EP3170490B1 - Dispositif de génération de micro bulles pour systèmes d'hydrothérapie - Google Patents

Dispositif de génération de micro bulles pour systèmes d'hydrothérapie Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3170490B1
EP3170490B1 EP16200069.9A EP16200069A EP3170490B1 EP 3170490 B1 EP3170490 B1 EP 3170490B1 EP 16200069 A EP16200069 A EP 16200069A EP 3170490 B1 EP3170490 B1 EP 3170490B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
pump
pumping unit
micro bubbles
water
stage
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Active
Application number
EP16200069.9A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP3170490A1 (fr
Inventor
Massimo Stocchero
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Sacith Srl
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Sacith Srl
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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61H—PHYSICAL THERAPY APPARATUS, e.g. DEVICES FOR LOCATING OR STIMULATING REFLEX POINTS IN THE BODY; ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION; MASSAGE; BATHING DEVICES FOR SPECIAL THERAPEUTIC OR HYGIENIC PURPOSES OR SPECIFIC PARTS OF THE BODY
    • A61H33/00—Bathing devices for special therapeutic or hygienic purposes
    • A61H33/02—Bathing devices for use with gas-containing liquid, or liquid in which gas is led or generated, e.g. carbon dioxide baths
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61H—PHYSICAL THERAPY APPARATUS, e.g. DEVICES FOR LOCATING OR STIMULATING REFLEX POINTS IN THE BODY; ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION; MASSAGE; BATHING DEVICES FOR SPECIAL THERAPEUTIC OR HYGIENIC PURPOSES OR SPECIFIC PARTS OF THE BODY
    • A61H33/00—Bathing devices for special therapeutic or hygienic purposes
    • A61H33/02—Bathing devices for use with gas-containing liquid, or liquid in which gas is led or generated, e.g. carbon dioxide baths
    • A61H33/027—Gas-water mixing nozzles therefor
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61H—PHYSICAL THERAPY APPARATUS, e.g. DEVICES FOR LOCATING OR STIMULATING REFLEX POINTS IN THE BODY; ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION; MASSAGE; BATHING DEVICES FOR SPECIAL THERAPEUTIC OR HYGIENIC PURPOSES OR SPECIFIC PARTS OF THE BODY
    • A61H33/00—Bathing devices for special therapeutic or hygienic purposes
    • A61H33/02—Bathing devices for use with gas-containing liquid, or liquid in which gas is led or generated, e.g. carbon dioxide baths
    • A61H33/028—Means for producing a flow of gas, e.g. blowers, compressors
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61H—PHYSICAL THERAPY APPARATUS, e.g. DEVICES FOR LOCATING OR STIMULATING REFLEX POINTS IN THE BODY; ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION; MASSAGE; BATHING DEVICES FOR SPECIAL THERAPEUTIC OR HYGIENIC PURPOSES OR SPECIFIC PARTS OF THE BODY
    • A61H33/00—Bathing devices for special therapeutic or hygienic purposes
    • A61H33/60—Components specifically designed for the therapeutic baths of groups A61H33/00
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61H—PHYSICAL THERAPY APPARATUS, e.g. DEVICES FOR LOCATING OR STIMULATING REFLEX POINTS IN THE BODY; ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION; MASSAGE; BATHING DEVICES FOR SPECIAL THERAPEUTIC OR HYGIENIC PURPOSES OR SPECIFIC PARTS OF THE BODY
    • A61H33/00—Bathing devices for special therapeutic or hygienic purposes
    • A61H33/60—Components specifically designed for the therapeutic baths of groups A61H33/00
    • A61H33/6005—Special constructive structural details of the bathtub, e.g. of the walls or supporting structure
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61H—PHYSICAL THERAPY APPARATUS, e.g. DEVICES FOR LOCATING OR STIMULATING REFLEX POINTS IN THE BODY; ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION; MASSAGE; BATHING DEVICES FOR SPECIAL THERAPEUTIC OR HYGIENIC PURPOSES OR SPECIFIC PARTS OF THE BODY
    • A61H33/00—Bathing devices for special therapeutic or hygienic purposes
    • A61H2033/0008—Arrangement for cleaning the installation before or after use
    • A61H2033/0033—Arrangement for cleaning the installation before or after use by draining-off pumps, nozzles, waterlines by gravity
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61H—PHYSICAL THERAPY APPARATUS, e.g. DEVICES FOR LOCATING OR STIMULATING REFLEX POINTS IN THE BODY; ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION; MASSAGE; BATHING DEVICES FOR SPECIAL THERAPEUTIC OR HYGIENIC PURPOSES OR SPECIFIC PARTS OF THE BODY
    • A61H33/00—Bathing devices for special therapeutic or hygienic purposes
    • A61H33/02—Bathing devices for use with gas-containing liquid, or liquid in which gas is led or generated, e.g. carbon dioxide baths
    • A61H2033/023—Bathing devices for use with gas-containing liquid, or liquid in which gas is led or generated, e.g. carbon dioxide baths with means in the air supply lines to prevent back-feed of water, e.g. anti-backflow valves, draining devices
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61H—PHYSICAL THERAPY APPARATUS, e.g. DEVICES FOR LOCATING OR STIMULATING REFLEX POINTS IN THE BODY; ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION; MASSAGE; BATHING DEVICES FOR SPECIAL THERAPEUTIC OR HYGIENIC PURPOSES OR SPECIFIC PARTS OF THE BODY
    • A61H33/00—Bathing devices for special therapeutic or hygienic purposes
    • A61H33/60—Components specifically designed for the therapeutic baths of groups A61H33/00
    • A61H33/601—Inlet to the bath

Definitions

  • the present invention generally relates to devices for hydrotherapy and spa systems and in particular to a device for the generation of micro bubbles in such systems.
  • Document US2007094784 A1 discloses a device according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • Hydrotherapy and spa systems are known including tanks, for example bathtubs for domestic use, wherein pressurized water flows are generated by way of pumps and supplied through suitable conduits so as to massage a user's body in order to relax muscles and/or for therapeutic purposes. These systems are also known as hydro-massage systems.
  • micro bubbles i.e. bubbles of micrometric size. It is known that micro bubbles have considerable benefits for human health, particularly because they contain gases such as oxygen and ozone, as well as oxygen ions, that are very effective to neutralize a wide variety of toxins. More generally, micro bubbles effectively contribute to the wellness feeling that a hydrotherapy system can usually give to users.
  • Patent US 8646759 B2 describes a micro bubbles generating device connectable to a bathtub.
  • the device comprises a pump for feeding water to a tank and a device for injecting a gas into the water, for example air.
  • the device is arranged downstream of the pump with respect to a direction along which water is fed. Gas injection occurs by Venturi effect due to the passage of the water fed to the tub, or with the aid of a pump.
  • the water with the gas dissolved therein are fed to the tank through a saturation and mixing device, wherein micro bubbles are formed due to the swirling motion generated inside it.
  • the liquid coming out from the saturation and mixing device is fed to the tub through a suitable pipe and a connection port.
  • Patent US 8505575 B2 describes a micro bubbles generating device connectable to a bathtub. Water sucked by a pump through an inlet port is fed to two separate outlet ports, one configured to supply pressurized water with micro bubbles, and the other one configured to supply pressurized water only, as in a traditional whirlpool system. Micro bubbles are generated by sucking air by Venturi effect through a valve connected to a mixer.
  • the mixer is arranged externally to the pump and is fed with water through a suitable pipe connected to an inlet pipe of the pump.
  • the water enriched with air coming out from the mixer is fed to a relief valve to which a flow of pressurized water is also directly supplied by the pump. Inside the relief valve water is subjected to a swirling motion, which allows to generate micro bubbles.
  • a further device for the generation of micro bubbles is described in the Japanese patent publication JP 2011-31190 A .
  • a pump draws water from a tank and feeds it to a group within which a mixer is arranged.
  • the mixer features a reduced cross section adapted to generate turbulence in the flow of fluid.
  • the device also comprises an inlet valve for the suction of air, which is injected into the water flow through a unidirectional valve arranged upstream of the group where the mixer is arranged.
  • the water reaching the mixer contains a gas that forms micro bubbles due to the turbulent flow generated by the mixer.
  • the publication US 2007/094784 A1 describes a system for a spa comprising a water flow path and an air injection port in communication with the water flow path.
  • An air supply system comprising an inlet opening and an inlet valve is periodically put in fluid communication with the air injection port.
  • the air fed from the air supply system is fed into the water flow path by Venturi effect.
  • hydro-massage and/or spa devices are described in the publications DE 3544002 A1 , EP 0376843 A2 , US 2003/172451 A1 , DE 102011118893 A1 , US 2010/223721 A1 and WO 90/01917 A1 .
  • the devices for the generation of micro bubbles known in the art and exemplified above feature a remarkable structural complexity and thus have high manufacturing costs.
  • the devices exploiting the Venturi effect as a means to draw air into a flow of water require delicate tuning operations in order to establish a pressure gradient allowing to ensure air suction during operation of a hydrotherapy system.
  • the device according to the invention comprises a first pump comprising a multistage pumping unit and a second pump configured to generate a flow of air and to feed it into the multistage pumping unit of the first pump through a suitable conduit.
  • the conduit of the second pump is connected to a first stage of the multistage pumping unit having a minimum head, whereby air is mixed with the water sucked by the pumping unit along the flow path leading to a stage of maximum head of the multistage pumping unit.
  • a plurality of micro bubbles are thus generated inside the multistage pumping unit due to the swirling motion generated by its impellers.
  • micro bubbles are generated by pumping air directly into the pump supplying water, in particular into its multistage pumping unit, which is exploited as a mixing and homogenization means.
  • This configuration is different from that of the devices known in the art, which generally exploit the Venturi effect by way of fittings and/or valves arranged upstream or downstream of a pump.
  • the main advantage offered by the invention is to provide a device for the generation of micro bubbles whose structure is simple and cheap because no external mixing device is employed. Differently, thanks to the use of a second pump for the generation of an air flow, the pump supplying water to a tank is also used to generate micro bubbles and homogenize them with the water.
  • the second pump may advantageously be a diaphragm pump, or an equivalent thereof, which features a simple structure and has low maintenance requirements. This type of pump is very cheap thereby having a minimum impact on the overall costs of the device according to the invention.
  • the configuration of the device according to the invention is therefore simple and robust thanks to the presence of a limited number of components, and extremely cheap.
  • the device for the generation of micro bubbles may advantageously comprise a control system configured to manage operation of the second pump in an intermittent manner. This feature of the invention allows to avoid an excessive accumulation of air within the multistage pumping unit, which would prevent the correct operation of the pump.
  • a discharge pipe of the device may advantageously be provided with a flow control valve, for example a throttling sleeve or a ball valve, which serves to reduce the water flow rate downstream of the stage of maximum head of the multistage pumping unit, thereby causing a pressure increase inside it and promoting the swirling motions in order to enhance generation of micro bubbles.
  • a flow control valve for example a throttling sleeve or a ball valve
  • figure 1 is a side view that schematically shows a device for the generation of micro bubbles according to the invention.
  • a device for the generation of micro bubbles it is indicated in general by reference number 100 and is schematically shown with respect to a reference system V, L.
  • a vertical direction V represents the direction along which gravity acts and a longitudinal direction L, perpendicular to the vertical direction V, represents the direction along which conduits of the device 100 mainly extend.
  • the device 100 comprises a first pump 110 in turn comprising a multistage pumping unit 111, for example comprising centrifugal impellers, and a motor 112 to which the multistage pumping unit 111 is operatively connected.
  • a multistage pumping unit 111 for example comprising centrifugal impellers
  • a motor 112 to which the multistage pumping unit 111 is operatively connected.
  • At least one suction pipe 120 is connected to the multistage pumping unit 111.
  • the suction pipe 120 for example extends in the longitudinal direction L and is connected to a tank 200, for example a bathtub, that is only partially and schematically shown in figure 1 .
  • the suction pipe 120 is connected to the tank 200 through a first port 210.
  • At least one discharge pipe 130 is also connected to the multistage pumping unit 111.
  • the discharge pipe 130 for example extends in the longitudinal direction L and is connected to the tank 200 at a second port 220.
  • the suction pipe 120 and the discharge pipe 130 are respectively connected in a known manner to a first stage 111a of the multistage pumping unit 111 having a minimum head, as well as to a stage 111b of the multistage pumping unit 111 having a maximum head.
  • the stage 111a having a minimum head is arranged at a free end of the multistage pumping unit 111 in the longitudinal direction L, whereas the stage 111b of the multistage pumping unit 111 having a maximum head is adjacent to the motor 112 of the pump 110.
  • the first and the second ports 210, 220 are arranged close to the bottom of the tank 200, thereby ensuring water suction and supply of a water stream with micro bubbles even when the tank is not completely full.
  • the device 100 and the tank 200 so connected together define a hydrotherapy system.
  • the operational configuration of the hydrotherapy system disclosed above allows a recirculation of water already present in the tank 200.
  • the suction pipe 120 connected to the multistage pumping unit 111 may be in turn connected to the mains so as to allow filling of the tank 200.
  • additional suction pipes might also be connected between the multistage pumping unit 111 and the tank 200 through suitable valve systems and hydraulic fittings.
  • the device 100 for the generation of micro bubbles further comprises a second pump 140 configured to supply a flow of air.
  • the device 100 also comprises a supply conduit 141 connected at one end to an outlet of the second pump 140 and at the opposite end to the first stage 111a of minimum head of multistage pumping unit 111 of the first pump 110.
  • the second pump 140 may for example be a membrane type pump, that features a particularly simple and cheap structure, or an equivalent thereof.
  • the flow of air fed by the second pump 140 to the first stage 111a of the multistage pumping unit 111 is mixed with the water coming from the suction pipe 120 and, as a result of the swirling motion caused by the impellers of the multistage pumping unit 111, micro bubbles are progressively generated.
  • the micro bubbles are discharged together with the water from the stage 111b of maximum head of the multistage pumping unit 111 and flow through the discharge pipe 130.
  • connection of the supply conduit 141 of the second pump 140 to the multistage pumping unit 111 allows to exploit the entire water path inside it for the generation of micro bubbles.
  • the discharge pipe 130 is advantageously provided with a flow adjusting means 131, for example a throttling sleeve or a ball valve, which serves to reduce the water flow rate coming out from the stage 111b of maximum head of the multistage pumping unit 111, thereby causing a pressure increase inside it. This enhances the generation of micro bubbles.
  • a flow adjusting means 131 for example a throttling sleeve or a ball valve
  • the device for the generation of micro bubbles may advantageously comprise a control system (not shown) configured to manage operation of the second pump 140 intermittently.
  • a control system (not shown) configured to manage operation of the second pump 140 intermittently.
  • the pump 140 is cyclically activated for a first predetermined time, for example 2 minutes, and then turned off for a second predetermined period of time, for example 30 seconds. Possible excess air within the multistage pumping unit 111 can thus be effectively discharged.
  • the conduit 141 of the second pump 140 for feeding the air flow to the pumping unit 111 is advantageously provided with flow intercepting means configured to prevent entry of water into the second pump 140 should water leak out from the multistage pumping group 111.
  • Such flow intercepting means can be formed in a simple and economic manner by a siphon 142 arranged above the multistage pumping unit 111 with respect to a vertical direction V.
  • the supply conduit 141 a one-way valve may be installed, the one-way valve being arranged so as to allow a fluid flow, i.e. an air flow, only from the second pump 140 to the multistage pumping unit 111.
  • the suction pipe 120 is connected to the multistage pumping unit 111 at a lower portion thereof with respect to the vertical direction V, thus allowing to drain by gravity residual water present in the pumping unit 111 of the pump 110 at the end of an operating cycle of the hydrotherapy system, for example when the tank 200 is empty in the operational configuration illustrated.
  • the multistage pumping unit 111 is arranged higher than the port 210 connecting the suction pipe 120 to the tank 200.
  • the suction pipe 120 connected to the tank 200 in the longitudinal direction L is slightly inclined downwards in the vertical direction V, thereby allowing to discharge by gravity residual water from the first pump 110 to the tank 200 after it has been emptied, thus allowing complete drain of the first pump 110.
  • the device 100 comprises the same components, the only difference being that the stage 111a having a minimum head of the multistage pumping unit 111 is arranged adjacent to the motor 112 of the pump 110, whereas the stage 111b having a maximum head is arranged at a free end of the multistage pumping unit 111 in the longitudinal direction L.

Landscapes

  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Epidemiology (AREA)
  • Pain & Pain Management (AREA)
  • Physical Education & Sports Medicine (AREA)
  • Rehabilitation Therapy (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Devices For Medical Bathing And Washing (AREA)
  • Accessories For Mixers (AREA)
  • Percussion Or Vibration Massage (AREA)
  • Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)

Claims (7)

  1. Dispositif (100) pour générer des microbulles dans un système d'hydrothérapie, ledit dispositif (100) comprenant :
    i) une première pompe (110) comprenant une unité de pompage à plusieurs étages (111) et un moteur (112) raccordé, de manière opérationnelle, à cette dernière,
    ii) au moins un tuyau d'aspiration (120) prévu pour être raccordé à une alimentation en eau ;
    iii) au moins un tuyau de décharge (130) prévu pour être raccordé à une baignoire (200) du système d'hydrothérapie ;
    dans lequel ledit tuyau d'aspiration (120) et ledit tuyau de décharge (130) sont respectivement raccordés à un premier étage (111a) de ladite unité de pompage à plusieurs étages (111) ayant une tête minimum, et à un second étage (111b) de l'unité de pompage à plusieurs étages (111) ayant une tête maximum,
    le dispositif étant caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend en outre :
    iv) une seconde pompe (140) configurée pour générer un écoulement d'air ;
    v) un conduit d'alimentation (141) pour fournir ledit écoulement d'air, dans lequel ledit conduit d'alimentation (141) est raccordé, au niveau d'une extrémité, à une sortie de la seconde pompe (140) et au niveau de l'extrémité opposée, audit premier étage (111a) de l'unité de pompage à plusieurs étages (111) de ladite première pompe (110), moyennant quoi l'air est mélangé avec l'eau aspirée par l'unité de pompage à plusieurs étages (111) le long de la trajectoire d'écoulement menant à son étage (111b) de tête maximum et des microbulles sont générées et déchargées conjointement avec l'eau par le tuyau de décharge (130).
  2. Dispositif (100) selon la revendication 1, dans lequel ladite seconde pompe (140) est une pompe de type à diaphragme.
  3. Dispositif (100) selon la revendication 1 ou 2, dans lequel ledit tuyau de décharge (130) comprend un élément d'interception et de régulation d'écoulement (131).
  4. Dispositif (100) selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 3, dans lequel le conduit d'alimentation (141) pour alimenter l'écoulement d'air, comprend des moyens d'interception d'écoulement configurés pour empêcher l'entrée de l'eau dans la seconde pompe (140).
  5. Dispositif (100) selon la revendication 4, dans lequel lesdits moyens d'interception d'écoulement se composent d'un siphon (142), ledit siphon (142) étant agencé au-dessus de l'unité de pompage (111) de la première pompe (110) par rapport à une direction verticale (V).
  6. Système d'hydrothérapie, ledit système d'hydrothérapie comprenant un dispositif (100) pour la génération de microbulles selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 5, et une baignoire (200), dans lequel ledit dispositif (100) est raccordé à ladite baignoire (200) via au moins un tuyau d'aspiration (120) et au moins un tuyau de décharge (130).
  7. Système d'hydrothérapie selon la revendication précédente, dans lequel, en référence à une direction verticale (V), une unité de pompage (111) du dispositif (100) pour la génération de microbulles, est agencée plus haut qu'une buse (210) raccordant ledit tuyau d'aspiration (120) à la baignoire (200).
EP16200069.9A 2015-11-23 2016-11-22 Dispositif de génération de micro bulles pour systèmes d'hydrothérapie Active EP3170490B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
ITUB2015A005823A ITUB20155823A1 (it) 2015-11-23 2015-11-23 Dispositivo per la generazione di micro bolle in sistemi di idroterapiapia

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP3170490A1 EP3170490A1 (fr) 2017-05-24
EP3170490B1 true EP3170490B1 (fr) 2017-11-22

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ID=55538378

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP16200069.9A Active EP3170490B1 (fr) 2015-11-23 2016-11-22 Dispositif de génération de micro bulles pour systèmes d'hydrothérapie

Country Status (4)

Country Link
EP (1) EP3170490B1 (fr)
CN (1) CN106821708A (fr)
ES (1) ES2660379T3 (fr)
IT (1) ITUB20155823A1 (fr)

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN110693693A (zh) * 2019-10-17 2020-01-17 华烨 一种臭氧杀菌仪及其臭氧携带杀菌方法

Family Cites Families (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE8534999U1 (de) * 1985-12-13 1986-05-22 WOTA Schwimmbadtechnik GmbH, 5828 Ennepetal Pumpeneinrichtung für Wirbelstrom-Badeanlagen
SE460016B (sv) * 1988-08-16 1989-09-04 Gustavsberg Ind Ab Pumpanordning foer bubbelbadkar
US5245714A (en) * 1988-12-29 1993-09-21 Toto Ltd. Whirlpool bath provided with hot water blow-off control
US20030172451A1 (en) * 2002-03-14 2003-09-18 Casey Loyd Adjustable water therapy combination
TWM282672U (en) * 2005-08-30 2005-12-11 Yang-Yuan Yeh Device for producing milk like bubbles in liquid
US20070094784A1 (en) * 2005-09-07 2007-05-03 Trong Tran Spa air system
US8201811B2 (en) 2009-01-12 2012-06-19 Jason International, Inc. Microbubble therapy method and generating apparatus
US8453275B2 (en) * 2009-03-05 2013-06-04 May Manufacturing LLC Combination bathtub and spa
WO2010101545A1 (fr) * 2009-03-05 2010-09-10 May Manufacturing, LLC Combiné baignoire/spa
JP6067201B2 (ja) 2009-08-03 2017-01-25 パナソニック株式会社 微細気泡発生方法、および微細気泡発生装置等
US8505575B2 (en) 2010-10-08 2013-08-13 Cashido Corporation Water supply module for hydrotherapy device
DE102011118893B4 (de) * 2011-11-18 2016-12-15 Hydroisotop GmbH Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Imprägnierung von Wasser mit Gas

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
None *

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Publication number Publication date
EP3170490A1 (fr) 2017-05-24
ITUB20155823A1 (it) 2017-05-23
CN106821708A (zh) 2017-06-13
ES2660379T3 (es) 2018-03-22

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