated so as to have an elastic limit greater than or equal to 1100 MPa (Mega Pascals).
  • the ductility is around 6% and its Charpy resilience (unnotched test according to ISO 179-1 standard) is 80 J/cm 2 .
  • the material essentially comprises a matrix 11 of a gamma ⁇ G phase essentially associating tungsten with Nickel and Cobalt with or without Fe, and with a face-centered cubic crystalline structure which is the sign that this sheath has a high resilience.
  • the percentage of tungsten of the sheath 8 is between 30% and 72%, which leads to a density of this sheath which can vary between 10 g/cm3 and 15 g/cm3.
  • the alloy of the sheath 8 will be formulated so as to have a ductility greater than 7% and a high resilience: Charpy resilience (non-notched test according to standard ISO 179-1) greater than or equal to 200 J/cm 2 .
  • the sheath 8 is therefore more ductile than the core 7.
  • the gamma ⁇ C phase of the core combines tungsten with nickel and cobalt (with or without iron)
  • the gamma ⁇ G phase of the cladding will also include nickel and cobalt (with or without iron) as additional metals.
  • THE figures 5a and 5b show that after shaping the indenter 3, the matrices 10 and 11 of the core 8 and of the sheath 7 (matrices formed by the gamma phases of the core and of the sheath) are connected to each other in a continuous manner without transition zone.
  • the zones marked with the arrows Z1 and Z2 the figure 5b is at twice the magnification of the figure 5a ).
  • step A to manufacture an alloy comprising 85% to 97% by mass of tungsten, the powders of Tungsten, Nickel, Cobalt and possibly Iron are mixed homogeneously and pre-compressed in the form of a bar. which will constitute the heart.
  • a sheath 8 of an alloy comprising 30% to 72% by mass of tungsten associated with additional metals comprising nickel, cobalt and optionally iron is produced.
  • the materials are mixed homogeneously and then compressed in a tool which comprises a cylindrical core having a diameter equal to or greater than the internal diameter desired for the sheath.
  • the rest of the compression tooling is conventional.
  • the cladding and the core are assembled by sintering.
  • the alloys are consolidated at temperatures between 1400°C and 1600°C.
  • the sintering makes it possible to ensure the continuity of the gamma phases between the cladding and the core.
  • the thickness of the sheath 8 may thus vary between 5 mm and 9 mm for an indenter with an external diameter of 35 mm.
  • Diameter of the core equal to 0.5-0.7 times the diameter of the sheath.
  • the core is formed of 85% by mass of tungsten, and having a density of 16.5 g/cm 3 , an elastic limit of 1800 MPa, a ductility of 10% and an unnotched Charpy resilience of 150 J/cm 2 .
  • the core alloy comprises 85% by mass of Tungsten, 15% by mass of Nickel and 5% by mass of Cobalt.
  • the sheath has a density of 11.2 g/cm 2 , an elastic limit of 1400 MPa, a ductility of 18% and an unnotched Charpy resilience of 400 J/cm 2 .
  • the sheath alloy comprises (proportions by mass): 38.0% Tungsten, 40% Nickel and 22% Cobalt.
  • This penetrator (and its blank) was manufactured by implementing the process described above.
  • Diameter of the core equal to 0.5-0.7 times the diameter of the sheath.
  • the core is formed of 89% by mass of tungsten, and having a density of 17.1 g/cm 3 , an elastic limit of 1500 MPa, a ductility of 9% and an unnotched Charpy resilience of 300 J/cm 2 .
  • the core alloy comprises 89% by mass of Tungsten, 7.5% by mass of Nickel and 3.5% by mass of Cobalt.
  • the sheath is formed of 68% by mass of tungsten and having a density of 14.1 g/cm 2 , an elastic limit of 2000 MPa, a ductility of 11% and an unnotched Charpy resilience of 400 J/cm 2 .
  • the sheath alloy comprises (proportions by mass): 68% Tungsten, 22% Nickel and 10% Cobalt.
  • This penetrator (and its blank) was manufactured by implementing the process described above.
  • Diameter of the core equal to 0.5-0.7 times the diameter of the sheath.
  • the core is formed of 95% by mass of tungsten, and having a density of 18.3 g/cm 3 , an elastic limit of 1300 MPa, a ductility of 7% and an unnotched Charpy resilience of 50 J/cm 2 .
  • the core alloy comprises 95% by mass of Tungsten, 2% by mass of nickel, 1.5% by mass of cobalt and 2% by mass of iron.
  • the sheath is formed of 70.0% by mass of tungsten and having a density of 14.0 g/cm 2 , an elastic limit of 2000 MPa, a ductility of 9% and an unnotched Charpy resilience of 300 J/cm 2 .
  • the sheath alloy comprises (proportions by mass): 70.0% by mass of Tungsten, 18% by mass of Nickel, 10% by mass of Cobalt and 2% by mass of Fe.
  • This penetrator (and its blank) was manufactured by implementing the process described above.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Composite Materials (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Braking Arrangements (AREA)

Claims (6)

  1. Penetrator (3) aus Schwermetall mit hohem Wolframgehalt, aufweisend einen zentralen Teil oder Kern (7), gebildet aus einer Legierung, die 85 bis 97 Ma% Wolfram umfasst, kombiniert mit zusätzlichen Metallen, und der von einer peripheren Hülle (8) aus einer Legierung aus duktilerem Wolfram als das Kernmaterial (7) umgeben ist, wobei der Penetrator dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Hülle (8) aus einer Legierung hergestellt ist, die 30 bis 72 Ma% Wolfram umfasst, wobei der Kern (7) Wolframknollen (9) umfasst, die durch eine Matrix (10) einer Gammaphase γC gebunden sind, die das Wolfram mit den zusätzlichen Metallen kombiniert, wobei die Gammaphasen des Kerns (7) und der Hülle (8) kontinuierlich ohne Übergangszone miteinander verbunden sind.
  2. Penetrator aus Schwermetall nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Gammaphasen des Kerns γC und der Hülle γG eine Zusammensetzung haben, die Wolfram, Nickel, Kobalt und gegebenenfalls Eisen kombiniert.
  3. Penetrator aus Schwermetall nach Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Kern (7) 85 Ma% Wolfram und die Hülle (8) 38 Ma% Wolfram umfasst, wobei die Gammaphasen des Kerns γC und der Hülle γG Zusammensetzungen haben, die Wolfram, Nickel und Kobalt kombinieren.
  4. Penetrator aus Schwermetall nach Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Kern (7) 89 Ma% Wolfram und die Hülle (8) 68 Ma% Wolfram umfasst, wobei die Gammaphasen des Kerns γC und der Hülle γG Zusammensetzungen haben, die Wolfram, Nickel und Kobalt kombinieren.
  5. Penetrator aus Schwermetall nach Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Legierung des Kerns (7) 95 Ma% Wolfram, 2 Ma% Nickel, 1,5 Ma% Kobalt und 2 Ma% Eisen und die Hülle (8) 70 Ma% Wolfram umfasst, wobei die Gammaphasen des Kerns γC und der Hülle γG Zusammensetzungen haben, die Wolfram, Nickel, Kobalt und Eisen kombinieren.
  6. Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Penetrators aus Schwermetall mit hohem Wolframgehalt nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass es die folgenden Schritte umfasst:
    - Herstellen eines Kerns (7), der aus kompaktierten Pulvern zusammengesetzt ist, umfassend 85 bis 97 Ma% Wolfram, kombiniert mit zusätzlichen Metallen, die Nickel, Kobalt mit oder ohne Eisen umfassen,
    - Herstellen einer Hülle (8), die aus kompaktierten Pulvern zusammengesetzt ist, umfassend 30 bis 72 Ma% Wolfram, kombiniert mit zusätzlichen Metallen, die Nickel, Kobalt mit oder ohne Eisen umfassen,
    - Verbinden der Hülle (8) und des Kerns (7) durch Sintern.
EP16757687.5A 2015-07-22 2016-07-20 Penetrator mit einem von einer duktilem hülle umgebenen kern und verfahren zur herstellung solch eines penetrators Active EP3349929B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR1501552A FR3039266B1 (fr) 2015-07-22 2015-07-22 Penetrateur comportant un coeur entoure d'une gaine ductile et procede de fabrication d'un tel penetrateur
PCT/FR2016/000122 WO2017013314A1 (fr) 2015-07-22 2016-07-20 Penetrateur comportant un cœur entoure d'une gaine ductile et procede de fabrication d'un tel penetrateur

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP3349929A1 EP3349929A1 (de) 2018-07-25
EP3349929B1 true EP3349929B1 (de) 2023-09-06
EP3349929C0 EP3349929C0 (de) 2023-09-06

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EP16757687.5A Active EP3349929B1 (de) 2015-07-22 2016-07-20 Penetrator mit einem von einer duktilem hülle umgebenen kern und verfahren zur herstellung solch eines penetrators

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Country Link
US (1) US10240906B2 (de)
EP (1) EP3349929B1 (de)
KR (1) KR102203134B1 (de)
CN (1) CN107848036B (de)
ES (1) ES2963820T3 (de)
FR (1) FR3039266B1 (de)
HU (1) HUE064184T2 (de)
IL (1) IL256732B (de)
PL (1) PL3349929T3 (de)
WO (1) WO2017013314A1 (de)

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US10996037B2 (en) * 2018-09-04 2021-05-04 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Obturator for robust and uniform discard
CN114147233B (zh) * 2022-02-10 2022-04-12 北京煜鼎增材制造研究院有限公司 一种导弹战斗部壳体及其增材制造方法
CN115625337A (zh) * 2022-12-06 2023-01-20 成都虹波实业股份有限公司 一种新型钨合金复合材料及制备方法

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LU56486A1 (de) * 1968-07-15 1969-05-21
US3946673A (en) * 1974-04-05 1976-03-30 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Pyrophoris penetrator
FR2521717B1 (fr) 1982-02-16 1986-11-21 France Etat Projectile a energie cinetique et procede de lancement de celui-ci
FR2610715A1 (fr) * 1987-02-11 1988-08-12 Munitions Ste Fse Projectile perforant a noyau dur et guide ductile
FR2622209B1 (fr) * 1987-10-23 1990-01-26 Cime Bocuze Alliages lourds de tungstene-nickel-fer a tres hautes caracteristiques mecaniques et procede de fabrication desdits alliages
DE3821474C1 (de) * 1988-06-25 1998-08-27 Nwm De Kruithoorn Bv Unterkalibriges, drallstabilisiertes Mehrzweckgeschoß
FR2661739A1 (fr) 1990-05-04 1991-11-08 Giat Ind Sa Dispositif d'etancheite d'un projectile fleche.
DE19700349C2 (de) * 1997-01-08 2002-02-07 Futurtec Ag Geschoß oder Gefechtskopf zur Bekämpfung gepanzerter Ziele
FR2830022B1 (fr) 2001-09-26 2004-08-27 Cime Bocuze Alliage base tungstene fritte a haute puissance
KR100467393B1 (ko) * 2002-07-13 2005-01-24 주식회사 풍산 파편확산 관통형 텅스텐 중합금 관통자 소재 및 그 제조방법
DE102005021982B4 (de) * 2005-05-12 2007-04-05 Rheinmetall Waffe Munition Gmbh Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Penetrators
DE102005049748A1 (de) * 2005-10-18 2007-04-19 Rheinmetall Waffe Munition Gmbh Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Penetrators
US8985026B2 (en) * 2011-11-22 2015-03-24 Alliant Techsystems Inc. Penetrator round assembly
EP2969326A1 (de) * 2013-03-15 2016-01-20 Sandvik Intellectual Property AB Verfahren zum verbinden von gesinterten teilen unterschiedlicher form und grösse

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Publication number Publication date
IL256732A (en) 2018-03-29
CN107848036A (zh) 2018-03-27
ES2963820T3 (es) 2024-04-02
US20180231358A1 (en) 2018-08-16
EP3349929A1 (de) 2018-07-25
US10240906B2 (en) 2019-03-26
FR3039266B1 (fr) 2017-09-01
CN107848036B (zh) 2020-04-14
WO2017013314A1 (fr) 2017-01-26
IL256732B (en) 2021-04-29
FR3039266A1 (fr) 2017-01-27
KR102203134B1 (ko) 2021-01-14
EP3349929C0 (de) 2023-09-06
PL3349929T3 (pl) 2024-05-20
HUE064184T2 (hu) 2024-02-28
KR20180033244A (ko) 2018-04-02

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