EP3214370B1 - Procédé et dispositif de combustion de combustibles solides organiques - Google Patents

Procédé et dispositif de combustion de combustibles solides organiques Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3214370B1
EP3214370B1 EP17157320.7A EP17157320A EP3214370B1 EP 3214370 B1 EP3214370 B1 EP 3214370B1 EP 17157320 A EP17157320 A EP 17157320A EP 3214370 B1 EP3214370 B1 EP 3214370B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
combustion
sensors
exhaust gas
temperature
air feed
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EP17157320.7A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP3214370A1 (fr
Inventor
Heinz Kohler
Jens Knoblauch
Simon BRUNNER
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Hochschule Karlsruhe Technik und Wirtschaft
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Hochschule Karlsruhe Technik und Wirtschaft
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
    • F23N5/00—Systems for controlling combustion
    • F23N5/003—Systems for controlling combustion using detectors sensitive to combustion gas properties
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
    • F23N3/00—Regulating air supply or draught
    • F23N3/002—Regulating air supply or draught using electronic means
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
    • F23N5/00—Systems for controlling combustion
    • F23N5/003—Systems for controlling combustion using detectors sensitive to combustion gas properties
    • F23N5/006—Systems for controlling combustion using detectors sensitive to combustion gas properties the detector being sensitive to oxygen
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
    • F23N2223/00—Signal processing; Details thereof
    • F23N2223/44—Optimum control

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method and a device for its implementation for the combustion of solid organic fuels in a domestic combustion system, wherein the combustion process is controlled by sensors at different combustion phases by means of a control of at least one air supply device depending on a composition of the exhaust gas of the house heating system.
  • Furnace systems especially domestic combustion systems are used for heat generation for heating, hot water preparation and the like in buildings by means of solid organic fuels such as logs, pellets, wood chips and the like.
  • the ignition takes place as the ignition of the fuel at the beginning of supply of air by means of an air supply.
  • the combustion temperature increases within the ignition phase.
  • the ignition phase goes into a high-temperature phase, which merges with discontinuous feeding a home heating system, for example in a log wood stove after burning of the combustible material in a burn-out.
  • there are different combustion conditions for the fuel which each lead to a different energy yield and exhaust gas composition.
  • the pollutant emission can serve as a control parameter for the control of the domestic heating system.
  • the first supply device is controlled in the ignition phase as a function of the combustion temperature and in the high-temperature phase as a function of the temperature and a content of oxygen in the exhaust gas.
  • the second air supply device is controlled by the temperature and the content of afterburnable reaction products in the exhaust gas.
  • a single sensor is used, which forms a sum signal for all nachverbrennbaren gases, ie carbon monoxide, oxidizable hydrocarbons and the like.
  • the DE 44 36 085 A1 describes a control method for optimizing the pollutant emission of an incinerator.
  • the EP 2 246 624 A2 describes a domestic combustion plant with continuous solid combustion and a method for their operation.
  • the EP 0 697 565 A1 describes a method and apparatus for controlling and monitoring a solid and flowing fuel firing plant.
  • the DE 102011 005 525 B3 describes a method for treating gases containing refrigerant and / or propellant by means of at least one combustion chamber, wherein the gas containing refrigerant and / or propellant gas is supplied from at least a first source of refrigeration unit recycling plant.
  • the DE 10 2008 028 099 A1 describes a combustion apparatus, in particular special boiler, for solid fuels, comprising a fuel chamber with a combustion grate.
  • the object of the invention is the advantageous development of a method and a device for burning solid organic fuels.
  • the object of the invention is to reduce the emission of pollutants of a furnace, in particular a domestic heating system.
  • the proposed method is for the combustion of solid organic fuels in a furnace, in particular a domestic heating system.
  • Furnace systems may be burners or furnaces such as tiled stoves, so-called Swedish stoves or the like.
  • the fuel may occasionally be provided as firewood, for example for batch charging or as pellets, wood chips or the like for continuous charging.
  • the combustion process can be controlled by means of the control device during different firing phases by means of a controlled by a composition of the exhaust gas and the furnace and optionally the combustion temperature air supply.
  • at least two exhaust gas sensors detecting sensors for detecting components of the exhaust gas in the exhaust stream and at least one temperature sensor are provided, wherein the residual oxygen present in the exhaust gas can be determined by means of an oxygen sensor.
  • a temperature sensor may be provided for detecting the combustion temperature. This one can be arranged directly on the fuel bed or in the exhaust gas space, for example in a secondary combustion chamber of a domestic combustion system with afterburning of the exhaust gases. Alternatively, the combustion temperature can be deduced, for example, from empirically determined properties of the combustion chamber from measured values of a remote temperature sensor arranged, for example, in the exhaust gas space.
  • Semiconductor sensors for example, tin dioxide sensors, high-temperature gas sensors such as, for example, mixed potential sensors operating according to the mixed potential principle, calorimetric sensors and / or the like may be provided as sensors for determining contents of different components of the exhaust gas composition.
  • the Sensors can be operated continuously or with clocked measuring. For example, one or more sensors can be operated during a single measurement with a temperature profile.
  • Such sensors usually have cross-sensitivities between the exhaust gases of the combustion plant such as carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon, for example saturated hydrocarbons such as methane, unsaturated hydrocarbons such as ethene and other partially oxidized hydrocarbons having functional groups such as alcohols, aldehydes, ketones and the like , If a single sensor is used, a sum signal results over all components in each firing phase, so that a regulation for exhaust minimization is relatively inaccurate. Furthermore, it has been found that the exhaust gas composition varies in a characteristic manner over the firing phases. It is therefore proposed to use a plurality, preferably two, sensors and to combine their measuring signals into a manipulated variable of the at least one air supply device.
  • Combination here means any mathematical combination such as addition, product formation and the like.
  • the cross-sensitivity of the sensors is exploited in such a way that sensors are used which have a different cross-sensitivity to carbon monoxide and the hydrocarbons occurring in the exhaust gas.
  • one sensor is weighted with respect to the one or more other sensors in the formation of the manipulated variable which has the greater sensitivity in the corresponding combustion phase, ie the greater sensitivity to the gas components frequently occurring in this combustion phase.
  • a control variable for the at least one air supply device is formed from a combination of measurement signals of at least two sensors, for example carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons or two or more different hydrocarbons of different cross-sensitive sensors, wherein the measurement signals of the individual sensors are weighted differently depending on the firing phase.
  • phase-selective weighting factors can take place over the intended firing phases.
  • the ignition phase preferably readily volatile, preferably nachverbrennbare, for example unsaturated hydrocarbons such as ethene and the like, aldehydes, alcohols and the like arise during combustion, while in the high-temperature phase mainly carbon monoxide and methane.
  • the second sensor with higher weighting and in the high-temperature phase with lower weighting with respect to the first sensor and the first sensor in the high-temperature phase is advantageously in a continuous fuel-fired furnace with two divided into an ignition phase and a high-temperature phase combustion phases in the ignition phase higher and in the ignition phase with a lower weighting compared to the second sensor to form in combination the manipulated variable.
  • the signals of the at least two sensors in each combustion phase can be weighted differently, that is to say phase-specifically for forming the manipulated variable.
  • the transition of the individual combustion phases into one another are determined system-specifically, for example on the basis of fixed or combustion-dependent measured variables.
  • the course of a time interval started on ignition can be provided.
  • a temperature threshold above or below the combustion temperature or exhaust gas temperature can be provided as a parameter for establishing a transition between the ignition phase and the high-temperature phase and / or between the high-temperature phase and / or the burn-out phase.
  • a temperature gradient below a temperature gradient for determining a transition between the ignition phase and the high-temperature phase can be provided as the measured variable, while a transition from the high-temperature phase into the burn-out phase can be detected by means of a temperature gradient exceeding a temperature gradient threshold.
  • a transition between the different firing phases can be detected by means of the measuring signals of the sensors themselves, for example by evaluating absolute values of these.
  • a measuring signal of a sensor that is more sensitive to carbon monoxide falls below a predefined threshold and / or if a measuring signal of a sensor that is more sensitive to unsaturated hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes or the like falls below a predetermined threshold, then Transition from the ignition phase are detected in the high-temperature phase and a change in the weighting of the manipulated variable of the at least one air supply means combined measurement signals of the individual sensors are made.
  • the latter may have a primary combustion chamber with a first air supply device and a secondary combustion chamber connected thereto with a second air supply device, wherein the first air supply device depends on the combustion temperature and the second air supply device at least in the ignition phase by means of the proposed manipulated variable is controlled from the at least two sensors with depending on the focal phase weighted measurement signals.
  • the first air supply device in the high-temperature phase and in the burn-out phase can be regulated as a function of the combustion temperature and depending on the oxygen content of the exhaust gas.
  • an oxygen sensor for example a potentiometrically operated sensor, for example a lambda probe, an amperometrically operated electrochemical sensor, a paramagnetically measuring sensor or an optical, fluorescence quenching or absorption-measuring oxygen sensor
  • the manipulated variable can be formed as a function of further parameters, for example an oxygen content in the exhaust gas, the combustion temperature, the temperature in the secondary combustion chamber and / or the like. It is understood that other, technically trained combustion systems are included, for example, with three or more combustion air streams of the invention.
  • the proposed device is used to carry out the proposed method and includes a furnace, in particular a domestic furnace with at least one feed opening for supplying solid, isolated organic fuel to a fuel bed such as a grate, at least one air supply, an exhaust area for the removal of combustion gas and at least two to various exhaust gas components, for example to carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon cross-sensitive sensors.
  • the sensors can be accommodated individually, that is to say in each case housed in a separate housing in the exhaust gas space.
  • at least the at least two sensors can be combined to form a sensor array. This means that the individual sensory-active surface layers can be accommodated in a single common housing or in each case a sensor with a surface layer is accommodated in a separate housing and the housings are accommodated in a surrounding housing.
  • the sensor array is housed in the exhaust chamber.
  • the sensors are integrated in parallel or serially in a line system, transported via which line system exhaust gas, for example sucked or pumped through, the sensors and then is discharged into the open or in the exhaust stream.
  • the proposed device contains at least one sensor with a higher cross-sensitivity to carbon monoxide as compared to the other combustion gases and another sensor with a higher cross-sensitivity to hydrocarbons than carbon monoxide.
  • the regulation of the air supply device for a supply of air for example, in a primary combustion chamber and / or secondary combustion chamber, for example by means of a control of a valve for supplying air, a flow control of the supply air or the like may be provided.
  • This shows a sequence routine for determining the manipulated variable for a furnace on the basis of a domestic heating system.
  • the sequence routine 1 is used to determine the manipulated variable SG from two measurement signals M (S1), M (S2) depending on two combustion phases of a domestic combustion system based on the temperature T, for example, the combustion temperature or the exhaust gas temperature in a secondary combustion chamber.
  • the manipulated variable SG is used in the illustrated embodiment, the regulation of the air supply in the secondary combustion chamber of the house heating system.
  • the sequence routine 1 is started with the block 2 and terminated with the block 3 after a corresponding interrupt.
  • the measurement signals M (S1), M (S2) of two with respect to the exhaust gas components to be detected house heating system cross-sensitive sensors, such as a carbon monoxide sensor with the measurement signal M (S1) and a hydrocarbon sensor with the measurement signal M (S2) and the temperature T, for example, detects the combustion temperature.
  • the temperature T for example the combustion temperature or the temperature in the secondary combustion chamber is queried, for example, based on under- or exceeded temperature thresholds, as to whether the combustion phase BP is the ignition phase ZP. If this is not the case, it is the high-temperature phase and block 6 is selected. It is known in advance, for example from the empirically determined behavior of the domestic combustion plant, that in the high-temperature phase the content of carbon monoxide is of overriding importance and the content of hydrocarbons is insignificant.
  • the weighting factor K (S1) for the measurement signal M (S1) is therefore chosen larger than the weighting factor K (S2) for the measurement signal M (S2).
  • the weighting factor K (S1) is made smaller than the weighting factor K (S2), since for the composition of the exhaust gas the content of hydrocarbons in the ignition phase ZP has the greater importance. It should be noted that in the ignition phase already contents of carbon monoxide can occur, which are greater than the contents of hydrocarbons, so that a corresponding weighting of the measurement signal M (S2) of the hydrocarbon sensor is of particular advantage for the determination of the exhaust gas quality.
  • the determined measurement signals M (S1), M (S2), the determined weighting factors K (S1), K (S2) and the temperature T are combined to the control signal SG in a mathematical combination.
  • the manipulated variable SG is output to the device for controlling the domestic heating system and the sequence routine 1 is restarted in the absence of an interrupt with block 4.
  • the manipulated variable SG can be adapted to the combustion process and to the domestic combustion system by means of further parameters, for example calibration parameters, shape parameters and / or the like, as well as application-specific parameters.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Regulation And Control Of Combustion (AREA)
  • Incineration Of Waste (AREA)

Claims (8)

  1. Procédé de combustion de combustibles organiques solides dans une installation de chauffage domestique, le processus de combustion étant régulé pendant différentes phases de combustion (BP) au moyen d'une commande d'au moins un dispositif d'alimentation en air en fonction d'une composition chimique des gaz d'échappement de l'installation de chauffage domestique au moyen de capteurs, le processus de combustion étant subdivisé en au moins deux phases de combustion (BP), à savoir au moins une phase d'allumage (ZP) et une phase à haute température, caractérisé en ce qu'une grandeur de réglage (SG) pour ledit au moins un dispositif d'alimentation en air est formée à partir d'une combinaison de signaux de mesure (M(S1), M(S2)) d'au moins deux capteurs ayant une sensibilité transversale différente par rapport à des composants de gaz d'échappement, les signaux de mesure (M(S1) et M(S2) des capteurs individuels étant pondérés différemment en fonction de la phase de combustion (BP).
  2. Procédé selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que, avant la première mise en service de l'installation de chauffage domestique, les teneurs des composants de gaz d'échappement à détecter au moyen des capteurs sont déterminées en fonction des phases de combustion (BP) et en fonction de celles-ci, des facteurs de pondération spécifiques aux phases (k(S1), k(S2)) des signaux de mesure (M(S1), M(S2)) des différentes phases de combustion (BP) sont prédéterminés.
  3. Procédé selon la revendication 1 ou 2, caractérisé en ce qu'un composant de gaz d'échappement détecté au moyen d'un capteur est du monoxyde de carbone et au moins un autre composant de gaz d'échappement est un hydrocarbure.
  4. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 3, caractérisé en ce que la grandeur de réglage (SG) est en outre régulée en fonction de la teneur en oxygène dans les gaz d'échappement et/ou de la température (T), en particulier la température de combustion.
  5. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisé en ce qu'une transition des phases de combustion (BP) est déterminée sur la base de temps de fonctionnement, de seuils de température et/ou de seuils de gradient de température.
  6. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 5, caractérisé en ce que l'installation de chauffage contient une chambre de combustion primaire avec un premier dispositif d'alimentation en air et une chambre de combustion secondaire reliée à celle-ci avec un deuxième dispositif d'alimentation en air, le premier dispositif d'alimentation en air étant régulé au moins pendant la phase d'allumage (ZP) en fonction de la température de combustion et éventuellement de la teneur en oxygène et le deuxième dispositif d'alimentation en air étant régulé par la grandeur de réglage (SG) et éventuellement additionnellement en fonction de la température dans les gaz d'échappement, notamment dans la chambre de combustion secondaire.
  7. Dispositif pour la combustion de combustibles organiques solides dans une installation de chauffage domestique, comportant :
    au moins une ouverture de chargement pour l'alimentation d'un lit de combustion en combustible organique solide et isolé ;
    au moins un dispositif d'alimentation en air ;
    une zone de gaz d'échappement pour l'évacuation des gaz de combustion ;
    au moins deux capteurs qui sont sensibles transversalement par rapport aux composants de gaz d'échappement ainsi qu'éventuellement un capteur de température, en particulier un capteur de température de combustion et/ou un capteur d'oxygène disposé dans les gaz d'échappement, les capteurs étant regroupés en un réseau de capteurs ;
    une commande ;
    le processus de combustion étant régulé pendant différentes phases de combustion (BP) au moyen de la commande d'au moins le dispositif d'alimentation en air en fonction d'une composition chimique des gaz d'échappement du système de combustion domestique au moyen de capteurs,
    le processus de combustion étant subdivisé en au moins deux phases de combustion (BP), à savoir au moins une phase d'allumage (ZP) et une phase à haute température,
    caractérisé en ce que la commande est configurée à partir d'une combinaison de signaux de mesure (M(SI), M(S2)) d'au moins deux capteurs qui sont sensibles transversalement de manière différente par rapport à des composants de gaz d'échappement, une grandeur de réglage (SG) est formée pour au moins un dispositif d'alimentation en air, les signaux de mesure (M(SI), M(S2)) des capteurs individuels étant pondérés différemment en fonction de la phase de combustion (BP).
  8. Dispositif selon la revendication 7, caractérisé en ce que les capteurs qui sont sensibles transversalement par rapport aux composants de gaz d'échappement prévus sont réalisés sous forme de capteurs à semiconducteurs, de capteurs calorimétriques et/ou de capteurs à potentiel mixte.
EP17157320.7A 2016-03-01 2017-02-22 Procédé et dispositif de combustion de combustibles solides organiques Active EP3214370B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102016103609.9A DE102016103609A1 (de) 2016-03-01 2016-03-01 Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Verbrennung von festen organischen Brennstoffen

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EP3214370A1 EP3214370A1 (fr) 2017-09-06
EP3214370B1 true EP3214370B1 (fr) 2019-09-25

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DE102018126467A1 (de) * 2018-10-24 2020-04-30 Hochschule Karlsruhe-Technik Und Wirtschaft Verfahren und Messsystem zur Erfassung eines Teergehalts in Gasen

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DE4428952C2 (de) * 1994-08-16 1998-07-09 Lamtec Mes Und Regeltechnik Fu Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Regelung und Überwachung der Verbrennung einer Feuerungsanlage
DE4436085A1 (de) * 1994-10-10 1996-04-11 Daimler Benz Ag Regelungsverfahren zur Optimierung der Schadstoffemission einer Verbrennungsanlage
DE102006046599B4 (de) * 2006-09-30 2012-02-09 Hochschule Karlsruhe-Technik Und Wirtschaft Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur diskontinuierlichen Verbrennung von Brennstoffen
DE102008028099B4 (de) * 2008-06-13 2010-05-06 Diether Schlottmann Verbrennungsvorrichtung, insbesondere Spezialheizkessel, für feste Brennstoffe
DE102009019118A1 (de) * 2009-04-29 2010-11-04 Butschbach, Paul, Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Hausfeuerungsanlage mit kontinuierlicher Feststoffverbrennung und Verfahren zu deren Betrieb
DE102011005525B3 (de) * 2011-03-14 2012-04-05 Untha Recyclingtechnik Gmbh Verfahren und Anlage zur Behandlung von Kältemittel aufweisenden Fluiden

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EP3214370A1 (fr) 2017-09-06

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