EP3218533A1 - Procede de fabrication d'un lingot de silicium monocristallin de type n - Google Patents
Procede de fabrication d'un lingot de silicium monocristallin de type nInfo
- Publication number
- EP3218533A1 EP3218533A1 EP15804688.8A EP15804688A EP3218533A1 EP 3218533 A1 EP3218533 A1 EP 3218533A1 EP 15804688 A EP15804688 A EP 15804688A EP 3218533 A1 EP3218533 A1 EP 3218533A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- silicon
- ingot
- bath
- concentration
- solidified
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 76
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 22
- 229910021421 monocrystalline silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 12
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 175
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 175
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 174
- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 49
- GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N germanium atom Chemical compound [Ge] GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 43
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 42
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000002019 doping agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 48
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 32
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 26
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000001687 destabilization Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000000877 morphologic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910021417 amorphous silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910021419 crystalline silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 235000012431 wafers Nutrition 0.000 description 14
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 12
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000014509 gene expression Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000005192 partition Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000011449 brick Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002800 charge carrier Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 description 3
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 2
- PJXISJQVUVHSOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium(iii) oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[In+3].[In+3] PJXISJQVUVHSOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012549 training Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002231 Czochralski process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 241001669679 Eleotris Species 0.000 description 1
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N antimony atom Chemical compound [Sb] WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052785 arsenic Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RQNWIZPPADIBDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N arsenic atom Chemical compound [As] RQNWIZPPADIBDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N bismuth atom Chemical compound [Bi] JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008025 crystallization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001627 detrimental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010494 dissociation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005593 dissociations Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005538 encapsulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910003437 indium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000001939 inductive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001465 metallisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001131 transforming effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001052 transient effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009966 trimming Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
- C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C30B29/00—Single crystals or homogeneous polycrystalline material with defined structure characterised by the material or by their shape
- C30B29/02—Elements
- C30B29/06—Silicon
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
- C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C30B15/00—Single-crystal growth by pulling from a melt, e.g. Czochralski method
- C30B15/02—Single-crystal growth by pulling from a melt, e.g. Czochralski method adding crystallising materials or reactants forming it in situ to the melt
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
- C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C30B15/00—Single-crystal growth by pulling from a melt, e.g. Czochralski method
- C30B15/20—Controlling or regulating
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/547—Monocrystalline silicon PV cells
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a new process for manufacturing an n-type monocrystalline silicon ingot having a concentration of controlled oxygen-based thermal donors.
- Such an ingot is particularly advantageous in the context of the development of photovoltaic cells (PV) by so-called “temperature base” methods.
- This expression “low temperature” implies that the various technological steps for transforming a wafer from the ingot into a solar PV cell are carried out at temperatures well below 650 ° C.
- the manufacture of PV solar cells with amorphous silicon / crystalline silicon heterojunctions makes it possible to obtain photo voltaic conversion efficiencies exceeding 20%.
- HET solar cells are generally manufactured from n-type monocrystalline silicon wafers, doped with phosphorus (P), from ingots obtained by Czochralski drawing. Ingots produced by a Czochralski drawing technique (also called “Cz ingots”) contain very high levels of oxygen, of the order of 4.10 17 cm 3 to 2.10 8 cm -3 .
- thermal sleeper small agglomerates of oxygen, typically formed from the combination of 3 to 20 atoms of oxygen are formed. These thermal donors behave as electron donors.
- concentrations of DT to the end of cooling are typically of the order of 5A0 cm "3 to 5.10 15 cm" 3.
- the upper part of Cz ingots (first crystallized part) is generally the zone of the ingot which contains the most thermal donors. Indeed, it is the part of the ingot generally the richest in oxygen and for which the cooling is the slowest (which therefore remains at a temperature of the order of 450 ° C for a longer period of time) as stated in the publication [1].
- the high contents of thermal donors in the crystallized and cooled ingot may, despite the phosphorus doping (typically of the order of 10 14 cm -3 to 16 cm -3 ) influence the concentration of majority carriers at equilibrium (noted n 0 ), and therefore the resistivity (p) of the material. More specifically, they can cause, in the case of ingots doped with phosphorus, increases in the concentration n 0 and decreases in resistivity, the service life of the charge carriers ( ⁇ ) strongly depends on n ⁇ J. For a density of crystallographic defects (punctual or extended) given, the lower the no, the better the life of the charge carriers ⁇ .
- the formation of TDs during ingot cooling can lead to decreases of ⁇ and consequently the photovoltaic conversion efficiency of the cells produced.
- the DTs exhibit recombinant activity (in addition to being doping) which, although slight, may accentuate this decrease in t.
- the process for manufacturing homojunctional PV cells involves technological steps taking place at high temperatures above 650 ° C. For such temperatures, thermal donors are eliminated (usually referred to as “annihilation” or “dissociation” of thermal donors), and thus do not influence the photovoltaic conversion efficiency of the cells. In contrast, when “low temperature” processes are used, the thermal donors can significantly alter the photovoltaic conversion efficiency of the cells, in particular for cells made from platelets from the upper part of the Cz ingot.
- anneals can take place at the silicon wafer scale. This is particularly the case of the work described by Nakamura et al. ([1]), which implement platelet annealing for a period of 30 minutes at 700 ° C, these anneals being followed by rapid cooling at a speed of 8 0 Cs ⁇ 'around 450 ° C.
- the present invention aims precisely to meet this need.
- said bath being supplemented with at least germanium (Ge) and / or tin (Sn) in an adjusted content to inhibit the formation of all or part of the thermal donors in the expected silicon ingot; and
- step (ii) drawing the silicon ingot from the bath of step (i) by a Czochralski type pulling method, the initial drawing speed V 5 being reduced to a speed V 2 with b between 10 and 1, 2, when the fraction solidified in silicon, f s , reaches the lowest value f s i and f s2 ,
- thermal donors or more simply under the abbreviation "DT", the thermal donors based on oxygen.
- the inventors have discovered that it is possible to access an ingot of good crystalline quality on at least 90% of its solidified fraction, and containing little or no heat-donor, and this from the end of the draw ingot .
- the process of the invention thus makes it possible to dispense with additional steps of annealing for the elimination of thermal donors, mentioned above, which pose numerous problems on an industrial scale.
- the process of the invention makes it possible, for example for a solidified fraction of 10%, to divide the donor content 3, compared to the case of a "standard" Cz ingot, or even 5 and more preferably 10.
- the ingot produced according to the method of the invention may for example have, in its upper portion representative of the beginning of the drawing (for example, a solidified fraction of 10%), a concentration of thermal donors less than or equal to 2.10 cm ", in especially less than or equal to 5.10 cm "'and more particularly less than or equal to 2.10 14 cm 3.
- the present invention relates to a silicon ingot that can be obtained by the method defined above.
- the platelets Cz originating from the ingot obtained at the end of the drawing process according to the invention can advantageously be used in "low temperature” manufacturing methods for photo voltaic cells, in particular "HET" cells.
- the present invention relates to the use of a monocrystalline silicon ingot obtained according to the process of the invention for the manufacture of a photovoltaic cell by a low temperature process, in particular for the manufacture of a HET cell.
- step (i) of the process of the invention consists in having a molten silicon bath, also designated as a "liquid" bath, comprising at least one n-type doping agent.
- the molten silicon bath is supplemented with at least germanium (Ge), tin (Sn) or both germanium and tin.
- the n-type doping agent (s) may be selected from phosphorus (P), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), bismuth (Bi) and mixtures thereof.
- the n-type doping agent is phosphorus.
- the n-type doping agent (s) may be more particularly present in the melt in a content of between 3.10 atoms per cm and 8.6.10 atoms per cm 2.
- the Ge and / or Sn content of the melt bath initiated in step (i) is adjusted so as to be able to inhibit the formation of all or part of the thermal donors in the expected silicon ingot.
- the content of Ge and / or Sn is more particularly chosen with regard to the desired resistivity (p) for the silicon ingot, and therefore the concentration of "acceptable" DT in the silicon ingot.
- the resistivity (p) of silicon is closely related to the content of thermal donors generated in the silicon ingot which have an electron-dominant behavior, as detailed for example in the application WO 2014/064347.
- the target value of resistivity (p) is chosen according to the applications envisaged for the silicon ingot, for example between 0.5 ⁇ . ⁇ and 10 ⁇ -cm for the manufacture of photovoltaic cells.
- the content of Ge and or Sn to be used can be determined, prior to the implementation of the process of the invention, as a function of the concentration of acceptable DT in the desired silicon ingot (ie resistivity p desired) and the maximum concentration of DT formed in a Cz ingot obtained after a pull test from a molten silicon bath devoid of Ge and Sn.
- the concentration of Ge and / or Sn to be introduced into the ingot can for example be estimated using empirical equations.
- the inventors have established the following empirical mathematical expression (obtained for annealing carried out at 450 ° C. and transposable at any temperature making it possible to form TDs), making it possible to express the impact of the presence of germanium on the formation.
- DTs obtained for annealing carried out at 450 ° C. and transposable at any temperature making it possible to form TDs
- tin doping tin being a larger size atom than germanium, it has been found that doping of silicon with tin and genrtanium similarly influences the defects associated with tin. oxygen, for tin contents ten times lower than the germanium contents.
- the concentration of mermic donors formed in the Cz ingot obtained at the end of the draw test from a silicon bath devoid of Ge and Sn can be deduced from the comparison of the resistivities measured for the ingot obtained at from the draft test, before and after application of a thermal annealing treatment conducive to total annihilation of thermal donors.
- the concentration of DT formed in the Cz ingot obtained at the end of the draw test from a silicon bath devoid of Ge and Sn can be deduced from the comparison of the measured experimental resistivity values. for the ingot obtained at the end of the pulling test, with the theoretical values of expected resistivity in the absence of thermal donors (considering only the presence of the doping agent (s) of type n ).
- FIG. 1 represents the resistivity of the ingot obtained for the pulling test, under the conditions detailed in example 1, without adding Ge and the values expected in the absence of DT, considering only the phosphorus as a doping agent.
- the "acceptable" concentration in DT (and thus the concentration of Ge and / or Sn to be introduced into the silicon ingot) can be more particularly determined with regard to the "high" part of the ingot, that is to say the zone corresponding to the beginning of the solidification.
- the content of Ge and / or Sn of the silicon bath in step (i) is between 10 19 cm -1 and 3.10 22 cm -3 .
- the silicon bath in step (i) is supplemented with germanium.
- the Ge content of the liquid bath is adjusted so that the Ge content in the silicon ingot, for a solidified fraction of the order of 10%, is between 3.10 9 cm -3 and 3.10. 21 cm “3, in particular between 10 20 cm” 3 and 6.10 20 cm “3 and
- the silicon bath in step (i) is supplemented with tin.
- the Sn content of the liquid bath is adjusted so that the content of Sn in the silicon ingot, for a solidified fraction of the order of 10%, is between 3.10 , s cm -3 and 3.10. 20 cm “" 1, in particular between 10! 9 cm “3 and 6.10 19 cm” 3 and more particularly from about 3.10 cm ".
- the silicon bath in step (i) is supplemented with both tin and germanium.
- the preparation of the molten silicon bath implemented in step (i) of the process of the invention is a matter of general knowledge of those skilled in the art.
- the silicon charge used to form the molten silicon bath may consist of electronic quality silicon pebbles derived from chemical purification processes.
- the molten silicon bath may be made in a silica or graphite crucible (optionally covered with a layer of SiC).
- the crucibles are known to withstand heating to high temperatures adequate to obtain the melt.
- germanium and / or tin into the silicon charge is within the skill of the skilled person.
- the germanium and / or tin may be added to the silicon charge before, during, or after formation of the molten silicon bath.
- the germanium and / or the tin are added to the silicon filler in the form of powders or beads.
- the elements introduced have a high purity (typically greater than 4 N) to avoid any involuntary contamination of the silicon.
- the silicon ingot formed according to the process of the invention may also be doped with carbon (C) and / or nitrogen (N).
- the silicon ingot formed is doped further with carbon.
- the initial silicon bath in step (i) may be supplemented with carbon, in particular via techniques for incorporating the carbon into the silicon charge as mentioned above for Sn and / or Ge.
- the carbon content of the molten silicon bath in step (i) is adjusted so that the carbon content in the silicon ingot for a solidified fraction of the order of 10% is between 1.10. 17 and 8.10 17 cm "3, in particular between 2.10 Î? and 6.10 17 cm” J and more preferably about 4.10 I 7 cm "3.
- the silicon ingot formed is doped, besides Ge and / or Sn and optionally C, with nitrogen.
- the doping can be carried out by circulating, during the ingot draw, a stream of nitrogen on the surface of the molten bath.
- the flow of doping with nitrogen is adjusted to obtain a nitrogen content in the silicon ingot to a solidified fraction of about 10%, between 10 15 and 10! 7 cm- 3 , in particular between 3.10 13 and 3.10 16 cm- 3 and more particularly about 10 16 cm -3 .
- a Czochralski-type pulling method By “Czochralski type” printing method is meant the original method of Czochralski or one of the methods derived from the Czochralski process.
- the Czochralski type drawing method consists of recrystallizing the silicon from a seed and a molten silicon bath.
- the seed oriented with respect to a crystalline axis of the solid silicon, is first quenched in the molten silicon bath. Then he is slowly pulled up. Thus, the solid silicon ingot gradually grows from the liquid bath.
- the drawing of the silicon ingot according to the method of the invention is operated by reducing the initial drawing speed Vj at a drawing speed V 2 -V
- the initial pulling speed Vi can be for example between 2.10 "6 ms “ 1 and 2.10 “4 ms “ 1 , in particular between 4.10 “6 and 1.i 0 “ 4 , and more particularly between 8.1 0 "6 e ⁇ 5.10 "s ms “ 1 .
- the ingot may be drawn with a rotation speed ⁇ of the crystal relative to the bath of between 0.1 rad.s -1 and 15 rads -1 , in particular between 0.5 rad.s -1 and 10 rad.s -1 , and more particularly between 1 rad.s “ and 4 rad.s " 1 .
- the rotation speed ⁇ of the crystal can be kept constant for the duration of the drawing of the ingot.
- the initial drawing speed V is lowered at a speed V 2 , when the fraction solidified in silicon, f s , reaches the lowest value f sl and f s2 ,
- a.1 representing a constant of between 0.3 and 1, in particular between 0.4 and 1 and more particularly equal to 0.7;
- a 2 representing a constant of between 0.2 and 1, in particular between 0.3 and 1 and more particularly equal to 0.5
- - Gejcrii representing the predetermined maximum concentration, in germanium can be incorporated in solid silicon under the drawing conditions of step (ii) at a speed Vj, beyond which the crystal growth of silicon undergoes a morphological destabilization
- germanium and tin have low partition coefficients (of the order of 0.38 for Ge and 0.023 for Sn as illustrated in the examples which follow), the concentration of Ge or Sn incorporated in the solid increases significantly. during the solidification of silicon. Apart from a brief initial transient regime allowing the formation of the solutal boundary layer at the front of the growth front, this increase is well described by Scheil's law (2) indicated above.
- the concentration [Ge] cnt or [Sn] cr j t referred to as "critical level" means the maximum concentration of Ge or Sn from which disturbance phenomena of single crystal growth, for example, multi-crystalline zones or equiaxial growth phenomena. appear in the ingot.
- the critical concentration [Ge] crit (respectively [Snjcri t ) can be determined prior to the implementation of the process of the invention, by analyzing the crystalline quality of an ingot obtained at from a constant draft drawing test Vj, from a molten silicon bath supplemented with germanium (respectively tin).
- the crystalline quality of the ingot can be analyzed by observing the slabs obtained by cutting the ingot at different heights. Knowing the height (thus the solidified fraction) from which the crystal growth is disturbed, it is possible to determine the concentration of Ge (or Sn) corresponding via the application of the law of Scheil (2).
- the inventors have established that the critical concentrations ([Ge] cr i t or [Sn] C nt) can be determined using the following equations.
- the concentration [Ge] c , i can be determined, prior to drawing the ingot according to step (ii) of the process of the invention, using the following relation (3):
- G represents the temperature gradient at the solid / liquid interface, typically G is about 2.10 3 Km ⁇ ! ;
- - Ci is between 0.3 and 3, in particular between 0.5 and 2 and more particularly is 1.
- the concentration [Sn] cr j t can be determined, prior to drawing the ingot according to step (ii) of the process of the invention, using the following relation (3 '):
- G represents the temperature gradient at the solid / liquid interface, typically G is about 2.10 3 K.m:
- - C 2 is between 0.3 and 3, in particular between 0.5 and 2 and more particularly is 1.
- the solidified fraction f sl corresponding to a solid silicon-insoluble Ge concentration [Ge] fs1 equal to & ⁇ x [Ge] cr i t , can be deduced from the Scheil law (2) specified above.
- the coefficient k e ff of germanium can be obtained using the following relation (4): with Vj the initial drawing speed (in m s 4 ) and ⁇ the speed of rotation of the crystal (in rad.s "1 ) implemented for drawing in step (ii).
- the k eff coefficient of tin can be obtained using the following relation (5):
- the drawing speed is reduced to a value V] / b with b ranging between 10 and 1.2.
- the initial pulling speed is reduced to a speed Vj / b, with b being between 5 and 1.7, in particular b being 2.
- step (i) is supplemented solely with tin
- the drawing speed is reduced when the solidified silicon fraction reaches the value f.sub.2 determined as described herein. -above
- silicon in solid or liquid form, preferably in liquid form, is added to the melt during drawing in step (ii).
- the present invention relates, in another of its aspects, a monocrystalline silicon ingot that can be obtained according to the method described above.
- An ingot obtained according to the invention advantageously has a concentration of controlled thermal donors, in particular significantly reduced compared to silicon ingots obtained by standard drawing processes.
- Such an ingot advantageously has the desired resistivity (p) over at least 70% of its height, in particular at least 80% of its height, without being affected by the presence of thermal donors.
- the silicon ingot may be cylindrical in shape.
- H may for example have a height of between 10 cm and 3.5 m, in particular between 20 cm and 2 m,
- the silicon ingot obtained according to the process of the invention has, for a solidified fraction of the order of 10%, in particular on its height corresponding to a solidified fraction greater than or equal to 2%, a thermal donor concentration less than or equal to 2.10 15 cm “3, in particular less than or equal to 5.10 54 cm" 3, more particularly less than or equal to 2.10 14 cm "3.
- the silicon ingot may be doped with germanium.
- it may submit to a solidified fraction of about 10%, a Ge concentration of between 3.10 19 cm “3 and 3.10 21 cm” 3, in particular between 10 cm “and 6.10” cm “" and more particularly about 3.10 cm -1 .
- the silicon ingot may be doped with tin.
- it may submit to a solidified fraction of about 10%, a Sn concentration of between 3.10 cm and 3.10 cm “, particularly between 10" cra “J and 6.10 cm””and more particularly of about 3.10 cm “ .
- the silicon ingot is, in addition to doping with Ge and / or Sn, doped with carbon.
- it may have, for a solidified fraction of about 10%, a carbon concentration of between 1.10 and 17.
- the silicon ingot is, in addition to doping with Ge and / or Sn, doped with nitrogen.
- it may submit to a solidified fraction of about 10%, a nitrogen concentration of between i5 and 10
- the silicon ingot according to the invention may have doping with germanium and / or tin, and further carbon and / or nitrogen.
- germanium at the above-mentioned contents also makes it possible to limit the formation of crystallographic defects, such as "voids" (agglomerates of vacancies of octahedral structure) which are particularly detrimental to the performance of high efficiency PV cells. .
- crystallographic defects such as "voids” (agglomerates of vacancies of octahedral structure) which are particularly detrimental to the performance of high efficiency PV cells.
- the silicon ingot obtained according to the invention advantageously has excellent crystalline quality over a height corresponding to at least 80%, in particular at least 90%, or even at least 95% of the solidified silicon fraction.
- the content of germanium (tin, respectively) may exceed the critical concentration [Ge] cr û (respectively [Sn] C] - k ) as defined above (associated with the draw speed Vi), on the low end of the ingot (last solidified part), corresponding to a fraction solidified beyond 90%, in particular beyond 95%.
- the latter may be cut into bricks according to techniques known to those skilled in the art.
- Silicon wafers may then be prepared from these bricks, according to conventional techniques known to those skilled in the art, in particular by cutting the bricks, grinding the faces, to adjust the dimensions of the wafer, etc.
- the wafers resulting from the cutting of a silicon ingot according to the invention can be used directly for the production of photovoltaic cells by "low temperature" techniques, without the need for an additional annealing step. elimination of thermal donors.
- the platelets can be both from the upper part of the ingot (from a solidified fraction of 2%) than from the central or low part of the ingot (fraction solidified by 50 to 90%).
- low temperature techniques is meant that the various steps for converting the wafer PV solar cell are carried out at temperatures strictly below 650 ° C.
- the wafers may be used for the manufacture of a photovoltaic cell with amorphous silicon / crystalline silicon heterojunctions, a so-called “HET” cell.
- a first layer of intrinsic amorphous silicon typically of a thickness of the order of 5 n
- caissons or overdoped zones p + and / or n + on each of the faces of the wafer;
- conductive transparent oxide layers especially based on indium oxide (ITO) on the surface of said amorphous silicon layers
- Figure 1 Variation of the resistivity of a phosphor doped Cz ingot as a function of the solidified fraction.
- the expected values without DT, the values obtained without addition of Ge and without DT elimination annealing, and the expected values with the addition of Ge (concentration in the 7.9.10 cm " molten bath) without annealing are presented. elimination of DTs in the draw conditions of Example 1.
- the following examples relate to the Cz draw of monocrystalline ingots of n-type silicon mainly doped with phosphorus, from a charge of high purity silicon (silicon of electronic quality).
- the phosphorus content added to the charge of silicon is 1, 4.10 15 cm "3.
- the resistivity p should decrease monotonically from top to bottom of the ingot (following the increase in the content in phosphorus with the solidified fraction), as shown in FIG.
- a silicon ingot drawing test is carried out from the n-doped silicon bath, with a draw velocity Vi and a crystal rotation speed ⁇ equal to 1.9 rad.s " .
- the resistivity measurement can be carried out according to known techniques, for example by the four-point method or by a non-contact method, for example by inductive coupling.
- the resistivity values obtained indicate a "bell" variation of the resistivity, the resistivity on the upper part of the ingot (first solidified part) being significantly influenced by the formation of the thermal donors during the cooling of the ingot.
- the concentration of thermal donors is thus estimated at 3.2.10 ! 4 cm "3 .
- Germanium concentration to be introduced into the melt is Germanium concentration
- a silicon ingot draw test is carried out from the n-doped silicon bath with a draw velocity Vi of 1.05 ⁇ 10 -5 ms -1 .
- the upper end of the ingot (fraction solidified from 0 to 2%) being intended to be removed by cutting the ingot formed, the germanium content to be introduced into the solid silicon is evaluated according to the concentration of acceptable DT in the ingot of desired silicon (depending on the desired resistivity p) and the DT concentration for a fraction of 10% in the Cz ingot obtained after the pulling test described above.
- the desired germanium content in the silicon ingot solidified to a fraction of the order of 10% is thus estimated at 3.10 cm ".
- the concentration of Ge to be introduced into the molten silicon bath to ensure such a content in the ingot formed can be determined via the Scheil law (relation (2) specified in the text):
- [Ge] fs the germanium content in solid silicon with the solidified fraction f s
- [Ge] y the initial concentration of germanium in the melt
- k e ff the effective partition coefficient of geniianium, estimated at using the equation (4) specified in the text, equal to 0.38.
- the initial melt is supplemented with a germanium content, [Ge] y, of 7.9 x 10 cm -3 .
- a trial of pulling a silicon ingot is produced from the doped n ⁇ silicon bath with a drawing speed Vi of 1,8.10 "" ms ".
- the upper end of the ingot (solidified fraction from 0 to 2% ) being intended to be removed by cutting the ingot formed, the tin content to be introduced into the solid silicon is evaluated as a function of the concentration of acceptable DT in the desired silicon ingot (depending on the desired resistivity p) and the concentration in DT for a fraction of 10% in the ingot Cz obtained at the end of the draw test described above.
- the desired tin content in the silicon ingot for a solidified fraction of the order of 10% is thus estimated at 3.10 19 cm -3 .
- the concentration of Sn. to be introduced into the molten silicon bath to ensure such a content in the ingot formed can be determined via Scheil's law (relation (2) specified in the text):
- k eff the effective partition coefficient of ⁇ tin, estimated using equation (5) specified in the text, equal to 0.023.
- the initial melt is supplemented with a tin content, [Sn] u , of 1.3 x 10 cm -3 .
- [Sn] cr i t is equal to about 2.75 ⁇ 10 cm -3 .
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Abstract
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FR1460855A FR3028266B1 (fr) | 2014-11-10 | 2014-11-10 | Procede de fabrication d'un lingot de silicium monocristallin de type n a concentration en donneurs thermiques a base d'oxygene controlee |
PCT/EP2015/076101 WO2016075092A1 (fr) | 2014-11-10 | 2015-11-09 | Procede de fabrication d'un lingot de silicium monocristallin de type n |
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EP3218533A1 true EP3218533A1 (fr) | 2017-09-20 |
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EP15804688.8A Withdrawn EP3218533A1 (fr) | 2014-11-10 | 2015-11-09 | Procede de fabrication d'un lingot de silicium monocristallin de type n |
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EP (1) | EP3218533A1 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR3028266B1 (fr) |
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DE102017215332A1 (de) * | 2017-09-01 | 2019-03-07 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. | Einkristall aus Silizium mit <100>-Orientierung, der mit Dotierstoff vom n-Typ dotiert ist, und Verfahren zur Herstellung eines solchen Einkristalls |
CN114637954B (zh) * | 2022-03-25 | 2023-02-07 | 宁夏中欣晶圆半导体科技有限公司 | 晶棒碳含量轴向分布计算方法 |
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JPS507557B1 (fr) * | 1970-08-26 | 1975-03-26 |
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DE4204777A1 (de) * | 1991-02-20 | 1992-10-08 | Sumitomo Metal Ind | Vorrichtung und verfahren zum zuechten von einkristallen |
JP2007261846A (ja) * | 2006-03-28 | 2007-10-11 | Sumco Techxiv株式会社 | 無欠陥のシリコン単結晶を製造する方法 |
FR2997096B1 (fr) | 2012-10-23 | 2014-11-28 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Procede de formation d'un lingot en silicium de resistivite uniforme |
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2014
- 2014-11-10 FR FR1460855A patent/FR3028266B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
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2015
- 2015-11-09 EP EP15804688.8A patent/EP3218533A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
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JPS507557B1 (fr) * | 1970-08-26 | 1975-03-26 |
Non-Patent Citations (5)
Title |
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CHINESE JOURNAL OF SEMICONDUCTORS SCIENCE PRESS CHINA, vol. 23, no. 10, 1 January 2002 (2002-01-01), pages 1073 - 1077, ISSN: 0253-4177 * |
DATABASE INSPEC [online] THE INSTITUTION OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS, STEVENAGE, GB; October 2002 (2002-10-01), ZHANG WEILIAN ET AL: "Micro-precipitation of oxygen in as-grown CZ Si of doping Ge", Database accession no. 7529903 * |
DATABASE INSPEC [online] THE INSTITUTION OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS, STEVENAGE, GB; October 2012 (2012-10-01), TANAY F ET AL: "Effects of germanium doping on the boron-oxygen complex formation in silicon solar cells", Database accession no. 13605289 * |
PHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI C - CURRENT TOPICS IN SOLID STATE PHYSICS WILEY-VCH VERLAG GMBH GERMANY, vol. 9, no. 10-11, 19 September 2012 (2012-09-19), pages 1981 - 1986, ISSN: 1862-6351, DOI: 10.1002/PSSC.201200230 * |
See also references of WO2016075092A1 * |
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FR3028266B1 (fr) | 2016-12-23 |
TW201623703A (zh) | 2016-07-01 |
WO2016075092A1 (fr) | 2016-05-19 |
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