EP3347908B1 - Protective device for an electrical circuit, electrical circuit provided with such a device and method for protecting such an electrical circuit - Google Patents

Protective device for an electrical circuit, electrical circuit provided with such a device and method for protecting such an electrical circuit Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3347908B1
EP3347908B1 EP16770697.7A EP16770697A EP3347908B1 EP 3347908 B1 EP3347908 B1 EP 3347908B1 EP 16770697 A EP16770697 A EP 16770697A EP 3347908 B1 EP3347908 B1 EP 3347908B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
fuse
current
circuit
electrical
pyroswitch
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Application number
EP16770697.7A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP3347908A1 (en
Inventor
Gianfranco De Palma
Remy OUAIDA
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Mersen France SB SAS
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Mersen France SB SAS
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Publication of EP3347908A1 publication Critical patent/EP3347908A1/en
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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H71/00—Details of the protective switches or relays covered by groups H01H73/00 - H01H83/00
    • H01H71/10—Operating or release mechanisms
    • H01H71/12—Automatic release mechanisms with or without manual release
    • H01H71/122—Automatic release mechanisms with or without manual release actuated by blowing of a fuse
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H71/00—Details of the protective switches or relays covered by groups H01H73/00 - H01H83/00
    • H01H71/10—Operating or release mechanisms
    • H01H71/1045—Multiple circuits-breaker, e.g. for the purpose of dividing current or potential drop
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H85/00—Protective devices in which the current flows through a part of fusible material and this current is interrupted by displacement of the fusible material when this current becomes excessive
    • H01H85/02—Details
    • H01H85/0241—Structural association of a fuse and another component or apparatus
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H85/00—Protective devices in which the current flows through a part of fusible material and this current is interrupted by displacement of the fusible material when this current becomes excessive
    • H01H85/02—Details
    • H01H85/04—Fuses, i.e. expendable parts of the protective device, e.g. cartridges
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H89/00—Combinations of two or more different basic types of electric switches, relays, selectors and emergency protective devices, not covered by any single one of the other main groups of this subclass
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H9/00—Details of switching devices, not covered by groups H01H1/00 - H01H7/00
    • H01H9/10—Adaptation for built-in fuses
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H9/00—Details of switching devices, not covered by groups H01H1/00 - H01H7/00
    • H01H9/10—Adaptation for built-in fuses
    • H01H9/106—Adaptation for built-in fuses fuse and switch being connected in parallel
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H9/00—Details of switching devices, not covered by groups H01H1/00 - H01H7/00
    • H01H9/54—Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the switching device and for which no provision exists elsewhere
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H39/00—Switching devices actuated by an explosion produced within the device and initiated by an electric current
    • H01H39/006—Opening by severing a conductor

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a protection device for an electric circuit, and an electrical circuit equipped with such a protective device. Finally, the invention relates to a method for protecting such an electrical circuit.
  • an electrical protection device or component capable of opening the electric circuit when the latter is traversed by an electrical fault current, such as a current of overload or short circuit current.
  • a fuse is a dipole that uses the Joule effect of the electric current flowing through it to, in case of overcurrent, melt an electrical conductor that opens the electrical circuit and thus prevents the electric current from circulating.
  • the fuses are sized according to the intensity of the fault current that the system must protect, as well as its opening time.
  • Pyrotechnic circuit breakers also known as “pyroelectric switches” or “pyroswitches” in the English language, are also known.
  • a limitation of pyrotechnic circuit breakers is today their low ability to cut high voltages, for example greater than 50V. Indeed, when cutting under high voltage, there is an arcing that can cause the explosion of the device.
  • the pyrotechnic circuit breakers are often bulky.
  • a hybrid protection device characterized by a parallel connection between two electrical protection components, such as a fuse and a pyrotechnic circuit breaker.
  • the patent US-7875997-B1 describes an example of such a device.
  • the paralleling between these two components brings many advantages.
  • the pyrotechnic circuit breaker is less resistive than the fuse, the majority of the electric current will flow in the pyrotechnic circuit breaker.
  • the pyrotechnic circuit breaker opens.
  • the fuse is still closed at this stage, it bypasses the pyrotechnic circuit breaker, avoiding the appearance of an electric arc within the latter.
  • the current then flows into the fuse, melting it.
  • Such a protection device can be used with high voltages that are greater than the limit voltage of the pyrotechnic circuit breaker, up to a voltage level equivalent to the fuse rating. As the fuse only sees weak currents in use nominal, its dimensioning can be reduced, which reduces its cost and its cut-off time.
  • the pyrotechnic circuit breaker requires a control circuit able to provide the cutoff control.
  • a control circuit can be complex and include, for example, a current sensor, a data processing unit and a microcontroller.
  • the control circuit needs to be powered by an external power source.
  • the hybrid protection device consisting of the fuse, the pyroelectric switch and its control circuit, is not autonomous and, despite lower costs for the fuse, such a device generates a higher cost and bulk, especially in because of the external power source.
  • the invention intends to remedy more particularly by proposing a new protective device for an electrical circuit which proves to be independent, while reducing production costs.
  • the second fuse provides information of presence of a fault electric current and the supply voltage necessary for the operation of the control circuit.
  • the control circuit is responsible for generating and transmitting the trigger signal to the pyroelectric switch.
  • the protection device has a low production cost and a small footprint because it does not require any external power source for triggering the pyroelectric switch. The protection device thus allows the recovery of the electrical energy generated by the fusion of the second fuse. In addition, the protection device according to the invention induces very low power losses and improved cutoff performance.
  • the supply voltage of the control circuit is generated by an electric arc which is installed at the terminals of the second fuse.
  • the fault current is defined as the sum I n + I d , where I d designates an overcurrent.
  • the fault current I d is, for example, an overload current or a short-circuit current and constitutes a risk for the load 3 of the electrical circuit 1.
  • the protection device 2 comprises a first conductor 4 and a second conductor 6.
  • the first conductor 4 forms an input conductor of the electric current
  • the second conductor 6 forms an output conductor of the electric current.
  • the load 3 is connected to the output conductor.
  • the conductors 4 and 6 are configured to connect the protection device 2 to the rest of the electrical circuit 1 and thus for the passage of any electric current.
  • the electric current I flowing between the conductors 4 and 6 is less than or equal to the nominal current value I n and the voltage electrical conductor terminals 4 and 6 is less than or equal to the nominal voltage V n .
  • the protection device 2 also comprises a first fuse 8 and a second fuse 10 electrically connected in series between the conductors 4 and 6.
  • the first fuse 8 is connected to the output conductor 6, while the second fuse 10 is connected in series between the input conductor 4 and the first fuse 8.
  • a fuse is a dipole whose terminals are electrically connected to each other only by a conductive element which is capable of being destroyed, generally by fusion due to the Joule effect, when it is crossed by an electric current which exceeds a threshold value.
  • This threshold value is here called “breaking current”.
  • the cut-off voltage of a fuse is here defined as the value of electric voltage across the fuse from which the fuse can not interrupt the flow of current when the conductive element has been destroyed.
  • the first and second fuses 8 and 10 have different sizes.
  • the breaking current I 8 of the first fuse 8 is significantly lower than the nominal value I n ,.
  • the breaking current is at least four times, for example ten times or fifty times lower than the nominal value I n . This dimensioning is made possible by the fact that the first fuse 8 is normally not intended to be crossed by the nominal current I n .
  • the breaking current I 10 of the second fuse 10 is equal, in practice to 1% or 3%, to the nominal value I n .
  • the breaking current I 8 of the first fuse 8 is significantly lower than the breaking current I 10 of the second fuse 10.
  • the cutoff voltage V 8 of the first fuse 8 is equal, in practice to 1% or 3%, to the nominal value V n .
  • the breaking voltage V 10 of the second fuse 10 is significantly lower than the nominal value V n .
  • “clearly” is meant that the breaking voltage is at least four times, for example five times or ten times lower than the nominal value V n .
  • the cutoff voltage V 10 of the second fuse 10 is significantly lower than the cutoff voltage V 8 of the first fuse 8.
  • the protection device 2 also comprises a pyroelectric switch 12 and a control circuit 14.
  • the pyroelectric switch 12 is connected in parallel to the first fuse 8 between the intermediate conductor 5 and the output conductor 6.
  • the pyroelectric switch 12 comprises a first zone 16 and a second zone 18.
  • the first zone 16 is called the control zone and is able to receive a trigger signal S.
  • the second zone 18 is called the power zone.
  • the power zone 18 is the portion of the pyroelectric switch 12 electrically connected in parallel to the first fuse 8. It is configured for the passage of the electric current I which supplies the electric circuit 1.
  • the power zone 18 has a electrical resistance which is much lower than that of the first fuse 8, for example at least ten times lower.
  • the second fuse 10 begins to melt and an electric arc A, as visible in FIG. figure 2 , begins to appear between its terminals.
  • the portion of electric current flowing through the first fuse 8 does not have sufficient intensity to trigger the melting of the first fuse 8.
  • the second fuse 10 is sized and arranged to begin melting before the first fuse 8.
  • the control zone 16 of the pyroelectric switch 12 comprises a resistor 20 suitable for heating when an electric current passes through it.
  • the pyroelectric switch also comprises a not shown explosive agent, for example an explosive powder, and a cut-off element, such as a piston or a guillotine.
  • the cutoff element which is not shown, is made of electrically insulating material, for example plastic. It is capable of cutting the power zone 18.
  • the first and second fuses 8 and 10 are melted. Indeed, from the moment we reach the second intermediate configuration C3, the fault electrical current causes the first fuse 8 to melt after a predetermined period of time, of the order of a few milliseconds (ms), which depends on the characteristics of the first fuse 8.
  • the breaking current I 8 of the first fuse 8 is chosen much lower than the value of the rated current I n , the first fuse 8 melts very quickly when it is crossed by the current I.
  • the cutoff voltage V 8 of the first fuse being equal to the value nominal V n , the fuse quickly melts and the electric arc at its terminals does not remain established long, unlike the second fuse 10.
  • the control circuit 14 is represented as a "housing" connected between the second fuse 10 and the control zone 16.
  • the control circuit 14 is represented by an electrical resistance 140, for the reasons developed below.
  • the electrical resistance 140 is subjected to the supply voltage V generated at the terminals of the second fuse 10.
  • the value of the resistor 20 is less than ten times or one hundred times the value of the resistor 140.
  • value of the resistor 140 which dimensions the value of the current I s transmitted to the control zone 16.
  • the latter can be represented electrically by a single resistor 140 in a circuit diagram as is the case Figures 2 to 4 .
  • the electrical resistance 140 is electrically connected in series with the electrical resistance 20.
  • the assembly formed by the resistor 20 and the resistor 140 is electrically connected in parallel with the second fuse.
  • a protection method of the electric circuit 1, equipped with the protection device 2 is implemented when an electric current I greater than the nominal current I n occurs in the electrical circuit 1 and passes through the protection device 2.
  • the overcurrent I d is strictly greater than zero.
  • the protection device 2 is in the closed configuration C1, since the electric current I supplies the electrical circuit 1 and the first and second fuses 8 and 10 are not fused. The protection process is described below.
  • a fault occurs in the power supply of the electrical circuit 1 and the electric current passes through the protection device 2. Because of the electric current, and within a range of predetermined time by the gauge of the second fuse 10, the second fuse 10 begins to melt and the electric arc A is installed across the second fuse 10. As mentioned above, the second fuse 10 is dimensioned so that the electric arc A remains present between its terminals while it is melting, as long as the current I is present, this which generates the supply voltage V and ensures the passage of the current. This voltage V is used to supply the control circuit 14. At the end of step a), the protection device 2 is in its first intermediate configuration C2 where the second fuse 10 is melting and the voltage supply V is supplied to the control circuit 14.
  • the control circuit 14 is a passive circuit, the supply voltage V supplied by the second fuse 10 represents the only power supply source of the circuit. command 14 necessary for the operation thereof.
  • the method comprises melting the second fuse 10 caused by the electric current I greater than I n and supplying the control circuit 14.
  • the method then comprises a step b) in which the control circuit 14 generates the trigger signal S, which corresponds to the electric trigger current I s . Then, the control circuit 14 transmits this tripping current I s to the pyroelectric switch 12, in particular to the control zone 16 of the pyroelectric switch 12. Since the electric arc A is still present at the terminals of the second fuse 10, the electric fault current I d still passes through the power zone 18 of the pyroelectric switch 12.
  • the method comprises the transmission, by means of the control circuit 14, of the signal of tripping S at the pyroelectric switch 12.
  • the method comprises a step c) which comprises triggering the pyroelectric switch 12 and cutting the power zone 18 of the pyroelectric switch 12.
  • the electric current I s passes through the electrical resistance 20 of the pyroelectric switch 12.
  • control zone 16 which heats up and triggers the detonation of the explosive agent of the pyroelectric switch 12.
  • the detonation of the explosive agent tilts the cutting element from its first position to its second position. position to cut the power zone 18 of the pyroelectric switch 12.
  • the protection device 2 is in its second intermediate configuration C3 where the pyroelectric switch 12 is triggered, the power zone 18 is open and the first fuse 8 is still closed.
  • the method comprises a step d) in which the electric current passes through the first fuse 8, since the power zone 18 of the pyroelectric switch 12 is open.
  • the first fuse 8 melts rapidly because of the electric current.
  • the protection device 2 ensures the opening of the electric circuit 1, since no electric arc is present. installs at the terminals of the zone 18 of the switch 12.
  • An electric arc may appear at the terminals of the first fuse 8 when it melts, but it turns off quickly because the breaking voltage of the first fuse 8 is of the same order of magnitude of the nominal voltage V n .
  • Arc A turns off in turn, and the second fuse 10 completely melts.
  • the protective device 2 is then in its opening configuration C4 where the first and second fuses 8 and 10 are melted.
  • the figure 6 shows a second embodiment of the invention.
  • the elements of the protection device 2 of this embodiment which are analogous to those of the first mode bear the same references and are not described in detail to the extent that the above description can be transposed to them.
  • the protection device 2 comprises two pyroelectric switches 12A and 12B.
  • the two pyroelectric switches 12A and 12B are connected in parallel to the first fuse 8 between the input conductor 4 and the output conductor 6.
  • each pyroelectric switch 12A and 12B comprises an electrical resistor 20A and 20B.
  • the electrical resistors 20A and 20B are in parallel and are thus traversed by a portion of the electric trip current I s which causes the heating of these resistors 20A and 20B, as explained above.
  • the protection device 2 comprises three or more pyroelectric switches connected in parallel.
  • each pyroelectric switch 12A and 12B is configured to cut a fault current I d having an intensity of 200 amperes.
  • the protection device 2 is able to cut an electric current I having a total intensity of 400 amperes.
  • the load 3 is electrically connected to the first conductor 4.
  • the electric current 1 then flows from the second conductor 6 to the first conductor 4 in normal operation.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Emergency Protection Circuit Devices (AREA)
  • Fuses (AREA)
  • Protection Of Static Devices (AREA)

Description

L'invention concerne un dispositif de protection pour un circuit électrique, ainsi qu'un circuit électrique équipé d'un tel dispositif de protection. Enfin, l'invention concerne un procédé de protection d'un tel circuit électrique.The invention relates to a protection device for an electric circuit, and an electrical circuit equipped with such a protective device. Finally, the invention relates to a method for protecting such an electrical circuit.

Dans le domaine de protection d'un circuit électrique, il est connu d'utiliser un dispositif ou un composant électrique de protection apte à ouvrir le circuit électrique lorsque celui-ci est traversé par un courant électrique de défaut, tel qu'un courant de surcharge ou un courant de court-circuit.In the field of protection of an electrical circuit, it is known to use an electrical protection device or component capable of opening the electric circuit when the latter is traversed by an electrical fault current, such as a current of overload or short circuit current.

A ce sujet, plusieurs dispositifs de protection existent, comme les fusibles. De façon connue, un fusible est un dipôle qui utilise l'effet Joule du courant électrique qui le traverse pour, en cas de surintensité, faire fondre un conducteur électrique qui ouvre le circuit électrique et empêche ainsi le courant électrique de circuler. Les fusibles sont dimensionnés en fonction de l'intensité du courant de défaut que le système doit protéger, ainsi que son temps d'ouverture. On connaît également des coupe-circuits pyrotechniques, aussi nommés « interrupteur pyroélectrique » ou bien « pyroswitch » en langue anglaise. Une limitation des coupe-circuits pyrotechniques est aujourd'hui leur faible capacité à couper de hautes tensions, par exemple supérieurs à 50V. En effet, lors de la coupure sous haute tension, il y a apparition d'un arc électrique qui peut engendrer l'explosion du dispositif. De plus, afin de garantir la coupure, les coupe-circuits pyrotechniques sont souvent volumineux.In this regard, several protection devices exist, such as fuses. In a known manner, a fuse is a dipole that uses the Joule effect of the electric current flowing through it to, in case of overcurrent, melt an electrical conductor that opens the electrical circuit and thus prevents the electric current from circulating. The fuses are sized according to the intensity of the fault current that the system must protect, as well as its opening time. Pyrotechnic circuit breakers, also known as "pyroelectric switches" or "pyroswitches" in the English language, are also known. A limitation of pyrotechnic circuit breakers is today their low ability to cut high voltages, for example greater than 50V. Indeed, when cutting under high voltage, there is an arcing that can cause the explosion of the device. In addition, in order to guarantee the cut, the pyrotechnic circuit breakers are often bulky.

A ce sujet, il est également connu d'utiliser un dispositif hybride de protection caractérisé par une mise en parallèle entre deux composants électriques de protection, tels qu'un fusible et un coupe-circuit pyrotechnique. Le brevet US-7875997-B1 décrit un exemple d'un tel dispositif. La mise en parallèle entre ces deux composants apporte de nombreux avantages. En premier lieu, le coupe-circuit pyrotechnique étant moins résistif que le fusible, la majorité du courant électrique va circuler dans le coupe-circuit pyrotechnique. Lorsque la protection se déclenche sous un courant de défaut, le coupe-circuit pyrotechnique s'ouvre. Le fusible étant à ce stade toujours fermé, il court-circuite le coupe-circuit pyrotechnique, évitant l'apparition d'un arc électrique au sein de ce dernier. Le courant circule alors dans le fusible, faisant fondre ce dernier. Un tel dispositif de protection peut être utilisé avec des tensions électriques élevées qui sont supérieures à la tension limite du coupe-circuit pyrotechnique, jusqu'à un niveau de tension équivalent au calibre du fusible. Comme le fusible ne voit que des courants faibles en utilisation nominale, son dimensionnement peut être réduit, ce qui réduit son coût et son temps de coupure.In this regard, it is also known to use a hybrid protection device characterized by a parallel connection between two electrical protection components, such as a fuse and a pyrotechnic circuit breaker. The patent US-7875997-B1 describes an example of such a device. The paralleling between these two components brings many advantages. First, the pyrotechnic circuit breaker is less resistive than the fuse, the majority of the electric current will flow in the pyrotechnic circuit breaker. When the protection trips under a fault current, the pyrotechnic circuit breaker opens. The fuse is still closed at this stage, it bypasses the pyrotechnic circuit breaker, avoiding the appearance of an electric arc within the latter. The current then flows into the fuse, melting it. Such a protection device can be used with high voltages that are greater than the limit voltage of the pyrotechnic circuit breaker, up to a voltage level equivalent to the fuse rating. As the fuse only sees weak currents in use nominal, its dimensioning can be reduced, which reduces its cost and its cut-off time.

Toutefois, le coupe-circuit pyrotechnique nécessite un circuit de commande apte à fournir la commande de coupure. Un tel circuit de commande peut être complexe et comporter, par exemple, un capteur de courant, une unité de traitement de données et un microcontrôleur. Ainsi, le circuit de commande nécessite d'être alimenté par une source d'alimentation externe. Le dispositif de protection hybride, formé du fusible, de l'interrupteur pyroélectrique et de son circuit de commande, n'est pas autonome et, malgré des coûts inférieurs pour le fusible, un tel dispositif engendre un coût et un encombrement supérieurs, notamment à cause de la source d'alimentation externe.However, the pyrotechnic circuit breaker requires a control circuit able to provide the cutoff control. Such a control circuit can be complex and include, for example, a current sensor, a data processing unit and a microcontroller. Thus, the control circuit needs to be powered by an external power source. The hybrid protection device, consisting of the fuse, the pyroelectric switch and its control circuit, is not autonomous and, despite lower costs for the fuse, such a device generates a higher cost and bulk, especially in because of the external power source.

C'est à ces inconvénients qu'entend plus particulièrement remédier l'invention en proposant un nouveau dispositif de protection pour un circuit électrique qui s'avère autonome, tout en réduisant les coûts de production.It is these drawbacks that the invention intends to remedy more particularly by proposing a new protective device for an electrical circuit which proves to be independent, while reducing production costs.

Dans cet esprit, l'invention concerne un dispositif de protection pour un circuit électrique configuré pour transmettre un courant électrique, le dispositif de protection comprenant :

  • un premier conducteur,
  • un second conducteur,
  • un premier fusible raccordé au conducteur de sortie,
  • au moins un interrupteur pyroélectrique raccordé en parallèle au premier fusible, l'interrupteur pyroélectrique comportant une zone de commande, apte à recevoir un signal de déclenchement, et une zone de puissance pour le passage du courant électrique, et
  • un circuit de commande configuré pour élaborer et transmettre le signal de déclenchement à la zone de commande de l'interrupteur pyroélectrique,
le dispositif comprenant, en outre, un deuxième fusible raccordé en série entre le conducteur d'entrée et le premier fusible et apte fournir une tension d'alimentation au circuit de commande,
et en ce que le circuit de commande est raccordé entre le deuxième fusible et la zone de commande de l'interrupteur pyroélectrique.In this spirit, the invention relates to a protection device for an electrical circuit configured to transmit an electric current, the protection device comprising:
  • a first driver,
  • a second driver,
  • a first fuse connected to the output conductor,
  • at least one pyroelectric switch connected in parallel with the first fuse, the pyroelectric switch comprising a control zone, able to receive a tripping signal, and a power zone for the passage of the electric current, and
  • a control circuit configured to develop and transmit the trip signal to the control zone of the pyroelectric switch,
the device further comprising a second fuse connected in series between the input conductor and the first fuse and capable of supplying a supply voltage to the control circuit,
and in that the control circuit is connected between the second fuse and the control zone of the pyroelectric switch.

Grâce à l'invention, le deuxième fusible fournit une information de présence d'un courant électrique de défaut et la tension d'alimentation nécessaire pour le fonctionnement du circuit de commande. Le circuit de commande se charge de générer et transmettre le signal de déclenchement à l'interrupteur pyroélectrique. Le dispositif de protection a un coût de production et un encombrement faibles, car il ne nécessite pas de source d'alimentation externe pour le déclenchement de l'interrupteur pyroélectrique. Le dispositif de protection permet ainsi la récupération de l'énergie électrique générée par la fusion du deuxième fusible. De plus, le dispositif de protection selon l'invention induit des pertes de puissance très faibles et des prestations de coupure améliorées.Thanks to the invention, the second fuse provides information of presence of a fault electric current and the supply voltage necessary for the operation of the control circuit. The control circuit is responsible for generating and transmitting the trigger signal to the pyroelectric switch. The protection device has a low production cost and a small footprint because it does not require any external power source for triggering the pyroelectric switch. The protection device thus allows the recovery of the electrical energy generated by the fusion of the second fuse. In addition, the protection device according to the invention induces very low power losses and improved cutoff performance.

Selon des aspects avantageux mais non obligatoires de l'invention, un tel dispositif de protection comprend une ou plusieurs des caractéristiques suivantes, prises selon toute combinaison techniquement admissible :

  • le courant de coupure du deuxième fusible est égal à une valeur nominale de courant électrique, cette valeur nominale de courant étant définie comme étant la valeur maximale du courant prévu pour circuler dans le dispositif de protection en fonctionnement normal, et la tension de coupure du premier fusible est égale à une valeur nominale de tension électrique, cette valeur nominale de tension étant définie comme étant la valeur maximale de la tension prévue pour être appliquée aux bornes du dispositif de protection en fonctionnement normal.
  • la zone de puissance de l'interrupteur pyroélectrique présente une résistance électrique largement inférieure à celle du premier fusible.
  • le courant de coupure du premier fusible est au moins quatre fois inférieur ou égal à la valeur nominale de courant électrique, et la tension de coupure du deuxième fusible est au moins quatre fois inférieure ou égale à la valeur nominale de tension électrique.
  • le dispositif est configuré pour être successivement dans une configuration de fermeture où les premier et deuxième fusibles ne sont pas fondus, une première configuration intermédiaire où le deuxième fusible est mis en fusion et la tension d'alimentation est fournie au circuit de commande, une deuxième configuration intermédiaire où l'interrupteur pyroélectrique est déclenché et le premier fusible n'est pas fondu, et une configuration d'ouverture où et les premier et deuxième fusibles sont fondus.
  • le dispositif comprend au moins deux interrupteurs pyroélectriques raccordés en parallèle au premier fusible entre le premier conducteur et le second conducteur.
  • le circuit de commande comporte un potentiomètre apte à contrôler le signal de déclenchement transmis à la zone de commande de l'interrupteur pyroélectrique.
According to advantageous but non-obligatory aspects of the invention, such a protection device comprises one or more of the following characteristics, taken in any technically permissible combination:
  • the breaking current of the second fuse is equal to a nominal value of electric current, this nominal current value being defined as being the maximum value of the current intended to flow in the protection device during normal operation, and the breaking voltage of the first fuse is equal to a nominal voltage value, this rated voltage value being defined as the maximum value of the voltage intended to be applied across the protection device during normal operation.
  • the power zone of the pyroelectric switch has a much lower electrical resistance than the first fuse.
  • the breaking current of the first fuse is at least four times lower than or equal to the nominal value of electric current, and the cut-off voltage of the second fuse is at least four times lower than or equal to the nominal voltage value.
  • the device is configured to be successively in a closed configuration where the first and second fuses are not fused, a first intermediate configuration where the second fuse is melted and the supply voltage is supplied to the control circuit, a second intermediate configuration where the pyroelectric switch is tripped and the first fuse is not fused, and an opening configuration where and the first and second fuses are melted.
  • the device comprises at least two pyroelectric switches connected in parallel to the first fuse between the first conductor and the second conductor.
  • the control circuit comprises a potentiometer able to control the trigger signal transmitted to the control zone of the pyroelectric switch.

L'invention concerne également un circuit électrique configuré pour être alimenté par un courant électrique, le circuit électrique étant équipé d'un dispositif de protection conforme à l'invention.The invention also relates to an electric circuit configured to be powered by an electric current, the electric circuit being equipped with a protection device according to the invention.

Enfin, l'invention concerne un procédé de protection d'un circuit électrique selon l'invention, le procédé comportant, au moins, des étapes de :

  1. a) mise en fusion du deuxième fusible provoquée par un courant électrique de défaut et alimentation du circuit de commande,
  2. b) transmission, à l'aide du circuit de commande, du signal de déclenchement à l'interrupteur pyroélectrique,
  3. c) déclenchement de l'interrupteur pyroélectrique et coupure de la zone de puissance de l'interrupteur pyroélectrique,
  4. d) fusion du premier fusible provoquée par le courant électrique de défaut.
Finally, the invention relates to a method of protecting an electric circuit according to the invention, the method comprising, at least, steps of:
  1. a) melting of the second fuse caused by an electric fault current and power supply of the control circuit,
  2. b) transmission, by means of the control circuit, of the trip signal to the pyroelectric switch,
  3. c) triggering of the pyroelectric switch and shutdown of the power zone of the pyroelectric switch,
  4. d) fusing of the first fuse caused by the fault electric current.

Selon un mode de réalisation particulier de l'invention, lors de l'étape a), la tension d'alimentation du circuit de commande est générée par un arc électrique qui s'installe aux bornes du deuxième fusible.According to a particular embodiment of the invention, during step a), the supply voltage of the control circuit is generated by an electric arc which is installed at the terminals of the second fuse.

L'invention sera mieux comprise et d'autres avantages de celle-ci apparaîtront plus clairement à la lumière de la description qui va suivre, d'un dispositif de protection, d'un circuit électrique et d'un procédé conformes à l'invention, donnée uniquement à titre d'exemple non limitatif et faite en référence aux dessins annexés, sur lesquels :

  • la figure 1 est une représentation schématique d'un dispositif de protection conforme à l'invention et d'un circuit électrique comportant ce dispositif de protection ;
  • la figure 2 est une représentation schématique du dispositif de protection à la figure 1, lorsqu'un deuxième fusible est fondu ;
  • la figure 3 est une représentation analogue à la figure 2, lorsque le coupe-circuit pyrotechnique est ouvert ;
  • la figure 4 est une représentation analogue à la figure 3, lorsqu'un premier fusible est fondu ;
  • la figure 5 est un schéma blocs d'un procédé de protection conforme à l'invention ; et
  • la figure 6 est une représentation analogue à la figure 1, pour un dispositif de protection et un circuit conformes à un deuxième mode de réalisation de l'invention.
The invention will be better understood and other advantages thereof will appear more clearly in the light of the description which follows, a protection device, an electrical circuit and a method according to the invention. , given solely by way of nonlimiting example and with reference to the appended drawings, in which:
  • the figure 1 is a schematic representation of a protection device according to the invention and an electrical circuit comprising this protection device;
  • the figure 2 is a schematic representation of the protective device at the figure 1 when a second fuse is blown;
  • the figure 3 is a representation similar to the figure 2 when the pyrotechnic circuit breaker is open;
  • the figure 4 is a representation similar to the figure 3 when a first fuse is blown;
  • the figure 5 is a block diagram of a protection method according to the invention; and
  • the figure 6 is a representation similar to the figure 1 , for a protection device and a circuit according to a second embodiment of the invention.

A la figure 1, est représenté un circuit électrique 1 configuré pour être alimenté par un courant électrique I et équipé d'un dispositif de protection 2. Le circuit électrique 1 comprend une charge 3 et est destiné à être raccordé à une source non représentée de courant, continu ou alternatif en fonction de la charge 3.Le dispositif de protection 2 est apte à ouvrir le circuit électrique 1 lorsque celui-ci est traversé par un courant électrique de défaut. On considère un courant électrique de défaut tout courant électrique I ayant une intensité supérieure ou égale à une valeur nominale de courant In, aussi nommée courant nominal In. Cette valeur nominale de courant In est définie comme étant la valeur maximale du courant prévu pour circuler dans le dispositif de protection 2 en fonctionnement normal. Elle est prédéterminée en fonction de la nature du circuit électrique 1. Ainsi, dans la description qui va suivre, le courant électrique de défaut est défini comme la somme In + Id, où Id désigne un surcourant. La différence de potentiel électrique maximale qui peut être appliquée entre les bornes du dispositif de protection 2 en alimentant la charge 3, sans coupure par le dispositif de protection 2, est nommée valeur nominale de tension et notée Vn dans ce qui suit. Cette valeur nominale de tension est également déterminée en fonction de la nature du circuit électrique. Le choix des valeurs de courant nominal In et de la valeur nominale de tension Vn dépend de la nature de la charge 3 à protéger.To the figure 1 , there is shown an electric circuit 1 configured to be supplied with an electric current I and equipped with a protection device 2. The electric circuit 1 comprises a load 3 and is intended to be connected to a source (not shown) of current, continuous or alternating depending on the load 3.The protection device 2 is able to open the electrical circuit 1 when it is crossed by a fault current. An electrical fault current is considered to be any electric current I having an intensity greater than or equal to a nominal current value I n , also called rated current I n . This nominal current value I n is defined as the maximum value of the current intended to flow in the protection device 2 during normal operation. It is predetermined according to the nature of the electric circuit 1. Thus, in the description which follows, the fault current is defined as the sum I n + I d , where I d designates an overcurrent. The maximum electrical potential difference that can be applied between the terminals of the protection device 2 by supplying the load 3, uninterrupted by the protection device 2, is called nominal voltage value and noted V n in what follows. This nominal value of voltage is also determined according to the nature of the electrical circuit. The choice of the nominal current values I n and the nominal value of voltage V n depends on the nature of the load 3 to be protected.

Le courant électrique de défaut Id est, par exemple, un courant de surcharge ou un courant de court-circuit et constitue un risque pour la charge 3 du circuit électrique 1. Le dispositif de protection 2 comprend un premier conducteur 4 et un second conducteur 6. Dans cet exemple, le premier conducteur 4 forme un conducteur d'entrée du courant électrique, et le second conducteur 6 forme un conducteur de sortie du courant électrique. La charge 3 est raccordée au conducteur de sortie. Les conducteurs 4 et 6 sont configurés pour raccorder le dispositif de protection 2 au reste du circuit électrique 1 et ainsi pour le passage de tout courant électrique. En régime de fonctionnement normal, c'est-à-dire en l'absence de courant électrique de défaut, le courant électrique I qui circule entre les conducteurs 4 et 6 est inférieur ou égal à la valeur nominale de courant In et la tension électrique aux bornes des conducteurs 4 et 6 est inférieure ou égale à la valeur nominale de tension Vn.The fault current I d is, for example, an overload current or a short-circuit current and constitutes a risk for the load 3 of the electrical circuit 1. The protection device 2 comprises a first conductor 4 and a second conductor 6. In this example, the first conductor 4 forms an input conductor of the electric current, and the second conductor 6 forms an output conductor of the electric current. The load 3 is connected to the output conductor. The conductors 4 and 6 are configured to connect the protection device 2 to the rest of the electrical circuit 1 and thus for the passage of any electric current. In normal operating mode, that is to say in the absence of electric fault current, the electric current I flowing between the conductors 4 and 6 is less than or equal to the nominal current value I n and the voltage electrical conductor terminals 4 and 6 is less than or equal to the nominal voltage V n .

Le dispositif de protection 2 comprend également un premier fusible 8 et un deuxième fusible 10 raccordés électriquement en série entre les conducteurs 4 et 6. Le premier fusible 8 est raccordé au conducteur de sortie 6, alors que le deuxième fusible 10 est raccordé en série entre le conducteur d'entrée 4 et le premier fusible 8. On note 5 un conducteur intermédiaire reliant les fusibles 8 et 10 entre eux, qui est donc intercalé entre les conducteurs 4 et 6.The protection device 2 also comprises a first fuse 8 and a second fuse 10 electrically connected in series between the conductors 4 and 6. The first fuse 8 is connected to the output conductor 6, while the second fuse 10 is connected in series between the input conductor 4 and the first fuse 8. There is 5 an intermediate conductor connecting the fuses 8 and 10 between them, which is interposed between the conductors 4 and 6.

De façon connue, un fusible est un dipôle dont les bornes sont raccordées électriquement entre elles uniquement par un élément conducteur qui est apte à être détruit, généralement par fusion due à l'effet Joule, lorsqu'il est traversé par un courant électrique qui dépasse une valeur seuil. Cette valeur seuil est ici nommée « courant de coupure ». La tension de coupure d'un fusible, nommée « rated voltage » en langue anglaise, est ici définie comme étant la valeur de tension électrique aux bornes du fusible à partir de laquelle le fusible ne peut pas interrompre le passage du courant lorsque l'élément conducteur a été détruit. Lorsqu'un fusible a commencé à fondre, si une tension supérieure à cette tension de coupure est appliquée entre ses bornes, alors un arc électrique se forme entre ces bornes et y perdure, autorisant la circulation d'un courant électrique.In known manner, a fuse is a dipole whose terminals are electrically connected to each other only by a conductive element which is capable of being destroyed, generally by fusion due to the Joule effect, when it is crossed by an electric current which exceeds a threshold value. This threshold value is here called "breaking current". The cut-off voltage of a fuse, named "rated voltage" in English, is here defined as the value of electric voltage across the fuse from which the fuse can not interrupt the flow of current when the conductive element has been destroyed. When a fuse has started to fuse, if a voltage greater than this cut-off voltage is applied between its terminals, then an electric arc is formed between these terminals and continues there, allowing the circulation of an electric current.

Dans ce qui suit, un fusible est dit être « fondu » lorsque l'élément conducteur a été détruit et qu'aucun arc électrique ne peut se former compte tenu des valeurs des tensions électriques présentes dans le circuit électrique 1. Il forme alors un circuit électriquement ouvert au travers duquel aucun courant électrique ne peut circuler. Un fusible est dit être « en train de fondre » lorsque le courant électrique le traversant a dépassé le courant de coupure, entraînant un début de fusion de l'élément conducteur, mais que la tension électrique à ses bornes est supérieure à la tension de coupure de ce fusible, entraînant l'apparition d'un arc électrique entre ses bornes. L'arc électrique perdure tant que le fusible est en train de fondre.In what follows, a fuse is said to be "melted" when the conductive element has been destroyed and that no electric arc can be formed taking into account the values of the electrical voltages present in the electrical circuit 1. It then forms a circuit electrically open through which no electric current can flow. A fuse is said to be "melting" when the electric current passing through it has exceeded the breaking current, resulting in a beginning of melting of the conductive element, but that the voltage at its terminals is greater than the breaking voltage of this fuse, resulting in the appearance of an electric arc between its terminals. The electric arc continues as long as the fuse is melting.

Les premier et deuxième fusibles 8 et 10 ont des calibres différents. En particulier, le courant de coupure I8 du premier fusible 8 est nettement inférieur à la valeur nominale In,. Par « nettement », on entend que le courant de coupure est au moins quatre fois, par exemple dix fois ou cinquante fois inférieur à la valeur nominale In. Ce dimensionnement est rendu possible par le fait que le premier fusible 8 n'est normalement pas destiné à être traversé par le courant nominal In. Le courant de coupure I10 du deuxième fusible 10 est égal, en pratique à 1% ou 3% près, à la valeur nominale In. Ainsi, le courant de coupure I8 du premier fusible 8 est nettement inférieur au courant de coupure I10 du deuxième fusible 10.The first and second fuses 8 and 10 have different sizes. In particular, the breaking current I 8 of the first fuse 8 is significantly lower than the nominal value I n ,. By "clearly" is meant that the breaking current is at least four times, for example ten times or fifty times lower than the nominal value I n . This dimensioning is made possible by the fact that the first fuse 8 is normally not intended to be crossed by the nominal current I n . The breaking current I 10 of the second fuse 10 is equal, in practice to 1% or 3%, to the nominal value I n . Thus, the breaking current I 8 of the first fuse 8 is significantly lower than the breaking current I 10 of the second fuse 10.

La tension de coupure V8 du premier fusible 8 est égale, en pratique à 1% ou 3% près, à la valeur nominale Vn. La tension de coupure V10 du deuxième fusible 10 est nettement inférieure à la valeur nominale Vn. Par « nettement », on entend que la tension de coupure est au moins quatre fois, par exemple cinq fois ou dix fois inférieure à la valeur nominale Vn. Ainsi, la tension de coupure V10 du deuxième fusible 10 est nettement inférieure à la tension de coupure V8 du premier fusible 8.The cutoff voltage V 8 of the first fuse 8 is equal, in practice to 1% or 3%, to the nominal value V n . The breaking voltage V 10 of the second fuse 10 is significantly lower than the nominal value V n . By "clearly" is meant that the breaking voltage is at least four times, for example five times or ten times lower than the nominal value V n . Thus, the cutoff voltage V 10 of the second fuse 10 is significantly lower than the cutoff voltage V 8 of the first fuse 8.

Le dispositif de protection 2 comprend également un interrupteur pyroélectrique 12 et un circuit de commande 14.The protection device 2 also comprises a pyroelectric switch 12 and a control circuit 14.

L'interrupteur pyroélectrique 12 est raccordé en parallèle au premier fusible 8 entre le conducteur intermédiaire 5 et le conducteur de sortie 6. L'interrupteur pyroélectrique 12 comporte une première zone 16 et une deuxième zone 18.The pyroelectric switch 12 is connected in parallel to the first fuse 8 between the intermediate conductor 5 and the output conductor 6. The pyroelectric switch 12 comprises a first zone 16 and a second zone 18.

La première zone 16 est dite zone de commande et est apte à recevoir un signal de déclenchement S. La deuxième zone 18 est dite zone de puissance.The first zone 16 is called the control zone and is able to receive a trigger signal S. The second zone 18 is called the power zone.

La zone de puissance 18 est la partie de l'interrupteur pyroélectrique 12 électriquement raccordée en parallèle au premier fusible 8. Elle est configurée pour le passage du courant électrique I qui alimente le circuit électrique 1. En particulier, la zone de puissance 18 présente une résistance électrique qui est largement inférieure à celle du premier fusible 8, par exemple au moins dix fois inférieure. Ainsi, lorsque le courant électrique I traverse le dispositif de protection 2, on peut considérer qu'un tel courant électrique traverse le deuxième fusible 10 et la zone de puissance 18 de l'interrupteur pyroélectrique 12, puisque seulement une partie négligeable du courant électrique traverse le premier fusible 8.The power zone 18 is the portion of the pyroelectric switch 12 electrically connected in parallel to the first fuse 8. It is configured for the passage of the electric current I which supplies the electric circuit 1. In particular, the power zone 18 has a electrical resistance which is much lower than that of the first fuse 8, for example at least ten times lower. Thus, when the electric current I passes through the protection device 2, it can be considered that such an electric current passes through the second fuse 10 and the power zone 18 of the pyroelectric switch 12, since only a negligible part of the electrical current passes through it. the first fuse 8.

En pratique, dans le cas où un courant électrique supérieur au courant nominal In traverse le dispositif de protection 2, le deuxième fusible 10 commence à fondre et un arc électrique A, comme visible à la figure 2, commence à apparaître entre ses bornes. La partie de courant électrique qui traverse le premier fusible 8 n'a pas une intensité suffisante pour déclencher la fusion du premier fusible 8. Ainsi, le deuxième fusible 10 est dimensionné et disposé pour commencer à fondre avant le premier fusible 8.In practice, in the case where an electric current greater than the nominal current I n passes through the protection device 2, the second fuse 10 begins to melt and an electric arc A, as visible in FIG. figure 2 , begins to appear between its terminals. The portion of electric current flowing through the first fuse 8 does not have sufficient intensity to trigger the melting of the first fuse 8. Thus, the second fuse 10 is sized and arranged to begin melting before the first fuse 8.

La zone de commande 16 de l'interrupteur pyroélectrique 12 comporte une résistance 20 apte à chauffer lorsqu'elle est traversée par un courant électrique. De façon connue en soi, l'interrupteur pyroélectrique comporte également un agent explosif non représenté, par exemple une poudre explosive, et un élément de coupure, tel qu'un piston ou une guillotine. L'élément de coupure, qui n'est pas représenté, est réalisé en matériau électriquement isolant, par exemple en plastique. Il est apte à couper la zone de puissance 18. En pratique, lorsque la résistance 20 de la zone de commande 16 est traversée par un courant électrique, la résistance 20 chauffe et déclenche la détonation de l'agent explosif qui fait basculer l'élément de coupure d'une première position où il est éloigné de la zone de puissance 18 à une deuxième position où il coupe la zone de puissance 18 de façon à interrompre le passage de courant électrique dans le circuit électrique 1.The control zone 16 of the pyroelectric switch 12 comprises a resistor 20 suitable for heating when an electric current passes through it. In a manner known per se, the pyroelectric switch also comprises a not shown explosive agent, for example an explosive powder, and a cut-off element, such as a piston or a guillotine. The cutoff element, which is not shown, is made of electrically insulating material, for example plastic. It is capable of cutting the power zone 18. In practice, when the resistance 20 of the control zone 16 is crossed by an electric current, the resistor heats up and triggers the detonation of the explosive agent which switches the element cutting a first position where it is remote from the power zone 18 to a second position where it intersects the power zone 18 so as to interrupt the passage of electric current in the electrical circuit 1.

Le circuit de commande 14 est configuré pour élaborer et transmettre le signal de déclenchement S à la zone de commande 16 de l'interrupteur pyroélectrique 12. Le circuit de commande 14 est raccordé entre le deuxième fusible 10 et la zone de commande 16. En pratique, le signal de déclenchement S élaboré par le circuit de commande 14 est un courant électrique Is de déclenchement qui est transmis à la zone de commande 16. Ainsi, le courant de déclenchement Is traverse la résistance 20 et déclenche l'interrupteur pyroélectrique 12.The control circuit 14 is configured to develop and transmit the trigger signal S to the control zone 16 of the pyroelectric switch 12. The control circuit 14 is connected between the second fuse 10 and the control zone 16. In practice , the triggering signal S produced by the control circuit 14 is an electric current I s tripping which is transmitted to the control zone 16. Thus, the tripping current I s flows through the resistor 20 and the pyroelectric 12 triggers switch.

De façon connu, le circuit de commande 14 peut comporter un ou plusieurs composants électriques actifs et/ou passifs pour la génération et la transmission du signal de déclenchement S. En particulier, le circuit de commande 14 ne comporte pas de source d'alimentation interne.In known manner, the control circuit 14 may comprise one or more active and / or passive electrical components for the generation and transmission of the trigger signal S. In particular, the control circuit 14 does not include an internal power source. .

Selon une variante qui n'est pas représentée aux figures, le circuit de commande 14 comporte un potentiomètre apte à contrôler le courant de déclenchement Is transmis à l'interrupteur pyroélectrique 12. En pratique, le potentiomètre est configuré pour moduler l'intensité du courant électrique Is qui est fourni à la zone de commande 16 de l'interrupteur pyroélectrique 12. Ainsi, le potentiomètre du circuit de commande 14 est configuré pour contrôler la vitesse d'ouverture de l'interrupteur pyroélectrique 12.According to a variant which is not shown in the figures, the control circuit 14 comprises a potentiometer able to control the trigger current I s transmitted to the pyroelectric switch 12. In practice, the potentiometer is configured to modulate the intensity of the electrical current I s which is supplied to the control zone 16 of the pyroelectric switch 12. Thus, the potentiometer of the control circuit 14 is configured to control the opening speed of the pyroelectric switch 12.

Ainsi, le dispositif de protection 2 est configuré pour être dans différentes configurations C1, C2, C3, et C4, à savoir une configuration de fermeture C1, une première configuration intermédiaire C2, une deuxième configuration intermédiaire C3 et une configuration d'ouverture C4.Thus, the protection device 2 is configured to be in different configurations C1, C2, C3, and C4, namely a closure configuration C1, a first intermediate configuration C2, a second intermediate configuration C3 and an opening configuration C4.

Dans la configuration de fermeture C1 représentée à la figure 1, le courant électrique I qui alimente le circuit électrique 1 est inférieur au courant nominal In et donc les premier et deuxième fusibles 8 et 10 ne sont pas fondus.In the closure configuration C1 represented in FIG. figure 1 , the electric current I which supplies the electrical circuit 1 is lower than the nominal current I n and therefore the first and second fuses 8 and 10 are not melted.

Dans la première configuration intermédiaire C2 représentée à la figure 2, le courant électrique I qui alimente le circuit électrique 1 est supérieur à la valeur de seuil In. Le deuxième fusible 10 commence alors à fondre, et l'arc électrique A apparaît entre ses bornes. Cet arc électrique A cause l'apparition d'une tension électrique d'alimentation V, qui est alors fournie au circuit de commande 14. En effet, la tension de coupure V10 du deuxième fusible 10 est choisie de façon à ce que l'arc électrique A reste présent entre ses bornes pendant qu'il est en train de fondre, tant que le courant I circule.In the first intermediate configuration C2 shown in FIG. figure 2 , the electric current I which supplies the electric circuit 1 is greater than the threshold value I n . The second fuse 10 then begins to melt, and the electric arc A appears between its terminals. This electric arc causes the appearance of a supply voltage V, which is then supplied to the control circuit 14. In fact, the cutoff voltage V 10 of the second fuse 10 is chosen so that the electrical arc A remains present between its terminals while it is melting, as long as current I flows.

Dans la deuxième configuration intermédiaire C3 représentée à la figure 3, l'interrupteur pyroélectrique 12 est déclenché et le premier fusible 8 est fermé. Le circuit de commande 14, alimenté par la tension V, élabore à partir de cette tension V et transmet le signal de déclenchement S, sous la forme du courant Is, à la résistance électrique 20 de la zone de commande 16, en déclenchant l'interrupteur pyroélectrique 12 qui ouvre rapidement la zone de puissance 18. Ainsi, le courant électrique I traverse le premier fusible 8.In the second intermediate configuration C3 shown in FIG. figure 3 , the pyroelectric switch 12 is triggered and the first fuse 8 is closed. The control circuit 14, powered by the voltage V, develops from this voltage V and transmits the trigger signal S, in the form of the current I s , to the electrical resistance 20 of the control zone 16, triggering the Pyroelectric switch 12 which quickly opens the power zone 18. Thus, the electric current I passes through the first fuse 8.

Dans la configuration d'ouverture C4 représentée à la figure 4, les premier et deuxième fusibles 8 et 10 sont fondus. En effet, à partir du moment où on atteint la deuxième configuration intermédiaire C3, le courant électrique de défaut provoque la fusion du premier fusible 8 après une période de temps prédéterminée, de l'ordre de quelques millisecondes (ms) qui dépend des caractéristiques du premier fusible 8. Comme la valeur du courant de coupure I8 du premier fusible 8 est choisie nettement inférieure à la valeur du courant nominal In, le premier fusible 8 fond très vite lorsqu'il est traversé par le courant I. La tension de coupure V8 du premier fusible étant égale à la valeur nominale Vn, le fusible fond rapidement et l'arc électrique à ses bornes ne reste pas établi longtemps, contrairement au deuxième fusible 10.In the aperture configuration C4 shown in FIG. figure 4 the first and second fuses 8 and 10 are melted. Indeed, from the moment we reach the second intermediate configuration C3, the fault electrical current causes the first fuse 8 to melt after a predetermined period of time, of the order of a few milliseconds (ms), which depends on the characteristics of the first fuse 8. As the value of the breaking current I 8 of the first fuse 8 is chosen much lower than the value of the rated current I n , the first fuse 8 melts very quickly when it is crossed by the current I. The cutoff voltage V 8 of the first fuse being equal to the value nominal V n , the fuse quickly melts and the electric arc at its terminals does not remain established long, unlike the second fuse 10.

A la figure 1, le circuit de commande 14 est représenté comme un « boitier » raccordé entre le deuxième fusible 10 et la zone de commande 16. Aux figures 2 à 4, le circuit de commande 14 est représenté par une résistance électrique 140, pour les raisons développées ci-dessous. La résistance électrique 140 est soumise à la tension d'alimentation V générée aux bornes du deuxième fusible 10. Ici, la valeur de la résistance 20 est inférieure à dix fois ou à cent fois la valeur de la résistance 140. C'est donc la valeur de la résistance 140 qui dimensionne la valeur du courant Is transmis à la zone de commande 16. En effet, indépendamment des composants électriques du circuit de commande 14, celui-ci peut être représenté électriquement par une simple résistance 140 dans un schéma électrique, comme c'est le cas aux figures 2 à 4. Dans les schémas des figures 2 à 4, la résistance électrique 140 est raccordée électriquement en série avec la résistance électrique 20. L'ensemble formé par la résistance 20 et la résistance 140 est raccordé électriquement en parallèle avec le deuxième fusible.To the figure 1 , the control circuit 14 is represented as a "housing" connected between the second fuse 10 and the control zone 16. Figures 2 to 4 , the control circuit 14 is represented by an electrical resistance 140, for the reasons developed below. The electrical resistance 140 is subjected to the supply voltage V generated at the terminals of the second fuse 10. Here, the value of the resistor 20 is less than ten times or one hundred times the value of the resistor 140. value of the resistor 140 which dimensions the value of the current I s transmitted to the control zone 16. In fact, independently of the electrical components of the control circuit 14, the latter can be represented electrically by a single resistor 140 in a circuit diagram as is the case Figures 2 to 4 . In the schemas of Figures 2 to 4 the electrical resistance 140 is electrically connected in series with the electrical resistance 20. The assembly formed by the resistor 20 and the resistor 140 is electrically connected in parallel with the second fuse.

Un procédé de protection du circuit électrique 1, équipé du dispositif de protection 2, est mis en oeuvre lorsqu'un courant électrique I supérieur au courant nominal In survient dans le circuit électrique 1 et traverse le dispositif de protection 2. Dans ce cas, le surcourant Id est strictement supérieur à zéro. Par défaut, le dispositif de protection 2 est dans la configuration de fermeture C1, puisque le courant électrique I alimente le circuit électrique 1 et les premier et deuxième fusibles 8 et 10 ne sont pas fondus. Le procédé de protection est décrit ci-dessous.A protection method of the electric circuit 1, equipped with the protection device 2, is implemented when an electric current I greater than the nominal current I n occurs in the electrical circuit 1 and passes through the protection device 2. In this case, the overcurrent I d is strictly greater than zero. By default, the protection device 2 is in the closed configuration C1, since the electric current I supplies the electrical circuit 1 and the first and second fuses 8 and 10 are not fused. The protection process is described below.

Au début de ce procédé, et au cours d'une étape initiale a), un défaut survient dans l'alimentation du circuit électrique 1 et le courant électrique traverse le dispositif de protection 2. A cause du courant électrique, et dans un intervalle de temps prédéterminé par le calibre du deuxième fusible 10, le deuxième fusible 10 commence à fondre et l'arc électrique A s'installe aux bornes du deuxième fusible 10. Comme mentionné ci-dessus, le deuxième fusible 10 est dimensionné de façon à ce que l'arc électrique A reste présent entre ses bornes pendant qu'il est en train de fondre, tant que le courant I est présent, ce qui génère la tension d'alimentation V et assure le passage du courant. Cette tension V est utilisée pour alimenter le circuit de commande 14. A l'issue de l'étape a), le dispositif de protection 2 est dans sa première configuration intermédiaire C2 où le deuxième fusible 10 est en train de fondre et la tension d'alimentation V est fournie au circuit de commande 14. Comme mentionné ci-dessus, puisque le circuit de commande 14 est un circuit passif, la tension d'alimentation V fournie par le deuxième fusible 10 représente la seule source d'alimentation du circuit de commande 14 nécessaire pour le fonctionnement de celui-ci. Ainsi, lors de l'étape a), le procédé comporte la mise en fusion du deuxième fusible 10 provoquée par le courant électrique I supérieur à In et l'alimentation du circuit de commande 14.At the beginning of this process, and during an initial step a), a fault occurs in the power supply of the electrical circuit 1 and the electric current passes through the protection device 2. Because of the electric current, and within a range of predetermined time by the gauge of the second fuse 10, the second fuse 10 begins to melt and the electric arc A is installed across the second fuse 10. As mentioned above, the second fuse 10 is dimensioned so that the electric arc A remains present between its terminals while it is melting, as long as the current I is present, this which generates the supply voltage V and ensures the passage of the current. This voltage V is used to supply the control circuit 14. At the end of step a), the protection device 2 is in its first intermediate configuration C2 where the second fuse 10 is melting and the voltage supply V is supplied to the control circuit 14. As mentioned above, since the control circuit 14 is a passive circuit, the supply voltage V supplied by the second fuse 10 represents the only power supply source of the circuit. command 14 necessary for the operation thereof. Thus, during step a), the method comprises melting the second fuse 10 caused by the electric current I greater than I n and supplying the control circuit 14.

Le procédé comporte ensuite une étape b) dans laquelle le circuit de commande 14 élabore le signal de déclenchement S, qui correspond au courant électrique de déclenchement Is. Ensuite, le circuit de commande 14 transmet ce courant de déclenchement Is à l'interrupteur pyroélectrique 12, en particulier à la zone de commande 16 de l'interrupteur pyroélectrique 12. Puisque l'arc électrique A est toujours présent aux bornes du deuxième fusible 10, le courant électrique de défaut Id traverse encore la zone de puissance 18 de l'interrupteur pyroélectrique 12. Lors de l'étape b), le procédé comporte la transmission, à l'aide du circuit de commande 14, du signal de déclenchement S à l'interrupteur pyroélectrique 12.The method then comprises a step b) in which the control circuit 14 generates the trigger signal S, which corresponds to the electric trigger current I s . Then, the control circuit 14 transmits this tripping current I s to the pyroelectric switch 12, in particular to the control zone 16 of the pyroelectric switch 12. Since the electric arc A is still present at the terminals of the second fuse 10, the electric fault current I d still passes through the power zone 18 of the pyroelectric switch 12. In step b), the method comprises the transmission, by means of the control circuit 14, of the signal of tripping S at the pyroelectric switch 12.

Ensuite, le procédé comporte une étape c) qui comporte le déclenchement de l'interrupteur pyroélectrique 12 et la coupure de la zone de puissance 18 de l'interrupteur pyroélectrique 12. En pratique, le courant électrique Is traverse la résistance électrique 20 de la zone de commande 16 qui se réchauffe et déclenche la détonation de l'agent explosif de l'interrupteur pyroélectrique 12. Comme expliqué ci-dessus, la détonation de l'agent explosif fait basculer l'élément de coupure de sa première position vers sa deuxième position de façon à couper la zone de puissance 18 de l'interrupteur pyroélectrique 12. A l'issue de l'étape c), le dispositif de protection 2 se trouve dans sa deuxième configuration intermédiaire C3 où l'interrupteur pyroélectrique 12 est déclenché, la zone de puissance 18 est ouverte et le premier fusible 8 est encore fermé.Then, the method comprises a step c) which comprises triggering the pyroelectric switch 12 and cutting the power zone 18 of the pyroelectric switch 12. In practice, the electric current I s passes through the electrical resistance 20 of the pyroelectric switch 12. control zone 16 which heats up and triggers the detonation of the explosive agent of the pyroelectric switch 12. As explained above, the detonation of the explosive agent tilts the cutting element from its first position to its second position. position to cut the power zone 18 of the pyroelectric switch 12. At the end of step c), the protection device 2 is in its second intermediate configuration C3 where the pyroelectric switch 12 is triggered, the power zone 18 is open and the first fuse 8 is still closed.

Enfin, le procédé comporte une étape d) dans laquelle le courant électrique traverse le premier fusible 8, puisque la zone de puissance 18 de l'interrupteur pyroélectrique 12 est ouverte. Le premier fusible 8 étant sous-dimensionné par rapport au deuxième fusible 10, le premier fusible 8 fond rapidement à cause du courant électriquel Ainsi, le dispositif de protection 2 assure l'ouverture du circuit électrique 1, puisqu'aucun arc électrique ne s'installe aux bornes de la zone 18 de l'interrupteur 12. Un arc électrique peut apparaître aux bornes du premier fusible 8 lorsqu'il fond, mais il s'éteint rapidement du fait que la tension de coupure de ce premier fusible 8 est du même ordre de grandeur de la tension nominale Vn. Une fois que le premier fusible 8 est fondu, le circuit électrique s'ouvre et le courant I ne circule plus. L'arc A s'éteint à son tour, et le second fusible 10 fond complètement. Le dispositif de protection 2 se trouve alors dans sa configuration d'ouverture C4 où les premier et deuxième fusibles 8 et 10 sont fondus.Finally, the method comprises a step d) in which the electric current passes through the first fuse 8, since the power zone 18 of the pyroelectric switch 12 is open. As the first fuse 8 is undersized with respect to the second fuse 10, the first fuse 8 melts rapidly because of the electric current. Thus, the protection device 2 ensures the opening of the electric circuit 1, since no electric arc is present. installs at the terminals of the zone 18 of the switch 12. An electric arc may appear at the terminals of the first fuse 8 when it melts, but it turns off quickly because the breaking voltage of the first fuse 8 is of the same order of magnitude of the nominal voltage V n . Once the first fuse 8 is melted, the electric circuit opens and the current I no longer flows. Arc A turns off in turn, and the second fuse 10 completely melts. The protective device 2 is then in its opening configuration C4 where the first and second fuses 8 and 10 are melted.

La figure 6 montre un deuxième mode de réalisation de l'invention. Les éléments du dispositif de protection 2 de ce mode de réalisation qui sont analogues à ceux du premier mode portent les mêmes références et ne sont pas décrits en détails dans la mesure où la description ci-dessus peut leur être transposée. Le dispositif de protection 2 comprend deux interrupteurs pyroélectriques 12A et 12B. Les deux interrupteurs pyroélectriques 12A et 12B sont raccordés en parallèle au premier fusible 8 entre le conducteur d'entrée 4 et le conducteur de sortie 6. En particulier, chaque interrupteur pyroélectrique 12A et 12B comporte une résistance électrique 20A et 20B. Les résistances électriques 20A et 20B sont en parallèle et sont ainsi traversées par une partie du courant électrique de déclenchement Is qui provoque le réchauffement de ces résistances 20A et 20B, comme expliqué ci-dessus.The figure 6 shows a second embodiment of the invention. The elements of the protection device 2 of this embodiment which are analogous to those of the first mode bear the same references and are not described in detail to the extent that the above description can be transposed to them. The protection device 2 comprises two pyroelectric switches 12A and 12B. The two pyroelectric switches 12A and 12B are connected in parallel to the first fuse 8 between the input conductor 4 and the output conductor 6. In particular, each pyroelectric switch 12A and 12B comprises an electrical resistor 20A and 20B. The electrical resistors 20A and 20B are in parallel and are thus traversed by a portion of the electric trip current I s which causes the heating of these resistors 20A and 20B, as explained above.

Selon une variante qui n'est pas représentée aux figures, le dispositif de protection 2 comporte trois ou plus de trois interrupteurs pyroélectriques raccordés en parallèle.According to a variant which is not shown in the figures, the protection device 2 comprises three or more pyroelectric switches connected in parallel.

L'introduction de plusieurs interrupteurs pyroélectriques raccordés en parallèle permet au dispositif de protection 2 de couper un courant électrique I ayant une intensité très élevée. Par exemple, pour la variante représentée à la figure 6, chaque interrupteur pyroélectrique 12A et 12B est configuré pour couper un courant électrique de défaut Id ayant une intensité de 200 ampères. Ainsi, le dispositif de protection 2 est apte à couper un courant électrique I ayant une intensité totale de 400 ampères.The introduction of several pyroelectric switches connected in parallel allows the protection device 2 to cut an electric current I having a very high intensity. For example, for the variant shown in figure 6 each pyroelectric switch 12A and 12B is configured to cut a fault current I d having an intensity of 200 amperes. Thus, the protection device 2 is able to cut an electric current I having a total intensity of 400 amperes.

En variante, la charge 3 est raccordée électriquement au premier conducteur 4. Le courant électrique 1 circule alors depuis le second conducteur 6 vers le premier conducteur 4 en régime de fonctionnement normal.Alternatively, the load 3 is electrically connected to the first conductor 4. The electric current 1 then flows from the second conductor 6 to the first conductor 4 in normal operation.

Les variantes envisagées ci-dessus peuvent être combinées entre elles pour générer de nouveaux modes de réalisation de l'invention.The variants envisaged above can be combined with one another to generate new embodiments of the invention.

Claims (10)

  1. A protective device (2) for an electrical circuit (1), configured to transmit an electrical current (I), the protective device comprising:
    - a first conductor (4),
    - a second conductor (6),
    - a first fuse (8) connected to the output conductor,
    - at least one pyroswitch (12) connected in parallel to the first fuse, the pyroswitch including a command zone (16), able to receive a triggering signal (S), and a power zone (18) for the passage of the electrical current, and
    - a command circuit (14) configured to develop and transmit the triggering signal (S) to the command zone of the pyroswitch,
    the device being characterized in that it further comprises a second fuse (10) connected in series between the input conductor (4) and the first fuse (8) and able to provide a supply voltage (V) to the command circuit (14),
    and in that the command circuit is connected between the second fuse (10) and the command zone (16) of the pyroswitch (12).
  2. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that:
    - the cutoff current (I10) of the second fuse (10) is equal to a nominal electrical current value (In), this nominal current value being defined as the maximum value of the current provided to circulate in the protective device (2) in normal operation, and
    - the cutoff voltage (V8) of the first fuse (8) is equal to a nominal electrical voltage value (Vn), this nominal voltage value being defined as the maximum value of the voltage provided to be applied across the terminals of the protective device (2) in normal operation.
  3. The device according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the power zone (18) of the pyroswitch (12) has an electrical resistance at least ten times smaller than that of the first fuse (8).
  4. The device according to claims 2 and 3, characterized in that:
    - the cutoff current (I8) of the first fuse (8) is at least four times less than or equal to the nominal electrical current value (In), and
    - the cutoff voltage (V10) of the second fuse (10) is at least four times less than or equal to the nominal electrical voltage value (Vn).
  5. The device according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it is configured to be successively in:
    - a closed configuration (C1), where the first and second fuses (8, 10) are not melted,
    - a first intermediate configuration (C2) where the second fuse (10) is in the process of melting and the supply voltage (V) is supplied to the command circuit (14),
    - a second intermediate configuration (C3) where the pyroswitch (12) is triggered and the first fuse (8) is not melted, and
    - an open configuration (C4), where the first and second fuses are melted.
  6. The device according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it comprises at least two pyroswitches (12A, 12B) connected in parallel to the first fuse (8) between the first conductor (4) and the second conductor (6).
  7. The device according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the command circuit (14) includes a potentiometer able to control the triggering signal (S) sent to the command zone (16) of the pyroswitch (12).
  8. An electrical circuit (1) configured to be supplied with an electrical current (I), the electrical circuit being equipped with a protective device (2) according to one of the preceding claims.
  9. A method for protecting an electrical circuit (1) according to claim 8, the method including at least the following steps:
    a) melting the second fuse (10) caused by a fault current (Id) and supplying the command circuit (14),
    b) transmitting, using the command circuit, the triggering signal (S) to the pyroswitch (12),
    c) triggering the pyroswitch and cutting off the power zone (18) of the pyroswitch,
    d) melting the first fuse (8) caused by the fault current.
  10. The method according to claim 9, characterized in that, during step a), the supply voltage (V) of the command circuit (14) is generated by an electrical arc (A) that is established across the terminals of the second fuse (10).
EP16770697.7A 2015-09-10 2016-09-09 Protective device for an electrical circuit, electrical circuit provided with such a device and method for protecting such an electrical circuit Active EP3347908B1 (en)

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FR1558433A FR3041143B1 (en) 2015-09-10 2015-09-10 PROTECTIVE DEVICE FOR AN ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT, ELECTRIC CIRCUIT EQUIPPED WITH SUCH A DEVICE AND METHOD FOR PROTECTING SUCH AN ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT
PCT/EP2016/071280 WO2017042321A1 (en) 2015-09-10 2016-09-09 Protective device for an electrical circuit, electrical circuit provided with such a device and method for protecting such an electrical circuit

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EP (1) EP3347908B1 (en)
JP (1) JP6916169B2 (en)
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KR20180048695A (en) 2018-05-10
US10529521B2 (en) 2020-01-07
FR3041143A1 (en) 2017-03-17
KR102604437B1 (en) 2023-11-20
CA2996694A1 (en) 2017-03-16
RU2018108107A3 (en) 2019-11-25
JP6916169B2 (en) 2021-08-11
WO2017042321A1 (en) 2017-03-16
CA2996694C (en) 2023-12-05
MX2018002691A (en) 2018-08-15
JP2018535629A (en) 2018-11-29
US20180277325A1 (en) 2018-09-27
RU2018108107A (en) 2019-09-06
CN107949895A (en) 2018-04-20
FR3041143B1 (en) 2017-10-20
EP3347908A1 (en) 2018-07-18
RU2713468C2 (en) 2020-02-05

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