EP3269897A1 - Elastic anchoring of plaster layers - Google Patents
Elastic anchoring of plaster layers Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP3269897A1 EP3269897A1 EP17181564.0A EP17181564A EP3269897A1 EP 3269897 A1 EP3269897 A1 EP 3269897A1 EP 17181564 A EP17181564 A EP 17181564A EP 3269897 A1 EP3269897 A1 EP 3269897A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- plaster layer
- plaster
- spring
- springs
- hole
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
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- 238000004873 anchoring Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 37
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- 210000002105 tongue Anatomy 0.000 description 1
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- 238000004078 waterproofing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000000051 wattle Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04F—FINISHING WORK ON BUILDINGS, e.g. STAIRS, FLOORS
- E04F13/00—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings
- E04F13/02—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings of plastic materials hardening after applying, e.g. plaster
- E04F13/04—Bases for plaster
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
- E04B1/62—Insulation or other protection; Elements or use of specified material therefor
- E04B1/92—Protection against other undesired influences or dangers
- E04B1/98—Protection against other undesired influences or dangers against vibrations or shocks; against mechanical destruction, e.g. by air-raids
Definitions
- the invention concerns the elastic fixing - to a plaster-holding structure - of a plaster layer, preferably with frescos and/or decorated, of a preferably ancient building, such as a villa or a cathedral, or a church, or similar valuable ancient structures with frescos, to which explicit reference will be made in the description below without because of this loosing in generality.
- Ceilings built with the technique described above are subjected to the formation of cracks/fissures and/or to the detachment of significant portions of the plaster layer from the framework, thus causing evident problems both for the safety of people and or objects standing under the ceiling and in terms of damaging of decorations and/or frescos made on the plaster.
- the detachment of the plaster layer from the framework is usually caused by the vibrations produced by sources of noise present in or passing by the buildings. External vibrations, when they hit the building, are transferred to the plaster layer of the ceiling through the roof structure, thus causing its damaging.
- the detachment of the plaster layer from the framework is further caused by thermo-hygrometric sudden changes generated both by heating systems and by humidity variations taking place in the area of the ceiling, mainly due to the people present in the building, especially in churches/cathedrals.
- Humidity variations cause different size variations of the laths and of the plaster layer, which cause a progressive crumbling of the ribs, which - hence - weaken the mechanical anchoring of the plaster to the framework, until it completely ceases to exists, thus causing the detachment.
- the resin forms a film that covers the plaster layer and the laths, thus reducing the transpiration and dehumidification thereof.
- This reduction causes, on the one hand, a progressive oxidation of the fresco, which gets darker as time goes by, and, on the other hand, the formation of a barrier that prevents the relative humidity present inside the building from correctly going through the ceiling and freely flow outwards.
- the Applicant designed a mechanical anchoring structure to steadily anchor the plaster layer to the support layer of a ceiling of a building, which is described in European patent application EP 2 696 009 A1 filed by the Applicant. Even though the mechanical anchoring structure described in EP 2 696 009 A1 is particularly advantageous, the Applicant wants to find a solution that further improves anchoring performances.
- number 100 indicates, as a whole, an example of a vertical section of the structure of a ceiling of a building, preferably an ancient one (which is shown only partially and in a schematic manner, with enlarged parts and removed parts for greater clarity), for example a villa or a church or a cathedral or any other similar ancient building.
- the ceiling structure shown in Figure 1 is merely an example and is not limiting for the purposes of the invention.
- the invention can conveniently be used also in ceilings having a structure that is different from the one shown and described hereinafter, or in vertical walls of a building, which have at least one plaster layer and a plaster layer support structure.
- the ceiling 100 comprises a support structure 220 and at least one plaster layer 300 with a predetermined thickness, which is integral with the support structure 200.
- flat and horizontal structure of the ceiling 100 described above and shown in figure 1 is not limiting for the purposes of the invention, but it is was exclusively used to make the description of the invention clearer.
- the structure of the ceiling 100 instead of being horizontal and flat, as provided for by the description and the drawings of this patent application, could have different shapes, such as - for example - the shape of a semi-spherical cap having a circular, elliptical, polygonal plan, and a vertical section with the shape of a semicircle, a parabola or the like (not shown).
- number 1 further indicates, as a whole, the present invention concerning an anchoring elastic system comprising a plurality of elastic organs, which are designed to strengthen/restore/maintain the fixing/anchoring of a least one plaster layer 300 to the support structure 200 above, so as to prevent it from detaching from the support structure itself.
- the anchoring elastic system 1 is aimed at "assisting" the support structure 200 in keeping the plaster layer 300 anchored to the structure 200.
- the anchoring elastic system 1 strengthens the anchorage that is mainly performed by the support structure 200 on the plaster layer 300, so as to prevent and/or limit the detachment of the plaster layer 330 due to the causes described above.
- the first 5a and the second tubular portion 5b of the tubular spring 5 are shaped to as to be about mushroom-shaped and comprise respective filiform cylindrical windings, which are formed by spires arranged beside one another, which extend side by side and coaxial to the axis A.
- the first top portion 5a is shaped so as to approximately form a cylindrical cup-shaped body, with a central hole in its base/bottom wall, and defines the head of the mushroom, whereas the second bottom tubular portion 5b projects from the base/bottom of the first portion 5a along the axis A and is approximately shaped like an elongated cylinder defining the stem.
- springs 5 that are dimensioned so as to have a first portion 5a having an outer diameter ranging from about 6 mm to about 10 mm, preferably 8 mm, and a second portion 5b having an outer diameter ranging from about 0.5 mm to about 5 mm, preferably 2 mm.
- first portion 5a and the second portion 5b of the tubular spring 5 can have a tubular shape other than the one described above, such as, for example, the shape of a truncated cone and/or of a cone, whereas the length of the second portion 5b basically depends on the thickness of the support structure 200 and on the depth of the hole 4.
- the length of the second portion 5b can correspond, for example, to the sum of the thickness of the support structure 200 and the depth of the hole 4 in the plaster layer 300.
- one or more holes 4 of the anchoring elastic structure 1 can be preferably made in the ribs 310, whereas the first portions 5a of the springs 5 are arranged so as to rest on the top face of the laths 210 and one or more second portions 5b are fitted into the holes 4 made in the ribs 310.
- the Applicant further found out that, when the force exerted by the plaster layer 300 causes the plastic deformation of the tubular spring 5, the latter collapses and lengthens until it reaches a maximum extension in which it conveniently keeps the plaster layer 300 anchored to the support structure 200.
- the plaster layer 300 collapses and lengthens until it reaches a maximum extension in which it conveniently keeps the plaster layer 300 anchored to the support structure 200.
- it is obtained both the advantage of conveniently preventing the plaster layer 300 from falling towards the floor below, thus causing a condition of danger for the people standing there, besides the disruption of the fresco, and the advantage of subsequently being able to take the plaster layer 300 back to the initial position of anchoring to the support structure 200, in which - then - the plaster layer 300 can be fixed to the support structure 200.
- the helical spring 5 axially deforms/stretches upwards in a controlled manner under the pressure due to the expansion of the salts, thus causing micro-movements thereof in the hole 4, which progressively push them out of the hole 4. Furthermore, during the deformation of the spring 5, its spires move apart from one another, thus increasing the area of contact between the expelled salts recovered/contained in the spring 5 and the wall of the hole 4, thus determining - for the salts - a progressively increasing rise in the absorption of the water present in the plaster layer.
- the spring 5 protects the hole from 4 from micro-grinding, as the diameter of the helical spring 5 progressively decreases.
- the absence of micro-grinding is clearly convenient especially in the presence of frescos/decorations on the plaster layer.
- the Applicant found out that, by exclusively fixing the distal end of the second portion 5b of the tubular spring 5 to the plaster layer 300 through the injection of a given quantity of fastening/gluing material M into the hole 4, the remaining part of the tubular body 5 is free to deform both longitudinally (i.e. axially) along the axis A and radially, thus supporting the exchange between the external air and the humidity present in the plaster layer 300, inside the hole 4.
- the first portion 3a of the spring 3 always has a substantially cylindrical shape coaxial to the axis A and is preferably formed by helical spires that, in the rest position, are preferably axially spaced apart from one another.
- the monitoring spring 3 is structured so as to ensure that the first portion 3a, namely the tubular portion 3a is deformed between a resting position indicative of the absence of detachment (shown in Figure 1 ), wherein the first portion 3a is at its maximum longitudinal and radial extension, and a signalling position indicative of the presence of detachment (shown in Figure 6 and 7 ), wherein the first portion 3a is deformed both longitudinally ( Figure 6 ) and radially ( Figure 7 ) in response to traction exerted on the filiform stem by the plaster layer 300 during the detachment thereof from the support structure 200.
- the springs 3 and 5 can be made of a metal material, such as, for example, (stainless) steel or titanium, aluminium or copper or any other similar metal alloy.
- the springs 3 and 5 could also be made of carbon fibre or plastic material and/or with mixtures of epoxy and/or polyurethane resins.
- the length of the second portion 5a of the spring 5 and the length of the second portion 3a of the spring 3 can further be sized based on the depth of the hole 4 and/or on the (vertical) thickness of the support structure 200 and/or on the height of the slit 220.
- the anchoring elastic system 1 can conveniently comprise, furthermore, a mesh, for example a mesh made of a metal material or the like, which rests on the top face 200b of the support structure 200, whereas the springs 5 and 3 are arranged so as to have the relative first portions 5a and 3a resting on the mesh itself and the second portions 5b and 3b fitted into the holes 4 through the through openings present in the mesh.
- a mesh for example a mesh made of a metal material or the like, which rests on the top face 200b of the support structure 200
- the springs 5 and 3 are arranged so as to have the relative first portions 5a and 3a resting on the mesh itself and the second portions 5b and 3b fitted into the holes 4 through the through openings present in the mesh.
- the mesh itself defines a connection structure between the springs, which ensures a complete anchoring of the ceiling layer, even in local areas of the support structure that, after having deteriorated/having been damaged, could not be capable of locally carrying out an anchoring action upon the underlying portion of plaster layer.
- the depth of the holes 4 in the plaster layer 300 changes according to the dimensions of the springs 5 and 3 and/or to the load/weight of the plaster layer 300 to be supported and to the thickness thereof.
- the hole 4 can have a depth, in the plaster layer 300, that is approximately equal to half the thickness of the plaster layer 300 itself.
- the method comprises the step of injecting a given quantity of liquid fastening/gluing material M into the holes 4.
- the quantity of material M injected into the hole 4 is adjusted so as to to cover only the end portion of the spring 5 fitted into the hole 4.
- the method comprises, furthermore, the step of fitting the second tubular portions 5b of the springs 5 into the holes 4, so that, on the one hand, the tubular end (the bottom one in Figure 5 ) of each second portion 5b is immersed in the fastening/gluing material M and, on the other hand, the first portion 5a of each spring 5 is arranged so as to strike/rest against the top surface 200b of the support structure 200 ( Figures 4 and 5 ).
- the method preferably comprises, furthermore, the step of fitting the second portions 3b defining the filiform stems of the signalling springs 3 into the holes 4, so that, on the one hand, the free end (the bottom one in Figure 5 ) of each stem is buried/immersed in the fastening/gluing material M and, on the other hand, the first portion 3a of each spring 3 is arranged so as to strike/rest against the top surface 200b of the support structure 200 ( Figures 4 and 5 ) in the rest position.
- the spring 11 the latter is fitted into the hole 4 before fitting the relative spring 3, so as to define a sliding duct for the stem 3b.
- the presence of the spring 11 prevents the hole 4 from being damaged, namely it forbids the micro-grinding of the inner wall of the hole 4 during the fitting of the stem 3b and/or during the detachment of the plaster layer 300.
- the anchoring system thanks to the elastic action exerted by the springs, is capable of assisting the main anchoring action carried out by the support structure on the plaster layer, allows users to restore the anchorage of the plaster layer in case of detachment in a simple, economic and quick manner as well as with an extremely reduced impact on the plaster layer, with all the consequent advantages when the plaster layer is frescoed, and performs - at the same time - a humidity removal action, which removes humidity from the plaster layer, thus conveniently determining the drying thereof.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Building Environments (AREA)
- Orthopedics, Nursing, And Contraception (AREA)
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Abstract
Description
- The invention relates to an anchoring elastic system structured to strengthen the anchorage performed by a plaster-holding structure of a building on a plaster layer.
- In particular, the invention concerns the elastic fixing - to a plaster-holding structure - of a plaster layer, preferably with frescos and/or decorated, of a preferably ancient building, such as a villa or a cathedral, or a church, or similar valuable ancient structures with frescos, to which explicit reference will be made in the description below without because of this loosing in generality.
- It is known that ancient techniques for the creation of ceilings of ancient buildings (for example villas or churches of the nineteenth century) destined to be frescoed involved providing a plaster support structure in the area of the ceiling of the building. Some support structures used in the aforesaid buildings usually comprise a grid of straight wood rods or laths (commonly referred to, in the restoration field, with the technical terms "wattles" or "rafters"), which extend parallel and spaced apart from one another, so as to form slits. The technique further involved manually crating a layer of mixture against the bottom wall of the support structure, so as to form the plaster layer (usually referred to with the term "arriccio", i.e. a rough underlayer). In particular, the mixture layer created by so doing comprised stiff anchoring tongues or ribs, which project from the top surface of the layer, so as to be fitted between the slits of the support structure. The solidification and consolidation of the plaster (plaster carbonatation process) cause the ribs (and, hence, the plaster) to hang from/be anchored to the laths.
- Ceilings built with the technique described above are subjected to the formation of cracks/fissures and/or to the detachment of significant portions of the plaster layer from the framework, thus causing evident problems both for the safety of people and or objects standing under the ceiling and in terms of damaging of decorations and/or frescos made on the plaster. The detachment of the plaster layer from the framework is usually caused by the vibrations produced by sources of noise present in or passing by the buildings. External vibrations, when they hit the building, are transferred to the plaster layer of the ceiling through the roof structure, thus causing its damaging.
- The detachment of the plaster layer from the framework is further caused by thermo-hygrometric sudden changes generated both by heating systems and by humidity variations taking place in the area of the ceiling, mainly due to the people present in the building, especially in churches/cathedrals. Humidity variations cause different size variations of the laths and of the plaster layer, which cause a progressive crumbling of the ribs, which - hence - weaken the mechanical anchoring of the plaster to the framework, until it completely ceases to exists, thus causing the detachment.
- Some systems that are currently largely used to solve the technical problems described above involve pouring, onto the top surface of the framework, a consolidating liquid resin of the film-like type, which penetrates the space comprised between the ribs and the laths and gets into the slits of the laths, so as to impregnate the portions of plaster and the laths, thus causing them to be integral with one another. The distribution of the resin on the extrados surface and the degree of penetration thereof into the plaster layer can hardly be controlled. Therefore, it often happens, in particular in ceilings with a thin plaster layer, that the resin completely crosses the plaster layer until it reaches the outer surface and accidentally also impregnates the fresco, thus incorporating - in the visible surface thereof - oxides and/or particles that have deposited on the fresco over time. The presence of consolidated resin on the fresco causes an irreversible deterioration and, hence, a damage of the fresco. In fact, the resin can be removed only with solvents that, however, on the one hand, remove the oxides and/or particles incorporated in the resin, but, on the other hand, heavily affect the pigments of the fresco, thus damaging them permanently.
- Furthermore, the resin forms a film that covers the plaster layer and the laths, thus reducing the transpiration and dehumidification thereof. This reduction causes, on the one hand, a progressive oxidation of the fresco, which gets darker as time goes by, and, on the other hand, the formation of a barrier that prevents the relative humidity present inside the building from correctly going through the ceiling and freely flow outwards.
- In case the resin application technique is performed correctly, the resin selectively penetrates the crumbled portions of the ribs, so as to form a partial waterproofing of the ceiling that covers the ribs, thus leaving the laths uncovered. However, in this case, the humidity present in the ceiling concentrates in the laths, thus determining a high size variation thereof and causing a greater erosion of the ribs.
- In order to overcome the technical drawbacks described above, the Applicant designed a mechanical anchoring structure to steadily anchor the plaster layer to the support layer of a ceiling of a building, which is described in European patent application
EP 2 696 009 A1 filed by the Applicant. Even though the mechanical anchoring structure described inEP 2 696 009 A1 is particularly advantageous, the Applicant wants to find a solution that further improves anchoring performances. - Therefore, the object of the invention is to provide an anchoring elastic structure, which, on the one hand, is capable of assisting the plaster-holding structure in keeping the plaster layer anchored to the structure itself and, on the other hand, at the same time, is capable of expelling the humidity/water accumulated in the plaster layer, so as to cause a drying thereof.
- This object is achieved by the invention, as it relates to a system and method to assist a plaster-holding layer in keeping a plaster layer anchored to the plaster-holding structure itself, according to the appended claims.
- The invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, which show a non-limiting embodiment thereof, wherein:
-
Figure 1 is a schematic view, with sectional parts and parts on a larger scale for greater clarity, of a portion of a ceiling of a building provided with an anchoring elastic system according to the invention; -
Figures 2 to 7 are schematic views of corresponding operating steps of the method set forth by the invention; - Photo 8 is a vertical section of an anchoring spring of the anchoring elastic system according to the invention; whereas
- Photo 9 is a vertical section of a signalling spring of the anchoring elastic system according to the invention.
- With reference to
Figure 1 ,number 100 indicates, as a whole, an example of a vertical section of the structure of a ceiling of a building, preferably an ancient one (which is shown only partially and in a schematic manner, with enlarged parts and removed parts for greater clarity), for example a villa or a church or a cathedral or any other similar ancient building. The ceiling structure shown inFigure 1 is merely an example and is not limiting for the purposes of the invention. In other words, the invention can conveniently be used also in ceilings having a structure that is different from the one shown and described hereinafter, or in vertical walls of a building, which have at least one plaster layer and a plaster layer support structure. - In the example shown in
Figure 1 , the ceiling has a bottom surface (110) (commonly referred to with the technical term "intrados"), which faces the inner space of the building and can preferably - though not necessarily - be decorated and/or frescoed, and an top surface 120 (commonly referred to with the technical term "extrados"), which preferably faces the roof (garret) of the building. - The
ceiling 100 comprises asupport structure 220 and at least oneplaster layer 300 with a predetermined thickness, which is integral with thesupport structure 200. - According to an explanatory embodiment, the
support structure 200 can be obtained through a plaster-holding framework, which can be connected - in a known manner - to the walls and/or the roof of the building (for example, through beams that are properly connected to one another and to the building) and can be structured so as to hold theplaster layer 300 anchored to thebottom surface 200a of thesupport structure 200. According to an embodiment shown inFigure 1 , theplaster layer 300 extends so as to cover thebottom surface 200a of thesupport structure 200, thus forming thebottom surface 110 of theceiling 100. - As to the plaster-holding framework making up the
support structure 200, in the example shown, it extends along a preferably horizontal plane and comprises a plurality of beam oflaths 210. In the example shown, thelaths 210 extend parallel to one another, so as to be approximately coplanar, and are spaced apart from one another, so as to delimit grooves or slits 220 between one another. Thelaths 210 of thesupport structure 200 can be made of wood and/or stone and/or earthenware or similar materials (namely, any other so-called mineral support), which are suited to support theplaster layer 300. Generally, thelaths 210 can have a substantially rectangular section and have a width that preferably - though not necessarily - ranges from 2 to 5 cm, whereas theslit 220 can have a predetermined width between twolaths 210 that preferably - though not necessarily - ranges from 1 to 2 cm. - Furthermore, it is understood that flat and horizontal structure of the
ceiling 100 described above and shown infigure 1 is not limiting for the purposes of the invention, but it is was exclusively used to make the description of the invention clearer. In other words, the structure of theceiling 100, instead of being horizontal and flat, as provided for by the description and the drawings of this patent application, could have different shapes, such as - for example - the shape of a semi-spherical cap having a circular, elliptical, polygonal plan, and a vertical section with the shape of a semicircle, a parabola or the like (not shown). - With regard to the
plaster layer 300, it can comprise a solid mixture including lime and calcium carbonate or similar materials. In the example shown inFigure 1 , theplaster layer 300 has atop surface 300a (opposite the visible bottom surface 110), which covers thebottom surface 200a of thesupport structure 200, so as to form a homogeneous covering layer with a predetermined thickness, and partially penetrates/projects into thetop slits 220 of thesupport structure 200, in order to form rigid crests orribs 310 between thelaths 210, which are structured to remain trapped between twoadjacent laths 210, so as to anchor theplaster layer 300 to thesupport structure 200. - With reference to
Figure 1 ,number 1 further indicates, as a whole, the present invention concerning an anchoring elastic system comprising a plurality of elastic organs, which are designed to strengthen/restore/maintain the fixing/anchoring of a least oneplaster layer 300 to thesupport structure 200 above, so as to prevent it from detaching from the support structure itself. - The anchoring
elastic system 1 according to the invention is aimed at "assisting" thesupport structure 200 in keeping theplaster layer 300 anchored to thestructure 200. In other words, the anchoringelastic system 1 strengthens the anchorage that is mainly performed by thesupport structure 200 on theplaster layer 300, so as to prevent and/or limit the detachment of the plaster layer 330 due to the causes described above. - According to a preferred embodiment shown in
Figure 1 , one or more elastic means perform an anchoring and vibration dampening function, and are each provided with a wire helicaltubular anchoring spring 5, which extends along a longitudinal axis A and consists, in turn, of a first helicaltubular portion 5a, which is structured to be arranged so as to rest/strike against thetop surface 200b of thesupport structure 200, and a second helicaltubular portion 5b, which is structured to be fitted, in use, into a preferablydead hole 4, which, in the example shown, is made so as to project/protrude in theplaster layer 300, through thesurface 300a, which faces thesupport structure 200. According to a possible embodiment, thehole 4 can be made so as to have the opening on thetop surface 200b and cross thesupport structure 200 as well as, at least partially, theplaster layer 300 starting from thesurface 300a. - According to a preferred explanatory embodiment shown in
Figure 1 , the first 5a and the secondtubular portion 5b of thetubular spring 5 are shaped to as to be about mushroom-shaped and comprise respective filiform cylindrical windings, which are formed by spires arranged beside one another, which extend side by side and coaxial to the axis A. - In the example shown in
Figure 1 , the firsttop portion 5a is shaped so as to approximately form a cylindrical cup-shaped body, with a central hole in its base/bottom wall, and defines the head of the mushroom, whereas the second bottomtubular portion 5b projects from the base/bottom of thefirst portion 5a along the axis A and is approximately shaped like an elongated cylinder defining the stem. - The first
tubular portion 5a has an outer diameter that is greater than the diameter of thehole 4 and, in the example shown, is arranged with its base striking against thetop surface 200b of thesupport structure 200, whereas the secondtubular portion 5b has an outer diameter that is smaller than the diameter of thehole 4, so as to be easily inserted/fitted into the latter. In the example shown inFigure 1 , thesprings 5 can be structured so that the relative spires have a constant pitch. In the rest condition, each spire of thespring 5 can preferably strike against the adjacent spire/s, so as to be side by side with them. - The parameters characterizing the
springs 5 making up thestructure 1, namely the composition, the length, the elastic constant, the number of spires, the outer diameter, the section of the wire, the distribution/positioning of thesprings 5 on thesurface 300a, for example their mutual distance and the mutual distance of theholes 4, substantially depend - at least - on the thickness of theplaster layer 300 and on the load/weight of theplaster layer 300 to be supported. - Tests carried out by the Applicant proved, for example, that a
spring 5 having afirst portion 5a, which is provided with a wire with a circular section of 0.3 mm and with an outer diameter of 8 mm, and asecond portion 5b, which is provided with a wire with a section of 0.3 mm and with an outer diameter of 2 mm, exerts an longitudinal elastic force along the axis A that is capable of supporting a weight of approximately 30 Kg, whereas its axial deflection/deformation starts when the weight applied exceeds approximately 3 Kg. Furthermore, the Applicant found out that, by increasing the circular section of the wire from 0.3 to 0.5 mm, thespring 5 exerts a force that is capable of supporting a weight of approximately 35 Kg. Therefore, for example, in order to anchor a plaster layer with average dimensions having, for example, a weight/m2 ranging from 10 to 40 Kg/m2, you can usesprings 5 that are dimensioned so as to have afirst portion 5a having an outer diameter ranging from about 6 mm to about 10 mm, preferably 8 mm, and asecond portion 5b having an outer diameter ranging from about 0.5 mm to about 5 mm, preferably 2 mm. - By properly varying the diameters of the two
portions spring 5 and the section of the wire, it is possible to carefully calibrate both the maximum weight of the plaster layer to be supported and the dampening that can be exerted upon the forces deriving from vibrations hitting the plaster layer. For example, if it is needed to secure the anchorage of and dampen the vibrations acting upon a frescoed thin plaster (in the range of some mm) (carbonate putty used for frescos) having a reduced weight/m2 and in order to minimize the impact of the structure on the fresco, it is possible to usesprings 5 having extremely small dimensions, in which - for example - thesecond portion 5b has an outer diameter of approximately 0.1 mm. The use of these springs is extremely advantageous, as it allows to anchor the frescoed plaster through the execution of holes having an extremely small diameter, for example equal to 0.11 m. - It is understood that the
first portion 5a and thesecond portion 5b of thetubular spring 5 can have a tubular shape other than the one described above, such as, for example, the shape of a truncated cone and/or of a cone, whereas the length of thesecond portion 5b basically depends on the thickness of thesupport structure 200 and on the depth of thehole 4. The length of thesecond portion 5b can correspond, for example, to the sum of the thickness of thesupport structure 200 and the depth of thehole 4 in theplaster layer 300. - According to the embodiment in which the
support structure 200 consists of a plaster-holding framework shown inFigure 1 and theplaster layer 300 is provided with theribs 310 arranged inside theslits 220, one ormore holes 4 of the anchoringelastic structure 1 can be preferably made in theribs 310, whereas thefirst portions 5a of thesprings 5 are arranged so as to rest on the top face of thelaths 210 and one or moresecond portions 5b are fitted into theholes 4 made in theribs 310. - The Applicant further found out that, when the force exerted by the
plaster layer 300 causes the plastic deformation of thetubular spring 5, the latter collapses and lengthens until it reaches a maximum extension in which it conveniently keeps theplaster layer 300 anchored to thesupport structure 200. In this way, it is obtained both the advantage of conveniently preventing theplaster layer 300 from falling towards the floor below, thus causing a condition of danger for the people standing there, besides the disruption of the fresco, and the advantage of subsequently being able to take theplaster layer 300 back to the initial position of anchoring to thesupport structure 200, in which - then - theplaster layer 300 can be fixed to thesupport structure 200. In this case, indeed, you simple need to exert a simple upward pulling/lifting of theelongated springs 5, so as to lift theplaster layer 300 and take it back to its initial position in which it is fixed to thesupport structure 200. - The Applicant further found out that the
tubular spring 5, thanks to its structure with wound spires, defines an inner duct, which establishes a communication between the wall of thehole 4 and the air on the outside of thehole 4, thus conveniently determining a local dehumidification of theplaster layer 300 surrounding thehole 4. To this regard, the plaster layer 330, because of the reasons described above, tends to accumulate water/humidity, which, in turn, contains hygroscopic salts. The natural drying of theplaster layer 300 causes the crystallization of the hygroscopic salts inside theplaster layer 300, which increase their volume up to sixteen times the initial condition. This expansion generates a pressing of the crystallized salts towards the material surrounding them amounting to approximately 600-800 atmospheres, thus determining local decohesions in theplaster layer 300 and, hence, causing the detachment of the latter from thesupport structure 200. The Applicant found out that, by making a plurality ofholes 4 in theplaster layer 300 and by fitting the helical tubular springs 5, in particular thesecond portion 5b thereof, into them, you obtain aeration and discharge ducts, which help let out the humidity contained in theplaster layer 300. During the expulsion, said humidity also drags out the hygroscopic salts. On the inside of thesprings 5, the humidity tends to dry and the salts crystallize, thus increasing their volume. In this condition, unlike the plaster layer, which is rigid and tends to be subjected to decohesions, thehelical spring 5 axially deforms/stretches upwards in a controlled manner under the pressure due to the expansion of the salts, thus causing micro-movements thereof in thehole 4, which progressively push them out of thehole 4. Furthermore, during the deformation of thespring 5, its spires move apart from one another, thus increasing the area of contact between the expelled salts recovered/contained in thespring 5 and the wall of thehole 4, thus determining - for the salts - a progressively increasing rise in the absorption of the water present in the plaster layer. Furthermore, during its deformation, thespring 5 protects the hole from 4 from micro-grinding, as the diameter of thehelical spring 5 progressively decreases. The absence of micro-grinding is clearly convenient especially in the presence of frescos/decorations on the plaster layer. - According to a preferred embodiment shown in
Figure 1 , the distal end of thesecond portion 5b of thetubular spring 5 present inside thehole 4 can conveniently be made integral with the inner wall of thehole 4, namely with theplaster layer 300, through a fastening/gluing material M. Preferably, the fastening/gluing material M can conveniently comprise a mixture or a liquid mix with adhesive material and/or resins. For example the liquid/half-liquid mixture can consist of one or more crystallizing resins, such as, for example, epoxy resins and/or polyurethane resins. - The Applicant found out that, by exclusively fixing the distal end of the
second portion 5b of thetubular spring 5 to theplaster layer 300 through the injection of a given quantity of fastening/gluing material M into thehole 4, the remaining part of thetubular body 5 is free to deform both longitudinally (i.e. axially) along the axis A and radially, thus supporting the exchange between the external air and the humidity present in theplaster layer 300, inside thehole 4. - The fastening of the end of the
spring 5 to theplaster layer 300 is not limited to the use of the fastening/gluing material M, but, according to variants that are not shown herein, it can be carried out by means of mechanical anchoring organs (not shown), such as, for example, threaded nuts steadily/rigidly fitted into theholes 4, into which you can then screw a properly threaded straight inner end of thespring 5. - According to a preferred embodiment shown in
Figure 1 , the anchoringelastic system 1 can preferably comprise, furthermore, one or more elastic signalling organs, which are structured to visually signal a condition of presence/absence of a detachment of theplaster layer 300 from thesupport structure 200, so as to allow users to monitor theplaster layer 300. - According to a preferred embodiment shown in
Figure 1 , the elastic signalling organs are each provided with amonitoring spring 3, which, similarly to theanchoring spring 5, comprises a firsttubular portion 3a, which rests on thetop surface 200b of thesupport structure 200, and asecond portion 3b, which is fitted into thehole 4. - The
first portion 3a of thespring 3 is tubular, whereas thesecond portion 3b of thespring 3 comprises a filiform stem, which is defined by an extension of an end of the firsttubular portion 3a. - The
first portion 3a of thespring 3 always has a substantially cylindrical shape coaxial to the axis A and is preferably formed by helical spires that, in the rest position, are preferably axially spaced apart from one another. - According to a preferred explanatory embodiment shown in
Figure 1 , the filiform stem defining thesecond portion 3b of the spring extends starting from a filiform end (the top one inFigure 1 ) of thefirst portion 3a, which is opposite relative to the respective resting base thereof on thetop surface 200b, and centrally crosses the inner duct of thefirst portion 3a along a substantially straight direction parallel to the axis A, in order to then extend inside thehole 4. - The
monitoring spring 3 is structured so as to ensure that thefirst portion 3a, namely thetubular portion 3a is deformed between a resting position indicative of the absence of detachment (shown inFigure 1 ), wherein thefirst portion 3a is at its maximum longitudinal and radial extension, and a signalling position indicative of the presence of detachment (shown inFigure 6 and 7 ), wherein thefirst portion 3a is deformed both longitudinally (Figure 6 ) and radially (Figure 7 ) in response to traction exerted on the filiform stem by theplaster layer 300 during the detachment thereof from thesupport structure 200. - According to the example shown in
Figure 6 , in the signalling position, thefirst portion 3a is compressed against thetop surface 200b of thesupport structure 200, thus reducing its length and is outer diameter. - The
springs springs second portion 5a of thespring 5 and the length of thesecond portion 3a of thespring 3 can further be sized based on the depth of thehole 4 and/or on the (vertical) thickness of thesupport structure 200 and/or on the height of theslit 220. - With reference to
Figure 1 , the anchoringelastic system 1 can further comprises a helicalcylindrical sliding spring 11, which is fitted into thehole 4 and/or theslit 220 and can house, on the inside, the filiform stem defining thesecond portion 3b of thespring 3. - According to a preferred embodiment (which is not shown herein), the anchoring
elastic system 1 can conveniently comprise, furthermore, a mesh, for example a mesh made of a metal material or the like, which rests on thetop face 200b of thesupport structure 200, whereas thesprings first portions second portions holes 4 through the through openings present in the mesh. The Applicant found out that, by interposing the preferably metal mesh between thetop face 200b of thesupport structure 200 and thefirst portions system 1 even when thesupport structure 200 has deteriorated resting areas. In this case, the mesh itself defines a connection structure between the springs, which ensures a complete anchoring of the ceiling layer, even in local areas of the support structure that, after having deteriorated/having been damaged, could not be capable of locally carrying out an anchoring action upon the underlying portion of plaster layer. - With reference to
Figures 2 to 7 , hereinafter you can find a description of the method to strengthen the anchorage performed by thesupport structure 200 on theplaster layer 300 through the anchoring organs described above. - The method comprises the step of making a plurality of preferably
dead holes 4 in thetop surface 120 of theplaster layer 300, preferably - though not necessarily - in theribs 310, in case thesupport structure 200 comprises the aforesaid framework (Figures 2 and 3 ), so that the opening of thehole 4 faces theslit 210. Obviously, theholes 4 can also be directly made in thesupport structure 200, for example through thelaths 210, so as to partially extend in theplaster layer 300. In other words, the method according to the invention is not limited to the creation of theholes 4 in theribs 310, but it can also include the creation of theholes 4 in any other point of thetop surface 300a of theplaster layer 300, if necessary by perforating the layers and/or the laths or boards present in thesupport structure 200 above theplaster layer 300. - The depth of the
holes 4 in theplaster layer 300 changes according to the dimensions of thesprings plaster layer 300 to be supported and to the thickness thereof. Preferably, thehole 4 can have a depth, in theplaster layer 300, that is approximately equal to half the thickness of theplaster layer 300 itself. - For example, in case of a thin frescoed plaster layer having, for example, a thickness of 5 mm, the
hole 4 could have a depth of about 2.5 mm, whereas, in case the plaster layer has a thickness of 2 cm, the depth of thehole 4 could be about 1 cm. Preferably, in case theplaster layer 300 consists of different layers on top of one another, wherein the first layer fulfils the function of "arriccio" provided with theribs 310 for the anchorage to the support structure, and the last layer, opposite the first one, is frescoed, the portion ofhole 4 in theplaster layer 300 can conveniently have a depth that is equal to the thickness of the first layer, namely the arriccio, so as not to affect the frescoed layer. - With reference to
Figures 4 and5 , the method comprises the step of injecting a given quantity of liquid fastening/gluing material M into theholes 4. The quantity of material M injected into thehole 4 is adjusted so as to to cover only the end portion of thespring 5 fitted into thehole 4. - The method comprises, furthermore, the step of fitting the second
tubular portions 5b of thesprings 5 into theholes 4, so that, on the one hand, the tubular end (the bottom one inFigure 5 ) of eachsecond portion 5b is immersed in the fastening/gluing material M and, on the other hand, thefirst portion 5a of eachspring 5 is arranged so as to strike/rest against thetop surface 200b of the support structure 200 (Figures 4 and5 ). - The method preferably comprises, furthermore, the step of fitting the
second portions 3b defining the filiform stems of the signalling springs 3 into theholes 4, so that, on the one hand, the free end (the bottom one inFigure 5 ) of each stem is buried/immersed in the fastening/gluing material M and, on the other hand, thefirst portion 3a of eachspring 3 is arranged so as to strike/rest against thetop surface 200b of the support structure 200 (Figures 4 and5 ) in the rest position. In case there is thespring 11, the latter is fitted into thehole 4 before fitting therelative spring 3, so as to define a sliding duct for thestem 3b. The presence of thespring 11 prevents thehole 4 from being damaged, namely it forbids the micro-grinding of the inner wall of thehole 4 during the fitting of thestem 3b and/or during the detachment of theplaster layer 300. - With reference to
Figures 6 and 7 , in case theplaster layer 300 starts detaching fromsupport structure 200 above, thesecond portion 5b of the tubular springs 5 elastically deforms along the axis A and elastically counters the detachment itself, causing, at the same time, the partial compression/squeezing of thefirst portion 5a of the spring 6 on thetop surface 200b of thesupport structure 200. Thespring 5 can reach a maximum extension, beyond which thesecond portion 5b collapses/deforms permanently and stretches, conveniently keeping theplaster layer 300 hanging from thesupport structure 200 at a predetermined maximum detachment distance. Then, theplaster layer 300 can advantageously be brought back to the starting position by pinching the top ends of the springs 6 and lifting them upwards. - With reference to
Figures 5 and 6 , in case of detachment of theplaster layer 300 from thesupport structure 200, the filiform stem defining thesecond portion 3b of thespring 3 transmits the axial force exerted by theplaster layer 300 to the (top) end of thefirst portion 3a, thus causing a progressive compression thereof, which depends on the extent of the detachment, namely on the distance of theplaster layer 300 from thesupport structure 200. With reference to the explanatory embodiment shown inFigures 5 and 6 , thefirst portion 3a is subjected to a variation of length L1 - L2 between the rest position and the operating position that substantially corresponds to the distance between theplaster layer 300 and thesupport structure 200 in the detachment position. - The advantages of the system and of the method according to the invention are evident from the description above. In particular, the anchoring system, thanks to the elastic action exerted by the springs, is capable of assisting the main anchoring action carried out by the support structure on the plaster layer, allows users to restore the anchorage of the plaster layer in case of detachment in a simple, economic and quick manner as well as with an extremely reduced impact on the plaster layer, with all the consequent advantages when the plaster layer is frescoed, and performs - at the same time - a humidity removal action, which removes humidity from the plaster layer, thus conveniently determining the drying thereof.
- Finally, it is clear that the anchoring elastic system and the method described above can be subjected to changes and variations, according to the features set forth in the claims, without for this reason going beyond the scope of protection of the invention.
Claims (10)
- A method to strengthen the anchorage of a plaster layer (300) to a plaster-holding structure (200); said plaster layer (300) having a first surface (300a) arranged facing, and immediately close to a first surface, (200a) of said plaster-holding structure (200),
said method being characterized in that it comprises of the following steps:arranging a plurality of springs (5) (3), each of which is constituted by a first tubular portion (5a) (3a) and a second portion (5b) (3b) which extends projecting from said first tubular portion (5a) (3a) along a longitudinal axis (A);forming at least on said first surface (300a) of the plaster layer (300) a plurality of holes (4) which extend along respective axes about parallel and spaced apart from one another;fitting the second portions (5b) (3b) of the springs (5) (3) in respective said holes (4) so as to arrange the respective first portions (5a) (5b) resting on the first surface (200a) of the support structure (200);making the second portions (5b) (3b) of the springs (5) (3) integral with the inner walls of the corresponding holes (4) by way of fixing means (M) provided in the holes (4) themselves. - The method according to claim 1, wherein some of said springs (5) are anchoring springs for the plaster layer (300) and are each constituted of a about mushroom-shaped wire helical spring wherein the first portion (5a) and the second portion (5b) have a cylindrical or conical shape and form the head and the stem of the spring (5) respectively.
- The method according to claim 1, wherein some of said springs (3) are springs for monitoring the state of detachment of the plaster layer (300) and each constituted of a wire helical spring which has an approximately cylindrical or conical-shaped first tubular portion (3a) and a second portion (3b) defined by a filiform stem which forms an extension of one top filiform end of said first portion (3a) and extends along a substantially rectilinear direction coaxial to said longitudinal axis (A) so as to be at least partially fitted in said hole (4).
- The method according to claim 2, wherein said fastening means (M) comprise a fastening mixture made of adhesive material and/or resin; said method comprising the step of injecting a predetermined quantity of said fastening mixture into said hole (4) so as to rigidly fix only an end portion of said second portion (3b) to the inner wall of said hole (4).
- The method according to claim 1, comprising the step of fitting in said hole (4), an additional tubular-shaped wire helical spring (11) interposed between said second portion (3b) and the inner wall of said hole (4).
- The method according to claim 3, wherein said monitoring springs (3) are structured so as to ensure that the respective first tubular portion (3a) is deformed between a resting position indicative of the absence of detachment of the plaster layer (300) wherein said first portion (3a) is at its maximum longitudinal and radial extension, and a signalling position indicative of the presence of detachment of the plaster layer (300), wherein said first portion (3a) is deformed longitudinally and radially in response to traction exerted on the filiform stem (3b) by the plaster layer (300).
- The method according to claim 2, wherein said first (5a) and second portion (5b) of the anchoring spring (5) are structured to deform simultaneously to elastically counteract the detachment of said plaster layer (300) from said support structure (200).
- The method according to claim 2, wherein said second portion (5b) of the anchoring spring (5) has an outer diameter comprised between about 1 and about 2 mm, and/or said first portion (5a) has an outer diameter comprised between about 6 mm and about 8 mm.
- An anchoring elastic system (1) to strengthen the anchorage of a plaster layer (300) to the plaster-holding support structure (200) itself; said plaster layer (300) having a top surface (300a) facing towards, and immediately next to, the bottom surface (200a) of said plaster-holding structure (200),
said system (1) being characterized in that it comprises:a plurality of springs (3) (5), each of which is formed by a first portion (3a) (5a) and a second portion (3b) (5b); the second portion (3b) (5b) extends projecting from said first portion (3a) (5a) along a longitudinal axis (A) ;a plurality of holes (4), which are formed at least partially on said top surface (300a) of the plaster layer (300) and extend along axes approximately parallel and spaced apart from one another; and whereinthe second portion (3b) (5b) of each said spring (3) (5) is fitted in a respective hole (4) so that the respective first portion (3a) (5a) is arranged with its own base resting on the top surface (200b) of the support structure (200);the second portion (3b) (5b) of the spring (3) (5) is rigidly integral with the inner wall of the hole (4) by way of a fixing means (M) arranged in the hole 4 itself. - The system according to claim 9, wherein some said springs (5) are each formed by an approximately mushroom-shaped wire helical anchoring spring, wherein the first portion (5a) and said second portion (5b) have a cylindrical or conical shape and form the head and the stem of the spring (5) respectively.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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IT102016000074430A IT201600074430A1 (en) | 2016-07-15 | 2016-07-15 | ELASTIC ANCHORAGE SYSTEM TO CONSOLIDATE THE ANCHORING OF A PLASTER LAYER TO A STRUCTURE OF A BUILDING TUNING OF A BUILDING |
Publications (2)
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EP3269897A1 true EP3269897A1 (en) | 2018-01-17 |
EP3269897B1 EP3269897B1 (en) | 2020-04-29 |
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EP17181564.0A Active EP3269897B1 (en) | 2016-07-15 | 2017-07-14 | Elastic anchoring of plaster layers |
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IT (1) | IT201600074430A1 (en) |
Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE3815299A1 (en) * | 1988-05-05 | 1989-11-16 | Stauch Matthias | Device and process for reinforcing mortar |
EP2696009A1 (en) | 2012-08-10 | 2014-02-12 | Walter Fiorin | Anchoring structure and method of anchoring a frescoed plaster layer to a wooden plaster-holding timber frame of a building ceiling |
-
2016
- 2016-07-15 IT IT102016000074430A patent/IT201600074430A1/en unknown
-
2017
- 2017-07-14 EP EP17181564.0A patent/EP3269897B1/en active Active
Patent Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE3815299A1 (en) * | 1988-05-05 | 1989-11-16 | Stauch Matthias | Device and process for reinforcing mortar |
EP2696009A1 (en) | 2012-08-10 | 2014-02-12 | Walter Fiorin | Anchoring structure and method of anchoring a frescoed plaster layer to a wooden plaster-holding timber frame of a building ceiling |
Also Published As
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IT201600074430A1 (en) | 2018-01-15 |
EP3269897B1 (en) | 2020-04-29 |
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