EP3288915A1 - Procédé de préparation d'une mousse de géopolymère fonctionnalisée, ladite mousse fonctionnalisée et ses utilisations - Google Patents
Procédé de préparation d'une mousse de géopolymère fonctionnalisée, ladite mousse fonctionnalisée et ses utilisationsInfo
- Publication number
- EP3288915A1 EP3288915A1 EP16723259.4A EP16723259A EP3288915A1 EP 3288915 A1 EP3288915 A1 EP 3288915A1 EP 16723259 A EP16723259 A EP 16723259A EP 3288915 A1 EP3288915 A1 EP 3288915A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- solution
- ion
- metal
- geopolymer
- geopolymer foam
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 229920000876 geopolymer Polymers 0.000 title claims abstract description 153
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 150
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 6
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 51
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 50
- 239000002105 nanoparticle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 229910052792 caesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N caesium atom Chemical compound [Cs] TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000013256 coordination polymer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 229920001795 coordination polymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 229910052716 thallium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- BKVIYDNLLOSFOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N thallium Chemical compound [Tl] BKVIYDNLLOSFOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000003446 ligand Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 79
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 54
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 51
- -1 tetrafluoroborate Chemical compound 0.000 claims description 48
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 claims description 39
- 229910052752 metalloid Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 37
- 150000003839 salts Chemical group 0.000 claims description 36
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 32
- 239000002671 adjuvant Substances 0.000 claims description 29
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 28
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 26
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 claims description 25
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 claims description 24
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- 229910000323 aluminium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 22
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 20
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 19
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 19
- 150000002738 metalloids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 18
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 230000003213 activating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 claims description 7
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000002978 peroxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052785 arsenic Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- RQNWIZPPADIBDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N arsenic atom Chemical compound [As] RQNWIZPPADIBDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052793 cadmium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium atom Chemical compound [Cd] BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury Chemical compound [Hg] QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052753 mercury Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium atom Chemical compound [Sr] CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 4
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 4
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 4
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003945 anionic surfactant Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003093 cationic surfactant Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002736 nonionic surfactant Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fe2+ Chemical compound [Fe+2] CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- VTLYFUHAOXGGBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fe3+ Chemical compound [Fe+3] VTLYFUHAOXGGBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001429 cobalt ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- XLJKHNWPARRRJB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt(2+) Chemical compound [Co+2] XLJKHNWPARRRJB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001447 ferric ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001448 ferrous ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001451 organic peroxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000006068 polycondensation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- KJUGUADJHNHALS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1H-tetrazole Substances C=1N=NNN=1 KJUGUADJHNHALS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- ZSLUVFAKFWKJRC-IGMARMGPSA-N 232Th Chemical compound [232Th] ZSLUVFAKFWKJRC-IGMARMGPSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- ICGLPKIVTVWCFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-methylbenzenesulfonohydrazide Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(S(=O)(=O)NN)C=C1 ICGLPKIVTVWCFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- MARUHZGHZWCEQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-phenyl-2h-tetrazole Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1C1=NNN=N1 MARUHZGHZWCEQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acetate Chemical compound CC([O-])=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bicarbonate Chemical class OC([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- JPVYNHNXODAKFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cu2+ Chemical compound [Cu+2] JPVYNHNXODAKFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052691 Erbium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052693 Europium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Fluoride anion Chemical compound [F-] KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052688 Gadolinium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Gallium Chemical compound [Ga] GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052779 Neodymium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052778 Plutonium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052777 Praseodymium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ruthenium Chemical compound [Ru] KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-DEQYMQKBSA-M Sodium bicarbonate-14C Chemical compound [Na+].O[14C]([O-])=O UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-DEQYMQKBSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052771 Terbium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052776 Thorium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052770 Uranium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052769 Ytterbium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- PTFCDOFLOPIGGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc dication Chemical compound [Zn+2] PTFCDOFLOPIGGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- VRFNYSYURHAPFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N [(4-methylphenyl)sulfonylamino]urea Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(S(=O)(=O)NNC(N)=O)C=C1 VRFNYSYURHAPFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052767 actinium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- QQINRWTZWGJFDB-UHFFFAOYSA-N actinium atom Chemical compound [Ac] QQINRWTZWGJFDB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000019399 azodicarbonamide Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N bismuth atom Chemical compound [Bi] JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000019 calcium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000004649 carbonic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- ZMIGMASIKSOYAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium Chemical compound [Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce] ZMIGMASIKSOYAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001431 copper ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002537 cosmetic Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- UYAHIZSMUZPPFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N erbium Chemical compound [Er] UYAHIZSMUZPPFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- OGPBJKLSAFTDLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N europium atom Chemical compound [Eu] OGPBJKLSAFTDLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- UIWYJDYFSGRHKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N gadolinium atom Chemical compound [Gd] UIWYJDYFSGRHKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002429 hydrazines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen iodide Chemical compound I XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium atom Chemical compound [In] APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052746 lanthanum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N lanthanum atom Chemical compound [La] FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011133 lead Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- QEFYFXOXNSNQGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N neodymium atom Chemical compound [Nd] QEFYFXOXNSNQGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001453 nickel ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002823 nitrates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002832 nitroso derivatives Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- OYEHPCDNVJXUIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N plutonium atom Chemical compound [Pu] OYEHPCDNVJXUIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- PUDIUYLPXJFUGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N praseodymium atom Chemical compound [Pr] PUDIUYLPXJFUGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052705 radium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- HCWPIIXVSYCSAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N radium atom Chemical compound [Ra] HCWPIIXVSYCSAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000013535 sea water Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000003349 semicarbazides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910021653 sulphate ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- GZCRRIHWUXGPOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N terbium atom Chemical compound [Tb] GZCRRIHWUXGPOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000003536 tetrazoles Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- DNYWZCXLKNTFFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N uranium Chemical compound [U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U] DNYWZCXLKNTFFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002351 wastewater Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- NAWDYIZEMPQZHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ytterbium Chemical compound [Yb] NAWDYIZEMPQZHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- VJRITMATACIYAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzenesulfonohydrazide Chemical compound NNS(=O)(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 VJRITMATACIYAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 108
- MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen peroxide Chemical compound OO MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 21
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 17
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 13
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 11
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 10
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 10
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 10
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 9
- 238000007306 functionalization reaction Methods 0.000 description 9
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 9
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 description 8
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 7
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 7
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 6
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910001385 heavy metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000002285 radioactive effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229910021642 ultra pure water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000012498 ultrapure water Substances 0.000 description 6
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 5
- NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N kaolin Chemical compound O.O.O=[Al]O[Si](=O)O[Si](=O)O[Al]=O NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 231100000701 toxic element Toxicity 0.000 description 5
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000003750 conditioning effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000002159 nanocrystal Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 4
- FGIUAXJPYTZDNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium nitrate Chemical compound [K+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O FGIUAXJPYTZDNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- NHGXDBSUJJNIRV-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetrabutylammonium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CCCC[N+](CCCC)(CCCC)CCCC NHGXDBSUJJNIRV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 3
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000012670 alkaline solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- HUCVOHYBFXVBRW-UHFFFAOYSA-M caesium hydroxide Inorganic materials [OH-].[Cs+] HUCVOHYBFXVBRW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 125000005842 heteroatom Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000004898 kneading Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 3
- 125000001453 quaternary ammonium group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000007127 saponification reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 3
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CXRFDZFCGOPDTD-UHFFFAOYSA-M Cetrimide Chemical compound [Br-].CCCCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](C)(C)C CXRFDZFCGOPDTD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Orthosilicate Chemical compound [O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DBMJMQXJHONAFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium laurylsulphate Chemical compound [Na+].CCCCCCCCCCCCOS([O-])(=O)=O DBMJMQXJHONAFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910001579 aluminosilicate mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 125000000129 anionic group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000008119 colloidal silica Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004567 concrete Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004320 controlled atmosphere Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005202 decontamination Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003588 decontaminative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000003795 desorption Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010410 dusting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000010881 fly ash Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000001072 heteroaryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 2
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron oxide Inorganic materials [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000013980 iron oxide Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- VBMVTYDPPZVILR-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(2+);oxygen(2-) Chemical class [O-2].[Fe+2] VBMVTYDPPZVILR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- AMWRITDGCCNYAT-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese oxide Inorganic materials [Mn].O[Mn]=O.O[Mn]=O AMWRITDGCCNYAT-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- PPNAOCWZXJOHFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N manganese(2+);oxygen(2-) Chemical class [O-2].[Mn+2] PPNAOCWZXJOHFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004530 micro-emulsion Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000010755 mineral Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 125000000962 organic group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 235000010333 potassium nitrate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000012266 salt solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000019333 sodium laurylsulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- VWDWKYIASSYTQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium nitrate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O VWDWKYIASSYTQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium silicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-][Si]([O-])=O NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000002336 sorption--desorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- ONBWNNUYXGJKKD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-bis(2-ethylhexoxy)-1,4-dioxobutane-2-sulfonic acid;sodium Chemical compound [Na].CCCCC(CC)COC(=O)CC(S(O)(=O)=O)C(=O)OCC(CC)CCCC ONBWNNUYXGJKKD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CMCBDXRRFKYBDG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-dodecoxydodecane Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCOCCCCCCCCCCCC CMCBDXRRFKYBDG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MFGOFGRYDNHJTA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-amino-1-(2-fluorophenyl)ethanol Chemical compound NCC(O)C1=CC=CC=C1F MFGOFGRYDNHJTA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001018 Cast iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 241000282326 Felis catus Species 0.000 description 1
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N Glucose Natural products OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 241000255972 Pieris <butterfly> Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 description 1
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- NPYPAHLBTDXSSS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium ion Chemical compound [K+] NPYPAHLBTDXSSS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004111 Potassium silicate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910004298 SiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910004283 SiO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910002800 Si–O–Al Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004115 Sodium Silicate Substances 0.000 description 1
- FKNQFGJONOIPTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sodium cation Chemical compound [Na+] FKNQFGJONOIPTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004141 Sodium laurylsulphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- ULUAUXLGCMPNKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfobutanedioic acid Chemical class OC(=O)CC(C(O)=O)S(O)(=O)=O ULUAUXLGCMPNKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PLZVEHJLHYMBBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetradecylamine Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCN PLZVEHJLHYMBBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052768 actinide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001255 actinides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012190 activator Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002252 acyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000004973 alkali metal peroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000004974 alkaline earth metal peroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910001583 allophane Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004645 aluminates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- INJRKJPEYSAMPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum;silicic acid;hydrate Chemical compound O.[Al].[Al].O[Si](O)(O)O INJRKJPEYSAMPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001588 amesite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052849 andalusite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000003435 aroyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000005228 aryl sulfonate group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- JXLHNMVSKXFWAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N azane;7-fluoro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole-4-sulfonic acid Chemical compound N.OS(=O)(=O)C1=CC=C(F)C2=NON=C12 JXLHNMVSKXFWAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium atom Chemical compound [Ba] DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000440 bentonite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000278 bentonite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N bentoquatam Chemical compound O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001638 boron Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 1
- AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Ca+2] AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004587 chromatography analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000084 colloidal system Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000498 cooling water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001879 copper Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- XTVVROIMIGLXTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper(II) nitrate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O XTVVROIMIGLXTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052878 cordierite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001913 cyanates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000006165 cyclic alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- JSKIRARMQDRGJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimagnesium dioxido-bis[(1-oxido-3-oxo-2,4,6,8,9-pentaoxa-1,3-disila-5,7-dialuminabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-7-yl)oxy]silane Chemical compound [Mg++].[Mg++].[O-][Si]([O-])(O[Al]1O[Al]2O[Si](=O)O[Si]([O-])(O1)O2)O[Al]1O[Al]2O[Si](=O)O[Si]([O-])(O1)O2 JSKIRARMQDRGJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009881 electrostatic interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- XDRMBCMMABGNMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl benzenesulfonate Chemical compound CCOS(=O)(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 XDRMBCMMABGNMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010433 feldspar Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005243 fluidization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004088 foaming agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008103 glucose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004820 halides Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- DBQHRENFKZKVRW-BTVCFUMJSA-N hexanoic acid;(2r,3s,4r,5r)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanal Chemical compound CCCCCC(O)=O.OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C=O DBQHRENFKZKVRW-BTVCFUMJSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012456 homogeneous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000265 homogenisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical class [H]* 0.000 description 1
- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052900 illite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003295 industrial effluent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004966 inorganic peroxy acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920000592 inorganic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005342 ion exchange Methods 0.000 description 1
- DCYOBGZUOMKFPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(2+);iron(3+);octadecacyanide Chemical class [Fe+2].[Fe+2].[Fe+2].[Fe+3].[Fe+3].[Fe+3].[Fe+3].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-] DCYOBGZUOMKFPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052622 kaolinite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052850 kyanite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010443 kyanite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052747 lanthanoid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002602 lanthanoids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010907 mechanical stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- CZXGXYBOQYQXQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl benzenesulfonate Chemical compound COS(=O)(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 CZXGXYBOQYQXQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011859 microparticle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005065 mining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZBJVLWIYKOAYQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N naphthalen-2-yl 2-hydroxybenzoate Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1C(=O)OC1=CC=C(C=CC=C2)C2=C1 ZBJVLWIYKOAYQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000449 nitro group Chemical group [O-][N+](*)=O 0.000 description 1
- VGIBGUSAECPPNB-UHFFFAOYSA-L nonaaluminum;magnesium;tripotassium;1,3-dioxido-2,4,5-trioxa-1,3-disilabicyclo[1.1.1]pentane;iron(2+);oxygen(2-);fluoride;hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[F-].[Mg+2].[Al+3].[Al+3].[Al+3].[Al+3].[Al+3].[Al+3].[Al+3].[Al+3].[Al+3].[K+].[K+].[K+].[Fe+2].O1[Si]2([O-])O[Si]1([O-])O2.O1[Si]2([O-])O[Si]1([O-])O2.O1[Si]2([O-])O[Si]1([O-])O2.O1[Si]2([O-])O[Si]1([O-])O2.O1[Si]2([O-])O[Si]1([O-])O2.O1[Si]2([O-])O[Si]1([O-])O2.O1[Si]2([O-])O[Si]1([O-])O2 VGIBGUSAECPPNB-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000004430 oxygen atom Chemical group O* 0.000 description 1
- 238000004806 packaging method and process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005325 percolation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004968 peroxymonosulfuric acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-O phosphonium Chemical compound [PH4+] XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 231100000614 poison Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 239000002574 poison Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000570 polyether Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920005862 polyol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000003077 polyols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000002459 porosimetry Methods 0.000 description 1
- XAEFZNCEHLXOMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium benzoate Chemical compound [K+].[O-]C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 XAEFZNCEHLXOMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000004323 potassium nitrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- NNHHDJVEYQHLHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium silicate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-][Si]([O-])=O NNHHDJVEYQHLHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052913 potassium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019353 potassium silicate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008262 pumice Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052903 pyrophyllite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000008929 regeneration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011069 regeneration method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000009666 routine test Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052701 rubidium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- IGLNJRXAVVLDKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N rubidium atom Chemical compound [Rb] IGLNJRXAVVLDKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002000 scavenging effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- SCPYDCQAZCOKTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N silanol Chemical compound [SiH3]O SCPYDCQAZCOKTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021487 silica fume Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940045845 sodium myristate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000004317 sodium nitrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010344 sodium nitrate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- RYYKJJJTJZKILX-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium octadecanoate Chemical compound [Na+].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O RYYKJJJTJZKILX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229940045870 sodium palmitate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910052911 sodium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229940080350 sodium stearate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- GGXKEBACDBNFAF-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;hexadecanoate Chemical compound [Na+].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O GGXKEBACDBNFAF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- JUQGWKYSEXPRGL-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;tetradecanoate Chemical compound [Na+].CCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O JUQGWKYSEXPRGL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000011343 solid material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052678 stilbite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003467 sulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- CBXCPBUEXACCNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetraethylammonium Chemical compound CC[N+](CC)(CC)CC CBXCPBUEXACCNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- USFPINLPPFWTJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetraphenylphosphonium Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1[P+](C=1C=CC=CC=1)(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 USFPINLPPFWTJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XOGGUFAVLNCTRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrapotassium;iron(2+);hexacyanide Chemical class [K+].[K+].[K+].[K+].[Fe+2].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-] XOGGUFAVLNCTRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JOXIMZWYDAKGHI-UHFFFAOYSA-M toluene-4-sulfonate Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(S([O-])(=O)=O)C=C1 JOXIMZWYDAKGHI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000003626 triacylglycerols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004065 wastewater treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004711 α-olefin Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B41/00—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone
- C04B41/009—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone characterised by the material treated
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B41/00—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone
- C04B41/45—Coating or impregnating, e.g. injection in masonry, partial coating of green or fired ceramics, organic coating compositions for adhering together two concrete elements
- C04B41/50—Coating or impregnating, e.g. injection in masonry, partial coating of green or fired ceramics, organic coating compositions for adhering together two concrete elements with inorganic materials
- C04B41/5007—Coating or impregnating, e.g. injection in masonry, partial coating of green or fired ceramics, organic coating compositions for adhering together two concrete elements with inorganic materials with salts or salty compositions, e.g. for salt glazing
- C04B41/501—Coating or impregnating, e.g. injection in masonry, partial coating of green or fired ceramics, organic coating compositions for adhering together two concrete elements with inorganic materials with salts or salty compositions, e.g. for salt glazing containing carbon in the anion, e.g. carbonates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B41/00—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone
- C04B41/60—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone of only artificial stone
- C04B41/61—Coating or impregnation
- C04B41/65—Coating or impregnation with inorganic materials
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
- C04B2111/00474—Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00
- C04B2111/00793—Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00 as filters or diaphragms
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P40/00—Technologies relating to the processing of minerals
- Y02P40/10—Production of cement, e.g. improving or optimising the production methods; Cement grinding
Definitions
- the present invention belongs to the field of geopolymers and in particular geopolymer foams useful for the catalysis, filtration and / or decontamination of liquid or gaseous effluents.
- the present invention provides a method for functionalizing a geopolymer foam with nanoparticles of a CN-ligated metal coordination polymer comprising metal cations, alkaline cations, and hexa- and octacyanometallate anions, especially hexanedial anions. and octacyanoferrates.
- the present invention also relates to the geopolymer foam thus functionalized and its uses in particular for the selective extraction of compounds to be recovered or decontaminated such as cesium or thallium.
- the present invention relates to a particular method for preparing a geopolymer foam for subsequent functionalization and this, using two different adjuvants that are a gas-generating adjuvant and an air-entraining aid.
- Geopolymers are aluminosilicate materials synthesized from the alkaline activation of an aluminosilicate source such as, for example, metakaolin or fly ash. These are mainly amorphous materials which have an intrinsic porosity of the order of 40-50%, an average pore size of between 4 and 15 nm and a specific surface area of between 40 and 200 m 2 / g according to the alkaline activator used ie sodium or potassium [1]. Geopolymers are presented as having good mechanical strength, good fire resistance and acid attacks and can be used in various parts of the industry such as building for thermal insulation, nuclear for waste conditioning [2] or chemistry for the trapping of toxic elements or other heavy metals [3] .
- the geopolymers can be used in the form of foams namely geopolymers with low density, highest possible total porosity i.e. greater than 70% and macroscopic pore size in addition to mesoscopic intrinsic pore size.
- Mineral foams of geopolymers can be synthesized indirectly, namely by using the template method [4] or directly from various porogenic agents [5].
- the so-called "template” method involves making an oil-type emulsion in alkaline activation solution and geopolymerizing the mineral phase around oil drops [4, 6].
- the low density final material is obtained either by washing or by heat treatment.
- the macroscopic porosity of the geopolymer can be created by the water vapor generated during the curing of the geopolymer at 150 ° C, which however remains a poorly controllable process.
- Such a method is notably implemented in the article by Lopez et al, 2014 [7] in which no information on the pore size is given.
- surfactants can be introduced into the geopolymer solution, still liquid, which during the mechanical stirring step causes air thus creating a macroscopic porosity of the order of one hundred microns. [8, 9].
- Another way to make a geopolymer foam is to use chemicals such as aluminum metal [10], silica fume [10, 11] or hydrogen peroxide [8-10]. Indeed, the addition of metal in the geopolymer mixture generates hydrogen by reaction with the alkalis while the addition of peroxide generates oxygen which is less dangerous in terms of gas management in industrial installations than they are nuclear or not.
- the article by Cilla et al, 2014 [12] describes the synthesis of a geopolymer foam by combining hydrogen peroxide used to generate oxygen and an oil comprising triglycerides which causes saponification reactions to generate in situ surfactant molecules.
- strong mechanical agitation is used during the process to entrain as much air as possible.
- US 2013/055924 [6] describes a similar method generalized to other gas generating compounds.
- geopolymer foam has a certain advantage in the building sector and in particular for thermal insulation [11] but also in the nuclear or chemical field. Indeed, the geopolymer foam can be used on the one hand to trap / adsorb radioactive elements such as cesium but also serves as final containment matrix.
- the inventors have therefore set themselves the goal of proposing a process for preparing a geopolymer foam useful in the adsorption of radioactive elements such as cesium, strontium, cobalt, toxic elements such as arsenic or heavy metals such as cadmium and nickel, simple ie low number of steps, easy to implement, reproducible, reliable, economical and advantageously having a reduced environmental footprint, for example by avoiding the use of organic solvents and controlled atmospheres.
- radioactive elements such as cesium, strontium, cobalt
- toxic elements such as arsenic or heavy metals such as cadmium and nickel
- the present invention makes it possible to solve the previously listed technical problems and disadvantages of the materials and methods of the prior art. Indeed, the inventors have developed a protocol for preparing a geopolymer foam adapted for the adsorption of radioactive elements, toxic elements or heavy metals with a number of steps and a reasonable cost.
- the present invention consists in the functionalization of the surface of a geopomyler foam with Prussian Blue Analogues (ABP) in the form of nanoparticles of a CN-ligated metal coordination polymer having the formula [Alk + x ] M n + [M '(CN) m ] z " wherein Alk is an alkali metal, x is 1 or 2, M is a transition metal, n is 2 or 3, M' is a transition metal, m is 6 or 8 and z is 3 or 4.
- the functionalization method that is the subject of the present invention makes it possible to obtain, in a reliable, certain and reproducible manner, the stoichiometric compound as defined above: [Alk + x ] M n + [M '(CN) m ] z " .
- the method according to the invention is generally, as a whole, simple, since it uses known and proven processes. Moreover, it is reliable and perfectly reproducible. Indeed, it allows the preparation of a final product whose characteristics, composition - especially with regard to the alkali metal stoichiometry - and properties, are perfectly determined and do not undergo random variations.
- the method according to the invention is all the more simple in that it does not require any prior functionalization of the geopolymer foam by organic groups such as grafts.
- the method according to the invention has a low impact on the environment: in particular, it does not generally implement organic solvents but only water and it does not use controlled atmospheres. In addition, it is typically carried out under atmospheric pressure and does not require a reduction of this pressure, especially in the form of a vacuum.
- the functionalized geopolymer foam prepared by the process according to the invention containing an alkali metal in its structure has better extraction capacities, for example cesium. It should be noted that the diversity of the ABP and in particular the various transition metals M 'and alkali metals Alk which can be envisaged makes it possible to obtain analogs that are not only selective with respect to different elements to be eliminated or recovered but also with grafting efficiency on the walls of the improved geopolymer foam.
- the ion exchange during extraction occurs only with potassium, and there is no release of the transition metal M or M 'which goes into the structure of cyanometalate, which is more advantageous especially from the point of view of compliance with the discharge standards where releasing an alkali metal such as potassium rather than a transition metal is preferable.
- the present invention relates to a process for preparing a geopolymer foam comprising nanoparticles of a CN-ligated metal coordination polymer having the formula [Alk + x ] M n + [M '(CN) m ] z " in which Alk is an alkali metal, x is 1 or 2, M is a transition metal, n is 2 or 3, M 'is a transition metal, m is 6 or 8 and z is 3 or 4, said process comprising the steps successive stages consisting of: a) contacting a geopolymer foam with a solution containing at least one M n + ion and then washing and optionally drying the geopolymer foam thus obtained;
- step (b) contacting the geopolymer foam obtained after step (a) with a solution containing at least one salt or complex of [M '(CN) m ] z " and at least one salt of an alkali metal Alk then wash and eventually dry the geopolymer foam thus obtained, and
- geopolymer or “geopolymer matrix” is meant in the context of the present invention a solid and porous material in the dry state, obtained following the hardening of a mixture containing finely ground materials (ie an aluminosilicate source) ) and a saline solution (ie an activating solution), said mixture being capable of setting and hardening over time.
- This mixture may also be referred to as "geopolymeric mixture", “geopolymeric composition” or “geopolymeric paste”.
- the hardening of the geopolymer is the result of the dissolution / polycondensation of the finely ground materials of the geopolymeric mixture in a saline solution such as a high pH salt solution (i.e. the activating solution).
- a geopolymer or geopolymer matrix is an amorphous aluminosilicate inorganic polymer.
- Said polymer is obtained from a reactive material essentially containing silica and aluminum (ie the aluminosilicate source), activated by a strongly alkaline solution, the solid / solution weight ratio in the formulation being low.
- the structure of a geopolymer is composed of an Si-O-Al lattice formed of silicate (SiO 4 ) and aluminate (AlO 4 ) tetrahedra bound at their vertices by oxygen atom sharing.
- charge compensation cation also called compensation cation (s) which make it possible to compensate for the negative charge of the complex AI0 4 ⁇ Ledit (s) cation (s) of compensation is (are) advantageously chosen (s) in the group consisting of alkali metals such as lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb) and cesium (Cs), alkaline earth metals such as magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr) and barium (Ba) and mixtures thereof.
- alkali metals such as lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb) and cesium (Cs
- alkaline earth metals such as magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr) and barium (Ba) and mixtures thereof.
- geopolymer foam is meant a geopolymer as previously defined, macroporous, mesoporous and optionally microporous, having a density of less than 1.5 g / cm 3 , especially less than 1.2 g / cm 3 , in particular less than at 0.9 g / cm 3 , and more particularly less than 0.6 g / cm 3 .
- mesoporous and macroporous geopolymer is meant a geopolymer having both macropores and mesopores.
- Macropores means pores or voids having an average diameter greater than 50 nm and in particular greater than 70 nm.
- mesopores is meant pores or voids having a mean diameter of between 2 and 50 nm and especially between 2 and 20 nm.
- a geopolymer foam may also have micropores.
- micropores is meant pores or voids having an average diameter of less than 2 nm. When micropores are present, the microporosity is typically less than 15% and especially less than 10% and, in particular, between 5 and 10% by volume relative to the total porosity of the geopolymer.
- the total porosity corresponding to the macroporosity, the mesoporosity and the possible microporosity is greater than 70%, in particular greater than 75%, and in particular greater than 80% by volume relative to the volume. total of the geopolymer.
- the geopolymer foam implemented in the context of the present invention has an open porosity, a penetrating open porosity, a connected (or interconnected) porosity and a closed porosity.
- the geopolymer foam used in the context of the present invention has percolating pores which connect a first main surface of the geopolymer foam to a second main surface of the geopolymer foam.
- "main surface” means an outer portion of the geopolymer foam, which limits it vis-à-vis its environment.
- the main surface (s) (s) present (s) typically cavities especially macroscopic, unobstructed.
- nanoparticles of a CN ligand metal coordination polymer having the formula [Alk + x ] M n + [M '(CN) m ] z” is meant nanoparticles or nanocrystals attached to the surface of the geopolymer foam that is to say fixed not only at one of the main surfaces of the foam but also inside the pores, typically macropores and mesopores, this foam An attachment within the pores corresponds to an attachment at the inner surface of the walls of the channels defining these pores.
- the attachment of these nanoparticles or nanocrystals to the surface of the geopolymer foam corresponds to a physical adsorption typically via electrostatic interactions such as Van der Waals bonds involving the metal cations of the nanoparticles or nanocrystals and reactive non-organic groups on the surface.
- geopolymer foam such as silanol and aluminol groups. It should be noted that the fixing of these nanoparticles or nanocrystals on the surface of the geopolymer foam does not require any prior preparation of said attachment-type foam of an organic graft at this surface, which, in itself, makes it possible to obtain a simple process.
- the nanoparticles correspond to the formula [Alk + x ] M n + [M '(CN) m ] z " in which Alk is an alkali metal, x is 1 or 2, M is a metal of transition, n is 2 or 3, M 'is a transition metal, m is 6 or 8 and z is 3 or 4.
- Alk can be any alkali metal.
- Alk is chosen from the group consisting of lithium (Li), sodium (Na) and potassium (K).
- Alk is potassium (K).
- M n + may be any cation of a binding metal having an oxidation state of II or III.
- M n + is selected from the group consisting of a ferrous ion (Fe 2+ ), a nickel ion (Ni 2+ ), a ferric ion (Fe 3+ ), a cobalt ion (Co 2+ ), a copper ion (Cu 2+ ) and a zinc ion (Zn 2+ ).
- M ' can be any cation of a binding metal.
- M ' is selected from the group consisting of a ferrous ion (Fe 2+ ), a ferric ion (Fe 3+ ) and a cobalt ion (Co 3+ ).
- M ' is a molybdenum ion (Mo 5+ ).
- [M '(CN) m ] z " may be [Fe (CN) 6 ] 3" , [Fe (CN) 6 ] 4 - , [Co (CN) 6 ] 3 - or [Mo (CN) 8 ] 3 " .
- nanoparticles with (i) Fe 2+ cations as M n + cations and [Mo (CN) 8] 3 + anions as [M '(CN) m ] z - anions, (ii) Co 2+ , Fe 2+ , Cu 2+ , Zn 2+ or Ni 2+ cations as M n + cations and [Co (CN) e] 3 - anions as [M (CN) m anions] z ⁇ (iii) Co 2+ , Fe 2+ , Cu 2+ , Zn 2+ or Ni 2+ cations as M n + cations and [Fe (CN) e] 3 - anions as [M '(CN) anions ) m "z" or else the cations Co 2+ , Cu 2+ , Zn 2+ or Ni 2+ as cations M n + and the anions [Fe (CN) e] 4 " as anions [M
- the nanoparticles have a sphere or spheroid shape whose diameter is typically between 3 nm and 30 nm.
- the nanoparticles of the coordinating polymer generally have a uniform size and shape over the entire surface of the geopolymer foam.
- Step (a) of the process according to the present invention consists in placing a geopolymer foam in contact with a solution, hereinafter referred to as the Si solution, containing at least one M n + ion and then washing and, if appropriate, drying the foam. geopolymer thus obtained.
- this step corresponds to the preparation of a geopolymer foam on the surface of which is adsorbed at least one M n + ion.
- the M n + ion present in the solution Si may be an ion of any transition metal and in particular a transition metal capable of giving a cyanometalate of this metal which is insoluble.
- the metal M may be chosen from copper, cobalt, zinc, nickel and iron and therefore the M n + ion present in the Si solution is advantageously chosen from the group consisting of Fe 2+ ions. , Ni 2+ , Fe 3+ , Co 2+ , Cu 2+ and Zn 2+ .
- the M n + ion is in the form of a metal salt.
- This salt is advantageously chosen from the group consisting of a nitrate, a sulfate, a chloride, an acetate, a tetrafluoroborate and any of their hydrated forms.
- the metal salt used is copper nitrate (CUN O 3).
- the metal salt is present in the Si solution in an amount of between 1.10 3 and 0.5 mol / L and advantageously between 5.10 3 and 5.10 2 mol / L.
- the metal salt is present in the Si solution in an amount of between 0.1 to 20 mmol / g and advantageously between 1 to 5 mmol / g of geopolymer foam to be functionalized.
- the solution Si comprises, in addition to the metal salt as described above, a solvent.
- This solvent is advantageously water which can be both deionized water, distilled water and ultra-pure water (18.2 ⁇ ).
- the solvent in the Si solution is ultra-pure water (18.2 ⁇ ).
- Step (a) of the process according to the invention is carried out at a temperature of between 10 ° C. and 40 ° C., advantageously between 15 ° C. and 30 ° C. and, more particularly, at room temperature (ie 23 ° C. ⁇ 5 ° C), and usually for 4 to 96 hours.
- the contacting during step (a) can be performed in static mode or in dynamic mode.
- static mode also called “batch mode”
- the geopolymer foam is immersed in the solution Si, the latter being optionally subjected to stirring.
- the duration of the contacting is typically between 12 to 96 hours.
- dynamic mode also called “column mode”
- the Si solution flows on and inside the geopolymer foam.
- the duration of the contacting is typically between 4 to 24 hours.
- the geopolymer foam is subjected to washing.
- Such a washing is intended to remove the excess metal salt as well as the non physically adsorbed M n + ions, which makes it possible to obtain a stable product with a perfectly defined composition.
- the contacting has been carried out in static mode, the geopolymer foam is removed from the Si solution and then washed by immersing it in a wash solution or by flowing the wash solution on and within the the foam. Yes the contacting was carried out in static mode, replacing the Si solution flowing on and inside the geopolymer foam with the washing solution.
- the washing step and especially when it involves immersing the geopolymer foam in a washing solution may be repeated several times and in particular at least twice, at least three times or at least four times. At each wash, a washing solution, identical or different, can be implemented.
- the washing solution used in step (a) comprises the same solvent as the solvent of the Si solution.
- this washing solution is ultra-pure water (18.2 ⁇ ).
- the geopolymer foam may optionally be subjected to drying which is however not mandatory.
- Step (b) of the process according to the present invention consists in contacting the geopolymer foam obtained after step (a) ie the geopolymer foam on the surface of which M n + ions are physically adsorbed with a solution, hereinafter referred to as solution S 2 , comprising two distinct elements that are, on the one hand, a salt or a complex of [M '(CN) m ] z ⁇ and, on the other hand, a salt of Alk alkali metal and then wash and optionally dry the geopolymer foam thus obtained.
- solution S 2 a solution, hereinafter referred to as solution S 2 , comprising two distinct elements that are, on the one hand, a salt or a complex of [M '(CN) m ] z ⁇ and, on the other hand, a salt of Alk alkali metal and then wash and optionally dry the geopolymer foam thus obtained.
- This solution S 2 is different from a solution containing only a salt or complex of [M '(CN) m ] z_ , for example a salt of formula [Alk z / y ] [M' (CN) m ].
- the alkali metal salt Alk having an oxidation degree of y added in addition, is different, distinct from the complex or salt of [M '(CN) m ] z ⁇ , for example salt of formula [Alk z / y ] [M '(CN) m ].
- step (b) of the process according to the present invention the anionic moiety [M '(CN) m ] z ⁇ binds to the physically adsorbed M n + cations at the surface of the geopolymer foam and at the same time alkali insert into the crystal structure.
- This binding is by formation of relatively strong bonds of the covalent bond type and is generally quantitative, ie all M n + cations react. The attachment is therefore not random.
- the inventors have shown that, thanks to the addition of an alkali metal salt Alk during step (b) of the process according to the invention, it is possible to obtain, reliably, certain and reproducible, the stoichiometric compound as defined above: [Alk + x ] M n + [M '(CN) m ] z " , while a non-stoichiometric compound, for example of formula AlkxMi-x [M" M "" ( CN) 6], Alk x Mi-x [M lll M "l (CN) 6], Alk 2 XMI-x [M II M" l (CN) 6] or AlkxMi [M "M” v (CN) s ] with x strictly less than 1 is obtained, when this synthesis is carried out without additional addition of an alkali metal salt.
- the salt or complex of [M '(CN) m ] z ⁇ is in the form of a salt or a complex of formula ( cat) z / y [m '(CN) m] wherein m, m and z are as previously defined and Cat represents a cation and y represents the oxidation state of the cation Cat.
- the Cat cation is chosen from the group consisting of the alkali metal cations, the ammonium cation, a quaternary ammonium cation and a phosphonium cation.
- the Cat cation is chosen from the group consisting of potassium cation (K + ), sodium cation (Na + ), ammonium cation (NH 4 + ), tetrabutylammonium (N (C 4 H 9) 4 + ) and tetraphenylphosphonium (P (C6Hs) 4 + ).
- formula salt (Cat) z / n [M '(CN) m ] usable in the context of the present invention are K 4 Fe (CN) 6, [N (C 4 H 9 ) 4] 3 [Fe (CN) 6 ], [N (C 4 H 9 ) 4 ] 3 [Mo (CN) 8 ] and [N (C 4 H 9 ) 4 ] 3 [Co (CN) 6 ].
- the salt or complex of [M '(CN) m ] z " is present in the solution S 2 in an amount of between 1.10 3 and 0.5 mol / L and advantageously between 5.10 3 and 5.10 -2 mol / L. .
- the salt or complex of [M '(CN) m] z is present in the solution S 2 in an amount of from 0.1 to 20 mmol / g and advantageously from 1 to 5 mmol / g of geopolymer foam to be functionalized.
- the solution S 2 comprises, in addition to the salt or complex of [M '(CN) m ] z ⁇ , a salt of an alkali metal Alk with Alk as defined above.
- the alkali metal salt Alk is in the form of a nitrate, a sulphate, an iodide, a chloride or a fluoride.
- a particular example of an alkali metal salt that can be used in solution S 2 is potassium nitrate.
- the alkali metal salt Alk is present in the solution S 2 in an amount of between 1.10 3 and 0.5 mol / L and advantageously between 5.10 3 and 5.10 2 mol / L.
- the alkali metal salt Alk is present in the solution S 2 in an amount of between 0.1 to 20 mmol / g and advantageously between 1 to 5 mmol / g of geopolymer foam. to functionalize.
- the concentration of salt or complex of [M '(CN) m ] z ⁇ and the concentration of alkali metal salt Alk used in the solution S 2 are identical.
- Solution S 2 comprises, in addition to the salt or complex of [M '(CN) m ] z ⁇ and the alkali metal salt Alk as described above, a solvent.
- This solvent is advantageously water which can be both deionized water, distilled water and ultra-pure water (18.2 ⁇ ).
- the solvent in solution S 2 is ultrapure water (18.2 ⁇ ).
- Step (b) of the process according to the invention is carried out at a temperature of between 10 ° C. and 40 ° C., advantageously between 15 ° C. and 30 ° C. and, more particularly, at room temperature (ie 23 ° C. ⁇ 5 ° C) and this generally for 2 to 96 hours.
- the contacting during step (b) can be performed in static mode or in dynamic mode.
- static mode also called “fashion batch”
- the geopolymer foam is immersed in the solution S 2 , the latter being optionally subjected to stirring.
- the duration of the contacting is typically between 12 to 96 hours.
- dynamic mode also called “column mode”
- the solution S 2 flows on and inside the geopolymer foam.
- the duration of the contacting is typically between 2 to 24 hours.
- the geopolymer foam is subjected to washing.
- Such washing is intended to eliminate the complexes of [M '(CN) m ] z ⁇ which have not been fixed on the M n + cations and makes it possible to obtain a solid support in which there is no longer any [M' (CN) m ] z free, unbound and releasable.
- the geopolymer foam is removed from the solution S 2 and then washed by immersing it in a washing solution or by flowing the washing solution on and inside. foam. If the contacting has been carried out in static mode, the solution S 2 flowing over and inside the geopolymer foam is replaced by the washing solution.
- the washing step and especially when it involves immersing the geopolymer foam in a washing solution may be repeated several times and in particular at least twice, at least three times or at least four times. At each wash, a washing solution, identical or different, can be implemented.
- the washing solution used in step (b) comprises the same solvent as the solvent of the solution S 2 .
- this wash solution is ultra-pure water (18.2 ⁇ ).
- the geopolymer foam may optionally be subjected to drying which is however not mandatory.
- step (b) a geopolymer foam comprising nanoparticles of a CN-ligated metal coordination polymer having the formula [Alk + x ] M n + [M '(CN) m ] z " such than previously defined is obtained.
- the functionalization method according to the invention envisages that the succession of the two contacting steps, namely step (a) of impregnation of the geopolymer foam with an Si solution and the step (b) of impregnating the geopolymer foam obtained following step (a) with a solution S 2 can be repeated (step (c)).
- the succession of steps (a) and (b) or impregnation cycle can be carried out only once or be repeated typically from 1 to 10 times ie repeated 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 times, especially in order to perfectly adjust the size of the nanoparticles.
- the nanoparticle weight content of a CN-ligated metal coordination polymer corresponding to the formula [Alk + x ] M n + [M '(CN) m ] z " as previously Defined is typically 1 to 10% based on the total mass of the functionalized geopolymer foam.
- the geopolymer foam used in the context of the present invention may have various sizes and shapes. It can be in the form of beads, particles, microparticles, nanoparticles, monoliths or plates. Those skilled in the art will be able to determine the best size and shape according to the application envisaged for the functionalized geopolymer foam.
- the geopolymer foam used is in the form of particles of the powder type having a controlled particle size, between 0.1 mm and 10 mm and in particular between 0.5 mm and 1 mm.
- the geopolymer foam used in the context of the present invention may have been prepared by any of the processes for preparing a geopolymer foam known to those skilled in the art and in particular any of the processes described in the present invention.
- the State Party of the Prior Art above the inventors have developed a method for obtaining a geopolymer foam having fine, homogeneous and stabilized pore sizes and connected porosity.
- This process consists in preparing, prior to step (a) as previously defined, a geopolymer foam, by dissolution / polycondensation an alumino-silicate source in an activation solution in the presence of a first gas-generating adjuvant and a second air-entraining admixture.
- a gas-generating adjuvant and an air-entraining aid in the amounts as described below makes it possible to obtain a geopolymer foam whose macroscopic pores are connected thus allowing any liquid possibly contaminated to progress through the network of macroscopic pores, to fill the mesoscopic porosity which has the highest specific surface area and thus to allow adsorbing on the walls of the geopolymer possible contaminants.
- This adsorption can be done either by direct exchange with the alkaline compensation cation which serves to compensate for the charge of the aluminum or by exchange with the alkali cation Alk present in the CN ligand metal coordination polymer responding to the [Alk + x ] M n + [M '(CN) m ] z " as previously defined.
- the macropores are essentially derived from the gas bubbles produced by the gas-generating adjuvant and stabilized by the air-entraining aid, whereas the mesopores result mainly from the process of geopolymerization.
- alumino-silicate source and "reactive material containing essentially silica and aluminum” are, in the present invention, similar and usable interchangeably.
- the reactive material containing essentially silica and aluminum that can be used to prepare the geopolymer matrix used in the context of the invention is advantageously a solid source containing amorphous aluminosilicates.
- amorphous alumino-silicates are chosen in particular from natural alumino-silicate minerals such as illite, stilbite, kaolinite, pyrophyllite, andalusite, bentonite, kyanite, milanite, grovenite, amesite, cordierite, feldspar, allophane, etc .; of the calcined natural aluminosilicate minerals such as metakaolin; synthetic glasses based on pure aluminosilicates; aluminous cement; pumice; calcined by-products or industrial mining residues such as fly ash and blast furnace slags respectively obtained from the burning of coal and during the processing of cast iron ore in a blast furnace; and mixtures thereof.
- activation solution is meant the high pH salt solution well known in the field of geopolymerization.
- the latter is a strongly alkaline aqueous solution which may optionally contain silicate components, especially chosen from the group consisting of silica, colloidal silica and vitreous silica.
- activating solution high pH saline solution
- high alkaline solution high alkaline solution
- strongly alkaline or “high pH” means a solution whose pH is greater than 9, especially greater than 10, in particular greater than 11 and more particularly greater than 12.
- the Activation solution has a concentration of OH " greater than 0.01 M, in particular greater than 0.1 M, in particular greater than 1 M and, more particularly, between 5 and 20 M.
- the activation solution comprises the compensation cation or the mixture of compensation cations as previously defined in the form of an ionic solution or a salt.
- the activating solution is chosen in particular from an aqueous solution of sodium silicate (Na 2 SiO 3), potassium silicate (K 2 SiO 2 ), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide ( KOH), calcium hydroxide (Ca (OH) 2 ), cesium hydroxide (CsOH) and their derivatives etc. ....
- preparing a geopolymer foam with potassium compensation cation allows obtain a mesoscopic specific surface 3 times higher than that developed with sodium.
- gas-generating adjuvant is meant an adjuvant which, in situ ie in the geopolymeric mixture, is capable of reacting with at least one element present in the latter and / or to decompose so as to produce, by endothermic or exothermic chemical reaction, a gas.
- a gas is chosen in particular from oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, ammonia, methane or a mixture thereof.
- the gas-generating adjuvant used in the context of the present invention is chosen from the group consisting of azo compounds, such as azodicarbonamides and their derivatives; hydrazine derivatives, such as p-toluenesulfonylhydrazide, 4,4-oxibis (benzenesulphonylhydrazide) and toluenesulphonylacetonehydrazone; semicarbazides, such as p-toluenesulfonylsemicarbazide; tetrazoles, such as 5-phenyltetrazole, nitroso compounds such as ⁇ , ⁇ -dinitrosopentamethylenetetramine; organic peroxides; inorganic peroxides; carbonate compounds or their derivatives such as alkali or alkaline earth metal carbonates or bicarbonates, in particular calcium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate, optional
- one of their mixtures is meant both a mixture of at least two gas-generating adjuvants belonging to the same chemical family selected from the chemical families mentioned above and a mixture of at least one adjuvant generating gas belonging to a first chemical family selected from the chemical families mentioned and at least one gas-generating adjuvant belonging to a second chemical family chosen from the chemical families mentioned, different from said first chemical family.
- organic peroxides is meant a compound of formula ROOR in which R represents an alkyl group comprising from 1 to 15 carbon atoms, an acyl group -COR 'with R' representing an alkyl group comprising from 1 to 15 carbon atoms. or an aroyl group -COAr with Ar representing an aromatic group comprising from 6 to 15 carbon atoms.
- Alkyl group comprising 1 to 15 carbon atoms means a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl group, optionally substituted, comprising 1 to 15 carbon atoms, especially 1 to 10 carbon atoms and, in particular, 2 to 6 carbon atoms and optionally a heteroatom such as N, O, F, Cl, P, Si, Br or S .
- aromatic group comprising from 6 to 15 carbon atoms
- aromatic or heteroaromatic group consisting of one or more aromatic or heteroaromatic rings each comprising from 3 to 10 carbon atoms.
- heteroatom which may be N, O, P or S.
- substituted is meant, in the context of the present invention, an alkyl or aromatic group, mono- or poly-substituted, with a linear or branched alkyl group comprising from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, by a group amine, with a carboxylic group and / or with a nitro group.
- inorganic peroxides hydrogen peroxide, inorganic peracids and their salts.
- an inorganic peroxide is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen peroxide, perboric, perphosphoric and persulfuric acids and their alkali or alkaline earth metal salts, alkali and alkaline earth metal peroxides such as peroxides of sodium, calcium and magnesium.
- An inorganic peroxide advantageously used in the context of the present invention is hydrogen peroxide.
- the gas-generating adjuvant is used in a weight content of between 0.01 and 5% and especially between 0.1 and 1% relative to the weight of the geopolymer foam.
- the gas-generating adjuvant may be added to the activation solution or the geopolymeric mixture after addition of the aluminosilicate source.
- air-entraining aid an adjuvant capable of forming and / or stabilizing, in the geopolymer, microbubbles of air or gas uniformly distributed in the mass.
- the microbubbles formed are essentially microbubbles of the gas produced by the gas-generating adjuvant, because of the use of such an adjuvant in addition to a gas-entraining admixture. At these microbubbles, are also added air microbubbles trapped during the mixing of the geopolymer paste.
- the air-entraining adjuvant used in the context of the present invention belongs to the field of surfactants which lower the surface tension of water and facilitate the formation of gas bubbles by reducing the energy required to create gas-water contact surfaces.
- surfactants also allow the formation of an insoluble and hydrophobic film around the gas voids.
- the air-entraining admixture is chosen from anionic surfactants, cationic surfactants, nonionic (or neutral) surfactants and a mixture thereof.
- anionic surfactants cationic surfactants, nonionic (or neutral) surfactants and a mixture thereof.
- cationic surfactants cationic surfactants
- nonionic (or neutral) surfactants a mixture thereof.
- One of their mixtures has the same meaning as that previously set forth for gas-generating adjuvants mutatis mutandis.
- anionic surfactants is meant a surfactant whose hydrophilic part is negatively charged, in particular chosen from alkyl or aryl sulfonates, sulphates, phosphates, or sulphosuccinates associated with a counter ion such as an ammonium ion (NH 4+ ), a quaternary ammonium. such as tetrabutylammonium, and alkaline cations such as Na + , Li + and K + .
- a counter ion such as an ammonium ion (NH 4+ )
- a quaternary ammonium such as tetrabutylammonium
- alkaline cations such as Na + , Li + and K + .
- anionic surfactants it is possible, for example, to use a sodium alpha olefin sulphonate comprising at least one C 8 -C 20 aliphatic chain and especially C 10 -C 18 and, in particular, C 14 -C 16; tetraethylammonium paratoluenesulphonate, sodium dodecyl sulphate (also known as sodium lauryl sulphate), sodium palmitate, sodium stearate, sodium myristate, sodium di (2-ethylhexyl) sulphosuccinate and alkylbenzene sulfonate such as methylbenzene sulfonate and ethylbenzene sulfonate.
- a sodium alpha olefin sulphonate comprising at least one C 8 -C 20 aliphatic chain and especially C 10 -C 18 and, in particular, C 14 -C 16; tetraethylammonium parato
- cationic surfactants is meant a surfactant whose hydrophilic part is positively charged, in particular chosen from quaternary ammoniums comprising at least one C4-C22 aliphatic chain, associated with an anionic counterion chosen in particular from boron derivatives, such as tetrafluoroborate or halide ions such as F “ , Br, I “ or Cl " .
- anionic counterion chosen in particular from boron derivatives, such as tetrafluoroborate or halide ions such as F " , Br, I " or Cl " .
- quaternary ammoniums comprising at least one C4-C22 aliphatic chain
- anionic counterion chosen in particular from boron derivatives, such as tetrafluoroborate or halide ions such as F " , Br, I “ or Cl " .
- TTAB tetrabutylammonium chloride
- TTAB tetradecylammonium,
- nonionic surfactants a surfactant whose surface-active properties, in particular hydrophilicity, are provided by unfilled functional groups such as an alcohol, an ether, an ester or an amide, containing heteroatoms such as as nitrogen or oxygen; because of the low hydrophilic contribution of these functions, the nonionic surfactant compounds are most often polyfunctional.
- nonionic surfactants it is possible to use amine oxides, polyethers such as polyethoxylated surfactants such as e.g., polyethylene glycol lauryl ether (Brij ® 35 or POE23), polyols (sugar-derived surfactants), in particular glucose alkylates such as, for example, glucose hexanate.
- air-entraining admixtures comprising one or more of the surfactants presented above, natural or synthetic.
- air-entraining admixtures are in particular marketed under the trademark Sika ® AER, MapeAir and MapePlast by Mapei ® and Cimpore and Cimprefa by Socli ® .
- the air-entraining admixture is used in a weight content of between 0.5 and 8% and in particular between 2 and 5% relative to the weight of the geopolymer foam.
- the gas-generating adjuvant may be added to the activation solution or the geopolymeric mixture after addition of the aluminosilicate source.
- the preparation of the geopolymer foam according to the present invention comprises the following steps:
- step (i) preparing an activation solution, in particular as defined above, comprising an air-entraining admixture, in particular as defined above, ii) adding to the solution obtained in step (i) at least one alumino-silicate source, especially as defined above, and a gas-generating adjuvant in particular as defined above, and then
- step (iii) subjecting the mixture obtained in step (ii) to conditions permitting hardening of the geopolymer.
- Step (i) of the process according to the present invention consists in adding to an activating solution as previously defined, previously prepared, the air-entraining admixture.
- Prior preparation of the activation solution is a standard step in the field of geopolymers.
- the activation solution may optionally contain one or more silicated component (s), in particular chosen from the group consisting of silica, colloidal silica and vitreous silica.
- silicated component s
- this or these latter (s) is (are) present in an amount of between 100 mM and 10 M, in particular between 500 mM and 8 M and, in particular, between 1 and 6 M in the activation solution.
- the air entraining aid is added to the activation solution at once or in several times and even drop by drop for an air entraining aid in liquid form or by dusting for an air entraining aid in solid form.
- the resulting solution is mixed using a kneader, stirrer, magnetic bar, ultrasonic bath or homogenizer.
- Mixing / kneading during step (a) of the process according to the invention is carried out at a relatively high speed.
- relatively high speed means, in the context of the present invention, a speed greater than 250 rpm, especially greater than or equal to 350 rpm.
- Such agitation makes it possible to obtain a uniform solution, in particular a homogeneous solution or a solution of the microemulsion type.
- Step (i) of the process according to the invention is carried out at a temperature of between 10 ° C. and 40 ° C., advantageously between 15 ° C. and 30 ° C. and, more particularly, at room temperature (ie 23 ° C. ⁇ 5 ° C) for a period of time between 1 s and 40 s, in particular between 10 s and 30 s and, more particularly, between 15 s and 25 s.
- Step (ii) of the process according to the invention consists in bringing into contact the activation solution comprising the air-entraining admixture with the aluminosilicate source as defined above and the gas-generating adjuvant as previously defined.
- the alumino-silicate source may be poured in one or more times on the activating solution containing the air-entraining aid.
- the alumino-silicate source may be sprinkled onto the activating solution containing the air-entraining aid.
- the gas-generating adjuvant can be poured in one or more times on the activation solution containing the air-entraining aid and even drop-by-drop for a gas-generating adjuvant in liquid form or by dusting for a gas-generating adjuvant in solid form.
- the gas-generating adjuvant may be added to the activating solution containing the air-entraining admixture before, after, or during the addition of the aluminosilicate source.
- step (ii) of the process according to the invention is carried out in a kneader in which the activation solution containing the air-entraining admixture has been introduced beforehand.
- a kneader known to those skilled in the art can be used in the context of the present invention.
- Step (ii) of the process according to the invention therefore comprises a mixing or kneading of the activation solution containing the air-entraining admixture with the aluminosilicate source and the gas-generating adjuvant.
- the mixing / kneading during step (ii) of the process according to the invention is initially done at a relatively slow speed.
- relatively slow speed is meant, in the context of the present invention, a rotational speed of the rotor of the mixer less than or equal to 250 rpm, in particular greater than or equal to 50 rpm and, in particular, between 75 and 200 rpm.
- the stirring speed is 100 rpm.
- the stirring speed can be increased to a value greater than 1000 rpm, in particular greater than 1500 rpm and, in particular, of the order of 2000. rpm (ie 2000 rpm ⁇ 200 rpm).
- Step (ii) of the process according to the invention is carried out at a temperature of between 10 ° C. and 40 ° C., advantageously between 15 ° C. and 30 ° C. and, more particularly, at room temperature (ie 23 ° C. ⁇ 5 ° C) for a period of between 1 min and 15 min, in particular between 2 min and 10 min and, more particularly, between 3 min and 7 min.
- the mass ratio activation / MK solution with activation solution representing the mass of activation solution (expressed in g) and MK representing the mass of alumino-silicate source (expressed in g) used is advantageously between 0.6 and 2 and in particular between 1 and 1.6.
- Step (iii) of the process according to the invention consists in subjecting the mixture obtained in step (ii) to conditions allowing the geopolymeric mixture to harden.
- the conditions for curing in step (iii) advantageously comprise a curing step optionally followed by a drying step.
- the curing step can be done in the open air, under water, in various hermetic molds, by humidifying the atmosphere surrounding the geopolymeric mixture or by applying an impervious coating on said mixture.
- This cure step can be put implemented at a temperature between 10 ° C and 80 ° C, especially between 20 ° C and 60 ° C and, in particular, between 30 ° C and 40 ° C and can last between 1 and 40 days or longer. It is obvious that the duration of the cure depends on the conditions implemented during the latter and the skilled person will be able to determine the most suitable duration, once the conditions defined and possibly by routine tests.
- the curing step comprises a drying step
- this drying can be carried out at a temperature of between 30 ° C and 90 ° C, in particular between 40 ° C and 80 ° C and, in particular, between 50 ° C and 70 ° C and can last between 6 hours and 10 days, especially between 12 pm and 5 days and, in particular, between 24 hours and 60 hours.
- the latter prior to the hardening of the geopolymeric mixture, the latter can be placed in molds so as to give it a predetermined shape following this hardening.
- metal oxides and in particular iron oxides or manganese oxides, may be added to the activation solution prior to step (i). ), to a mixture obtained during or following step (i) or to a mixture obtained during or following step (ii), in order to prepare a geopolymer foam in whose walls are incorporated such oxides.
- the present invention also relates to a functionalized geopolymer foam capable of being prepared according to a method as defined above.
- a geopolymer foam is characterized by the presence of nanoparticles of a CN-ligated metal coordination polymer corresponding to the formula [Alk + x] M n + [M '(CN) m ] z " as defined above, fixed at its surface without any organic graft being present to ensure this fixation.
- the latter may have a total porosity generally measured by adsorption analysis-nitrogen desorption or mercury porosimeter greater than 70%, especially greater than 75% and, in particular, superior to 80%. It is also possible, by a suitable choice of the gas-entraining admixture, to effectively control the size of the bubbles, in particular to improve the impregnation during the percolation of the fluids to be treated as defined below.
- the present invention finally relates to the use of such a functionalized geopolymer foam for separating at least one metal or metalloid ion from a stream containing said at least one metal or metalloid ion.
- the present invention relates to a method for separating at least one metal or metalloid ion from a stream containing said at least one metal or metalloid ion comprising contacting the stream containing said at least one metal or metalloid ion with the foam of functionalized geopolymer according to the invention, whereby a flux depleted in metal or metalloid ions and a geopolymer foam on the surface of which are fixed metal or metalloid ions are obtained.
- the process according to the invention can be considered as a process for treating a stream containing at least one metal or metalloid ion.
- treatment of a stream containing at least one metal or metalloid ion it is intended to reduce or reduce the quantity of metal or metalloid ions present in the stream before the implementation of the process according to the invention, ie before the setting in contact with the functionalized geopolymer foam. This reduction or reduction may involve the partial or total elimination of these ions in the stream.
- the method according to the present invention may be of interest in the fixing, at the level of the functionalized geopolymer foam, of metal or metalloid ions for later use in the field of catalysis or chromatography columns. .
- the functionalized geopolymer foam prepared by the process according to the invention because of its excellent properties such as excellent exchange capacity, excellent selectivity and a high reaction rate, is particularly suitable for such uses. This excellent efficiency is achieved with reduced amounts of inorganic fixer such as cyanometallate of the insoluble metal M.
- inorganic fixer such as cyanometallate of the insoluble metal M.
- the excellent properties of strength and mechanical stability of the functionalized geopolymer foam prepared by the process according to the invention, resulting from its specific structure allow its conditioning in column and the continuous implementation of the separation / fixing process for example in a fluidized bed, which can thus be easily integrated into an existing installation, for example in a chain or processing line comprising several steps.
- the elements in the stream to be treated are immobilized in the geopolymer foam functionalized according to the invention by sorption, that is to say by exchange. ionic or adsorption within nanoparticles, within the structure of nanoparticles, themselves physically linked to the surface of the foam.
- flux containing at least one metal ion or metalloid is meant a liquid or gaseous flow in which the present invention aims to separate, recover or eliminate unwanted metal ions or metalloids or, conversely, metal ions or metalloids of interest.
- the flow implemented in the context of the present invention may be any liquid or gaseous flow may contain at least one metal ion or metalloid.
- the liquid flow implemented in the context of the present invention may be in the form of a monophasic solution, a microemulsion, a suspension and / or a dispersion.
- the liquid stream used may be an aqueous solution which may optionally contain acids, bases or organic compounds.
- this solution may also be a solution in a pure organic solvent such as ethanol (absolute alcohol), acetone or the like, in a mixture of these organic solvents, or in a mixture of water and a or more of these organic solvents miscible with water.
- the liquid or gaseous flow implemented in the context of the present invention may be chosen from an external air sample, an air sample from industries in the chemical, food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic or nuclear field. , city water, river water, water from seawater, lake water, effluent from a wastewater treatment plant, wastewater, household liquid effluent, medical or hospital liquid effluent or industrial liquid effluent such as effluent from the nuclear industry or any other nuclear-related activity or effluent from the non-nuclear industry or a mixture thereof.
- the streams and solutions that can be treated with the functionalized geopolymer foam fixing metal or metalloid ions, prepared by the process according to the invention are very varied, and may even contain, for example, corrosive, acidic or other agents, because of the excellent chemical stability of the foam according to the invention.
- the functionalized geopolymer foam prepared by the process according to the invention can be used in particular over a very broad pH range. For example, it will be possible to treat nitric aqueous solutions of concentration ranging for example from 0.1 to 3 M, acidic or neutral solutions up to a pH of 10.
- metal or metalloid ion means an undesired metal or metalloid ion such as an impurity or a contaminant or, on the contrary, a metal or metalloid ion of interest, capable of to be present or present in a stream as previously defined.
- This metal ion or metalloid may, in addition, be toxic, harmful and / or radioactive.
- the present invention can be implemented with any metal ion or metalloid known to those skilled in the art.
- the metal ion is an ion of a poor metal, an ion of an alkaline earth metal, an ion of a transition metal, an ion of an actinide or an ion of a lanthanide.
- the metal ions or metalloids concerned by the present invention there are also the ions of a heavy metal or a heavy metalloid.
- a heavy metal or metalloid is a metallic or metalloid element whose density exceeds 5 g / cm 3 such as mercury, lead, cadmium, copper, arsenic, nickel, zinc, cobalt and manganese.
- the metal or metalloid ion in the context of the present invention, is an ion of a metal or a metalloid as defined above having a degree of oxidation greater than or equal to 1, in particular greater than or equal to 2.
- the metal ion or metalloid may in particular be an ion of a radionuclide.
- the metal or metalloid ion may be, in the context of the present invention, an ion of an element chosen from mercury, gold, silver, platinum, lead, iron, indium, gallium, aluminum, bismuth, tin, cadmium, copper, arsenic, nickel, zinc, titanium, cobalt, manganese, palladium, radium , ruthenium, thorium, uranium, plutonium, actinium, ytterbium, erbium, terbium, gadolinium, europium, neodymium, praseodymium, cerium, cesium, thallium , strontium and lanthanum.
- the metal or metalloid ion may be in free form in the form of colloids or in complexed form.
- the metal ion or metalloid can come from a stable metal or metalloid or one of its radioactive isotopes.
- the metal ion or metalloid may be present in the stream to be treated in very dilute form or much more concentrated.
- the amount of said ion in a liquid stream to be treated may be between 1 ⁇ g and 100 mg / l of liquid flow, in particular between 1 ⁇ g and 10 mg / l of liquid flow and, in particular, between 10 ⁇ g and 1 mg / l of liquid flow.
- the fixing method which implements the functionalized geopolymer foam which is the subject of the present invention is preferably implemented continuously, in particular by using this foam in the form of particles, packaged for example in the form of a column, the foam preferably forming a fluidized bed whose fluidization is provided by the flow to be treated, but the fixing method can also be implemented batchwise, in "batch" mode, the contacting of the foam and the flow to be treated being then carried out preferably with stirring.
- Column conditioning allows continuous processing of large quantities of flows, with a high flow thereof.
- the contact time of the flow to be treated with the functionalized geopolymer foam object of the present invention is variable and can range, for example, from 1 min to 1 h for continuous operation and, for example from 10 min to 36 h and for example, 24 hours for "batch" operation.
- the functionalized geopolymer foam may be in the form of monoliths, the latter may be used as a conditioning material trapping the elements contained in this packaging and likely to flow out of it.
- Figure 1 is a photograph of a geopolymer foam prepared according to the process of the invention and of cylindrical shape with a diameter of 50 mm.
- Figure 2 shows the experimental results of the specific surface of a geopolymer foam prepared according to the method of the invention, measured by adsorption / desorption of nitrogen.
- An alkaline solution ie an activating solution is prepared to which are added the air entrainer AER5 then the metakaolin and the foaming agent which is hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).
- the products used are metakaolin from Pieri Premix MK (Grade Construction Products), NaOH (Prolabo, 98%), sodium silicate (Betol 39T from Woellner), H 2 0 2 (Prolabo, 50% v) and of AER5 (SIKA).
- composition of the foam is given in Table 1 below:
- the foam Upon introduction of H2O2, the foam begins to form by release of oxygen bubbles. The foam is stabilized 4-5 hours later.
- the introduction of 3% by weight of the AER5 makes it possible to stabilize relatively fine and homogeneous pore sizes and especially a connected porosity (FIG. 1).
- the macroscopic porosity is due to the oxygen released during the decomposition of the H2O2 and the total porosity is the macroscopic porosity + the porosity mesoscopic.
- Mesoscopic porosity is determined on a solid geopolymer sample by water porosimetry. It is around 40%.
- Specific surface area was also measured by nitrogen adsorption / desorption. The results are shown in FIG. 2.
- the specific surface area measured by BET is equal to 44.8 m 2 / g and a mean pore diameter (measured by the BJH method on the desorption branch) equal to 9.7 nm is got. These values of specific surface area and mean diameter correspond, of course, to the mesoporous network of the solid geopolymer.
- Two impregnation solutions are needed: one containing a copper salt (CuNO 3 at 10 -2 mol / L), the second SOI 2 containing a mixture of potassium ferrocyanide salt (K 4 Fe (CN) 6 to 10 ⁇ 2 mol / L) and potassium salt (KNO3 to
- An impregnation cycle corresponds to contacting the geopolymer foam first with the Soli solution for 24 h, then after washing with water, with the SO 2 solution for 24 h. Functionalization was continued up to 3 impregnation cycles. III. Use of the fieopolymer foam as functionalized in point II.
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Abstract
Description
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Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR1553868A FR3035660B1 (fr) | 2015-04-29 | 2015-04-29 | Procede de preparation d'une mousse de geopolymere fonctionnalisee, ladite mousse fonctionnalisee et ses utilisations |
| PCT/EP2016/059078 WO2016173950A1 (fr) | 2015-04-29 | 2016-04-22 | Procédé de préparation d'une mousse de géopolymère fonctionnalisée, ladite mousse fonctionnalisée et ses utilisations |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
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| EP3288915A1 true EP3288915A1 (fr) | 2018-03-07 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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| EP16723259.4A Withdrawn EP3288915A1 (fr) | 2015-04-29 | 2016-04-22 | Procédé de préparation d'une mousse de géopolymère fonctionnalisée, ladite mousse fonctionnalisée et ses utilisations |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP3288915A1 (fr) |
| JP (1) | JP2018514495A (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR3035660B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2016173950A1 (fr) |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| FR3058719B1 (fr) * | 2016-11-17 | 2018-12-07 | Isolfeu-Creation | Mousse geopolymere aux proprietes ameliorees |
| FR3075194B1 (fr) | 2017-12-19 | 2019-12-27 | Institut Francais Des Sciences Et Technologies Des Transports, De L'amenagement Et Des Reseaux | Mousse de geopolymere et son procede de fabrication |
| CN109847726B (zh) * | 2019-03-05 | 2022-03-25 | 西南科技大学 | 一种铯吸附富集滤芯的制备方法 |
| FR3106507B1 (fr) | 2020-01-28 | 2024-03-01 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Materiau solide a porosite multiple ouverte comprenant un geopolymere et des particules solides et son procede de preparation |
| CN114988912A (zh) * | 2022-07-13 | 2022-09-02 | 华北水利水电大学 | 一种冷弯薄壁型钢填充用地聚合物泡沫混凝土的制备方法 |
| FR3148918A1 (fr) | 2023-05-25 | 2024-11-29 | Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Et Aux Energies Alternatives | Procédé pour préparer un matériau utile pour l’extraction du lithium, ledit matériau et ses utilisations |
| FR3156443A1 (fr) | 2023-12-08 | 2025-06-13 | Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Et Aux Energies Alternatives | Procédé pour préparer un matériau composite géopolymère-zéolithe, matériau ainsi préparé et ses utilisations |
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| FR2512808A1 (fr) * | 1981-09-17 | 1983-03-18 | Joseph Davidovits | Procede d'isolation thermique dans l'habitat, contre le chaud |
| WO2011068830A2 (fr) | 2009-12-01 | 2011-06-09 | Arizona Board Of Regents For And On Behalf Of Arizona State University | Matériaux de géopolymère poreux |
-
2015
- 2015-04-29 FR FR1553868A patent/FR3035660B1/fr active Active
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- 2016-04-22 WO PCT/EP2016/059078 patent/WO2016173950A1/fr not_active Ceased
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| WO2016173950A1 (fr) | 2016-11-03 |
| FR3035660A1 (fr) | 2016-11-04 |
| FR3035660B1 (fr) | 2017-05-05 |
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