EP3157033B1 - Arc extinguishing chamber of an electrical protection device and electrical protection device comprising such a chamber - Google Patents

Arc extinguishing chamber of an electrical protection device and electrical protection device comprising such a chamber Download PDF

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EP3157033B1
EP3157033B1 EP16187245.2A EP16187245A EP3157033B1 EP 3157033 B1 EP3157033 B1 EP 3157033B1 EP 16187245 A EP16187245 A EP 16187245A EP 3157033 B1 EP3157033 B1 EP 3157033B1
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arc
value
ctpb
branch
resistance
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP3157033A1 (en
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Eric Domejean
Michel Rapeaux
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Schneider Electric Industries SAS
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Schneider Electric Industries SAS
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H9/00—Details of switching devices, not covered by groups H01H1/00 - H01H7/00
    • H01H9/30—Means for extinguishing or preventing arc between current-carrying parts
    • H01H9/42—Impedances connected with contacts
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H33/00—High-tension or heavy-current switches with arc-extinguishing or arc-preventing means
    • H01H33/02—Details
    • H01H33/04—Means for extinguishing or preventing arc between current-carrying parts
    • H01H33/16—Impedances connected with contacts
    • H01H33/161—Variable impedances
    • H01H2033/163—Variable impedances using PTC elements

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Description

DOMAINE TECHNIQUETECHNICAL AREA

La présente invention concerne une chambre de coupure d'un appareil de protection électrique comprenant une chambre de formation d'arc renfermant un contact fixe et un contact mobile, lesdits contacts étant situés sur une branche de circuit électrique dite branche principale lesquels contacts, au moment de leur séparation, forment un arc entre eux, ladite chambre de formation d'arc communiquant avec l'entrée d'une deuxième chambre dite d'extinction d'arc, ce contact mobile s'étendant de manière à tirer un arc entre les contacts lors de leur séparation, cet arc étant apte à commuter dans une branche de circuit électrique dite branche de commutation, ladite branche de commutation étant située dans la chambre d'extinction d'arc, après une certaine distance d'ouverture entre les deux contacts, ladite chambre de coupure comportant en outre des moyens aptes à limiter le courant dans la branche dite de commutation, ces moyens comportant un élément dit limiteur de courant dont la résistance est apte à augmenter sous l'effet du courant de manière à augmenter l'impédance dans la branche de commutation.The present invention relates to a switching chamber of an electrical protection apparatus comprising an arc forming chamber containing a fixed contact and a movable contact, said contacts being located on a branch of the electrical circuit known as the main branch which contacts, at the moment their separation, form an arc between them, said arc forming chamber communicating with the input of a second so-called arc extinction chamber, this movable contact extending so as to draw an arc between the contacts during their separation, this arc being able to switch in a branch of electrical circuit called switching branch, said switching branch being located in the arc extinguishing chamber, after a certain opening distance between the two contacts, said interrupting chamber further comprising means capable of limiting the current in said switching branch, said means comprising a so-called current limiting element whose resistance is able to increase under the effect of the current so as to increase the impedance in the switching branch.

ETAT DE LA TECHNIQUE ANTERIEURESTATE OF THE PRIOR ART

Dans les disjoncteurs basse tension, et plus particulièrement les disjoncteurs miniatures, avant la commutation, l'arc est placé entre le contact fixe et le contact mobile, et une tension d'arc s'établit entre les contacts, cette tension dépendant de la distance d'ouverture des contacts. L'arc commute lorsque l'ouverture des contacts est suffisante, dans une branche dite de commutation dans laquelle le courant est limité.In low-voltage circuit breakers, and more particularly miniature circuit-breakers, before switching, the arc is placed between the fixed contact and the moving contact, and an arc voltage is established between the contacts, this voltage depending on the distance opening of contacts. The bow switches when the opening of the contacts is sufficient in a so-called switching branch in which the current is limited.

On connaît des solutions pour améliorer les performances de coupure de ces appareils en améliorant la limitation du courant en cas de court-circuit. On connaît par exemple le brevet DE19810981 , lequel décrit une solution consistant à placer dans la branche de commutation un CTP de type métallique, et donc à faible saut résistif et ne permettant donc qu'une limitation faible du courant de court-circuit. Ce faible saut résistif du CTP garantit une absence de reclaquage, c'est-à-dire de retour de l'arc vers les contacts car la résistance du CTP après la commutation est faible.Solutions are known to improve the breaking performance of these devices by improving the current limitation in the event of a short circuit. For example, the patent is known DE19810981 , which describes a solution consisting in placing in the switching branch a metal-type PTC, and therefore low resistive jump and thus allowing only a small limitation of the short-circuit current. This low resistive CTP jump ensures a lack of reclamping, that is to say return of the arc to the contacts because the resistance of the PTC after switching is low.

Dans les brevets WO 200661375 et EP1384240 , l'on utilise un CTP dans la branche de commutation, ce qui permet de limiter le courant de court-circuit après la commutation de l'arc. Ces appareils présentent un risque de reclaquage important si la branche de commutation est trop résistante, ce qui limite l'importance de la limitation de courant que l'on peut obtenir avec de tels appareils, car une augmentation importante de la résistance CTP entraîne une augmentation significative correspondante du risque de reclaquage.In patents WO 200661375 and EP1384240 , a PTC is used in the switching branch, which makes it possible to limit the short-circuit current after switching the arc. These devices present a significant risk of reclasking if the switching branch is too strong, which limits the importance of the current limitation that can be obtained with such devices, because a significant increase in the CTP resistance causes an increase corresponding significant risk of reclamation.

Généralement, les brevets connus décrivent des appareils comportant soit un CTP dans la ligne principale, soit un CTP dans la ligne de commutation. Le document DE4243314 décrit aussi une telle chambre de coupure. La présente invention résout ces problèmes et propose une chambre de coupure de conception simple permettant d'augmenter la limitation du courant dans un appareil de protection électrique, ainsi qu'un appareil de protection électrique comportant une telle chambre présentant de ce fait des performances de coupure améliorées.Generally, the known patents describe devices comprising either a PTC in the main line or a PTC in the switching line. The document DE4243314 also describes such a breaking chamber. The present invention solves these problems and proposes a break chamber of simple design for increasing the limitation of the current in an electrical protection apparatus, and an electrical protection apparatus comprising such a chamber thereby having cut-off performance. improved.

A cet effet, la présente invention a pour objet une chambre de coupure d'un appareil de protection électrique du genre précédemment mentionné, cette chambre comportant un premier élément limiteur de courant placé dans la branche dite principale en série avec et en aval du contact mobile et un second élément limiteur de courant placé dans la branche dite de commutation en série avec le contact fixe, le premier élément étant apte à accélérer la commutation de l'arc et à interdire le retour de l'arc vers les contacts, ou reclaquage, une fois la commutation réalisée et le second élément permettant d'augmenter la tension de pôle lorsque l'arc est dans la chambre d'extinction d'arc de manière à réaliser une limitation du courant de court-circuit.For this purpose, the subject of the present invention is a breaking chamber of an electrical protection apparatus of the kind mentioned above, this chamber comprising a first element current limiter placed in the so-called main branch in series with and downstream of the movable contact and a second current limiting element placed in the so-called switching branch in series with the fixed contact, the first element being able to accelerate the switching of the arc and to prohibit the return of the arc to the contacts, or reclapping, once the switching made and the second element to increase the pole voltage when the arc is in the arc extinguishing chamber of to achieve a limitation of the short circuit current.

Selon une caractéristique particulière, l'un au moins des éléments précités est un élément dit CTP à coefficient de température positif.According to a particular characteristic, at least one of the aforementioned elements is a so-called PTC element with a positive temperature coefficient.

Selon une réalisation particulière, les premier et deuxième éléments précités sont respectivement un premier et un second composant ou une première et une seconde thermistance CTP à coefficient de température positif.According to a particular embodiment, the first and second aforementioned elements are respectively a first and a second component or a first and a second PTC thermistor with a positive temperature coefficient.

Selon une caractéristique particulière, la valeur de la résistance à une température sensiblement de +40°C du premier élément CTP (CTPa) est réglée de manière à être sensiblement égale à 1,8 m'

Figure imgb0001
afin de limiter la puissance du disjoncteur à une valeur de 3 Watts au maximum.According to one particular characteristic, the value of the resistance at a temperature of substantially + 40 ° C. of the first CTP element (CTPa) is adjusted so as to be substantially equal to 1.8 m '.
Figure imgb0001
to limit the power of the circuit breaker to a value of 3 Watts maximum.

Selon une caractéristique particulière, le saut résistif du premier élément CTP est au minimum de 20, de manière à accélérer la commutation de l'arc et interdire les reclaquages après la commutation de l'arc.According to a particular characteristic, the resistive jump of the first PTC element is at least 20, so as to accelerate the switching of the arc and prohibit the reclips after switching the arc.

Selon une autre caractéristique, la valeur de la résistance à une température de sensiblement 40° du second élément CTP est réglée de telle manière que la résistance de la branche de commutation soit toujours inférieure à celle de la branche principale afin de garantir une absence de reclaquage.According to another characteristic, the value of the resistance at a temperature of substantially 40 ° of the second PTC element is set such that the resistance of the switching branch is always lower than that of the main branch in order to guarantee the absence of reclosure. .

Selon une autre caractéristique, la valeur du saut résistif du second élément CTP est réglée de manière à ne pas entraîner de reclaquage une fois que le second élément CTP aura transité.According to another characteristic, the resistive jump value of the second PTC element is set so as not to cause reclosing once the second PTC element has passed through.

Selon une autre caractéristique, la valeur résistive à chaud, ou valeur du CTP transité, du second élément CTP est inférieur à la valeur résistive de la ligne principale, laquelle valeur résistive est principalement définie par la valeur résistive à chaud du premier CTP.According to another feature, the hot resistive value, or transit CTP value, of the second CTP element is less than the resistive value of the main line, which resistive value is mainly defined by the hot resistive value of the first CTP.

Selon une autre caractéristique, cette chambre de coupure comporte, associée à l'un au moins des deux éléments CTP, une résistance supplémentaire ou un shunt, montée en parallèle du (des) élément(s) CTP(s), dont la valeur de résistance est choisie de manière à régler la valeur du saut résistif.According to another characteristic, this breaking chamber comprises, associated with at least one of the two PTC elements, an additional resistor or a shunt, connected in parallel with the PTC element (s), whose value of resistance is chosen to adjust the value of the resistive jump.

Selon une autre caractéristique, cette chambre de coupure comporte un shunt monté en parallèle du second élément CTP, ce shunt présentant une résistance dont la valeur est inférieure au minimum de 10% à la valeur du premier élément CTP transité.According to another characteristic, this interrupting chamber comprises a shunt connected in parallel with the second PTC element, this shunt having a resistance whose value is less than the minimum of 10% to the value of the first transited PTC element.

Selon une autre caractéristique, l'énergie nécessaire à la transition du second élément CTP est réglée de manière à permettre une transition du second élément CTP, pour un courant de court-circuit de 25kA, en un temps inférieur à 500µs, de manière à réduire l'énergie de coupure.
De préférence, ce temps est compris entre 200µs et 300µs.According to another characteristic, the energy required for the transition of the second PTC element is adjusted so as to allow a transition of the second PTC element, for a short-circuit current of 25 kA, in a time of less than 500 μs, so as to reduce the cutoff energy.
Preferably, this time is between 200μs and 300μs.

La présente invention a encore pour objet un appareil de protection électrique comportant une chambre de coupure, ladite chambre comportant les caractéristiques précédemment mentionnées prises seules ou en combinaison.The present invention also relates to an electrical protection apparatus comprising a breaking chamber, said chamber having the aforementioned characteristics taken alone or in combination.

Selon une caractéristique particulière, cet appareil est un disjoncteur basse tension.According to a particular characteristic, this apparatus is a low-voltage circuit breaker.

Selon une caractéristique particulière, ce disjoncteur comporte les bornes de serrage amont et aval, une bobine de déclenchement magnétique, les contacts électriques, et le bilame de déclenchement thermique, tous ces éléments étant reliés électriquement et constituant le circuit principal précité.According to a particular characteristic, this circuit breaker comprises the upstream and downstream clamping terminals, a magnetic trip coil, the electrical contacts, and the thermal trip bimetal, all of these elements being electrically connected and constituting the aforementioned main circuit.

Selon une caractéristique particulière, cet appareil est un disjoncteur miniature présentant un calibre de 16 A, et la valeur de la résistance à une température de sensiblement 40°C du premier élément limiteur de courant ne dépasse pas 1,8m

Figure imgb0001
afin de limiter la puissance totale dissipée du disjoncteur à une valeur de 3W.According to one particular characteristic, this device is a miniature circuit breaker having a rating of 16 A, and the value of the resistance at a temperature of substantially 40 ° C of the first current limiting element does not exceed 1.8m
Figure imgb0001
in order to limit the total dissipated power of the circuit breaker to a value of 3W.

Selon une caractéristique particulière, cet appareil est un disjoncteur miniature présentant un calibre de 16A, et la valeur de la résistance à une température de sensiblement 40°C du second élément limiteur de courant, est inférieure à 3 m

Figure imgb0001
afin de garantir l'absence de reclaquage à faible courant.According to a particular characteristic, this device is a miniature circuit breaker having a rating of 16A, and the value of the resistance at a temperature of substantially 40 ° C of the second current limiting element, is less than 3 m
Figure imgb0001
to ensure the absence of low current reclamping.

EXPOSE DE L'INVENTIONSUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Mais d'autres avantages et caractéristiques de l'invention apparaîtront mieux dans la description détaillée qui suit et se réfère aux dessins annexés donnés uniquement à titre d'exemple et dans lesquels :

  • La figure 1 est un schéma électrique illustrant une chambre de coupure selon l'invention, et montrant plus particulièrement le circuit de courant avant la commutation de l'arc,
  • La figure 2 est un schéma électrique illustrant une chambre de coupure selon l'invention, et montrant plus particulièrement le circuit de courant après la commutation de l'arc,
  • La figure 3 est une représentation graphique illustrant la tension de pôle en fonction du temps lorsque le disjoncteur n'est équipé que d'une CTP dans le circuit principal, pour un courant de court-circuit de 25kA,
  • La figure 4 est une représentation graphique illustrant la tension de pôle en fonction du temps lorsque le disjoncteur n'est équipé que d'une CTP dans le circuit de commutation, pour un courant de court-circuit de 25kA,
  • La figure 5 est une représentation graphique illustrant la tension de pôle en fonction du temps pour un disjoncteur selon l'invention équipé de deux CTP, pour un courant de court-circuit de 25kA.
  • La figure 6 est une représentation graphique comportant deux courbes illustrant respectivement la résistance en fonction du temps pour les deux CTP de l'appareil de la figure précédente,
  • Les figures 7a et 7b sont des représentations graphiques illustrant le courant crête en fonction du courant de court-circuit (en kA), pour quatre architectures correspondant respectivement à un disjoncteur sans CTP, un disjoncteur avec CTP dans le circuit principal, un disjoncteur avec un CTP dans le circuit de commutation, et deux CTP respectivement dans les deux circuits, et
  • La figure 8 est une représentation graphique comportant quatre courbes illustrant respectivement l'énergie d'arc en fonction du courant de court-circuit pour les quatre architectures.
But other advantages and features of the invention will become more apparent in the detailed description which follows and refers to the accompanying drawings given solely by way of example and in which:
  • The figure 1 is an electrical diagram illustrating a breaking chamber according to the invention, and showing more particularly the current circuit before switching the arc,
  • The figure 2 is an electrical diagram illustrating a breaking chamber according to the invention, and showing more particularly the current circuit after switching the arc,
  • The figure 3 is a graphical representation illustrating the pole voltage versus time when the circuit breaker is only equipped with a PTC in the main circuit, for a short-circuit current of 25kA,
  • The figure 4 is a graphical representation illustrating the pole voltage as a function of time when the circuit breaker is only equipped with a PTC in the switching circuit, for a short-circuit current of 25kA,
  • The figure 5 is a graphical representation illustrating the pole voltage as a function of time for a circuit breaker according to the invention equipped with two PTCs, for a short-circuit current of 25kA.
  • The figure 6 is a graphical representation comprising two curves respectively illustrating the resistance as a function of time for the two CTPs of the apparatus of the preceding figure,
  • The Figures 7a and 7b are graphical representations illustrating the peak current as a function of the short-circuit current (in kA), for four architectures respectively corresponding to a circuit-breaker without PTC, a circuit-breaker with PTC in the main circuit, a circuit-breaker with a PTC in the circuit of switching, and two PTCs respectively in both circuits, and
  • The figure 8 is a graphical representation comprising four curves respectively illustrating the arc energy as a function of the short-circuit current for the four architectures.

Sur les figures, on voit une chambre de coupure C selon l'invention appartenant à un disjoncteur basse tension miniature. Ce disjoncteur comporte de manière connue en soi un circuit de courant dit principal 1 comportant deux bornes de raccordement électriques 2,3, un déclencheur magnétique 4, un contact fixe 5, un contact mobile 6 et un déclencheur thermique 7 non représenté. Ces deux déclencheurs 4,7 sont destinés à entraîner l'ouverture des contacts fixe et mobile lors de l'apparition d'un court-circuit dans le circuit principal 1.
Le disjoncteur comporte une chambre de formation d'arc F comportant les contacts fixe 5 et mobile 6, et une chambre dite d'extinction d'arc E comportant un empilement de plaques 9 appelées séparateurs aptes à assurer le refroidissement de l'arc électrique après la commutation de cet arc dans une branche de circuit électrique dite de commutation 8. Le circuit de commutation part du contact fixe 5, traverse la chambre d'extinction d'arc E sensiblement perpendiculairement auxdites plaques 9 et rejoint le contact mobile 6 en un point de jonction P relié électriquement à la borne de raccordement amont 2 du disjoncteur.
Selon l'invention, le circuit principal 1 du disjoncteur comporte, situé en amont du contact mobile, une résistance CTP (CTPa) dite première, et dans le circuit de commutation, après l'empilement de plaques 9 de séparation, une résistance CTP dite seconde (CTPb).
La première résistance limitative CTPa est insérée dans la branche de courant nominal (permanent) 1. Compte tenu des contraintes maximales de puissance dissipée par le disjoncteur, cette première résistance CTPa présente avantageusement une faible résistance à une température ambiante, c'est à dire à une température comprise entre -25°C et +70°C. Par exemple, pour un disjoncteur miniature de calibre 16A, la première résistance CTPa, à 40°C, ne dépasse pas la valeur de 1,8m

Figure imgb0001
afin de limiter la puissance totale dissipée du disjoncteur à une valeur de 3 W.
De plus, pour garantir la plage de déclenchement du fait d'une contrainte normative, du bilame en série avec la première résistance CTP, il est nécessaire que la dérive dans le temps de la première résistance CTP soit limitée.
Cette première résistance CTPa sera conçue de manière à présenter à la fois des valeurs faibles de la résistance et de la dérive tout en offrant un saut résistif suffisamment élevé pour accélérer la commutation de l'arc et interdire les reclaquages après commutation de l'arc.
La transition résistive caractérise le passage d'un état conducteur à un état semi-isolant. Le saut résistif mesure cette transition, et est généralement exprimé par le rapport Rmax/R(0) sans unité (voir tableau dans ce qui suit). Avantageusement, ce saut résistif est au minimum de 20, cette valeur ne pouvant pas être atteinte avec un CTP de nature métallique.In the figures, there is shown a breaking chamber C according to the invention belonging to a miniature low-voltage circuit breaker. This circuit breaker comprises, in a manner known per se, a so-called main current circuit 1 comprising two electrical connection terminals 2, 3, a magnetic release 4, a fixed contact 5, a movable contact 6 and a thermal actuator 7, not shown. These two triggers 4.7 are intended to cause the opening of the fixed and mobile contacts when a short circuit occurs in the main circuit 1.
The circuit breaker comprises an arc forming chamber F comprising the fixed and movable contacts 5 and a so-called arc extinction chamber E comprising a stack of plates 9 called separators adapted to ensure the cooling of the electric arc after the switching of this arc in a so-called switching electrical circuit branch 8. The switching circuit starts from the fixed contact 5, passes through the chamber of arc extinction E substantially perpendicular to said plates 9 and joined the movable contact 6 at a junction point P electrically connected to the upstream connection terminal 2 of the circuit breaker.
According to the invention, the main circuit 1 of the circuit breaker comprises, located upstream of the moving contact, a so-called first resistance CTP (CTPa), and in the switching circuit, after the stacking of separation plates 9, a so-called CTP resistor. second (CTPb).
The first limiting resistor CTPa is inserted into the nominal (permanent) current branch 1. Given the maximum power constraints dissipated by the circuit breaker, this first resistance CTPa advantageously has a low resistance at an ambient temperature, that is to say at a temperature of between -25 ° C and + 70 ° C. For example, for a 16A miniature circuit breaker, the first CTPa resistor at 40 ° C does not exceed the value of 1.8m
Figure imgb0001
in order to limit the total dissipated power of the circuit breaker to a value of 3 W.
In addition, to ensure the trigger range due to a normative constraint, bimetallic series with the first PTC resistor, it is necessary that the drift in time of the first PTC resistor is limited.
This first resistance CTPa will be designed to have both low values of resistance and drift while offering a sufficiently high resistive jump to accelerate the switching of the arc and prohibit rebatting after switching the arc.
The resistive transition characterizes the transition from a conductive state to a semi-insulating state. The resistive jump measures this transition, and is generally expressed by the ratio Rmax / R (0) without unit (see table in the following). Advantageously, this resistive jump is at least 20, this value can not be reached with a CTP of metallic nature.

La seconde résistance limitative CTP (CTPb) participe à la limitation du courant et de l'énergie par l'augmentation de l'impédance en série avec l'arc.
La valeur de la résistance à température ambiante de cette seconde résistance CTPb est réglée de manière que la résistance de la branche de commutation 8 soit toujours inférieure à celle de la branche principale 1 afin de garantir une absence de reclaquage, notamment pour les faibles courants de court-circuit, courants dont la valeur est insuffisante pour assurer la transition de la première résistance limitative CTPa. Par exemple, pour un disjoncteur miniature de 16A, la seconde résistance CTPb à froid ne dépasse avantageusement pas la valeur de 3m

Figure imgb0001
. En général, la résistance de la branche principale 1 comprenant le bilame est supérieure à la résistance de la branche de commutation 8.
Le saut résistif de la seconde résistance limitatrice CTPb est également réglé de manière à ne pas causer de reclaquage une fois que la seconde résistance CTPb aura transité.
Par exemple, la valeur résistive à chaud (valeur de CTP transité) de CTPb est avantageusement inférieure à la valeur résistive de la ligne principale 1, laquelle est principalement définie par la valeur résistive à chaud de CTPa. Afin de garantir de manière précise le saut résistif de CTPb, il est avantageux de mettre en parallèle à CTPb une résistance ou un shunt dont la valeur est choisie pour répondre à cette contrainte, par exemple un shunt d'une valeur inférieure au minimum de 10% de la valeur de CTPa transitée. L'utilisation d'un shunt en parallèle permet aussi d'accroître la capacité de CTPb à tenir la contrainte thermique. De manière générale, le composant CTPb est dimensionné pour supporter une quantité d'énergie bien supérieure à CTPa.
Enfin, l'énergie Etransition nécessaire à la transition de CTPb est ajustée de manière à permettre une transition résistive le plus tôt possible après la commutation du courant, par exemple pour un courant de court-circuit de 25kA en un temps inférieur à 500µs maximum, de préférence entre 200 µs et 300µs, et ainsi accroître encore plus la limitation de l'énergie de coupure.The second limiting resistor CTP (CTPb) participates in limiting the current and the energy by increasing the impedance in series with the arc.
The value of the resistance at ambient temperature of this second resistor CTPb is set so that the resistance of the switching branch 8 is always lower than that of the main branch 1 in order to guarantee the absence of reclosure, in particular for the weak currents of short circuit, currents whose value is insufficient to ensure the transition of the first limiting resistor CTPa. For example, for a 16A miniature circuit breaker, the second cold CTPb resistor does not advantageously exceed the value of 3m
Figure imgb0001
. In general, the resistance of the main branch 1 comprising the bimetallic strip is greater than the resistance of the switching branch 8.
The resistive jump of the second limiting resistor CTPb is also set so as not to cause reclosure once the second CTPb resistor has passed through.
For example, the hot resistive value (transient CTP value) of CTPb is advantageously less than the resistive value of the main line 1, which is mainly defined by the hot resistive value of CTPa. In order to guarantee accurately the resistive jump of CTPb, it is advantageous to parallel CTPb a resistor or a shunt whose value is chosen to respond to this constraint, for example a shunt of a value less than the minimum of 10. % of the transit CTPa value. The use of a shunt in parallel also increases the ability of CTPb to withstand thermal stress. In general, the CTPb component is sized to withstand a quantity of energy much higher than CTPa.
Finally, the Etransition energy required for the CTPb transition is adjusted so as to allow a resistive transition as soon as possible after the switching of the current, for example for a short-circuit current of 25kA in a time of less than 500μs maximum, preferably between 200 μs and 300 μs, and thus further increase the limitation of the cutoff energy.

Sur la figure 1, on peut voir en trait gras sur le dessin le circuit du courant I traversant le circuit principal 1 avant la commutation de l'arc.
Sur la figure 2, on peut voir en trait gras sur le dessin le circuit de courant traversant le circuit de commutation 8 après commutation de l'arc.
Sur la figure 3, on voit une courbe représentant la tension de pôle U(v) en fonction du temps t(s) pour un appareil ne comportant qu'une résistance limitative CTPa dans le circuit principal pour un courant de court-circuit de 25kA.
Cette courbe comporte une première partie a correspondant à la transition de la résistance CTP, phase pendant laquelle la tension d'arc augmente lentement jusqu'au moment de la commutation de l'arc, correspondant à une seconde phase b, seconde phase pendant laquelle la tension d'arc augmente brusquement jusqu'à un maximum de tension, après lequel maximum la tension diminue lentement au cours d'une troisième phase c correspondant à la diminution du courant de court-circuit. Dans un tel cas, le rôle de la première résistance est limitée à la phase a située avant la commutation de l'arc.
La figure 4 correspond au cas où le disjoncteur ne comporte qu'une résistance limitatrice dans le circuit de commutation pour un courant de court-circuit de 25 kA.
Cette courbe comprend une première partie d pendant laquelle la tension d'arc augmente lentement, puis une seconde partie e dans laquelle la tension d'arc augmente très rapidement, phase correspondant à la commutation de l'arc, puis une troisième partie f pendant laquelle la tension diminue lentement, une quatrième partie g au cours de laquelle la tension remonte brusquement, cette partie correspondant à la transition de la résistance limitatrice dans le circuit de commutation permettant de réaliser la limitation du courant, après quoi la tension de pôle diminue lentement dans une dernière partie h jusqu'à l'extinction de l'arc.
On voit sur cette figure que, afin de s'affranchir des reclaquages éventuels, la transition de la résistance est retardée et le saut résistif est limité.
La figure 5 illustre une courbe représentant la tension de pôle en fonction du temps pour un appareil selon l'invention comportant les deux résistances CTPa et CTPb pour un courant de court-circuit de 25 kA. Sur cette courbe, l'on voit que grâce à la transition résistive i de la première résistance CTPa, la transition résistive j de la seconde résistance CTPb peut être très rapide et élevée. En effet, l'on voit que cette transition j arrive très peu de temps après la commutation du courant k et qu'elle est très proche de la transition résistive i de la première résistance CTPa comme le montre également la figure 6 illustrant respectivement les valeurs des résistances R (ohms) des deux résistances CTPa et CTPb en fonction du temps t(s) en secondes.
Sur les figures 7a et 7b, représentant le courant crête I (kA) en fonction du courant de court-circuit Icc (kA) pour les quatre architectures A1, A2, A3, A4, ces quatre architectures représentant respectivement un appareil sans CTP, un appareil avec un CTP dans la branche principale, un appareil comportant un CTP dans la branche de commutation et un appareil comportant un CTP dans chacune des branches. Et l'on voit que l'on obtient une réduction du courant crête dans toutes les solutions du fait que toutes ces solutions présentent un CTP dans la branche principale.
Sur la figure 8, comportant quatre courbes représentant l'énergie d'arc E (kJ) en fonction du courant de court-circuit Icc (kA) pour respectivement les quatre architectures A1, A2, A3 et A4, l'on voit que le choix judicieux des valeurs de résistance et d'énergie de transition des deux résistances CTP permet de maintenir sensiblement constante l'énergie de coupure E2 pour toutes les valeurs de court-circuit.On the figure 1 , it can be seen in bold lines in the drawing the circuit of the current I through the main circuit 1 before switching the arc.
On the figure 2 , it can be seen in bold lines in the drawing the current circuit passing through the switching circuit 8 after switching the arc.
On the figure 3 a curve representing the pole voltage U (v) as a function of the time t (s) is shown for an apparatus having only a limiting resistor CTPa in the main circuit for a short-circuit current of 25kA.
This curve comprises a first part a corresponding to the transition of the PTC resistor, phase during which the arc voltage increases slowly until the moment of switching of the arc, corresponding to a second phase b, second phase during which the Arc voltage increases abruptly to a maximum voltage, after which the voltage decreases slowly during a third phase c corresponding to the decrease of the short-circuit current. In such a case, the role of the first resistor is limited to the phase a located before switching the arc.
The figure 4 corresponds to the case where the circuit-breaker has only a limiting resistor in the switching circuit for a short-circuit current of 25 kA.
This curve comprises a first part d during which the arc voltage increases slowly, then a second part e in which the arc voltage increases very rapidly, phase corresponding to the switching of the arc, then a third part f during which the voltage decreases slowly, a fourth portion g during which the voltage rises sharply, this portion corresponding to the transition of the limiting resistor in the switching circuit to achieve the limitation of the current, after which the pole voltage decreases slowly in a last part h until the extinction of the arc.
It can be seen in this figure that, in order to overcome potential rebounds, the transition of the resistor is delayed and the resistive jump is limited.
The figure 5 illustrates a curve representing the pole voltage as a function of time for an apparatus according to the invention comprising the two CTPa and CTPb resistors for a short circuit current of 25 kA. On this curve, we see that thanks to the resistive transition i of the first resistance CTPa, the resistive transition j of the second resistance CTPb can be very fast and high. Indeed, it can be seen that this transition arrives very shortly after the switching of the current k and that it is very close to the resistive transition i of the first resistance CTPa, as is also shown by FIG. figure 6 respectively showing the values of the resistances R (ohms) of the two resistances CTPa and CTPb as a function of time t (s) in seconds.
On the Figures 7a and 7b , representing the peak current I (kA) as a function of the short-circuit current Icc (kA) for the four architectures A1, A2, A3, A4, these four architectures respectively representing a PTC-free apparatus, an apparatus with a PTC in the main branch, an apparatus comprising a CTP in the switching branch and an apparatus comprising a CTP in each of the branches. And we see that we get a reduction in peak current in all solutions because all these solutions have a CTP in the main branch.
On the figure 8 , comprising four curves representing the arc energy E (kJ) as a function of the short-circuit current Icc (kA) for the four architectures A1, A2, A3 and A4, respectively, we see that the judicious choice of the values The resistance and transition energy of the two PTC resistors makes it possible to keep the cutoff energy E2 substantially constant for all the short-circuit values.

Le fonctionnement d'un appareil de protection électrique selon l'invention va être décrit dans ce qui suit en référence aux figures.
En courant nominal, tel qu'illustré sur la figure 1, le courant I passe dans un circuit comprenant les bornes de raccordement 2,3, la bobine de déclenchement magnétique 4, les contacts électriques 5,6 et le bilame de déclenchement thermique 7.
Lors de l'apparition d'un court-circuit, un arc est généré entre les contacts. Sous l'effet du passage du courant, la valeur de la résistance de la première résistance CTPa va augmenter ainsi que l'impédance totale de cette branche dite principale 1. Cette augmentation d'impédance va accélérer la commutation de l'arc électrique vers la branche 8 où est placée la chambre d'extinction d'arc E.
Lorsque l'arc se trouve dans la chambre d'extinction E (figure 2), la seconde résistance limitatrice CTPb intervient à son tour. Sa transition va s'ajouter à la tension développée par l'arc dans la chambre d'extinction E et accroître la limitation du courant de court-circuit.
Compte-tenu de la présence de la première résistance CTPa, l'arc ne peut revenir sur les contacts du fait de la transition du premier composant CTPa. Les deux CTP sont complémentaires dans le sens où :

  1. 1 : CTPa favorise une rapide commutation de l'arc grâce à un rapide saut résistif en cas de court-circuit. En outre, CTPa garantit l'absence de reclaquage une fois que l'arc a commuté vers la chambre d'arc. Eventuellement, CTPa permet aussi de limiter le courant crête.
  2. 2 : CTPb limite rapidement l'énergie de coupure en ajoutant à la tension d'arc une tension supplémentaire, tout en garantissant l'absence de reclaquage grâce à une limitation du saut résistif.
The operation of an electrical protection device according to the invention will be described in the following with reference to the figures.
Nominal current, as shown on the figure 1 the current I passes through a circuit comprising the connection terminals 2,3, the magnetic trip coil 4, the electrical contacts 5,6 and the thermal trip bimetallic strip 7.
When a short circuit occurs, an arc is generated between the contacts. Under the effect of the passage of the current, the value of the resistance of the first resistance CTPa will increase as well as the total impedance of this so-called main branch 1. This increase in impedance will accelerate the switching of the electric arc to the branch 8 where is placed the arc extinguishing chamber E.
When the arc is in the extinguishing chamber E ( figure 2 ), the second limiting resistor CTPb intervenes in turn. Its transition will be added to the voltage developed by the arc in the extinction chamber E and increase the limitation of the short-circuit current.
Given the presence of the first resistance CTPa, the arc can not return to the contacts because of the transition of the first component CTPa. The two CTPs are complementary in the sense that:
  1. 1: CTPa promotes a fast switching of the arc thanks to a fast resistive jump in case of short circuit. In addition, CTPa guarantees the absence of reclosure once the arc has switched to the arc chamber. Optionally, CTPa also makes it possible to limit the peak current.
  2. 2: CTPb quickly limits the breaking energy by adding additional voltage to the arc voltage, while guaranteeing the absence of reclamation thanks to a limitation of the resistive jump.

Enfin, le choix judicieux des valeurs des résistances des deux CTP et de l'énergie nécessaire à leur transition résistive permet de maintenir sensiblement constante l'énergie de coupure pour tous les courants de court-circuit, et ainsi de dimensionner la chambre de coupure pour une coupure à faible énergie.Finally, the judicious choice of the resistance values of the two CTPs and the energy required for their resistive transition makes it possible to keep the breaking energy for all the short-circuit currents substantially constant, and thus to size the breaking chamber for a low energy cut.

Ci-dessous sont présentés des résultats de simulation sur un disjoncteur miniature de calibre 16A en fonction du courant de court-circuit CC (kA) à 240 V dans les quatre architectures suivantes :

  1. 1 : Disjoncteur seul.
  2. 2 : Disjoncteur avec 2 CTP, l'un dans la branche principale, l'autre dans la branche de commutation.
  3. 3 : Disjoncteur avec 1 CTPb dans la branche de commutation (BC).
  4. 4 : Disjoncteur avec 1 CTPa dans la branche principale (BP).
Disjoncteur sans CTP Disjoncteur avec 2 CTP Disjoncteur avec 1 CTP (BC) Disjoncteur avec 1 CTP (BP) CTPa CTPb CTPb CTPa R(0) mOhm 1.8 3 3 1.8 Rmax mOhm 48 44 33 48 E transition (J) 20 20 55 20 Courant CC (kA) I crête 1 (kA) I2.t1 (kA2.s) Durée (ms) E arc1 (kJ) I crête 2 (kA) I2.t2 (kA2.s) Durée (ms) E arc2 (kJ) I crête 3 (kA) I2.t3 (kA2.s) Durée (ms) E arc3 (kJ) I crête 4 (kA) I2.t4 (kA2.s) Durée (ms) E arc4 (kJ) 6 3.24 13.2 4.3 1.64 3.21 12.0 4.0 1.37 3.24 12.8 4.3 1.57 3.22 13.1 4.3 1.62 8 3.87 20.7 4.0 2.20 3.64 16.2 3.6 1.56 3.87 19.9 4.0 2.10 3.64 18.9 4.0 2.04 10 4.38 24.2 3.8 2.33 3.93 17.8 3.3 1.51 4.38 23.2 3.8 2.21 3.93 20.9 3.8 2.04 12 4.92 29.7 3.5 2.56 4.28 20.3 2.9 1.53 4.92 27.7 3.3 2.28 4.28 24.4 3.5 2.12 15 5.43 32.0 3.2 2.58 4.63 20.9 2.7 1.44 5.43 29.2 3.0 2.20 4.63 25.5 3.2 2.08 18 5.87 33.4 3.0 2.55 4.92 21.4 2.4 1.35 5.87 30.0 2.7 2.10 4.92 26.4 3.0 2.02 20 6.20 35.2 2.9 2.56 5.10 22.2 2.3 1.30 6.20 31.2 2.5 2.06 5.10 27.2 2.9 1.98 25 6.91 38.2 2.6 2.52 5.49 22.3 2.0 1.15 6.91 33.3 2.2 1.94 5.49 28.0 2.6 1.86 Below are presented simulation results on a 16A miniature circuit breaker based on 240 V DC (kA) short-circuit current in the following four architectures:
  1. 1: Circuit breaker only.
  2. 2: Circuit breaker with 2 CTPs, one in the main branch, the other in the switching branch.
  3. 3: Circuit breaker with 1 CTPb in the switching branch (BC).
  4. 4: Circuit breaker with 1 CTPa in the main branch (BP).
Circuit breaker without CTP Circuit breaker with 2 CTP Circuit breaker with 1 CTP (BC) Circuit breaker with 1 CTP (BP) CTPA CTPB CTPB CTPA R (0) mOhm 1.8 3 3 1.8 Rmax mOhm 48 44 33 48 E transition (J) 20 20 55 20 DC current (kA) I peak 1 (kA) I 2 .t1 (kA 2 .s) Duration (ms) E arc1 (kJ) I ridge 2 (kA) I 2 .t2 (kA 2 .s) Duration (ms) E arc2 (kJ) I peak 3 (kA) I 2 .t3 (kA 2 .s) Duration (ms) E arc3 (kJ) I peak 4 (kA) I 2 .t4 (kA 2 .s) Duration (ms) E arc4 (kJ) 6 3.24 13.2 4.3 1.64 3.21 12.0 4.0 1.37 3.24 12.8 4.3 1.57 3.22 13.1 4.3 1.62 8 3.87 20.7 4.0 2.20 3.64 16.2 3.6 1.56 3.87 19.9 4.0 2.10 3.64 18.9 4.0 2.04 10 4.38 24.2 3.8 2.33 3.93 17.8 3.3 1.51 4.38 23.2 3.8 2.21 3.93 20.9 3.8 2.04 12 4.92 29.7 3.5 2.56 4.28 20.3 2.9 1.53 4.92 27.7 3.3 2.28 4.28 24.4 3.5 2.12 15 5.43 32.0 3.2 2.58 4.63 20.9 2.7 1.44 5.43 29.2 3.0 2.20 4.63 25.5 3.2 2.08 18 5.87 33.4 3.0 2.55 4.92 21.4 2.4 1.35 5.87 30.0 2.7 2.10 4.92 26.4 3.0 2.02 20 6.20 35.2 2.9 2.56 5.10 22.2 2.3 1.30 6.20 31.2 2.5 2.06 5.10 27.2 2.9 1.98 25 6.91 38.2 2.6 2.52 5.49 22.3 2.0 1.15 6.91 33.3 2.2 1.94 5.49 28.0 2.6 1.86

On notera que le saut résistif s'exprime par la valeur Rmax/R(0) dans le tableau ci-dessus.Note that the resistive jump is expressed by the value Rmax / R (0) in the table above.

L'invention s'applique avantageusement à tout appareil de protection électrique comportant une chambre de coupure et en particulier un disjoncteur à courant continu ou un disjoncteur à courant alternatif à tension élevée, par exemple pour une installation de 690V.The invention is advantageously applied to any electrical protection device comprising a breaking chamber and in particular a DC circuit breaker or a high-voltage AC circuit breaker, for example for a 690V installation.

Claims (17)

  1. Arc-extinguishing chamber (C) of an electrical protection device comprising an arc formation chamber (F) containing a fixed contact (5) and a moving contact (6), said contacts (5, 6) being located on a branch of an electrical circuit, referred to as the main branch (1), which contacts (5, 6), at the moment of their separation, form an arc between them, said arc formation chamber (F) communicating with the input of a second chamber, referred to as the arc-quenching chamber (E), this moving contact (6) extending in such a way as to draw an arc between the contacts (5, 6) as they separate, this arc being capable of changing over to a branch of an electrical circuit, referred to as the changeover branch (8), said changeover branch (8) being located within the arc-quenching chamber (E), after a certain opening distance between the two contacts (5, 6), said arc-extinguishing chamber (C) additionally including current-limiting means (CTPa, CTPb) in the branch referred to as the changeover branch (8), these means (CTPa, CTPb) including an element, referred to as the current-limiting element, the resistance of which is capable of increasing under the effect of the current in such a way as to increase the impedance in the changeover branch (8), said arc-extinguishing chamber (C) including a second current-limiting element (CTPb) placed in the branch referred to as the changeover branch (8) in series with the fixed contact (5) and allowing the pole voltage to increase when the arc is in the arc-quenching chamber E, in such a way as to limit the short-circuit current,characterized in that it includes a first current-limiting element (CTPa) placed in the branch referred to as the main branch (1) in series with and downstream of the moving contact (6), the first element being capable of accelerating the changeover of the arc and of preventing the return of the arc to the contacts (5, 6), or return breakdown, once changeover has been achieved.
  2. Arc-extinguishing chamber (C) according to Claim 1, characterized in that at least one of the aforementioned elements (CTPa, CTPb) is an element referred to as a positive temperature coefficient (PTC) element.
  3. Arc-extinguishing chamber (C) according to Claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the aforementioned first and second elements (CTPa, CTPb) are a first and a second positive temperature coefficient (PTC) component or a first and a second positive temperature coefficient (PTC) thermistor, respectively.
  4. Arc-extinguishing chamber (C) according to Claim 3, characterized in that the value of the resistance of the first element (CTPa) at a temperature that is substantially equal to +40°C is at most 1.8 mΩ in order to limit the power of the circuit breaker to a value of 3 watts.
  5. Arc-extinguishing chamber (C) according to Claim 4, characterized in that the value of the jump in resistance Rmax/R(0) of the first PTC element (CTPa) is at least 20, so as to accelerate the changeover of the arc and to prevent occurrences of return breakdown after the changeover of the arc.
  6. Arc-extinguishing chamber (C) according to any one of Claims 3 to 5, characterized in that the value of the resistance of the second PTC element (CTPb) at a temperature that is substantially equal to 40°C is regulated such that the resistance of the changeover branch (8) is always lower than that of the main branch (1) in order to ensure the absence of return breakdown.
  7. Arc-extinguishing chamber (C) according to any one of Claims 3 to 6, characterized in that the value of the jump in resistance of the second PTC element (CTPb) is such that no return breakdown occurs once the second PTC element has transitioned.
  8. Arc-extinguishing chamber (C) according to Claim 7, characterized in that the hot resistance value, or value of the transitioned PTC, of the second PTC element (CTPb) is lower than the resistance value of the main line (1), which resistance value is mainly defined by the hot resistance value of the first PTC (CTPa).
  9. Arc-extinguishing chamber (C) according to Claim 7 or 8, characterized in that it includes, in association with at least one of the two PTC elements (CTPa, CTPb), an additional resistor or a shunt, connected in parallel to the one or more PTC elements, the resistance value of which is chosen so as to regulate the value of the jump in resistance.
  10. Arc-extinguishing chamber (C) according to Claim 9, characterized in that it includes a shunt connected in parallel to the second PTC element (CTPb), this shunt having a resistance the value of which is lower by at least 10% than the value of the transitioned first PTC element (CTPa).
  11. Arc-extinguishing chamber (C) according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the energy required for the transition of the second PTC element (CTPb) is such that the transition of the second element (CTPb) for a short-circuit current of 25 kA is achieved in a time of less than 500 µs, thereby decreasing the switching energy.
  12. Arc-extinguishing chamber (C) according to Claim 11, characterized in that this time is comprised between 200 µs and 300 µs.
  13. Electrical protection device, characterized in that it includes an arc-extinguishing chamber (C) according to any one of the preceding claims.
  14. Electrical protection device according to Claim 13, characterized in that it is a low-voltage circuit breaker.
  15. Electrical protection device according to Claim 14, characterized in that this circuit breaker includes the upstream (2) and downstream (3) clamping terminals, a magnetic trip coil (4), the electrical contacts (5, 6) and the thermal trip bimetallic strip (7), all of these elements being electrically linked and forming the aforementioned main circuit (1).
  16. Electrical protection device according to any one of Claims 13 to 15, characterized in that it is a miniature circuit breaker having a rating of 16 A, and in that the value of the resistance of the first limiting element (CTPa) at a temperature that is substantially equal to +40°C does not exceed 1.8 mΩ in order to limit the total power dissipated by the circuit breaker to a value of 3 watts.
  17. Electrical protection device according to any one of Claims 13 to 16, characterized in that it is a miniature circuit breaker having a rating of 16 A, and in that the value of the resistance of the second limiting element (CTPb) at a temperature that is substantially equal to +40°C is lower than 3 mΩ.
EP16187245.2A 2015-10-16 2016-09-05 Arc extinguishing chamber of an electrical protection device and electrical protection device comprising such a chamber Active EP3157033B1 (en)

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FR1559876A FR3042638B1 (en) 2015-10-16 2015-10-16 CUTTING CHAMBER OF AN ELECTRICAL PROTECTION APPARATUS AND ELECTRICAL PROTECTION APPARATUS COMPRISING SUCH A ROOM

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CN109216125B (en) * 2017-07-06 2023-07-25 王静洋 High breaking arcless circuit breaker
EP3716304A1 (en) * 2019-03-29 2020-09-30 Lisa Dräxlmaier GmbH Electrical switch for interrupting an electrical high voltage connection and method for interrupting an electrical high voltage connection

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DE4243314C2 (en) * 1992-12-21 1998-08-20 Asea Brown Boveri Current limiting switch
US5933311A (en) * 1998-04-02 1999-08-03 Square D Company Circuit breaker including positive temperature coefficient resistivity elements having a reduced tolerance
DE19810981A1 (en) * 1998-03-13 1999-09-16 Abb Research Ltd Switch with positive temperature coefficient or PTC element for improved current limiting and light arc quenching
DE10118746B4 (en) 2001-04-17 2004-06-24 Siemens Ag Method for operating a switching device with a switchable current limiter and associated arrangement
DE102004059097A1 (en) 2004-12-06 2006-06-08 Siemens Ag Switching device with temperature-dependent resistor for extinguishing an arc
KR100654013B1 (en) * 2005-02-21 2006-12-05 엘에스전선 주식회사 Breaker of Providing Successive Trip Mechanism Based on Positive Temperature Coefficient Current-Limiting Device

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FR3042638B1 (en) 2017-10-27
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