EP3278330B1 - Vorrichtung zur akustischen impedanzanpassung und lautsprecher mit solch einer vorrichtung - Google Patents

Vorrichtung zur akustischen impedanzanpassung und lautsprecher mit solch einer vorrichtung Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3278330B1
EP3278330B1 EP16712972.5A EP16712972A EP3278330B1 EP 3278330 B1 EP3278330 B1 EP 3278330B1 EP 16712972 A EP16712972 A EP 16712972A EP 3278330 B1 EP3278330 B1 EP 3278330B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
loudspeaker
chamber
section
absorbent material
horn
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Active
Application number
EP16712972.5A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP3278330A1 (de
Inventor
Shintaro Hosoi
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Focal JMLab SAS
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Focal JMLab SAS
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Publication of EP3278330A1 publication Critical patent/EP3278330A1/de
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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
    • H04R1/00—Details of transducers, loudspeakers or microphones
    • H04R1/20—Arrangements for obtaining desired frequency or directional characteristics
    • H04R1/22—Arrangements for obtaining desired frequency or directional characteristics for obtaining desired frequency characteristic only 
    • H04R1/28—Transducer mountings or enclosures modified by provision of mechanical or acoustic impedances, e.g. resonator, damping means
    • H04R1/2869—Reduction of undesired resonances, i.e. standing waves within enclosure, or of undesired vibrations, i.e. of the enclosure itself
    • H04R1/2876—Reduction of undesired resonances, i.e. standing waves within enclosure, or of undesired vibrations, i.e. of the enclosure itself by means of damping material, e.g. as cladding
    • H04R1/288—Reduction of undesired resonances, i.e. standing waves within enclosure, or of undesired vibrations, i.e. of the enclosure itself by means of damping material, e.g. as cladding for loudspeaker transducers
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
    • G10K—SOUND-PRODUCING DEVICES; METHODS OR DEVICES FOR PROTECTING AGAINST, OR FOR DAMPING, NOISE OR OTHER ACOUSTIC WAVES IN GENERAL; ACOUSTICS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G10K11/00—Methods or devices for transmitting, conducting or directing sound in general; Methods or devices for protecting against, or for damping, noise or other acoustic waves in general
    • G10K11/002—Devices for damping, suppressing, obstructing or conducting sound in acoustic devices
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
    • H04R1/00—Details of transducers, loudspeakers or microphones
    • H04R1/20—Arrangements for obtaining desired frequency or directional characteristics
    • H04R1/22—Arrangements for obtaining desired frequency or directional characteristics for obtaining desired frequency characteristic only 
    • H04R1/28—Transducer mountings or enclosures modified by provision of mechanical or acoustic impedances, e.g. resonator, damping means
    • H04R1/2807—Enclosures comprising vibrating or resonating arrangements
    • H04R1/2861—Enclosures comprising vibrating or resonating arrangements using a back-loaded horn
    • H04R1/2865—Enclosures comprising vibrating or resonating arrangements using a back-loaded horn for loudspeaker transducers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
    • H04R1/00—Details of transducers, loudspeakers or microphones
    • H04R1/20—Arrangements for obtaining desired frequency or directional characteristics
    • H04R1/22—Arrangements for obtaining desired frequency or directional characteristics for obtaining desired frequency characteristic only 
    • H04R1/30—Combinations of transducers with horns, e.g. with mechanical matching means, i.e. front-loaded horns

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the field of acoustics, and more precisely to that of loudspeakers. It relates more specifically to a particular design of an acoustic impedance matching device forming a horn or a horn arranged at the rear of a loudspeaker.
  • loudspeakers are electroacoustic devices, which comprise a movable membrane which moves according to the sound signal to be reproduced.
  • This mobile membrane generates a pressure wave by setting in motion the mass of air located at the front of the speaker.
  • the mass of air which is located at the rear of the diaphragm is also set in motion, thus generating a pressure wave in the rear part of the loudspeaker.
  • this rear wave can be reflected towards the rear face of the membrane and thus disturb its vibratory behavior, this can introduce undesirable distortions and a modification of the response in frequency.
  • the acoustic absorption obtained within a fibrous, textile or open-cell foam type material is a transformation of acoustic energy into mechanical energy due to the interactions between the molecules of air in motion and the material structure.
  • the higher the particle velocity the higher the sound absorption will be. This is the reason why all the previous solutions presented below are based on a reduction in section which results in a higher speed and thus a stronger sound absorption.
  • the invention described below proposes a solution which makes it possible to reduce all these phenomena while benefiting from a good level of sound absorption.
  • the postulate of the study is based on the fact that a high particle velocity associated with a high absorbent density can be sources of unwanted nonlinear phenomena.
  • the invention therefore proposes a progressive absorption solution where the particle velocity decreases as the density of acoustic absorbent increases.
  • the invention relates to an acoustic impedance matching device intended to be installed at the rear of a loudspeaker, the device comprising an end of smaller section, intended to be connected to an opening of a loudspeaker. , and an opposite end, the device comprising a chamber at least partially filled with an absorbent material.
  • This device is characterized in that the section of the chamber increases between the end of smaller section and the opposite end. Additionally, the density of the absorbent material is also increasing between the end of smaller section and the opposite end.
  • the invention consists in using a geometry of the horn opposite to those of the prior art, in order to reduce the particle speed when approaching the end of the horn.
  • the amount and density of absorbent material filling the horn increases as it moves away from the loudspeaker, which compensates for the drop in particle velocity in terms of sound absorption.
  • the invention consists in controlling the phenomena of sound absorption by the presence of an absorber which is relatively sparse in the immediate vicinity of the loudspeaker, and which becomes denser on approaching the opposite end.
  • absorbent materials and in particular fibrous materials, do not have linear acoustic behavior, because of the viscoelastic effect of the fibers.
  • the phenomena of friction of the air at the entrance of the horn are reduced and the sound absorption within the horn is therefore more progressive.
  • the low density of the absorbent material near the entrance to the pavilion limits sound reflection phenomena.
  • the absorption is however effectively ensured then by a higher density of the absorbent material when the acoustic waves progress in the pavilion.
  • the widening of the section of the roof makes it possible to reduce the air speed in the zone where the absorbent material is more dense, which thus limits non-linear phenomena while ensuring satisfactory absorption.
  • the progressive and simultaneous variation of the absorbent density and of the particle speed allows the invention to limit the reflection phenomena, to benefit from a good level of acoustic absorption and to reduce the non-linearities inherent in the use of materials such as fibrous, textiles and open cell foams.
  • the absorbent material can fill the whole of the chamber, or even only part of this chamber.
  • the end of the chamber opposite the loudspeaker may be either closed or open.
  • the two solutions each have distinct advantages.
  • the open solution allows a total absence of reflection of sound waves towards the rear face of the speaker membrane, which improves performance in terms of sound absorption.
  • a residual part of the rear wave can be found outside the device, that is to say the listening space, and therefore come to be superimposed on the front wave generated by the speaker, which may in some cases slightly interfere with the acoustic response of the device. This drawback can however be considered marginal with regard to the good sound absorption performance.
  • the solution with a closed horn ensures a total absence of the rear wave in the listening space. This can be an advantage in certain configurations, even if the residual part of the back wave which will not be completely absorbed by the device will be reflected against the closed wall and may slightly disturb the vibratory behavior of the loudspeaker membrane.
  • the choice of an open or closed solution will therefore depend on other parameters such as the type of loudspeaker concerned (tweeter, medium, woofer), the type of cabinet used, and finally the type of loudspeaker to be produced. .
  • the density ratios of the absorbent materials used good results have been observed in practice when the ratio between the maximum and minimum densities of the absorbent material is greater than five. In other words, the density of absorbent material is five times higher at the end of the horn opposite the speaker, compared to the density of the absorbent material at the entrance of the horn.
  • the ratio between the maximum and minimum sections of the chamber is advantageously greater than five.
  • the horn section widens by a ratio greater than five, between the horn entrance on the speaker side and the opposite end. It should be noted that this increase in the section can be done in one or two directions, so that the overall size of the pavilion is not excessive.
  • the absorbent material is generally chosen from among fibrous materials, textiles and open cell foams.
  • the chamber has two walls between which the absorbent material is located, the two walls having parallel external faces, and non-parallel internal faces.
  • the material of homogeneous density is compressed between the two walls, the outer faces of which are kept parallel, the compression takes place with a progression which generates the desired spatial variation in density.
  • the invention also relates to an assembly formed by a loudspeaker and an acoustic absorption device as described above.
  • the input of the chamber has a section substantially equal to the rear section of the loudspeaker.
  • the characteristic chamber is located in the extension of the opening at the rear of the loudspeaker through which the air set in motion by the membrane is expelled.
  • the association of the loudspeaker and the horn may include an additional connection element, connecting the mounting area to the loudspeaker and the chamber itself, so that the difference in section between the area of connection and entry to the chamber is as gradual as possible, and that section rungs which are sources of unwanted reflections are avoided.
  • the loudspeaker is incorporated in a box, and in this case, the absorption chamber is mounted on the box.
  • the shape of the box and the opening of the chamber are chosen so that the section presented to the acoustic waves is as progressive as possible, and limits parasitic reflection phenomena.
  • the invention relates to an acoustic impedance matching device, which is intended to be installed at the rear of a loudspeaker.
  • Different configurations can be envisaged, in particular the one illustrated on figure 1 .
  • the system shown in figure 1 comprises a loudspeaker 1 which in a simplified manner comprises a membrane 2 movable relative to a salad bowl 6 , via the suspension 7.
  • the membrane 2 comprises at its center a cylinder 4 on which is mounted a coil 3 through which it passes. a current representative of the sound signal to be reproduced.
  • This winding 3 is bathed in a magnetic field generated by the magnetic motor 5 .
  • This magnetic motor has an opening 8 oriented towards the rear, so that the volume 9 located at the rear of the membrane 2 communicates with the outside of the loudspeaker.
  • the impedance matching device 10 comprises a horn 11 , the end of which is smaller in section 12 and connected to the opening 8 at the rear of the loudspeaker 1 .
  • the section of the opening 12 located on the side of the loudspeaker 1 is smaller than the section at the level of the opposite end 13 .
  • the end 13 is open, but it is possible that it is blocked, thus preventing any air from escaping.
  • the internal volume of the pavilion 11 is filled with an absorbent material 14 , which may be a fibrous material, for example based on glass fibers or synthetic fibers, or else based on a cell foam. open, or more generally any material consisting of elementary particles capable of moving under the effect of the air circulation generated by the movement of the membrane, and thereby absorbing part of this acoustic energy.
  • an absorbent material 14 which may be a fibrous material, for example based on glass fibers or synthetic fibers, or else based on a cell foam. open, or more generally any material consisting of elementary particles capable of moving under the effect of the air circulation generated by the movement of the membrane, and thereby absorbing part of this acoustic energy.
  • the filling material 14 occupies only a fraction of the pavilion, now emptying a fraction 16 of the entrance to the pavilion.
  • This region 16 thus forms an extension of the rear volume of the loudspeaker, thus limiting the compression, and facilitating the operation of the loudspeaker in the low frequencies.
  • the absorbent material can also fill the entire volume of the horn.
  • the filling material is placed inside the horn so that its density increases by moving from the end 12 near the loudspeaker, in the direction of the loudspeaker. 'end 13 opposite.
  • the damping effect is progressive, and the impact of the absorbent material on the acoustic waves at the start of the horn is less than it is near the opposite end 13 .
  • the damping material 14 is a material homogeneous in material, which undergoes progressive compression up to the end 13 of the horn.
  • the damping material 14 it is possible in certain variants to use several different materials, therefore exhibiting increasing densities, or more generally gradual absorption capacities, which are arranged in layers superimposed inside the roof.
  • the figure 2 illustrates a configuration of the shape of the flag 14 . More precisely, this horn has a rectangular cross section, the width w and the height h of which vary between the end 12 which will be connected to the rear of the loudspeaker and the free end 13 .
  • the width and the height can respectively increase and decrease linearly.
  • the lateral flanks 21, 22 of the pavilion have a geometry substantially flat, to be compared with the concave geometry, with an outwardly oriented curvature for the side walls 18 , 19 of the roof of the figure 2 , which exhibit an exponential type section growth or the like.
  • the pavilion may have a shape such that its side walls have a convexity, that is to say a short curvature oriented inwards, corresponding to a growth of the parameters of logarithmic, parabolic or similar type.
  • the progressiveness of the density of the absorbent material inserted inside the horn can be obtained in different ways, and in particular as illustrated in figures 8 and 9 .
  • the main faces 30, 31 of the roof are assembled around a layer of uniform thickness of an absorbent material 32 .
  • one of the walls, for example the upper wall 30 has a variable thickness, due to the fact that its upper 35 and lower 36 faces are not parallel. More precisely, this thickness increases between the rear face 37 intended to come into contact with the loudspeaker and the face 38 situated opposite the loudspeaker.
  • the opposite wall 31 for its part, has a constant thickness, such that its upper face 39 and the lower face 36 of the other wall 30 define a volume of increasing section as it moves away from the loudspeaker.
  • the layer 32 is made of a homogeneous material, when the two walls 30 , 31 are brought together, keeping their external faces parallel, the intermediate layer 32 is then compressed to a greater extent in the zone intended to be furthest from the top. speaker.
  • the law of variation of the density of the absorbent material can be determined as a function of the desired performance, in accordance with the variation of the section of the horn. This compression can thus be linear, exponential, or conversely logarithmic.
  • the acoustic impedance matching device may be connected to the loudspeaker either directly as illustrated in figure 1 , or by means of an additional volume, which as illustrated in figure 10 can be formed by an additional element 50 , of frustoconical shape, of which the inlet section 52 corresponds to the section of the opening 53 located at the rear of the loudspeaker 1, and whose outlet section 54 corresponds to that of the inlet 55 of the chamber 10 .
  • an additional element 50 of frustoconical shape, of which the inlet section 52 corresponds to the section of the opening 53 located at the rear of the loudspeaker 1, and whose outlet section 54 corresponds to that of the inlet 55 of the chamber 10 .
  • the progressiveness of the section of the chamber is to some extent extended by that of the additional element.
  • the shapes and dimensions of this additional element may vary depending on the geometries of the loudspeaker and of the chamber.
  • this tubular portion can be variable, depending on the regions connected, and can take on a frustoconical shape or more generally flared in one direction or the other.
  • This connecting piece 50 can also have sections of different geometries between its inlet and its outlet. This may in particular be the case where the loudspeaker has a circular decompression opening, and the acoustic adaptation device has a rectangular input section.
  • the impedance matching device is connected not directly to the rear opening of the magnetic motor, but to an opening formed in the rear of a box receiving the loudspeaker.
  • the loudspeaker 1 is mounted inside a box 60 .
  • This box 60 has an opening 62 at which the bowl 56 of the speaker 1 is fixed.
  • the box has a wall 64 of substantially constant section, for example rectangular or cylindrical around the loudspeaker.
  • the rear wall 66 of the box 60 has an opening 61 of dimensions substantially equal to those of the end 69 of the roof 10 .
  • This type of assembly is particularly suitable for loudspeakers whose bowl 56 is perforated, so that the volume of air located at the rear of the membrane 2 communicates with the outside of the loudspeaker not only through the opening 8 for decompression of the magnetic motor, but also through the recesses 57 of the bowl 56 . In this case, the acoustic waves generated by the movement of the membrane and which propagate at the rear of the latter are confined inside the box 60 , and reach the characteristic horn 10 .
  • FIG. 12 An alternative embodiment illustrated on figure 12 is composed of a box 70 , the opening 72 of which receives the perforated bowl 56 of speaker 1 .
  • the main wall 74 of the box 70 is frustoconical in shape, and ends at the rear, with an opening 71 .
  • This opening 71 also has dimensions adapted to the connection of an acoustic adaptation device 10 .
  • the frustoconical shape of the box 70 makes it possible to have a progressivity of the section seen by the acoustic waves, with a positive influence on the reflection phenomena.
  • the main wall of the box can take other various shapes. It is possible to envisage a shape of substantially constant section, for example cylindrical or parallelepiped, with a characteristic bell whose opening is of suitable geometry, and can in particular have a section similar to that of the box.
  • the invention can also be applied to loudspeakers which have a magnetic motor which is not pierced in its center, and in which the air present at the rear of the membrane flows only through through the openings formed in the bowl.
  • the impedance matching device has the advantage of ensuring a virtual absence of reflection of sound waves on the rear of the speaker membrane, while at the same time reducing the non-linearities inherent in the usual use of high density absorbent materials. Indeed, the progression of the absorbent effect by the increasing density of the filling material means that the speed of the particles of the air coming into contact with this absorbent material is lower than in the prior art.
  • the improvements obtained are reflected in particular by a reduction in distortion and better conservation of the loudspeaker's acoustic performance regardless of the sound level.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Otolaryngology (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Multimedia (AREA)
  • Obtaining Desirable Characteristics In Audible-Bandwidth Transducers (AREA)
  • Details Of Audible-Bandwidth Transducers (AREA)

Claims (11)

  1. Vorrichtung zur akustischen Impedanzanpassung (10), zur Montage hinter einem Lautsprecher (1), diese Vorrichtung umfasst ein Endstück mit geringerem Querschnitt, zur Verbindung mit der Öffnung (8) eines Lautsprechers (1) und ein entgegengesetztes Endstück (13), diese Vorrichtung enthält eine Kammer, die zumindest teilweise mit einem absorbierenden Material (14) gefüllt ist, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass
    - der Querschnitt der Kammer (11) zwischen dem Endstück mit kleinerem Querschnitt und dem entgegengesetzten Endstück (13) zunimmt;
    - die Dichte des absorbierenden Materials (14) zwischen dem Endstück mit kleinerem Querschnitt und dem entgegengesetzten Endstück (13) zunimmt.
  2. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das absorbierende Material die Kammer (11) vollständig ausfüllt.
  3. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das absorbierende Material (14) nur einen Teil der Kammer ausfüllt.
  4. Vorrichtung gemäß Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das dem Lautsprecher gegenüberliegende Endstück verschlossen ist.
  5. Vorrichtung gemäß Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das dem Lautsprecher gegenüberliegende Endstück (13) offen ist.
  6. Vorrichtung gemäß Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Verhältnis zwischen der maximalen und der minimalen Dichte des absorbierenden Materials (14) größer als fünf ist.
  7. Vorrichtung gemäß Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Verhältnis zwischen dem maximalen und dem minimalen Querschnitt der Kammer (11) größer als fünf ist.
  8. Vorrichtung gemäß Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das absorbierende Material (14) ausgewählt wird aus der Gruppe mit Fasermaterialien und offenporigen Schaumstoffen.
  9. Vorrichtung gemäß Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass sie zwei Wände enthält, zwischen denen sich das absorbierende Material befindet, die beiden Wände weisen dabei parallele Außenseiten und nicht parallele Innenseiten auf.
  10. Bauteil aus einem Lautsprecher und einer Vorrichtung gemäß einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 9, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass es ein Anschlusselement (50) enthält, das den Lautsprecher (1) und die Kammer (11) verbindet.
  11. Bauteil gemäß Anspruch 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Eingang der Kammer (11) einen Querschnitt aufweist, der im Wesentlichen gleich dem hinteren Querschnitt des Lautsprechers ist.
EP16712972.5A 2015-04-02 2016-03-18 Vorrichtung zur akustischen impedanzanpassung und lautsprecher mit solch einer vorrichtung Active EP3278330B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR1552852A FR3034564B1 (fr) 2015-04-02 2015-04-02 Dispositif d'adaptation d'impedance acoustique et haut-parleur equipe d'un tel dispositif
PCT/FR2016/050615 WO2016156697A1 (fr) 2015-04-02 2016-03-18 Dispositif d'adaptation d'impédance acoustique et haut-parleur équipe d'un tel dispositif

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP3278330A1 EP3278330A1 (de) 2018-02-07
EP3278330B1 true EP3278330B1 (de) 2021-03-03

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EP16712972.5A Active EP3278330B1 (de) 2015-04-02 2016-03-18 Vorrichtung zur akustischen impedanzanpassung und lautsprecher mit solch einer vorrichtung

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US (1) US10306353B2 (de)
EP (1) EP3278330B1 (de)
FR (1) FR3034564B1 (de)
WO (1) WO2016156697A1 (de)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2590656A (en) * 2019-12-23 2021-07-07 Gp Acoustics International Ltd Loudspeakers

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2293181A (en) 1940-07-17 1942-08-18 Int Standard Electric Corp Sound absorbing apparatus
JPS5151926A (en) * 1974-11-01 1976-05-07 Sansui Electric Co Supiikasochi
US4139076A (en) * 1978-01-30 1979-02-13 Hruby Jr John O Loudspeaker enclosure with enhanched bass response
DE3117693A1 (de) * 1981-04-29 1982-11-18 Mario Brescia Cesati Verfahren zur herstellung von lautsprechern mit winkelausstrahlung und nach diesem verfahren hergestellter lautsprecher
US4410064A (en) * 1982-01-27 1983-10-18 Taddeo Anthony R Bass response speaker housing and method of tuning same
GB8503389D0 (en) * 1985-02-09 1985-03-13 B & W Loudspeakers Loudspeaker enclosures
FR2704675B1 (fr) * 1993-04-27 1995-07-07 Lecompte Roland Dispositif d'atténuation de l'énergie des ondes acoustiques émise par une source sonore dans au moins une direction déterminée.
US5828759A (en) * 1995-11-30 1998-10-27 Siemens Electric Limited System and method for reducing engine noise
GB2324928B (en) * 1997-05-02 2001-09-12 B & W Loudspeakers Loudspeaker systems
US6700984B1 (en) 1999-12-07 2004-03-02 California Institute Of Technology Non-linearly tapering transmission line speakers
JP2007262282A (ja) * 2006-03-29 2007-10-11 Toshiba Corp 吸音材料およびその製造方法、ならびに吸音材料の再生方法
DK2040483T3 (da) * 2007-09-21 2013-06-03 Laurence George Dickie Port-højtalerkabinet med konisk bølgelederabsorber
EP2737721A4 (de) * 2011-07-25 2015-06-03 G Licensing Llc Dr Lautsprecher mit ultraflachem profil

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Publication number Publication date
FR3034564A1 (fr) 2016-10-07
WO2016156697A1 (fr) 2016-10-06
EP3278330A1 (de) 2018-02-07
FR3034564B1 (fr) 2017-04-28
US10306353B2 (en) 2019-05-28
US20180124501A1 (en) 2018-05-03

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