Classifications

• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
  • E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
  • E21D11/00—Lining tunnels, galleries or other underground cavities, e.g. large underground chambers; Linings therefor; Making such linings in situ, e.g. by assembling
  • E21D11/04—Lining with building materials
  • E21D11/08—Lining with building materials with preformed concrete slabs
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
  • E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
  • E21D11/00—Lining tunnels, galleries or other underground cavities, e.g. large underground chambers; Linings therefor; Making such linings in situ, e.g. by assembling
  • E21D11/04—Lining with building materials
  • E21D11/05—Lining with building materials using compressible insertions

Definitions

• Construction element for the realization of a tunnel, tunnel comprising such an element and methods for manufacturing such an element and such a tunnel
• the invention relates to the construction of tunnels, in particular underground tunnels, and the construction elements of such tunnels.
• a cavity is, in general, dug underground, then a tunnel is formed in this cavity using voussoirs.
• the voussoirs correspond to constituent elements of an annular section of the tunnel, once assembled together.
• French patent application FR1200989 which discloses a field convergence damping system comprising a coating covering an outer wall of a tunnel and which comprises devices each provided with a through hole. These devices with opening hole create a free space within the coating, noted residual volume, which contributes, in particular, to the damping of the convergence of the ground.
• residual volume contributes, in particular, to the damping of the convergence of the ground.
• the thrust of the ground tends to occupy the residual volume, that is to say the volume left unoccupied by the devices, which helps dampen the thrust.
• elements of the ground can agglutinate in the defined space and obstruct the injection of the devices, which can prevent the devices from being arranged homogeneously around the outer wall of the tunnel .
• each prefabricated concrete segment comprises a layer of a compressible material, such as a polyethylene foam, glued on the outer surface of the voussoir.
• a compressible material such as a polyethylene foam
• the foam is not stable and can disintegrate over time, resulting in a loss of its mechanical properties of compression and deformation.
• such a plastic foam can be polluting.
• An object of the invention is to overcome the disadvantages mentioned above and in particular to provide a means easy to implement and implement to dampen the convergence of a terrain exerted on a tunnel.
• a construction element for the realization of a tunnel comprising a first incompressible layer of concrete and a second compressible layer secured to the first layer to form a monobloc prefabricated construction element configured to be integrated in a section of the tunnel.
• the second layer comprises a plurality of devices each having a solid body incorporating a void space.
• a prefabricated building element adapted to make a section of a tunnel.
• Such a monoblock construction element is easy to handle and its manufacture can be controlled so as to obtain a homogeneous tunnel section, in order to control the behavior of the tunnel facing the convergence of the terrain.
• the voids of the devices determine the compressibility of the second layer. In other words the empty spaces allow the ground to converge and unload the stresses exerted on the first layer.
• the second layer may comprise devices each provided with a through hole.
• the second layer may also comprise devices whose solid body delimits at least one closed cavity.
• the solid body of the devices can be made of ceramic.
• the solid body of the devices may be coated with an adhesive film to secure the devices to the first layer.
• the adhesive film can be made from a mortar.
• the construction element may further include a third protective layer on the second layer.
• the second layer is protected to maintain its integrity, for example during the transport of the construction element before it is placed in a section of the tunnel.
• a tunnel located inside a cavity dug in a field, at least one section of the tunnel being made from at least one two-layer construction element as defined above. before.
• Each two-layer building element may comprise a third protective layer located on the second layer, and the tunnel may comprise a filling product occupying a free space delimited between the third protective layer and the ground.
• a method of producing a construction element for the realization of a tunnel comprising the following steps:
• the second layer is produced from a plurality of devices each having a solid body incorporating a void space.
• the second layer may comprise devices each provided with a through hole and / or devices whose solid body delimits at least one closed cavity.
• the realization of the second layer may comprise the following steps:
• the method may also include a protection step in which a third protective layer is provided on the second layer.
• a method for producing a tunnel comprising the following steps:
• sections of the tunnel located inside the cavity at least one section being made from at least one two-layer construction element, as defined above, as and when progress of the tunnel boring machine.
• Each two-layer construction element may comprise a third protective layer on the second layer, and a free space defined between the third protective layer and the ground may be filled with a filler.
• FIG. 1 schematically shows a sectional view of an embodiment of a tunnel according to the invention
• FIG. 2 schematically illustrates an embodiment of a construction element according to the invention
• FIG. 3 schematically illustrates a state of equilibrium after convergence of the terrain
• FIG. 4 schematically illustrates a perspective view of an embodiment of a device with a through hole
• FIG. 5 schematically illustrates a sectional view of the device of Figure 4;
• FIG. 6 schematically illustrates a top view of another embodiment of a device with a through hole
• FIG. 7 schematically illustrates a sectional view along the axis A-A of FIG. 6;
• FIG. 8 schematically illustrates another embodiment of a construction element
• FIG. 9 schematically illustrates a perspective view of an embodiment of a device provided with a closed cavity
• FIG. 10 schematically illustrates a sectional view of the device of Figure 9;
• Figure 1 1 schematically illustrates a left front view of the device of Figure 9;
• FIG. 12 to 18 schematically illustrate the main steps of an embodiment of a method of producing a construction element
• FIG. 19 schematically illustrates a cross-sectional view of a tunneling machine carrying out the tunnel of FIG. 1;
• Figure 20 schematically illustrates a sectional view of a detail of Figure 19.
• FIG. 1 there is shown a tunnel 1 made in a cavity 2 dug in a terrain 3, in other words an underground tunnel.
• the tunnel 1 can be open and have an inverted U shape, it can also be closed and have an ovoid shape, or any other shape.
• the tunnel 1 has a generally tubular shape.
• the tunnel 1 comprises sections 4 located within the cavity 2. At least one section 4, and preferably each section 4, is made from construction elements 5 assembled together.
• At least one construction element 5 comprises a first incompressible layer 6 of concrete.
• the first layer 6 has a shape of a curved hexahedron.
• the construction element 5 comprises a second compressible layer 7 integral with the first layer 6 to form a prefabricated building element 5 of the monobloc type.
• the construction element 5 is prefabricated, that is to say that it is produced before the tunnel 1 is made. In other words, the construction element 5 is previously produced, then several construction elements 5 are assembled together so as to form a section 4 of the tunnel 1. Thus, it is avoided to achieve a damping coating by injection of material between a voussoir and the ground 3.
• the building element 5 incorporates before a compressible layer 7, and therefore has an integrated mechanical damping property.
• the term monoblock element a movable element that retains its physical integrity and its mechanical properties during transport, for example when moving the element from its manufacturing area to the location of section 4 of the tunnel 1 where it is placed.
• the building element 5 is configured to be integrated in a section 4 of the tunnel 1, and in particular in a section 4 which is in progress.
• the second layer 7 comprises a plurality of devices 8, as illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 8, each having a solid body 9 incorporating a void space 10.
• void space integrated in a body is meant a closed or open cavity delimited by the body of the device.
• the second layer 7 is compressible, that is to say that it can deform during the convergence of the terrain 3.
• the devices 8 have a solid body 9 deformable. That is to say that the devices can deform, breaking or bending, thanks in particular to their empty space 10, to allow the deformation of the second layer 7.
• the second layer 7 has interstices 7a, that is to say empty spaces, located between the devices 8.
• the ground 3 exerts an initial convergence pressure on the tunnel 1. Due to the movements of the ground 3, it will tend to converge towards the interior of the cavity 2.
• the deformation of the devices 8 will allow a progressive approximation of the ground 3 towards the interior of the tunnel 1, until Land 3 occupies a state of equilibrium. In the equilibrium state, the convergence pressure is lower than the initial pressure.
• the second compressible layer 7 thus makes it possible to damp the convergence of the ground to a state of equilibrium for which the convergence pressure is supported by the construction element 5, that is to say that the first incompressible layer 6 does not break under the convergence pressure at equilibrium.
• the devices 8 may be made of ceramic.
• the ceramic provides good resistance while being breakable to effectively damp the convergence of the ground 3.
• the ground 3 can converge to the interior of the tunnel 1.
• the devices 8 can also be made in glass, cement, or mortar which are, like the ceramic, materials that can be broken under the effect of the convergence of the ground 3.
• the devices 8 can be made of metal, or plastic, deformable . When the devices 8 have a deformable body, they also make it possible to damp the convergence of the ground.
• FIG. 2 shows a preferred embodiment, in which devices 8, of the second compressible layer 7, each comprise a body 9 provided with a through-hole 10 (illustrated later in FIGS. 4 to 7).
• FIG. 2 also shows the construction element 5 integrated into a section of a tunnel.
• the prefabricated building element 5 is in one piece and comprises the first concrete layer 6 and the second compressible layer 7 formed by the devices 8.
• the construction element 5 then forms a voussoir with compressible portion 7 configured to produce an annular section of the tunnel 1.
• the thickness E of the second layer 7 is chosen as a function of the damping of the convergence of the terrain 3 that it is desired to obtain.
• the thickness E is chosen as a function of the displacement of the ground 3, with respect to its initial position, which can be supported by the construction element 5.
• the ground 3 In the initial position, the ground 3 is at an initial distance Gi of the outer surface of the first layer 6.
• the initial distance Gi corresponds to the sum between the initial thickness E of the second layer 7, the thickness of the third protective layer 12, and the thickness of the free space F.
• the thickness E also depends on the compressibility of the devices 8.
• the devices 8 are coated with an adhesive film 11 for joining them to the first layer 6.
• the adhesive layer 11 makes it possible to fastening the devices 8 to each other and to the first concrete layer 6. In this way, the construction element 5 is in one piece and it is movable to be integrated in the section of the tunnel during its formation.
• the adhesive film 11 preferably comprises mortar which effectively adheres to the first concrete layer 6.
• the mortar comprises, for its part, cement, sand and water.
• the mortar is hardenable and hardens to agglutinate the devices 8 between them and allow the devices to adhere to the first
• the adhesive film 11 encases the outer surface of the device 8, without obstructing the through hole 10.
• Other adhesive elements may be used to coat the devices 8, for example an epoxy resin-based adhesive, etc.
• the construction element 5 may comprise a third protective layer 12 located on the second layer 7. More particularly, the third protective layer 12 is a thin layer with respect to the first and second layers 6, 7. , the third protective layer 12 is bonded to the second layer 7 to make it mechanically secured to the second layer 7.
• the third protective layer 12 protects the second layer 7 from shocks, for example during the handling of the element 5, in order to prevent the bodies 9 of the devices 8 from being broken, in particular those which are situated at the periphery of the construction element 5.
• a free space F is generally created between the inner surface of the cavity and the outer surface of the tunnel section, i.e. the outer surface of the building element 5.
• the outer surface of the section corresponds to the outer surface of the second layer 7, as illustrated in FIG. 8.
• the construction element 5 comprises a third protective layer 12, the outer surface is that of the third protective layer 12, as shown in Figure 2.
• a filler 23 such as mortar or gravel
• the second layer 7 comprises devices 8 with opening hole 10
• the third protective layer 12 makes it possible, in particular, to prevent the holes emerging from first layers of devices 8 are filled with the filling product 23.
• the third protective layer 12 prevents the mortar or gravel from entering the through holes 10, which would reduce the damping properties of the building elements 5.
• the third layer protection device 12 isolates the second compressible layer 7 of the filling product 23.
• the third protective layer 12 thus preserves the residual volume before deformation of the second layer 7, which guarantees the damping of the convergence of the ground 3.
• the third protective layer 12 may be plastic or be made of mortar.
• the second compressible layer 7 is deformed and allows a displacement of the ground 3 towards the center of the tunnel.
• the ground 3 can break or deform the devices 8, until reaching a state of equilibrium in which the ground 3 is at an equilibrium distance Ge of the external surface of the first layer 6.
• the equilibrium distance Ge is less than the initial distance Gi.
• the breaking strength of the devices 8 is less than the ground convergence pressure so as to allow the devices 8 to be crushed.
• the broken devices are represented by reference 8a.
• the devices 8 may comprise, all or some of them, a state in which they are broken. This makes it possible to absorb the displacements of the ground 3 without damaging the tunnel.
• FIGS. 4 to 7 illustrate two embodiments of a device 8 provided with a through-hole 10 that can be used in the second compressible layer 7 of the construction element 5.
• the device 8 has a tube shape comprising a through hole 10 corresponding to an obviously along a longitudinal axis A1 of the tube.
• the device 8 may also comprise several through holes, and preferably each device 8 has a single through hole to facilitate its realization.
• each device 8 in shape of tube has a height H, an outside diameter di and an inside diameter d 2 .
• the height H is equal to the outside diameter di , in particular to obtain a second layer 7 having a substantially constant thickness E.
• the device 8 is also coated with an adhesive film 11a which surrounds the outer surface of the device 8.
• an adhesive film 11b can be deposited on the inner wall of the opening hole 10 without obstructing it. .
• a mortar film 11 has coated the outer surface of the devices and another mortar film 11b adheres to the inner wall of the through hole 10 without obstructing it.
• the opening hole 10 is isolated from the devices 8, and the external surface of the devices 8 is coated with an adhesive layer 11.
• FIGS. 6 and 7 show another embodiment of a device 8 having a through hole 10 in the form of a ring.
• the ring may be ring and may have a circular section as shown in Figure 6.
• a ring may have a diameter d s torus and an inner diameter d ,.
• the adhesive film 11 surrounds the outer surface of the body 9 of the device 8, partially penetrating into the through hole 10, without obstructing it.
• the devices (tubes or rings) disposed within the second layer 7 are all substantially identical in order to obtain a second homogeneous layer 7. In other words, they can not fit into each other.
• the second layer 7 preferably comprises devices 8 having a generally tubular shape because they are easier to achieve than devices 8 of generally annular shape.
• Figure 8 shows another embodiment of the second layer 7 compressible.
• devices 8 each comprise a solid body 9 delimiting at least one closed cavity (illustrated later in FIGS. 9 to 11).
• the construction element 5 is in one piece and comprises the first concrete layer 6 and the second compressible layer 7 formed by the devices 8.
• the body 9 of the devices 8 delimiting one or more closed cavities prevents mortar or gravel injected into the free space F from penetrating into these cavities.
• the construction element 5 may, nevertheless, comprise devices having a body defining one or more closed cavities and a third protective layer 12 for protecting the second layer 7 during the displacement of the element 5, in particular for avoid breaking devices 8 during transport.
• the third protective layer 12 guarantees a seal to the second layer 7, preventing the filling product 23 from filling the interstices 7a.
• Figures 9 to 1 1 illustrate an embodiment of a device 8, the body 9 defines at least one closed cavity 10.
• the device 8 has a solid body 9 ceramic.
• the ceramic is adapted to produce these devices 8, because it is malleable before a cooking step so as to form the closed cavity 10 within the device 8, and because it becomes solid after cooking.
• closed cavity 10 is meant a void space enclosed within the device 8.
• the solid body 9 of the device 8 is in particular liquid-tight, for example in the liquid-phase mortar before hardening.
• the body 9 of the device 8 extends along a longitudinal axis A of the device 8 and comprises two closed ends 13, 14.
• the closed ends 13, 14 may each have a linear shape.
• the ends 13, 14 are parallel to each other.
• the ends 13, 14 may be perpendicular to each other.
• the body 9 of the device 8 has a cylindrical shape.
• the term "cylinder” means a solid bounded by a cylindrical surface generated by a straight line, denoted generatrix, traversing a closed planar curve, denoted as a director, and two parallel planes intersecting the generatrices.
• the body 9 may have a shape of a tube.
• the device 8 may also comprise several cavities communicating with each other or not.
• the closed cavities 10 of the devices 8 prevent them from interlocking into each other, regardless of their size and shape.
• the construction element 5 comprises a second compressible layer 7 which may comprise both devices 8 each provided with a through hole 10, and devices 8 whose solid body 9 delimits at least one closed cavity 10 .
• FIG. 12 to 18 there is shown the main steps of an embodiment of a method of producing a construction element 5 as defined above.
• the construction element 5 is manufactured by performing the following steps:
• the solid body 9 of the devices 8 are each provided with a through hole and / or whose body defines at least one closed cavity.
• an open and curved parallelepiped formwork 30 is used to form a voussoir shape, as illustrated in FIG. 12.
• the formwork is open and not curved to make sections. tunnel of various shape, for example U or ovoid.
• liquid concrete 31 is poured into the formwork 30, as illustrated in FIG. 13.
• first template 32 is used which is placed on the surface of concrete 31 and is moved along the surface to form a curved outer surface. Concrete 31 is allowed to set, either completely and in this case the concrete has cured entirely, or partially, and in this case the concrete has not completely hardened but has sufficiently hardened at the surface to maintain the curvature given by the first template 32. Then the first template 32 is removed, thereby obtaining a first layer 6 whose base and the outer surface are curved, as illustrated in FIG. 14. The solid bodies 9 of the devices 8 have been coated with the adhesive film 11 . In addition, formwork elements are fixed
• the coated devices 34 when the coated devices 34 are poured, the concrete of the first layer has not completely hardened.
• an adhesive layer 11 is used made of mortar which will adhere to the outer surface of the first layer 6 which has not yet fully cured.
• an adhesive layer 1 1 made from an adhesive, for example an epoxy resin-based adhesive which adheres with a hard concrete surface.
• the adhesive film 11 comprises a mortar
• the coated devices are poured
• a second template 35 is used and is moved on the surface of the coated devices 34 to form a curved outer surface on the second layer 7, as illustrated in Figure 15. Then the adhesive layer 1 1 is allowed to adhere so that the devices are bonded together and to make the second layer 7 integral with the first layer 6. Then the second template 35 is removed and obtains a prefabricated monobloc element 5 surrounded by the formwork 30, illustrated in FIG. 16.
• a third protective layer by casting mortar 36 on the second layer 7 and by moving a third template 37 to bend the outer surface of the third layer. Then, the shuttering 30 and the shuttering elements 33, and if necessary the third template 37, are removed to obtain the prefabricated building element 5, as shown in FIG. 18.
• FIGS 19 and 20 show an embodiment of an embodiment of the tunnel 1 described above in Figure 1.
• a TBM 15 digs the cavity 2 in the ground 3 along the F1 direction.
• the front of the tunnel boring machine 20 is equipped with means 21 ensuring the felling of the rock of the ground 3 and includes means for extracting the rock, not shown for purposes of simplification.
• Part of the tunneling machine 15 ensures the implementation of the construction elements 5 as the tunneling machine 15 progresses along the F1 direction.
• the TBM 15 comprises injection means 22 for injecting a filler 23, for example mortar or gravel, to fill the free space F delimited between the building elements 5 and the inner wall of the cavity 2, formed by the progress of the TBM 15.
• the arrow, indicated by the reference F2 illustrates the path taken by the filling product 23 during its injection.
• the injection of the filling product 23 makes it possible to form a filling layer for occupying the free space F between the building elements 5 and the ground 3.
• the tunnel production method comprises the following steps:
• sections 4 of the tunnel 1 located inside the cavity 2 at least one section 4 being made from at least one construction element 5, as defined above, as and when the progress of the TBM 15.
• a free space F delimited between the outer wall of the tunnel 1 and the inner wall of the cavity 2 is kept, to place the construction elements in order to form the section. 4 of the tunnel 1. Then fill the free space F with the filling product 23.
• the construction element which has just been described makes it possible to facilitate the construction of a tunnel while ensuring damping of the convergence of the terrain in which the tunnel is located. In addition, it offers a better control of the tunnel construction process. Such a construction element reduces the thickness of a classic voussoir, which greatly reduces the amount of concrete needed to build the tunnel.

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• 2014
  • 2014-05-21 FR FR1401156A patent/FR3021346B1/fr active Active
• 2015
  • 2015-05-20 RU RU2016149893A patent/RU2689964C2/ru not_active Application Discontinuation
  • 2015-05-20 WO PCT/FR2015/051318 patent/WO2015177463A2/fr active Application Filing
  • 2015-05-20 US US15/312,947 patent/US10774640B2/en active Active
  • 2015-05-20 AU AU2015263203A patent/AU2015263203A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 2015-05-20 CA CA2949647A patent/CA2949647C/en active Active
  • 2015-05-20 EP EP15732774.3A patent/EP3146155B1/de active Active
  • 2015-05-20 CN CN201580026159.3A patent/CN106460510B/zh active Active
  • 2015-05-20 JP JP2017513357A patent/JP2017516937A/ja active Pending
• 2019
  • 2019-12-17 AU AU2019283806A patent/AU2019283806B2/en active Active
  • 2019-12-20 JP JP2019230834A patent/JP2020056304A/ja active Pending
• 2022
  • 2022-05-06 JP JP2022076756A patent/JP7341285B2/ja active Active

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