EP3140379B1 - Utilisation d'une composition lubrifiante à réduire ou prévenir le préallumage à vitesse basse - Google Patents

Utilisation d'une composition lubrifiante à réduire ou prévenir le préallumage à vitesse basse Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3140379B1
EP3140379B1 EP15725928.4A EP15725928A EP3140379B1 EP 3140379 B1 EP3140379 B1 EP 3140379B1 EP 15725928 A EP15725928 A EP 15725928A EP 3140379 B1 EP3140379 B1 EP 3140379B1
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Prior art keywords
magnesium
borated
lubricating oil
boron
zinc
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German (de)
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EP3140379A1 (fr
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Mrugesh N. PATEL
Douglas E. Deckman
Smruti A. DANCE
Kevin J. Kelly
Raymond G. BURNS, III
Charles E. GOLDMANN
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ExxonMobil Technology and Engineering Co
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ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Co
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M133/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing nitrogen
    • C10M133/02—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing nitrogen having a carbon chain of less than 30 atoms
    • C10M133/16—Amides; Imides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M129/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing oxygen
    • C10M129/02—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing oxygen having a carbon chain of less than 30 atoms
    • C10M129/04—Hydroxy compounds
    • C10M129/10—Hydroxy compounds having hydroxy groups bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M129/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing oxygen
    • C10M129/02—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing oxygen having a carbon chain of less than 30 atoms
    • C10M129/26—Carboxylic acids; Salts thereof
    • C10M129/28—Carboxylic acids; Salts thereof having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
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    • C10M129/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing oxygen
    • C10M129/02—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing oxygen having a carbon chain of less than 30 atoms
    • C10M129/68—Esters
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    • C10M129/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing oxygen
    • C10M129/02—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing oxygen having a carbon chain of less than 30 atoms
    • C10M129/68—Esters
    • C10M129/74—Esters of polyhydroxy compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C10M135/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium
    • C10M135/08—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium containing a sulfur-to-oxygen bond
    • C10M135/10—Sulfonic acids or derivatives thereof
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C10M137/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing phosphorus
    • C10M137/02—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing phosphorus having no phosphorus-to-carbon bond
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M163/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a mixture of a compound of unknown or incompletely defined constitution and a non-macromolecular compound, each of these compounds being essential
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2201/00—Inorganic compounds or elements as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2201/085—Phosphorus oxides, acids or salts
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2207/02—Hydroxy compounds
    • C10M2207/023—Hydroxy compounds having hydroxy groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings
    • C10M2207/028—Overbased salts thereof
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    • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2207/10—Carboxylix acids; Neutral salts thereof
    • C10M2207/12—Carboxylix acids; Neutral salts thereof having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms
    • C10M2207/121—Carboxylix acids; Neutral salts thereof having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms having hydrocarbon chains of seven or less carbon atoms
    • C10M2207/122—Carboxylix acids; Neutral salts thereof having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms having hydrocarbon chains of seven or less carbon atoms monocarboxylic
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2207/10—Carboxylix acids; Neutral salts thereof
    • C10M2207/12—Carboxylix acids; Neutral salts thereof having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms
    • C10M2207/121—Carboxylix acids; Neutral salts thereof having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms having hydrocarbon chains of seven or less carbon atoms
    • C10M2207/123—Carboxylix acids; Neutral salts thereof having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms having hydrocarbon chains of seven or less carbon atoms polycarboxylic
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2207/10—Carboxylix acids; Neutral salts thereof
    • C10M2207/14—Carboxylix acids; Neutral salts thereof having carboxyl groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings
    • C10M2207/146—Carboxylix acids; Neutral salts thereof having carboxyl groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings having carboxyl groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membeered aromatic rings having a hydrocarbon substituent of thirty or more carbon atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
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    • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2207/10—Carboxylix acids; Neutral salts thereof
    • C10M2207/16—Naphthenic acids
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2207/26—Overbased carboxylic acid salts
    • C10M2207/262—Overbased carboxylic acid salts derived from hydroxy substituted aromatic acids, e.g. salicylates
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2215/28—Amides; Imides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2217/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2217/04—Macromolecular compounds from nitrogen-containing monomers obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C10M2217/043—Mannich bases
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2219/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2219/04—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing sulfur-to-oxygen bonds, i.e. sulfones, sulfoxides
    • C10M2219/046—Overbasedsulfonic acid salts
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2223/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2223/02—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions having no phosphorus-to-carbon bonds
    • C10M2223/04—Phosphate esters
    • C10M2223/045—Metal containing thio derivatives
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2010/00—Metal present as such or in compounds
    • C10N2010/04—Groups 2 or 12
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
    • C10N2030/40—Low content or no content compositions
    • C10N2030/45—Ash-less or low ash content
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
    • C10N2030/52—Base number [TBN]
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/25—Internal-combustion engines
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/25—Internal-combustion engines
    • C10N2040/255—Gasoline engines
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    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2060/00—Chemical after-treatment of the constituents of the lubricating composition
    • C10N2060/14—Chemical after-treatment of the constituents of the lubricating composition by boron or a compound containing boron

Definitions

  • This disclosure relates to the use of a lubricating oil for preventing or reducing low speed pre-ignition (LSPI) in an engine lubricated with a lubricating oil by using as the lubricating oil a formulated oil that has at least one boron-containing compound, preferably at least one borated dispersant, or a mixture of a boron-containing compound and a dispersant, present in a particular amount in the formulated oil.
  • the lubricating oils of this disclosure are useful as passenger vehicle engine oil (PVEO) products.
  • Pre-ignition in a flame propagation (or "spark-ignition") engine describes an event wherein the air/fuel mixture in the cylinder ignites before the spark plug fires. Pre-ignition is initiated by an ignition source other than the spark, such as hot spots in the combustion chamber, a spark plug that runs too hot for the application, or carbonaceous deposits in the combustion chamber heated to incandescence by previous engine combustion events.
  • an ignition source other than the spark such as hot spots in the combustion chamber, a spark plug that runs too hot for the application, or carbonaceous deposits in the combustion chamber heated to incandescence by previous engine combustion events.
  • pre-ignition usually results in severe engine knock that can damage the engine.
  • the cause of the pre-ignition is not fully understood, and may in fact be attributed to multiple phenomena such as hot deposits within the combustion chamber, elevated levels of lubricant vapor entering from the PCV system, oil seepage past the turbocharger compressor seals or oil and/or fuel droplet auto-ignition during the compression stroke.
  • Pre-ignition can sharply increase combustion chamber temperatures and lead to rough engine operation or loss of performance.
  • Traditional methods of eliminating pre-ignition include, for example, proper spark plug selection, proper fuel/air mixture adjustment, and periodic cleaning of the combustion chambers.
  • Hardware solutions such as cooled exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) are known, but these can be costly to implement and present packaging problems.
  • Low speed pre-ignition is a type of abnormal combustion affecting engines operating at high brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) and low engine speed (RPM). This includes internal combustion engines using a variety of fuels, including natural gas, gasoline, diesel, biofuels, and the like. Downsized, downspeeded, turbocharged engines are most susceptible to operating under these engine conditions and are thus more susceptible to LSPI. As the automobile industry continues to move towards further downsizing, downspeeding, and increased turbocharging to increase vehicle fuel economy and reduce carbon dioxide emissions, the concern over LSPI continues to grow.
  • BMEP brake mean effective pressure
  • RPM low engine speed
  • pre-ignition problems can be and are being resolved by optimization of internal engine components and by the use of new component technology such as electronic controls
  • modification of the lubricating oil compositions used to lubricate such engines is desirable.
  • the lubricating oil composition be useful in lubricating gasoline-fueled, spark-ignited engines.
  • XP055203823 and XP055203891 disclose the effect of the lubricating oil formulations on low Speed Pre-ignition phenomena in direct injection - spark ignition engines.
  • This disclosure relates to the use of lubricating oil formulations which are particularly useful in internal combustion engines to prevent or minimize pre-ignition problems.
  • the lubricating oil compositions of this disclosure are useful in lubricating gasoline-fueled, spark-ignited engines.
  • the lubricant formulation chemistry of this disclosure can be used to prevent or control the detrimental effect of LSPI in engines which have already been designed or sold in the marketplace as well as future engine technology.
  • the lubricant formulation chemistry of this disclosure removes barriers for OEM technology and efficiency improvement, and enables further development of downspeeded, turbocharged gasoline engines that is currently being impeded by LSPI.
  • the lubricant formulation solution afforded by this disclosure for preventing or reducing LSPI enables product differentiation with regard to LSPI.
  • the lubricating oil is a formulated oil that comprises a lubricating oil base stock as a major component; and at least one boron-containing compound and at least one detergent, as a minor component.
  • the at least one boron-containing compound is present in an amount from 0.1 to 20 weight percent based on the total weight of the lubricating oil and comprises at least one borated dispersant, or a mixture of a boron-containing compound and dispersant.
  • the engine exhibits greater than about 50% reduced low speed pre-ignition, based on normalized low speed pre-ignition (LSPI) counts per 25,000 engine cycles, engine operation at 2000 revolutions per minute (RPM) and brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) at 18 bar, as compared to low speed pre-ignition performance achieved in an engine using a lubricating oil that does not comprise at least one borated dispersant, or a mixture of a boron-containing compound and a non-borated dispersant.
  • LSPI normalized low speed pre-ignition
  • RPM revolutions per minute
  • BMEP brake mean effective pressure
  • the detergent comprises at least one alkaline earth metal salt of an organic acid, and the at least one alkaline earth metal salt of an organic acid comprises at least one magnesium salt of an organic acid.
  • the detergent is present in an amount from 1.0 to 6.0 weight percent based on the total weight of the lubricating oil.
  • the minor component further comprises at least one zinc-containing compound or at least one antiwear agent.
  • the at least one antiwear agent comprises at least one zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate compound derived from a secondary alcohol or derived in part from a secondary alcohol.
  • prevention or reduction of LSPI can be attained in an engine lubricated with a lubricating oil by using as the lubricating oil a formulated oil that includes at least one boron-containing compound (e.g., borated succinimide), preferably at least one borated dispersant, or a mixture of a boron-containing compound and a non-borated dispersant, present in a particular amount (from 0.1 to 20 weight percent, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil), in the lubricating oil.
  • a formulated oil that includes at least one boron-containing compound (e.g., borated succinimide), preferably at least one borated dispersant, or a mixture of a boron-containing compound and a non-borated dispersant, present in a particular amount (from 0.1 to 20 weight percent, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil), in the lubricating oil.
  • LSPI normalized low speed pre-ignition
  • RPM revolutions per minute
  • BMEP brake mean effective pressure
  • the lubricating oil a formulated engine oil, said formulated engine oil having a composition comprising at least one lubricating oil base stock at from 70 to 85 wt.%; and at least one dispersant at a loading to contribute from 30 to 1500 ppm of boron to the formulated engine oil.
  • LSPI prevention or reduction of LSPI can be attained in an engine lubricated with a lubricating oil by using as the lubricating oil a formulated oil that includes at least one detergent and at least one boron-containing compound (e.g., borated succinimide), preferably at least one borated dispersant, or a mixture of a boron-containing compound and a non-borated dispersant, present in an amount of from 0.1 to 20 weight percent, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil), in the lubricating oil.
  • a formulated oil that includes at least one detergent and at least one boron-containing compound (e.g., borated succinimide), preferably at least one borated dispersant, or a mixture of a boron-containing compound and a non-borated dispersant, present in an amount of from 0.1 to 20 weight percent, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil), in the lubricating oil.
  • the detergent is present in an amount from 1.0 to 6.0 weight percent based on the total weight of the lubricating oil and comprises at least one alkaline earth metal salt of an organic acid, and said at least one alkaline earth metal salt of an organic acid comprises at least one magnesium salt of an organic acid.
  • reduction of LSPI can be attained in an engine lubricated with a lubricating oil by using as the lubricating oil a formulated oil that has a particular base stock.
  • the formulated oil preferably has a composition comprising a lubricating oil base stock as a major component, and at least one boron-containing compound, as a minor component.
  • the at least one boron-containing compound comprises at least one borated dispersant, or a mixture of a boron-containing compound and a non-borated dispersant.
  • the lubricating oils of this disclosure are particularly advantageous in internal combustion engines using a variety of fuels including natural gas, gasoline, diesel, biofuels and the like, and for a variety of applications including passenger vehicle engine oils and natural gas engine oils.
  • the lubricating oils of this disclosure are particularly useful in internal combustion engines and, when used in internal combustion engines, will prevent or minimize pre-ignition problems.
  • the lubricating oil compositions of this disclosure are useful in lubricating gasoline-fueled, spark-ignited engines.
  • the lubricant formulation chemistry of this disclosure can be used to prevent or control the detrimental effect of LSPI in engines which have already been designed or sold in the marketplace as well as future engine technology.
  • the lubricant formulation chemistry of this disclosure removes barriers for OEM technology and efficiency improvement, and enables further development of downspeeded, turbocharged gasoline engines that is currently being impeded by LSPI.
  • the lubricant formulation solution afforded by this disclosure for preventing or reducing LSPI enables product differentiation with regard to LSPI.
  • Lubricating base oils that are useful in the present disclosure are both natural oils, and synthetic oils, and unconventional oils (or mixtures thereof) can be used unrefined, refined, or rerefined (the latter is also known as reclaimed or reprocessed oil).
  • Unrefined oils are those obtained directly from a natural or synthetic source and used without added purification. These include shale oil obtained directly from retorting operations, petroleum oil obtained directly from primary distillation, and ester oil obtained directly from an esterification process. Refined oils are similar to the oils discussed for unrefined oils except refined oils are subjected to one or more purification steps to improve at least one lubricating oil property.
  • Groups I, II, III, IV and V are broad base oil stock categories developed and defined by the American Petroleum Institute (API Publication 1509; www.API.org ) to create guidelines for lubricant base oils.
  • Group I base stocks have a viscosity index of between about 80 to 120 and contain greater than about 0.03% sulfur and/or less than about 90% saturates.
  • Group II base stocks have a viscosity index of between about 80 to 120, and contain less than or equal to about 0.03% sulfur and greater than or equal to about 90% saturates.
  • Group III stocks have a viscosity index greater than about 120 and contain less than or equal to about 0.03 % sulfur and greater than about 90% saturates.
  • Group IV includes polyalphaolefins (PAO).
  • Group V base stock includes base stocks not included in Groups I-IV.
  • the table below summarizes properties of each of these five groups.
  • Base Oil Properties Saturates Sulfur Viscosity Index Group I ⁇ 90 and/or >0.03% and ⁇ 80 and ⁇ 120 Group II ⁇ 90 and ⁇ 0.03% and ⁇ 80 and ⁇ 120 Group III ⁇ 90 and ⁇ 0.03% and ⁇ 120 Group IV Includes polyalphaolefins (PAO) Group V All other base oil stocks not included in Groups I, II, III or IV
  • Natural oils include animal oils, vegetable oils (castor oil and lard oil, for example), and mineral oils. Animal and vegetable oils possessing favorable thermal oxidative stability can be used. Of the natural oils, mineral oils are preferred. Mineral oils vary widely as to their crude source, for example, as to whether they are paraffinic, naphthenic, or mixed paraffinic-naphthenic. Oils derived from coal or shale are also useful. Natural oils vary also as to the method used for their production and purification, for example, their distillation range and whether they are straight run or cracked, hydrorefined, or solvent extracted.
  • Group II and/or Group III hydroprocessed or hydrocracked base stocks including synthetic oils such as polyalphaolefins, alkyl aromatics and synthetic esters are also well known base stock oils.
  • Synthetic oils include hydrocarbon oil.
  • Hydrocarbon oils include oils such as polymerized and interpolymerized olefins (polybutylenes, polypropylenes, propylene isobutylene copolymers, ethylene-olefin copolymers, and ethylene-alphaolefin copolymers, for example).
  • Polyalphaolefin (PAO) oil base stocks are commonly used synthetic hydrocarbon oil.
  • PAOs derived from C 6 , C 8 , C 10 , C 12 , C 14 olefins or mixtures thereof may be utilized. See U.S. Patent Nos. 4,956,122 ; 4,827,064 ; and 4,827,073 .
  • the number average molecular weights of the PAOs typically vary from about 250 to about 3,000, although PAO's may be made in viscosities up to about 150 cSt (100°C).
  • the PAOs are typically comprised of relatively low molecular weight hydrogenated polymers or oligomers of alphaolefins which include, but are not limited to, C 2 to about C 32 alphaolefins with the C 6 to about C 16 alphaolefins, such as 1-hexene, 1-octene, 1-decene, 1-dodecene, 1-tetradocene, and the like, being preferred.
  • the preferred polyalphaolefins are poly-1-hexene, poly-1-octene, poly-1-decene and poly-1-dodecene and mixtures thereof and mixed olefin-derived polyolefins.
  • the dimers of higher olefins in the range of C 14 to C 18 may be used to provide low viscosity base stocks of acceptably low volatility.
  • the PAOs may be predominantly trimers and tetramers of the starting olefins, with minor amounts of the higher oligomers, having a viscosity range of 1.5 to 12 cSt.
  • PAO fluids of particular use may include 3.0 cSt, 3.4 cSt, and/or 3.6 cSt and combinations thereof. Bi-modal mixtures of PAO fluids having a viscosity range of 1.5 to 150 cSt may be used if desired.
  • the PAO fluids may be conveniently made by the polymerization of an alphaolefin in the presence of a polymerization catalyst such as the Friedel-Crafts catalysts including, for example, aluminum trichloride, boron trifluoride or complexes of boron trifluoride with water, alcohols such as ethanol, propanol or butanol, carboxylic acids or esters such as ethyl acetate or ethyl propionate.
  • a polymerization catalyst such as the Friedel-Crafts catalysts including, for example, aluminum trichloride, boron trifluoride or complexes of boron trifluoride with water, alcohols such as ethanol, propanol or butanol, carboxylic acids or esters such as ethyl acetate or ethyl propionate.
  • a polymerization catalyst such as the Friedel-Crafts catalysts including, for example, aluminum trichloride, boro
  • wax isomerate base stocks and base oils comprising hydroisomerized waxy stocks (e.g. waxy stocks such as gas oils, slack waxes, fuels hydrocracker bottoms, etc.), hydroisomerized Fischer-Tropsch waxes, Gas-to-Liquids (GTL) base stocks and base oils, and other wax isomerate hydroisomerized base stocks and base oils, or mixtures thereof Fischer-Tropsch waxes, the high boiling point residues of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, are highly paraffinic hydrocarbons with very low sulfur content.
  • hydroisomerized waxy stocks e.g. waxy stocks such as gas oils, slack waxes, fuels hydrocracker bottoms, etc.
  • hydroisomerized Fischer-Tropsch waxes e.g. waxy stocks such as gas oils, slack waxes, fuels hydrocracker bottoms, etc.
  • GTL Gas-to-Liquids
  • Fischer-Tropsch waxes the
  • the hydroprocessing used for the production of such base stocks may use an amorphous hydrocracking/hydroisomerization catalyst, such as one of the specialized lube hydrocracking (LHDC) catalysts or a crystalline hydrocracking/hydroisomerization catalyst, preferably a zeolitic catalyst.
  • an amorphous hydrocracking/hydroisomerization catalyst such as one of the specialized lube hydrocracking (LHDC) catalysts or a crystalline hydrocracking/hydroisomerization catalyst, preferably a zeolitic catalyst.
  • LHDC specialized lube hydrocracking
  • a zeolitic catalyst preferably ZSM-48 as described in U.S. Patent No. 5,075,269 , the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • Processes for making hydrocracked/hydroisomerized distillates and hydrocracked/hydroisomerized waxes are described, for example, in U.S. Patent Nos.
  • Gas-to-Liquids (GTL) base oils, Fischer-Tropsch wax derived base oils, and other wax-derived hydroisomerized (wax isomerate) base oils be advantageously used in the instant disclosure, and may have useful kinematic viscosities at 100°C of about 3 cSt to about 50 cSt, preferably about 3 cSt to about 30 cSt, more preferably about 3.5 cSt to about 25 cSt, as exemplified by GTL 4 with kinematic viscosity of about 4.0 cSt at 100°C and a viscosity index of about 141.
  • Gas-to-Liquids (GTL) base oils may have useful pour points of about -20°C or lower, and under some conditions may have advantageous pour points of about -25°C or lower, with useful pour points of about -30°C to about -40°C or lower.
  • Useful compositions of Gas-to-Liquids (GTL) base oils, Fischer-Tropsch wax derived base oils, and wax-derived hydroisomerized base oils are recited in U.S. Patent Nos. 6,080,301 ; 6,090,989 , and 6,165,949 for example, and are incorporated herein in their entirety by reference.
  • the hydrocarbyl aromatics can be used as base oil or base oil component and can be any hydrocarbyl molecule that contains at least about 5% of its weight derived from an aromatic moiety such as a benzenoid moiety or naphthenoid moiety, or their derivatives.
  • These hydrocarbyl aromatics include alkyl benzenes, alkyl naphthalenes, alkyl diphenyl oxides, alkyl naphthols, alkyl diphenyl sulfides, alkylated bis-phenol A, alkylated thiodiphenol, and the like.
  • the aromatic can be mono-alkylated, dialkylated, polyalkylated, and the like.
  • the aromatic can be mono- or poly-functionalized.
  • the hydrocarbyl groups can also be comprised of mixtures of alkyl groups, alkenyl groups, alkynyl, cycloalkyl groups, cycloalkenyl groups and other related hydrocarbyl groups.
  • the hydrocarbyl groups can range from about C 6 up to about C 60 with a range of about C 8 to about C 20 often being preferred. A mixture of hydrocarbyl groups is often preferred, and up to about three such substituents may be present.
  • the hydrocarbyl group can optionally contain sulfur, oxygen, and/or nitrogen containing substituents.
  • the aromatic group can also be derived from natural (petroleum) sources, provided at least about 5% of the molecule is comprised of an above-type aromatic moiety.
  • Viscosities at 100°C of approximately 3 cSt to about 50 cSt are preferred, with viscosities of approximately 3.4 cSt to about 20 cSt often being more preferred for the hydrocarbyl aromatic component.
  • an alkyl naphthalene where the alkyl group is primarily comprised of 1-hexadecene is used.
  • Other alkylates of aromatics can be advantageously used.
  • Naphthalene or methyl naphthalene, for example, can be alkylated with olefins such as octene, decene, dodecene, tetradecene or higher, mixtures of similar olefins, and the like.
  • Useful concentrations of hydrocarbyl aromatic in a lubricant oil composition can be about 2% to about 25%, preferably about 4% to about 20%, and more preferably about 4% to about 15%, depending on the application.
  • Alkylated aromatics such as the hydrocarbyl aromatics of the present disclosure may be produced by well-known Friedel-Crafts alkylation of aromatic compounds. See Friedel-Crafts and Related Reactions, Olah, G. A. (ed.), Interscience Publishers, New York, 1963 .
  • an aromatic compound such as benzene or naphthalene
  • an olefin, alkyl halide or alcohol in the presence of a Friedel-Crafts catalyst. See Friedel-Crafts and Related Reactions, Vol. 2, part 1, chapters 14, 17, and 18, See Olah, G. A. (ed.), Interscience Publishers, New York, 1964 .
  • catalysts are known to one skilled in the art.
  • the choice of catalyst depends on the reactivity of the starting materials and product quality requirements.
  • strong acids such as AlCl 3 , BF 3 , or HF may be used.
  • milder catalysts such as FeCl 3 or SnCl 4 are preferred.
  • Newer alkylation technology uses zeolites or solid super acids.
  • Esters comprise a useful base stock. Additive solvency and seal compatibility characteristics may be secured by the use of esters such as the esters of dibasic acids with monoalkanols and the polyol esters of monocarboxylic acids.
  • Esters of the former type include, for example, the esters of dicarboxylic acids such as phthalic acid, succinic acid, alkyl succinic acid, alkenyl succinic acid, maleic acid, azelaic acid, suberic acid, sebacic acid, fumaric acid, adipic acid, linoleic acid dimer, malonic acid, alkyl malonic acid, alkenyl malonic acid, etc., with a variety of alcohols such as butyl alcohol, hexyl alcohol, dodecyl alcohol, 2-ethylhexyl alcohol, etc.
  • esters include dibutyl adipate, di(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate, di-n-hexyl fumarate, dioctyl sebacate, diisooctyl azelate, diisodecyl azelate, dioctyl phthalate, didecyl phthalate, dieicosyl sebacate, etc.
  • Particularly useful synthetic esters are those which are obtained by reacting one or more polyhydric alcohols, preferably the hindered polyols (such as the neopentyl polyols, e.g., neopentyl glycol, trimethylol ethane, 2-methyl-2-propyl-1,3-propanediol, trimethylol propane, pentaerythritol and dipentaerythritol) with alkanoic acids containing at least about 4 carbon atoms, preferably C 5 to C 30 acids such as saturated straight chain fatty acids including caprylic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, arachic acid, and behenic acid, or the corresponding branched chain fatty acids or unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic acid, or mixtures of any of these materials.
  • the hindered polyols such as the neopentyl polyols
  • Suitable synthetic ester components include the esters of trimethylol propane, trimethylol butane, trimethylol ethane, pentaerythritol and/or dipentaerythritol with one or more monocarboxylic acids containing from about 5 to about 10 or more carbon atoms. These esters are widely available commercially, for example, the Mobil P-41 and P-51 esters of ExxonMobil Chemical Company.
  • Preferred synthetic esters useful in this disclosure have a kinematic viscosity at 100°C of about 3 cSt to about 50 cSt, preferably about 3 cSt to about 30 cSt, more preferably about 3.5 cSt to about 25 cSt, and even more preferably about 2 cSt to about 8 cSt.
  • Group V base oils useful in this disclosure preferably comprise an ester at a concentration of about 2% to about 20%, preferably from about 5% to about 15%.
  • esters derived from renewable material such as coconut, palm, rapeseed, soy, sunflower and the like. These esters may be monoesters, di-esters, polyol esters, complex esters, or mixtures thereof. These esters are widely available commercially, for example, the Mobil P-51 ester of ExxonMobil Chemical Company.
  • Engine oil formulations containing renewable esters are included in this disclosure.
  • the renewable content of the ester is typically greater than about 70 weight percent, preferably more than about 80 weight percent and most preferably more than about 90 weight percent.
  • Other useful fluids of lubricating viscosity include non-conventional or unconventional base stocks that have been processed, preferably catalytically, or synthesized to provide high performance lubrication characteristics.
  • Non-conventional or unconventional base stocks/base oils include one or more of a mixture of base stock(s) derived from one or more Gas-to-Liquids (GTL) materials, as well as isomerate/isodewaxate base stock(s) derived from natural wax or waxy feeds, mineral and or non-mineral oil waxy feed stocks such as slack waxes, natural waxes, and waxy stocks such as gas oils, waxy fuels hydrocracker bottoms, waxy raffinate, hydrocrackate, thermal crackates, or other mineral, mineral oil, or even non-petroleum oil derived waxy materials such as waxy materials received from coal liquefaction or shale oil, and mixtures of such base stocks.
  • GTL Gas-to-Liquids
  • GTL materials are materials that are derived via one or more synthesis, combination, transformation, rearrangement, and/or degradation/deconstructive processes from gaseous carbon-containing compounds, hydrogen-containing compounds and/or elements as feed stocks such as hydrogen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, water, methane, ethane, ethylene, acetylene, propane, propylene, propyne, butane, butylenes, and butynes.
  • GTL base stocks and/or base oils are GTL materials of lubricating viscosity that are generally derived from hydrocarbons; for example, waxy synthesized hydrocarbons, that are themselves derived from simpler gaseous carbon-containing compounds, hydrogen-containing compounds and/or elements as feed stocks.
  • GTL base stock(s) and/or base oil(s) include oils boiling in the lube oil boiling range (1) separated/fractionated from synthesized GTL materials such as, for example, by distillation and subsequently subjected to a final wax processing step which involves either or both of a catalytic dewaxing process, or a solvent dewaxing process, to produce lube oils of reduced/low pour point; (2) synthesized wax isomerates, comprising, for example, hydrodewaxed or hydroisomerized cat and/or solvent dewaxed synthesized wax or waxy hydrocarbons; (3) hydrodewaxed or hydroisomerized cat and/or solvent dewaxed Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) material (i.e., hydrocarbons, waxy hydrocarbons, waxes and possible analogous oxygenates); preferably hydrodewaxed or hydroisomerized/followed by cat and/or solvent dewaxing dewaxed F-T waxy hydrocarbons, or hydrodewaxed
  • GTL base stock(s) and/or base oil(s) derived from GTL materials are characterized typically as having kinematic viscosities at 100°C of from about 2 mm 2 /s to about 50 mm 2 /s (ASTM D445). They are further characterized typically as having pour points of -5°C to about -40°C or lower (ASTM D97). They are also characterized typically as having viscosity indices of about 80 to about 140 or greater (ASTM D2270).
  • GTL base stock and/or base oil and/or wax isomerate base stock and/or base oil is to be understood as embracing individual fractions of such materials of wide viscosity range as recovered in the production process, mixtures of two or more of such fractions, as well as mixtures of one or two or more low viscosity fractions with one, two or more higher viscosity fractions to produce a blend wherein the blend exhibits a target kinematic viscosity.
  • the GTL material, from which the GTL base stock(s) and/or base oil(s) is/are derived is preferably an F-T material (i.e., hydrocarbons, waxy hydrocarbons, wax).
  • GTL base stock(s) and/or base oil(s) are typically highly paraffinic (>90% saturates), and may contain mixtures of monocycloparaffins and multicycloparaffins in combination with non-cyclic isoparaffins.
  • the ratio of the naphthenic (i.e., cycloparaffin) content in such combinations varies with the catalyst and temperature used.
  • GTL base stock(s) and/or base oil(s) and hydrodewaxed, or hydroisomerized/cat (and/or solvent) dewaxed base stock(s) and/or base oil(s) typically have very low sulfur and nitrogen content, generally containing less than about 10 ppm, and more typically less than about 5 ppm of each of these elements.
  • the sulfur and nitrogen content of GTL base stock(s) and/or base oil(s) obtained from F-T material, especially F-T wax, is essentially nil.
  • the absence of phosphorous and aromatics make this material especially suitable for the formulation of low sulfur, sulfated ash, and phosphorus (low SAP) products.
  • Base oils for use in the formulated lubricating oils useful in the present disclosure are any of the variety of oils corresponding to API Group I, Group II, Group III, Group IV, and Group V oils and mixtures thereof, preferably API Group II, Group III, Group IV, and Group V oils and mixtures thereof, more preferably the Group III to Group V base oils due to their exceptional volatility, stability, viscometric and cleanliness features.
  • the above base stocks when used in combination with the additive components disclosed in this disclosure can be used to formulate SAE 0W-8, SAE 0W-12, SAE 0W-16, SAE 0W-20, SAE 0W-30, SAE 0W-40, SAE 5W-12, SAE 5W-16, SAE 5W-20, SAE 5W-30, and SAE 10W-40 products with exceptional LSPI performance.
  • These base stocks when used in combination with the additive components disclosed in this disclosure are particularly effective in formulating SAE 0W-8, SAE 0W-12, SAE 0W-16, SAE 0W-20, SAE 0W-30, SAE 0W-40, and SAE 5W-30 oils with exceptional LSPI performance.
  • the base oil constitutes the major component of the engine oil lubricant composition of the present disclosure and typically is present in an amount ranging from about 50 to about 99 weight percent, preferably from about 70 to about 95 weight percent, and more preferably from about 85 to about 95 weight percent, based on the total weight of the composition.
  • the base oil may be selected from any of the synthetic or natural oils typically used as crankcase lubricating oils for spark-ignited and compression-ignited engines.
  • the base oil conveniently has a kinematic viscosity, according to ASTM standards, of about 2.5 cSt to about 12 cSt (or mm 2 /s) at 100°C and preferably of about 2.5 cSt to about 9 cSt (or mm 2 /s) at 100°C, and more preferably of about 3.5 cSt to about 7 cSt (or mm 2 /s) at 100°C and even more preferred in some applications of 3.5 cSt to about 5 cSt (or mm 2 /s) at 100°C.
  • Mixtures of synthetic and natural base oils may be used if desired.
  • Mixtures of Group III, IV, and V may be preferably used if desired.
  • Dispersants help keep these byproducts in solution, thus diminishing their deposition on metal surfaces.
  • Dispersants used in the formulation of the lubricating oil may be ashless or ash-forming in nature.
  • the dispersant is ashless.
  • So called ashless dispersants are organic materials that form substantially no ash or little ash upon combustion.
  • non-metal-containing or borated metal-free dispersants are considered ashless.
  • metal-containing detergents discussed above form ash upon combustion.
  • At least one boron-containing compound is useful in this disclosure.
  • the boron-containing compound comprises at least one borated dispersant, or a mixture of a boron-containing compound and a non-borated or a borated dispersant.
  • Effective ranges of boron in the formulation from the borated dispersant or other boron containing additive(s) range from 30 ppm to 1500 ppm or more preferred range of from 60 ppm to 1000ppm or most preferred range of from 120 ppm to 600 ppm.
  • the boron-containing compound includes, for example, a borated succinimide, a borated succinate ester, a borated succinate ester amide, a borated Mannich base, and mixtures thereof.
  • the non-borated dispersant includes, for example, a hydrocarbyl succinic anhydride derived succinimide or succinate ester with a coupling agent, wherein the coupling agent comprises a boron-containing compound.
  • boron is provided to the lubricating oil by a mixture of an organic or inorganic boron-containing compound and a borated succinimide, and/or boron-containing compound and a hydrocarbyl succinimide and/or a borated succinimide, a borated succinate ester, a borated succinate ester amide, a Mannich base ester, or mixtures thereof.
  • the borated succinimide is preferably a mono succinimide, bis-succinimide, or a mixture thereof.
  • Effective boron containing compounds include borated hydrocarbyl succinimides, including those derived for hydrocarbyl sources where number average molecular weight (M n ) is between 50 and 5000 Daltons, borated hydrocarbyl succinates, borated hydrocarbyl substituted Mannich bases, borated alcohols, borated alkoxylated alcohols, borated hydrocarbyl diols, borated hydrocarbyl amines, borated hydrocarbyl diamines, borated hydrocarbyl triamines, borated alkoxylated hydrocarbyl amines, borated alkoxylated hydrocarbyl amides, borated hydrocarbyl containing hydroxyl esters, borated hydrocarbyl substituted oxazolines, borated hydrocarbyl substituted imidazolones, and the like and mixtures of organic borates.
  • M n number average molecular weight
  • Borates of -N-H, and/or -OH derived moieties can also be used. These borates can be inorganic, or organic moiety derived borates. Borates can be prepared using boric acid, borated alcohols and the like. These borates can be used at concentrations to provide 30 to 1500 ppm boron, 60-1200 ppm boron in the engine oil formulations, 60-240 ppm boron, 240-1200 ppm boron, 240-500 ppm boron, or 60-120 ppm boron to produce unexpected surprising improvement in LSPI performance, as desired.
  • the ratio of total zinc from the zinc-containing compound and antiwear agent plus total alkaline earth metal from the detergent divided by the total boron from the boron-containing compound and borated dispersant, in the lubricating oil, is from about 9.2 to 45, preferably from about 11 to 15.
  • Suitable dispersants typically contain a polar group attached to a relatively high molecular weight hydrocarbon chain.
  • the polar group typically contains at least one element of nitrogen, oxygen, or phosphorus.
  • Typical hydrocarbon chains contain 50 to 400 carbon atoms. In some exemplifications, the hydrocarbon chain can range from 6 to 50 carbon atoms.
  • dispersants may be characterized as phenates, sulfonates, sulfurized phenates, salicylates, naphthenates, stearates, carbamates, thiocarbamates, phosphorus derivatives.
  • a particularly useful class of dispersants are the alkenylsuccinic derivatives, typically produced by the reaction of a long chain hydrocarbyl substituted succinic compound, usually a hydrocarbyl substituted succinic anhydride, with a polyhydroxy or polyamino compound.
  • the long chain hydrocarbyl group constituting the oleophilic portion of the molecule which confers solubility in the oil is normally a polyisobutylene group.
  • Hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic acid and hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydride derivatives are useful dispersants.
  • succinimide, succinate esters, or succinate ester amides prepared by the reaction of a hydrocarbon-substituted succinic acid compound preferably having at least 50 carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon substituent, with at least one equivalent of an alkylene amine are particularly useful, although on occasion, having a hydrocarbon substituent between 20-50 carbon atoms can be useful.
  • Succinimides are formed by the condensation reaction between hydrocarbyl substituted succinic anhydrides and amines.
  • Molar ratios can vary depending on the polyamine. For example, the molar ratio of hydrocarbyl substituted succinic anhydride to ethylene amines (e.g., Diethylene triamine, triethylene tetraamine, tetraethylene pentaamine, hexaethylene heptamine, heptaethylene octaamine, and the like)
  • ethylene amines containing Tetraethylene Pentaamine (TEPA) are often preferred.
  • High molecular weight polyethylene amine bottoms comprising hexaethylene heptamine, and heptaethylene octaamine can also be used.
  • the ratio of hydrocarbyl substituted succinic anhydride to polyethylene aminescan vary from about 1:1 to about 5:1. Representative examples are shown in U.S. Patent Nos. 3,087,936 ; 3,172,892 ; 3,219,666 ; 3,272,746 ; 3,322,670 ; and 3,652,616 , 3,948,800 ; and Canada Patent No. 1,094,044 .
  • Succinate esters are formed by the condensation reaction between hydrocarbyl substituted succinic anhydrides and alcohols or polyols. Molar ratios can vary depending on the alcohol or polyol used. For example, the condensation product of a hydrocarbyl substituted succinic anhydride and pentaerythritol is a useful dispersant.
  • Succinate ester amides are formed by condensation reaction between hydrocarbyl substituted succinic anhydrides and alkanol amines.
  • suitable alkanol amines include ethoxylated polyalkylpolyamines, propoxylated polyalkylpolyamines and polyalkenylpolyamines such as polyethylene polyamines.
  • propoxylated hexamethylenediamine Representative examples are shown in U.S. Patent No. 4,426,305 .
  • the molecular weight of the hydrocarbyl substituted succinic anhydrides used in the preceding paragraphs will typically range between 800 and 2,500 Daltons or more.
  • the above products can be post-reacted with various reagents such as sulfur, oxygen, formaldehyde, carboxylic acids such as oleic acid.
  • the above products can also be post reacted with boron compounds such as boric acid, borate esters or highly borated dispersants, to form borated dispersants generally having from about 0.1 to about 5 moles of boron per mole of dispersant reaction product.
  • Mannich base dispersants are made from the reaction of alkylphenols, formaldehyde, and amines. See U.S. Patent No. 4,767,551 , which is incorporated herein by reference. Process aids and catalysts, such as oleic acid and sulfonic acids, can also be part of the reaction mixture. Molecular weights of the alkylphenols range from 800 to 2,500. Representative examples are shown in U.S. Patent Nos. 3,697,574 ; 3,703,536 ; 3,704,308 ; 3,751,365 ; 3,756,953 ; 3,798,165 ; and 3,803,039 .
  • Typical high molecular weight aliphatic acid modified Mannich condensation products useful in this disclosure can be prepared from high molecular weight alkyl-substituted hydroxyaromatics or HN® 2 group-containing reactants.
  • Hydrocarbyl substituted amine ashless dispersant additives are well known to one skilled in the art; see, for example, U.S. Patent Nos. 3,275,554 ; 3,438,757 ; 3,565,804 ; 3,755,433 , 3,822,209 , and 5,084,197 .
  • Preferred dispersants include borated succinimides, including those derivatives from mono-succinimides, bis-succinimides, and/or mixtures of mono- and bis-succinimides, wherein the hydrocarbyl succinimide is derived from a hydrocarbylene group such as polyisobutylene having a M n of from about 500 to about 5000 Daltons, or from about 1000 to about 3000 Daltons, or about 1000 to about 2000 Daltons, or a mixture of such hydrocarbylene groups, often with high terminal vinylic groups.
  • a hydrocarbylene group such as polyisobutylene having a M n of from about 500 to about 5000 Daltons, or from about 1000 to about 3000 Daltons, or about 1000 to about 2000 Daltons, or a mixture of such hydrocarbylene groups, often with high terminal vinylic groups.
  • Preferred dispersants useful in this disclosure are characterized having a M n of about 800 to 1700 Daltons for low molecular weight, and a M n of about 1700 to about 5000 Daltons or greater for high molecular weight.
  • Other preferred dispersants include succinic acid-esters and amides, alkylphenol-polyamine-coupled Mannich adducts, their capped derivatives, and other related components. Such additives may be used in an amount of 0.1 to 20 weight percent, preferably about 0.5 to 8 weight percent, or more preferably 0.5 to 4 weight percent.
  • the hydrocarbon portion of the dispersant atoms can range from C 60 to C 400 , or from C 70 to C 300 , or from C 70 to C 200 .
  • dispersants may contain both neutral and basic nitrogen, and mixtures of both.
  • the ratio of basic to non-basic nitrogen in the dispersant can range from 1 to 5, to 5 to 1 or more preferably from 1 to 2, to 2 to 1.
  • Dispersants can be end-capped by borates and/or cyclic carbonates and or any carboxylic acid such as hydrocarbyl carboxylic acids or hydrocarbyl carboxylic acid anhydrides.
  • an engine exhibits greater than 50%, preferably greater than about 70%, and more preferably greater than about 80%, reduced low speed pre-ignition, based on normalized low speed pre-ignition (LSPI) counts per 25,000 engine cycles, engine operation at 2000 revolutions per minute (RPM) and brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) at 18 bar, as compared to low speed pre-ignition performance achieved in an engine using a lubricating oil containing a minor component other than the at least one boron-containing compound, and in an amount other than the amount of the at least one boron-containing compound, in the lubricating oil.
  • LSPI normalized low speed pre-ignition
  • RPM revolutions per minute
  • BMEP brake mean effective pressure
  • Similar or even greater reduced low speed pre-ignition can be attained using mixtures of the at least one boron-containing compound with at least one detergent, preferably a magnesium containing detergent, and/or with at least one zinc-containing compound or at least one antiwear agent, as described herein.
  • the dispersant concentrations are given on an “as delivered” basis.
  • the active dispersant is delivered with a process oil.
  • the "as delivered” dispersant typically contains from about 20 weight percent to about 80 weight percent, or from about 40 weight percent to about 60 weight percent, of active dispersant in the "as delivered" dispersant product.
  • Illustrative detergents useful in this disclosure include, for example, alkaline earth metal detergents, or mixtures of alkaline earth metal detergents.
  • a typical alkaline earth metal detergent is an anionic material that contains a long chain hydrophobic portion of the molecule and a smaller anionic or oleophobic hydrophilic portion of the molecule.
  • the anionic portion of the detergent is derived from an organic acid such as a sulfur acid, carboxylic acid, phosphorous acid, phenol, or mixtures thereof.
  • the counterion is an alkaline earth metal.
  • the detergent comprises at least one alkaline earth metal salt of an organic acid, and the at least one alkaline earth metal salt of an organic acid comprises at least one magnesium salt of an organic acid.
  • Preferred detergents useful in the lubricating oils of this disclosure are selected from the group consisting of an alkaline earth metal sulfonate, an alkaline earth metal carboxylate (e.g., salicylate), an alkaline earth metal phenate, an alkaline earth metal phosphate, and mixtures thereof.
  • the alkaline earth metal sulfonate, alkaline earth metal carboxylate, alkaline earth metal phenate, alkaline earth metal phosphate, and mixtures thereof, and the amount of the alkaline earth metal sulfonate, alkaline earth metal carboxylate, alkaline earth metal phenate, alkaline earth metal phosphate, and mixtures thereof in the lubricating oil, are sufficient for the engine to exhibit reduced low speed pre-ignition, as compared to low speed pre-ignition performance achieved in an engine using a lubricating oil containing a detergent other than the alkaline earth metal sulfonate, alkaline earth metal carboxylate, alkaline earth metal phenate, alkaline earth metal phosphate, and mixtures thereof, and in an amount other than the amount of the alkaline earth metal sulfonate, alkaline earth metal carboxylate, alkaline earth metal phenate, alkaline earth metal phosphate, and mixtures thereof, in the lubricating oil.
  • alkaline earth metal detergents useful in this disclosure can be prepared by convention methods known in the art.
  • Alkaline earth metal sulfonates are a preferred class of detergents.
  • Sulfur acids useful in preparing the alkaline earth metal sulfonates include sulfonic acids, thiosulfonic, sulfinic, sulfenic, partial ester sulfuric, sulfurous and thiosulfuric acids. Sulfonic acids are preferred.
  • the sulfonic acids are generally petroleum sulfonic acids or synthetically prepared alkaryl sulfonic acids.
  • the most useful products are those prepared by the sulfonation of suitable petroleum fractions with a subsequent removal of acid sludge, and purification.
  • Synthetic alkaryl sulfonic acids are prepared usually from alkylated benzenes such as the Friedel-Crafts reaction products of benzene and polymers such as tetrapropylene.
  • alkylated benzenes such as the Friedel-Crafts reaction products of benzene and polymers such as tetrapropylene.
  • the following are specific examples of sulfonic acids useful in preparing the alkaline earth metal sulfonate detergents useful in this disclosure.
  • Such sulfonic acids include mahogany sulfonic acids, bright stock sulfonic acids, petrolatum sulfonic acids, mono- and polywax-substituted naphthalene sulfonic acids, cetylchlorobenzene sulfonic acids, cetylphenol sulfonic acids, cetylphenol disulfide sulfonic acids, cetoxycapryl benzene sulfonic acids, dicetyl thianthrene sulfonic acids, dilauryl beta-naphthol sulfonic acids, dicapryl nitronaphthalene sulfonic acids, saturated paraffin wax sulfonic acids, unsaturated paraffin wax sulfonic acids, hydroxy-substituted paraffin wax sulfonic acids, tetra-isobutylene sulfonic acids, tetra-amylene sulfonic acids, chloro-substitute
  • Alkyl-substituted benzene sulfonic acids wherein the alkyl group contains at least 8 carbon atoms including dodecyl benzene "bottoms" sulfonic acids are useful in this disclosure.
  • the latter are acids derived from benzene which has been alkylated with propylene tetramers or isobutene trimers to introduce 1, 2, 3, or more branched-chain C 12 substituents on the benzene ring.
  • Dodecyl benzene bottoms principally mixtures of mono- and di-dodecyl benzenes, are available as by-products from the manufacture of household detergents.
  • Preferred alkaline earth metal sulfonates include magnesium sulfonate, calcium sulfonate, and mixtures thereof.
  • Alkaline earth phenates are a useful class of detergents. These detergents can be made by reacting alkaline earth metal hydroxide or oxide (CaO, Ca(OH) 2 , BaO, Ba(OH) 2 , MgO, Mg(OH) 2 , for example) with an alkyl phenol or sulfurized alkylphenol.
  • alkaline earth metal hydroxide or oxide Ca(OH) 2 , BaO, Ba(OH) 2 , MgO, Mg(OH) 2
  • Useful alkyl groups include straight chain or branched C 1 -C 30 alkyl groups, preferably, C 4 -C 20 or mixtures thereof. Examples of suitable phenols include isobutylphenol, 2-ethylhexylphenol, nonylphenol, dodecyl phenol, and the like.
  • starting alkylphenols may contain more than one alkyl substituent that are each independently straight chain or branched and can be used from 0.5 to 6 weight percent.
  • the sulfurized product may be obtained by methods well known in the art. These methods include heating a mixture of alkylphenol and sulfurizing agent (including elemental sulfur, sulfur halides such as sulfur dichloride, and the like) and then reacting the sulfurized phenol with an alkaline earth metal base.
  • Preferred phenate compounds include, for example, magnesium phenate, calcium phenate, an overbased phenate compound, a sulfurized/carbonated calcium phenate compound, and mixtures thereof.
  • Alkaline earth metal salts of carboxylic acids are also useful as detergents. These carboxylic acid detergents may be prepared by reacting a basic alkaline earth metal compound with at least one carboxylic acid and removing free water from the reaction product. These compounds may be overbased to produce the desired TBN level.
  • Detergents made from salicylic acid are one preferred class of detergents derived from carboxylic acids.
  • Useful salicylates include long chain alkyl salicylates.
  • R is an alkyl group having 1 to about 30 carbon atoms
  • n is an integer from 1 to 4
  • M is an alkaline earth metal.
  • R groups are alkyl chains of at least C 11 , preferably C 13 or greater.
  • R may be optionally substituted with substituents that do not interfere with the detergent's function.
  • M is preferably, calcium, magnesium, or barium. More preferably, M is calcium or magnesium.
  • Hydrocarbyl-substituted salicylic acids may be prepared from phenols by the Kolbe reaction (see U.S. Patent No. 3,595,791 ).
  • the alkaline earth metal salts of the hydrocarbyl-substituted salicylic acids may be prepared by double decomposition of an alkaline earth metal salt in a polar solvent such as water or alcohol.
  • Preferred carboxylate compounds comprise a noncarbonated magnesium salicylate (carboxylate); a carbonated magnesium salicylate (carboxylate); a noncarbonated calcium salicylate (carboxylate); a carbonated calcium salicylate (carboxylate); and mixtures thereof.
  • Salts that contain a substantially stoichiometric amount of the alkaline earth metal are described as neutral salts and have a total base number (TBN, as measured by ASTM D2896) of from 0 to 100.
  • TBN total base number
  • Many compositions are overbased, containing large amounts of a metal base that is achieved by reacting an excess of an alkaline earth metal compound with an acidic gas (such as carbon dioxide).
  • Useful detergents can be neutral, mildly overbased, or highly overbased. These detergents can be used in mixtures of neutral, overbased, highly overbased magnesium salicylate, sulfonates, phenates and/or calcium salicylate, sulfonates, and phenates.
  • the TBN ranges can vary from low TBN of about 0 to 100, medium TBN of about 100 to 200, and high TBN of about 200 to as high as 600.
  • Mixtures of low, medium, high TBN can be used, along with mixtures of calcium and magnesium metal based detergents, and including sulfonates, phenates, salicylates, and carboxylates.
  • Further examples of mixed TBN detergents can be found as described in U.S. Patent No. 7,704,930 , which is incorporated herein by reference.
  • a detergent mixture with a metal ratio of 1, in conjunction of a detergent with a metal ratio of 2, and as high as a detergent with a metal ratio of 5 or 10 or 15, can be used. Borated detergents can also be used.
  • Alkaline earth metal phosphates may also be used as detergents and are known in the art.
  • Detergents may be simple detergents or what is known as hybrid or complex detergents. The latter detergents can provide the properties of two detergents without the need to blend separate materials. See U.S. Patent No. 6,034,039 .
  • Suitable detergents include magnesium sulfonates, calcium sulfonates, calcium phenates, magnesium phenates, calcium salicylates, magnesium salicylates, and other related components (including borated detergents), and mixtures thereof.
  • Preferred detergents include magnesium sulfonate, calcium sulfonate, magnesium phenate, calcium phenate, magnesium salicylate, calcium salicylate, and mixtures thereof.
  • alkaline earth metal detergents include, for example, alkali metal detergents, or mixtures of alkali metal detergents.
  • the detergent ratio of magnesium metal to calcium metal ranges from about 1:0 to about 1:10, preferably from about 1:0 to about 1:4.
  • the magnesium and alkaline earth metal contributed by the detergent is present in the lubricating oil in an amount from about 500 ppm to about 5000 ppm, preferably from about 1000 ppm to about 2500 ppm.
  • the magnesium contributed by the detergent is present in the lubricating oil in an amount from about 100 ppm to about 3000 ppm, preferably from about 300 ppm to about 2500 ppm, more preferably from about 750 ppm to about 2000 ppm.
  • the total base number (TBN), as measured by ASTM D2896, contributed by the detergent ranges from about 2 mg KOH/g to about 17 mg KOH/g, preferably from about 4 mg KOH/g to about 14 mg KOH/g.
  • the TBN contributed by the magnesium detergent ranges from about 2 mg KOH/g to about 17 mg KOH/g, preferably from about 3 mg KOH/g to about 14 mg KOH/g, more preferably from about 5 mg KOH/g to about 10 mg KOH/g.
  • the sulfated ash contributed by the detergent ranges from about 0.4 to about 1.7 wt%, preferably from about 0.5 to about 1.6 wt%, and more preferably from about 0.6 to about 1.0 wt%.
  • the sulfated ash contributed by the magnesium detergent ranges from about 0.3 to about 1.8 wt%, preferably from about 0.4 to about 1.6 wt%, and more preferably from about 0.6 to about 1.0 wt%.
  • the lubricating engine oil of this disclosure preferably contains less than about 1.6 percent by weight sulfated ash and/or more preferably contains less than about 4000 ppm of magnesium.
  • an engine exhibits greater than about 50%, preferably greater than about 75%, and more preferably greater than about 95%, reduced low speed pre-ignition, based on normalized low speed pre-ignition (LSPI) counts per 25,000 engine cycles, engine operation at 2000 revolutions per minute (RPM) and brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) at 18 bar, as compared to low speed pre-ignition performance achieved in an engine using a lubricating oil containing a minor component other than the at least one boron-containing compound and at least one detergent, and in an amount other than the amount of the at least one boron-containing compound and at least one detergent, in the lubricating oil.
  • LSPI normalized low speed pre-ignition
  • RPM revolutions per minute
  • BMEP brake mean effective pressure
  • the detergent concentration in the lubricating oils of this disclosure ranges from 1.0 to 6.0 weight percent, preferably about 2.0 to 5.0 weight percent, and more preferably from about 2.0 weight percent to about 4.0 weight percent, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil.
  • the amount of alkaline earth metal sulfonate preferably can range from about 0.5 to about 2.5 weight percent, preferably from about 0.5 to about 2.0 weight percent, and more preferably from about 0.5 to about 1.5 weight percent, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil.
  • the amount of alkaline earth metal phenate preferably can range from about 0.5 to about 2.5 weight percent, preferably from about 0.5 to about 2.0 weight percent, and more preferably from about 0.5 to about 1.5 weight percent, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil.
  • the amount of alkaline earth metal carboxylate can range from about 1.0 to about 4.0 weight percent, preferably from about 1.0 to about 3.0 weight percent, and more preferably from about 1.5 to about 2.5 weight percent, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil.
  • the amount of alkaline earth metal phosphate can range from about 1.0 to about 4.0 weight percent, preferably from about 1.0 to about 3.0 weight percent, and more preferably from about 1.5 to about 2.5 weight percent, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil.
  • the detergent concentrations are given on an “as delivered” basis.
  • the active detergent is delivered with a process oil.
  • the "as delivered” detergent typically contains from about 20 weight percent to about 80 weight percent, or from about 40 weight percent to about 60 weight percent, of active detergent in the "as delivered” detergent product.
  • a metal alkylthiophosphate and more particularly a metal dialkyl dithio phosphate in which the metal constituent is zinc, or zinc dialkyl dithio phosphate is a useful component of the lubricating oils of this disclosure.
  • ZDDP can be derived from primary alcohols, secondary alcohols or mixtures thereof.
  • the preferred ZDDP compounds generally are represented by the formula Zn[SP(S)(OR 1 )(OR 2 )] 2 wherein R 1 and R 2 are independently primary or secondary C 1 to C 8 alkyl groups.
  • a mixture of primary alcohol (1°) derived ZDDP and secondary alcohol (2°) derived ZDDP can be used.
  • R 1 and R 2 substituents can independently be C 1 -C 18 alkyl groups, preferably C 2 -C 12 alkyl groups.
  • R 1 and R 2 are independently primary or secondary C 1 to C 8 alkyl groups, provided at least one of R 1 and R 2 is a secondary C 1 to C 8 alkyl group.
  • Mixtures of primary alcohol derived ZDDP and secondary alcohol derived ZDDP, where R 1 and R 2 are C 1 to C 8 alkyl groups can be used. These alkyl groups may be straight chain or branched. Alkyl aryl groups may also be used.
  • Preferable zinc dithiophosphates which are commercially available include secondary zinc dithiophosphates such as those available from for example, The Lubrizol Corporation under the trade designations "LZ 677A”, “LZ 1095”, “LZ 1389” and “LZ 1371”, from for example Chevron Oronite under the trade designation "OLOA 262” from for example Afton Chemical under the trade designation "HITEC 7169", and from for example Infineum under the trade designation Infineum C9417, and Infineum C9414.
  • the primary or secondary C 1 to C 8 alkyl groups of the zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate compound are derived in part from an alcohol selected from the group consisting of: 2-propanol (C3), 1-butanol (n-C4), 1-isobutanol (1-i-C4), 2-butanol (2-C4), 1-pentanol (primary C-5), 3-methyl-1-butanol (primary C-5), 2-pentanol (i-C5), 3-pentanol (C5), 3-methyl-2-butanol (C5), 1-hexanol (primary C6), 4-methyl-1-pentanol (primary C6), 4-methyl-2-pentanol (i-C6), and 2-ethyl-1-hexanol (primary C8), and mixtures thereof.
  • an alcohol selected from the group consisting of: 2-propanol (C3), 1-butanol (n-C4), 1-isobutanol (1-i-
  • ZDDP derived from alcohols having an average carbon number of 5 and less are desirable. In some cases ZDDP derived from alcohols having an average carbon number of greater than 5 are desirable.
  • Table 1 below shows alcohol mixtures used to make ZDDP which can be advantageously used in this invention. Table 1.
  • the R 1 and R 2 primary or secondary alkyl groups of the zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate compound, and the amount of the zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate compound having the R 1 and R 2 primary or secondary alkyl groups in the lubricating oil, are sufficient for an engine to exhibit reduced low speed pre-ignition, as compared to low speed pre-ignition performance achieved in an engine using a lubricating oil containing a minor component other than the particular zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate compound, and in an amount other than the amount of the particular zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate compound, in the lubricating oil.
  • the ZDDP can be used in amounts of from about 0.4 weight percent to about 1.2 weight percent, preferably from about 0.5 weight percent to about 1.0 weight percent, and more preferably from about 0.6 weight percent to about 0.8 weight percent, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil, although more or less can often be used advantageously.
  • the ZDDP is a mixture of a primary alcohol derived ZDDP and, secondary alcohol derived ZDDP or a ZDDP derived from a mixture of primary alcohols and secondary alcohols, and present in an amount of from about 0.6 to 1.0 weight percent of the total weight of the lubricating oil.
  • the zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate compounds having the R 1 and R 2 primary or secondary alkyl groups are present in an amount of from about 0.1 weight percent to about 5.0 weight percent, preferably from about 0.1 to about 1.2 weight percent, and more preferably from about 0.2 to about 0.8 weight percent, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil.
  • the zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate compounds having the R 1 and R 2 primary or secondary alkyl groups are present in an amount of from about 0.1 weight percent to about 5.0 weight percent, preferably from about 0.1 to about 1.2 weight percent, and more preferably from about 0.2 to about 0.8 weight percent, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil.
  • the zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate compound is derived from a C 3 to C 8 secondary alcohol, or a mixture thereof. Also, preferably, the zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate compound is derived from a mixture of a C 1 to C 8 primary alcohol and a C 1 to C 8 secondary alcohol.
  • the zinc content contributed by the zinc-containing compound or antiwear agent in the lubricating oil ranges from about 500 ppm to about 2000 ppm, preferably from about 600 ppm to about 900 ppm.
  • the phosphorus content contributed by the zinc-containing compound or antiwear agent in the lubricating oil ranges from about 400 ppm to about 2000 ppm, preferably from about 500 ppm to about 900 ppm.
  • the phosphorus derived from the secondary ZDDP is preferably from 0 to 900 ppm and more preferably from 400 to 900 ppm.
  • the zinc to phosphorus ratio in the lubricating oil ranges from about 1.0 to about 2.0, preferably from about 1.05 to about 1.9.
  • the ratio of total metals provided by the detergent to total metals provided by the zinc-containing compound and antiwear agent is from about 0.8 to 4.8, preferably from about 1.4 to 4.0, and more preferably from about 1.5 to 3.7.
  • Illustrative zinc-containing compounds useful in this disclosure include, for example, zinc sulfonates, zinc carboxylates, zinc acetates, zinc napthenates, zinc alkenyl succinates, zinc acid phosphate salts, zinc phenates, zinc salicylates, and the like.
  • an engine exhibits greater than about 20%, preferably greater than about 25%, and more preferably greater than about 30%, reduced low speed pre-ignition, based on normalized low speed pre-ignition (LSPI) counts per 25,000 engine cycles, engine operation at 2000 revolutions per minute (RPM) and brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) at 18 bar, as compared to low speed pre-ignition performance achieved in an engine using a lubricating oil containing a minor component other than the at least one boron-containing compound and the at least one zinc-containing compound or antiwear agent, and in an amount other than the amount of the at least one boron-containing compound and the at least one zinc-containing compound or antiwear agent, in the lubricating oil.
  • LSPI normalized low speed pre-ignition
  • RPM revolutions per minute
  • BMEP brake mean effective pressure
  • an engine exhibits greater than about 50%, preferably greater than about 75%, and more preferably greater than about 95%, reduced low speed pre-ignition, based on normalized low speed pre-ignition (LSPI) counts per 25,000 engine cycles, engine operation at 2000 revolutions per minute (RPM) and brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) at 18 bar, as compared to low speed pre-ignition performance achieved in an engine using a lubricating oil containing a minor component other than the at least one boron-containing compound, at least one detergent, and at least one zinc-containing compound or antiwear agent, and in an amount other than the amount of the at least one boron-containing compound, at least one detergent, and at least one zinc-containing compound or antiwear agent, in the lubricating oil.
  • LSPI normalized low speed pre-ignition
  • RPM revolutions per minute
  • BMEP brake mean effective pressure
  • the zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate compounds having the R 1 and R 2 primary or secondary alkyl groups in which the R 1 and R 2 primary or secondary alkyl groups are derived from 2-propanol (C3), 2-butanol (2-C4), 1-iso-butanol (1-i-C4), or n-pentanol (n-C5), are present in an amount of from about 0.1 weight percent to about 5.0 weight percent, preferably from about 0.1 to about 1.2 weight percent, and more preferably from about 0.2 to about 0.8 weight percent, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil.
  • the zinc-containing compound or antiwear agent concentration in the lubricating oils of this disclosure can range from about 0.1 to about 5.0 weight percent, preferably about 0.2 to 2.0 weight percent, and more preferably from about 0.2 weight percent to about 1.0 weight percent, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil.
  • magnesium detergents and boron containing additives only small amounts of ZDDP is needed to give exceptionally low LSPI counts.
  • magnesium and boron containing compounds as little as 0.1% to 1.0% ZDDP (100 ppm P to 1000 ppm P phosphorus in the formulated engine oil) will provide unexpected improvements in LSPI performance.
  • ZDDP levels of 1.1 to 4.0% can provide unexpected improvements in LSPI performance.
  • the formulated lubricating oil useful in the present disclosure may additionally contain one or more of the other commonly used lubricating oil performance additives including but not limited to other antiwear agents, other dispersants, other detergents, corrosion inhibitors, rust inhibitors, metal deactivators, extreme pressure additives, anti-seizure agents, wax modifiers, viscosity index improvers, viscosity modifiers, fluid-loss additives, seal compatibility agents, friction modifiers, lubricity agents, anti-staining agents, chromophoric agents, defoamants, demulsifiers, emulsifiers, densifiers, wetting agents, gelling agents, tackiness agents, colorants, and others.
  • other antiwear agents including but not limited to other antiwear agents, other dispersants, other detergents, corrosion inhibitors, rust inhibitors, metal deactivators, extreme pressure additives, anti-seizure agents, wax modifiers, viscosity index improvers, viscosity modifiers, fluid
  • Viscosity index improvers also known as VI improvers, viscosity modifiers, and viscosity improvers
  • VI improvers also known as VI improvers, viscosity modifiers, and viscosity improvers
  • Viscosity index improvers can be included in the lubricant compositions of this disclosure.
  • Viscosity index improvers provide lubricants with high and low temperature operability. These additives impart shear stability at elevated temperatures and acceptable viscosity at low temperatures.
  • Suitable viscosity index improvers include high molecular weight hydrocarbons, polyesters and viscosity index improver dispersants that function as both a viscosity index improver and a dispersant.
  • Typical molecular weights of these polymers are between about 10,000 to 1,500,000, more typically about 20,000 to 1,200,000, and even more typically between about 50,000 and 1,000,000.
  • suitable viscosity index improvers are linear or star-shaped polymers and copolymers of methacrylate, butadiene, olefins, or alkylated styrenes.
  • Polyisobutylene is a commonly used viscosity index improver.
  • Another suitable viscosity index improver is polymethacrylate (copolymers of various chain length alkyl methacrylates, for example), some formulations of which also serve as pour point depressants.
  • Other suitable viscosity index improvers include copolymers of ethylene and propylene, hydrogenated block copolymers of styrene and isoprene, and polyacrylates (copolymers of various chain length acrylates, for example). Specific examples include styrene-isoprene or styrene-butadiene based polymers of 50,000 to 200,000 molecular weight.
  • Olefin copolymers are commercially available from Chevron Oronite Company LLC under the trade designation "PARATONE®” (such as “PARATONE® 8921” and “PARATONE® 8941”); from Afton Chemical Corporation under the trade designation “HiTEC®” (such as “HiTEC® 5850B”; and from The Lubrizol Corporation under the trade designation "Lubrizol® 7067C”.
  • PARATONE® such as “PARATONE® 8921” and “PARATONE® 8941”
  • HiTEC® such as “HiTEC® 5850B”
  • Lubrizol® 7067C trade designation
  • Polyisoprene polymers are commercially available from Infineum International Limited, e.g. under the trade designation "SV200”
  • diene-styrene copolymers are commercially available from Infineum International Limited, e.g. under the trade designation "SV 260”.
  • the viscosity index improvers may be used in an amount of less than about 2.0 weight percent, preferably less than about 1.0 weight percent, and more preferably less than about 0.5 weight percent, based on the total weight of the formulated oil or lubricating engine oil. Viscosity improvers are typically added as concentrates, in large amounts of diluent oil.
  • the viscosity index improvers may be used in an amount of from 0.25 to about 2.0 weight percent, preferably 0.15 to about 1.0 weight percent, and more preferably 0.05 to about 0.5 weight percent, based on the total weight of the formulated oil or lubricating engine oil.
  • Antioxidants retard the oxidative degradation of base oils during service. Such degradation may result in deposits on metal surfaces, the presence of sludge, or a viscosity increase in the lubricant.
  • One skilled in the art knows a wide variety of oxidation inhibitors that are useful in lubricating oil compositions. See, Klamann in Lubricants and Related Products, op cite, and U.S. Patent Nos. 4,798,684 and 5,084,197 , for example.
  • Useful antioxidants include hindered phenols. These phenolic antioxidants may be ashless (metal-free) phenolic compounds or neutral or basic metal salts of certain phenolic compounds. Typical phenolic antioxidant compounds are the hindered phenolics which are the ones which contain a sterically hindered hydroxyl group, and these include those derivatives of dihydroxy aryl compounds in which the hydroxyl groups are in the o- or p-position to each other. Typical phenolic antioxidants include the hindered phenols substituted with C 6 + alkyl groups and the alkylene coupled derivatives of these hindered phenols.
  • phenolic materials of this type 2-t-butyl-4-heptyl phenol; 2-t-butyl-4-octyl phenol; 2-t-butyl-4-dodecyl phenol; 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-heptyl phenol; 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-dodecyl phenol; 2-methyl-6-t-butyl-4-heptyl phenol; and 2-methyl-6-t-butyl-4-dodecyl phenol.
  • Other useful hindered mono-phenolic antioxidants may include for example hindered 2,6-di-alkyl-phenolic propionic ester derivatives.
  • Bis-phenolic antioxidants may also be advantageously used in combination with the instant disclosure.
  • ortho-coupled phenols include: 2,2'-bis(4-heptyl-6-t-butyl-phenol); 2,2'-bis(4-octyl-6-t-butyl-phenol); and 2,2'-bis(4-dodecyl-6-t-butyl-phenol).
  • Para-coupled bisphenols include for example 4,4'-bis(2,6-di-t-butyl phenol) and 4,4'-methylene-bis(2,6-di-t-butyl phenol).
  • catalytic antioxidants comprise an effective amount of a) one or more oil soluble polymetal organic compounds; and, effective amounts of b) one or more substituted N,N'-diaryl-o-phenylenediamine compounds or c) one or more hindered phenol compounds; or a combination of both b) and c).
  • Catalytic antioxidants are more fully described in U.S. Patent No. 8,048,833 , herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • Non-phenolic oxidation inhibitors which may be used include aromatic amine antioxidants and these may be used either as such or in combination with phenolics.
  • Typical examples of non-phenolic antioxidants include: alkylated and non-alkylated aromatic amines such as aromatic monoamines of the formula R 8 R 9 R 10 N where R 8 is an aliphatic, aromatic or substituted aromatic group, R 9 is an aromatic or a substituted aromatic group, and R 10 is H, alkyl, aryl or R 11 S(O) x R 12 where R 11 is an alkylene, alkenylene, or aralkylene group, R 12 is a higher alkyl group, or an alkenyl, aryl, or alkaryl group, and x is 0, 1 or 2.
  • the aliphatic group R 8 may contain from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, and preferably contains from 6 to 12 carbon atoms.
  • the aliphatic group is a saturated aliphatic group.
  • both R 8 and R 9 are aromatic or substituted aromatic groups, and the aromatic group may be a fused ring aromatic group such as naphthyl.
  • Aromatic groups R 8 and R 9 may be joined together with other groups such as S.
  • Typical aromatic amines antioxidants have alkyl substituent groups of at least 6 carbon atoms.
  • Examples of aliphatic groups include hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, and decyl. Generally, the aliphatic groups will not contain more than 14 carbon atoms.
  • the general types of amine antioxidants useful in the present compositions include diphenylamines, phenyl naphthylamines, phenothiazines, imidodibenzyls and diphenyl phenylene diamines. Mixtures of two or more aromatic amines are also useful. Polymeric amine antioxidants can also be used.
  • aromatic amine antioxidants useful in the present disclosure include: p,p'-dioctyldiphenylamine; t-octylphenyl-alphanaphthylamine; phenyl-alphanaphthylamine; and p-octylphenyl-alphanaphthylamine.
  • Sulfurized alkyl phenols and alkali or alkaline earth metal salts thereof also are useful antioxidants.
  • Preferred antioxidants include hindered phenols, arylamines. These antioxidants may be used individually by type or in combination with one another. Such additives may be used in an amount of 0.01 to 5 weight percent, preferably 0.01 to 2 weight percent, more preferably zero to 1.5 weight percent, more preferably zero to less than 1 weight percent.
  • pour point depressants also known as lube oil flow improvers
  • pour point depressants may be added to lubricating compositions of the present disclosure to lower the minimum temperature at which the fluid will flow or can be poured.
  • suitable pour point depressants include polymethacrylates, polyacrylates, polyarylamides, condensation products of haloparaffin waxes and aromatic compounds, vinyl carboxylate polymers, and terpolymers of dialkylfumarates, vinyl esters of fatty acids and allyl vinyl ethers.
  • 1,815,022 ; 2,015,748 ; 2,191,498 ; 2,387,501 ; 2,655,479 ; 2,666,746 ; 2,721,877 ; 2,721,878 ; and 3,250,715 describe useful pour point depressants and/or the preparation thereof.
  • Such additives may be used in an amount of about 0.01 to 5 weight percent, preferably about 0.01 to 1.5 weight percent.
  • Seal compatibility agents help to swell elastomeric seals by causing a chemical reaction in the fluid or physical change in the elastomer.
  • Suitable seal compatibility agents for lubricating oils include organic phosphates, alkoxysulfolanes, aromatic esters, aromatic hydrocarbons, esters (butylbenzyl phthalate, for example), and polybutenyl succinic anhydride. Such additives may be used in an amount of about 0.01 to 3 weight percent, preferably about 0.01 to 2 weight percent.
  • Anti-foam agents may advantageously be added to lubricant compositions. These agents retard the formation of stable foams. Silicones and organic polymers are typical anti-foam agents. For example, polysiloxanes, such as silicon oil or polydimethyl siloxane, provide antifoam properties. Anti-foam agents are commercially available and may be used in conventional minor amounts along with other additives such as demulsifiers; usually the amount of these additives combined is less than 1 weight percent and often less than 0.1 weight percent.
  • Antirust additives are additives that protect lubricated metal surfaces against chemical attack by water or other contaminants. A wide variety of these are commercially available.
  • antirust additive is a polar compound that wets the metal surface preferentially, protecting it with a film of oil.
  • Another type of antirust additive absorbs water by incorporating it in a water-in-oil emulsion so that only the oil touches the metal surface.
  • Yet another type of antirust additive chemically adheres to the metal to produce a non-reactive surface.
  • suitable additives include zinc dithiophosphates, metal phenolates, basic metal sulfonates, fatty acids and amines. Such additives may be used in an amount of about 0.01 to 5 weight percent, preferably about 0.01 to 1.5 weight percent.
  • a friction modifier is any material or materials that can alter the coefficient of friction of a surface lubricated by any lubricant or fluid containing such material(s).
  • Friction modifiers also known as friction reducers, or lubricity agents or oiliness agents, and other such agents that change the ability of base oils, formulated lubricant compositions, or functional fluids, to modify the coefficient of friction of a lubricated surface may be effectively used in combination with the base oils or lubricant compositions of the present disclosure if desired. Friction modifiers that lower the coefficient of friction are particularly advantageous in combination with the base oils and lube compositions of this disclosure.
  • Illustrative friction modifiers may include, for example, organometallic compounds or materials, or mixtures thereof.
  • Illustrative organometallic friction modifiers useful in the lubricating engine oil formulations of this disclosure include, for example, molybdenum amine, molybdenum diamine, an organotungstenate, a molybdenum dithiocarbamate, molybdenum dithiophosphates, molybdenum amine complexes, molybdenum carboxylates, and the like, and mixtures thereof. Similar tungsten based compounds may be preferable.
  • illustrative friction modifiers useful in the lubricating engine oil formulations of this disclosure include, for example, alkoxylated fatty acid esters, alkanolamides, polyol fatty acid esters, borated glycerol fatty acid esters, fatty alcohol ethers, and mixtures thereof.
  • Illustrative alkoxylated fatty acid esters include, for example, polyoxyethylene stearate, fatty acid polyglycol ester, and the like. These can include polyoxypropylene stearate, polyoxybutylene stearate, polyoxyethylene isosterate, polyoxypropylene isostearate, polyoxyethylene palmitate, and the like.
  • Illustrative alkanolamides include, for example, lauric acid diethylalkanolamide, palmic acid diethylalkanolamide, and the like. These can include oleic acid diethyalkanolamide, stearic acid diethylalkanolamide, oleic acid diethylalkanolamide, polyethoxylated hydrocarbylamides, polypropoxylated hydrocarbylamides, and the like.
  • Illustrative polyol fatty acid esters include, for example, glycerol mono-oleate, saturated mono-, di-, and tri-glyceride esters, glycerol monostearate, and the like. These can include polyol esters, hydroxyl-containing polyol esters, and the like.
  • Illustrative borated glycerol fatty acid esters include, for example, borated glycerol mono-oleate, borated saturated mono-, di-, and tri-glyceride esters, borated glycerol mono-sterate, and the like.
  • glycerol polyols these can include trimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol, sorbitan, and the like.
  • esters can be polyol monocarboxylate esters, polyol dicarboxylate esters, and on occasion polyoltricarboxylate esters.
  • Preferred can be the glycerol mono-oleates, glycerol dioleates, glycerol trioleates, glycerol monostearates, glycerol distearates, and glycerol tristearates and the corresponding glycerol monopalmitates, glycerol dipalmitates, and glycerol tripalmitates, and the respective isostearates, linoleates, and the like.
  • the glycerol esters can be preferred as well as mixtures containing any of these. Ethoxylated, propoxylated, butoxylated fatty acid esters of polyols, especially using glycerol as underlying polyol can be preferred.
  • Illustrative fatty alcohol ethers include, for example, stearyl ether, myristyl ether, and the like. Alcohols, including those that have carbon numbers from C 3 to C 50 , can be ethoxylated, propoxylated, or butoxylated to form the corresponding fatty alkyl ethers.
  • the underlying alcohol portion can preferably be stearyl, myristyl, C 11 - C 13 hydrocarbon, oleyl, isosteryl, and the like.
  • Useful concentrations of friction modifiers may range from 0.01 weight percent to 5 weight percent, or about 0.1 weight percent to about 2.5 weight percent, or about 0.1 weight percent to about 1.5 weight percent, or about 0.1 weight percent to about 1 weight percent. Concentrations of molybdenum-containing materials are often described in terms of Mo metal concentration. Advantageous concentrations of Mo may range from 25 ppm to 700 ppm or more, and often with a preferred range of 50-200 ppm. Friction modifiers of all types may be used alone or in mixtures with the materials of this disclosure. Often mixtures of two or more friction modifiers, or mixtures of friction modifier(s) with alternate surface active material(s), are also desirable.
  • additives When lubricating oil compositions contain one or more of the additives discussed above, the additive(s) are blended into the composition in an amount sufficient for it to perform its intended function. Typical amounts of such additives useful in the present disclosure are shown in Table 1 below.
  • Typical Amounts of Other Lubricating Oil Components Compound Approximate wt% (Useful) Approximate wt% (Preferred) Dispersant 0.1-20 0.1-8 Detergent 0.1-20 0.1-8 Friction Modifier 0.01-5 0.01-1.5 Antioxidant 0.1-5 0.1-1.5 Pour Point Depressant (PPD) 0.0-5 0.01-1.5 Anti-foam Agent 0.001-3 0.001-0.15 Viscosity Index Improver (solid polymer basis) 0.1-2 0.1-1 Anti-wear 0.1-2 0.5-1 Inhibitor and Antirust 0.01-5 0.01-1.5
  • additives are all commercially available materials. These additives may be added independently but are usually precombined in packages which can be obtained from suppliers of lubricant oil additives. Additive packages with a variety of ingredients, proportions and characteristics are available and selection of the appropriate package will take the requisite use of the ultimate composition into account.
  • Formulated engine oils of the instant disclosure exhibit substantial elimination of LSPI.
  • Substantial elimination of LSPI means greater than about 95%, or greater than about 97%, or greater than about 99% reduced low speed pre-ignition, based on normalized low speed pre-ignition (LSPI) counts per 25,000 engine cycles, engine operation at 2000 revolutions per minute (RPM) and brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) at 18 bar.
  • LSPI normalized low speed pre-ignition
  • Formulated engine oils with higher ash levels of 1.2 to 1.6% or more in conjunction with the other components disclosed in this disclosure can significantly reduce the number of LSPI events by 96% or more.
  • Formulated engine oils with lower ash levels of 0.2 to 1.2% in conjunction with the other components disclosed in this disclosure can reduce the number of LSPI events entirely.
  • LSPI Low speed pre-ignition
  • BMEP high brake mean effective pressure
  • RPM low engine speed
  • BMEP high brake mean effective pressure
  • RPM low engine speed
  • Downsized, downspeeded, forced-induction (eg. Turbocharged) engines are most susceptible to operating under these engine conditions and are thus more susceptible to LSPI.
  • Non-limiting examples of engines possessing these characteristics include the GM Ecotec and Ford EcoBoost family of engines as well as other high BMEP (capable of >10 bar) engines with displacements ranging from about 1 L to about 6 L as well as engines possessing between 2-10 combustion cylinders in geometric configurations including inline, flat (Boxer), and "V” (eg "V8", “in-line 3", “in-line 4", “flat 4" etc.). Furthermore the calibration and operational setpoints of the engine may significantly influence both the frequency and severity of LSPI events.
  • Formulations were prepared as described in Fig. 1 . All of the ingredients used herein are commercially available. Group III, IV and V base stocks were used in the formulations.
  • the dispersants used in the formulations were a borated succinimide (which comprised a borated polyisobutenyl succinimede with a B/N ratio equal to about 0.5), a high molecular weight succinimide (High MW Succinimide Dispersant 1 which comprised an ethylene carbonate-capped bis- polyisobutenyl succinimide dispersant with about 1% total nitrogen) and a high molecular weight succinimide (High MW Succinimide Dispersant 2 which comprised a bis-polyisobutenyl succinimde with about 1.2% total nitrogen).
  • a borated succinimide which comprised a borated polyisobutenyl succinimede with a B/N ratio equal to about 0.5
  • High MW Succinimide Dispersant 1
  • the remaining ingredients used in the formulations were one or more of a viscosity index improver, antioxidant, dispersant, anti-wear agent, pour point depressant, corrosion inhibitor, metal deactivator, seal compatibility additive, anti-foam agent, inhibitor, anti-rust additive, and friction modifier.
  • Fig. 13 shows drive cycle data obtained from a taxi cab field trial. Two different 2.0L L4 TGDI engine types, from different Original Equipment Manufacturers were driven in a typical taxi cab city drive cycle for 2 weeks. Engine performance data was collected using the vehicles' OBD-II data ports and mapped onto the published engine torque maps for the respective engines.
  • Engine Make 1 spends on average 1.67% of its operating time in the LSPI "danger zone" while Engine Make 2 only spends on average 0.17% in a typical taxi cab city drive cycle, even though both engines are 2.0 L inline 4-cylinder TGDI engines. Furthermore, Engine Make 2 has exhibited zero LSPI related field failures, while Engine Make 1 has exhibited multiple failures related to LSPI. This further illustrates the different responsiveness of different engine platforms to LSPI.
  • a 2.0 L, 4-cylinder TGDI GM Ecotec engine was used for LSPI testing.
  • a six segment test procedure was used to determine the number of LSPI events that occurred at two different specified engine load and speed conditions.
  • Each segment of the test procedure comprised 25,000 engine cycles, where one cycle corresponds to 720 degrees of crank shaft rotation.
  • the first set of conditions was 2000 RPM and 18 bar BMEP, hereafter referred to as "High Load”.
  • the second set of conditions was 1500 RPM and 12.5 bar BMEP, hereafter referred to as "Low Load”.
  • the test procedure comprised two segments of High Load, followed by two segments of Low Load, followed by two segments of High Load.
  • a 30 minute warm up at 2000 RPM and 4 bar BMEP was also conducted prior to commencing the test procedure. This test procedure was repeated four times for each of the lubricants tested. LSPI events were counted during the High Load segments only, using pressure transducers placed in each of the 4 cylinders to monitor the peak cylinder pressure. Peak pressures in the cylinder that were greater than 4.7 standard deviations above the mean peak cylinder pressure, or more than 4.7 standard deviations below the mean peak cylinder pressure were counted as an LSPI event. The results of such LSPI testing are set forth in Fig. 1 .
  • the testing evaluated the impact of dispersant chemistry on LSPI.
  • the amount of boron in a formulation has a strong correlation with the total number of LSPI counts for that oil. Specifically, as the boron ppm increases from 0, to 241, to 507, the LSPI counts surprisingly decrease from about 43, to 27, to 24. This is a reduction of 40% with only about 241 ppm of boron and a reduction of 48% with about 507 ppm of boron. While the relative change in LSPI count going from 0 ppm to 241 ppm is larger than the relative change in LSPI count going from 241 ppm to 507 ppm boron, the directional unexpected benefit of boron is still maintained.
  • Comparative Example 5 showed approximately equal LSPI event counts of 22 and 24 events respectively, while Example 2 contained only a Borated Succinimide disperant and Comparative Example 5 contained no dispersants. Furthermore, Comparing Examples 1 and 11 with Comparative Examples 1 and 2, showed that Borated disperants significantly reduce LSPI event counts that are observed for lubricants containing non-borated disperants alone, even at very high levels of dispersant derived Nitrogen.
  • thermogravimetric analysis techniques A TA instruments Q5000 TGA was used with a platinum reference pan. Nitrogen gas was passed over the sample at 60.0 milliliters per minute. Approximately 15 mg of the sample dispersant was used in the analysis, and subjected to the following temperature ramp program: equilibration at 50°C, followed by a temperature ramp to 650°C over about 1 minute, equilibration at 650°C, followed by an isothermal soak at 650°C for approximately 15 seconds. The gas was then switched to oxygen, flowing at 60.0 milliliters per minute with a further isothermal soak at 650°C for an additional 45 seconds. Finally, the temperature was ramped from 650°C to 750°C over about 30 seconds, and isothermally soaked at 750°C for an additional 30 seconds.
  • TGA thermogravimetric analysis techniques
  • Dispersant 1 represents High MW Succinimide Dispersant 1
  • Dispersant 2 represents High MW Succinimide Dispersant 2
  • Dispersant 3 represents the Borated Succinimide Dispersant.
  • the 20% weight loss achieved temperatures for these dispersants are about 355°C, 344°C, and 328°C, respectively.
  • the 50% weight loss achieved temperatures for these dispersants are about 406°C, 400°C, and 377°C, respectively.
  • the borated succinimide dispersant which showed a lower LSPI count yielded a TGA temperature at 20% and 50% weight loss which was higher than the non-borated succinimide dispersants which showed a higher LSPI count.
  • Formulations were prepared as described in Fig. 3 . Examples 4 and 5 are according to this invention. All of the ingredients used herein are commercially available. Group III, IV and V base stocks were used in the formulations.
  • the detergents used in the formulations were a medium TBN calcium alkyl salicylate (Calcium Salicylate 1 which contains 7.3 % Ca and has a TBN of about 200), a low TBN calcium alkyl salicylate (Calcium Salicylate 2 which contains 2.3% Ca and about 65 TBN), a high TBN calcium alkyl sulfonate (Calcium Sulfonate 1 which contains 11.6% Ca and about 300 TBN), a low TBN calcium alkyl sulfonate (Calcium Sulfonate 2 which contains 2.0% Ca and about 8 TBN), and a high TBN magnesium alkyl sulfonate (Magnesium Sulfonate 1 which contains 9.1% Mg and about 400 TBN).
  • the TBN ranges are defined as: low TBN of about 0 to 100, medium TBN of about 100 to 200, and high TBN of about 200 to as high as 600.
  • the dispersants used in the formulations were a borated succinimide, a high molecular weight succinimide (High MW Succinimide Dispersant 1) and a high molecular weight succinimide (High MW Succinimide Dispersant 2).
  • the remaining ingredients used in the formulations were one or more of a viscosity index improver, antioxidant, dispersant, anti-wear agent, pour point depressant, corrosion inhibitor, metal deactivator, seal compatibility additive, anti-foam agent, inhibitor, anti-rust additive, and friction modifier.
  • Example 4 The testing evaluated the impact of magnesium detergents and borated dispersants on LSPI. As shown in Fig. 4 , the use of a borated dispersant along with a magnesium sulfonate detergent is found to be unexpectedly beneficial for LSPI performance. Comparative Examples 1 and 2, and Example 2 reiterate the novel findings identified in Example A with regard to the benefits of using a boron source to significantly mitigate or reduce LSPI. Examples 4 and 5, which are both formulated using a magnesium sulfonate detergent and a boron source, demonstrate excellent LSPI performance at different levels of sulfated ash.
  • Formulations were prepared as described in Fig. 5 . All of the ingredients used herein are commercially available. Group III, IV and V base stocks were used in the formulations.
  • the detergents used in the formulations were a medium TBN calcium alkyl salicylate (Calcium Salicylate 1 which contains 7.3% Ca and has a TBN of about 200), a low TBN calcium alkyl salicylate, (Calcium Salicylate 2 which contains 2.3% Ca and about 65 TBN), a high TBN calcium alkyl sulfonate (Calcium Sulfonate 1 which contains 11.6% Ca and about 300 TBN), a low TBN calcium alkyl sulfonate (Calcium Sulfonate 2 which contains 2.0% Ca and about 8 TBN), a medium TBN calcium alkyl phenate (Calcium Phenate 1 which contains 5.5% Ca and about 150 TBN), and a high TBN magnesium alkyl sulfonate (Magnesium Sulfonate 1 which contains 9.1% Mg and about 400 TBN),.
  • the TBN ranges are defined as: low TBN of about 0 to 100, medium TBN of about 100 to 200, and high TBN of about
  • the dispersants used in the formulations were a borated succinimide and a high molecular weight succinimide.
  • the antiwear agents used in the formulations were ZDDP derived from a secondary alcohol (which contained 10% by weight Phosphorus and was prepared from mixed C3 and C6 secondary alcohols) and ZDDP derived from a primary alcohol (which contained 7% by weight Phosphorus and was prepared from C8 primary alcohols).
  • the remaining ingredients used in the formulations were one or more of a viscosity index improver, antioxidant, dispersant, anti-wear agent, pour point depressant, corrosion inhibitor, metal deactivator, seal compatibility additive, anti-foam agent, inhibitor, anti-rust additive, and friction modifier.
  • LSPI testing was conducted for formulations in accordance with the procedures described in Example 1 using the 2.0 L, 4-cylinder TGDI GM Ecotec engine. The testing evaluated the impact of a three additive system (i.e., detergent, dispersant and antiwear agent) on LSPI. As shown in Fig.
  • Example 6 where LSPI is measured for formulations containing a non-borated dispersant and for formulations containing a mixture of non-borated dispersant and borated dispersant, the use of a borated succinimide dispersant has unique LSPI benefits over high molecular weight succinimide dispersant.
  • Comparative Example 3, Example 6 and Example 10 show the impact of increasing boron content on LSPI performance. As the boron content increases from 0, to 240, and to 507 ppm, the LSPI count decreases from 46, to 27, and to 24. The benefit of boron in reducing LSPI frequency represents a significant and unexpected finding presented in Figs. 5 and 6 .
  • Example 8 and Example 9 showcase the unique combination of a magnesium sulfonate detergent with a dual dispersant system and a secondary alcohol derived ZDDP.
  • the dual dispersant system contains a boron source.
  • the uniqueness of this combination is shown by comparing to Comparative Example 3, which uses a different calcium salicylate based detergent system and has the highest LSPI counts.
  • the use of magnesium sulfonate detergent, with a secondary alcohol derived ZDDP, and a borated dispersant is shown to significantly reduce, if not eliminate, LSPI.
  • the desirable ratio of the total concentration of ([Mg] + [Ca] + [Zn] + [P]) / ([B] + [N] dispersant ) is about 2.5 to 7, more preferably from about 3.3 to 5. Comparing Example 6 with Example 12 further demonstrates the utility of this approach of incorporating a borated dispersant with a secondary alcohol derived ZDDP and a combination of a magnesium sulfonate detergent with a calcium salicylate detergent. Example 12 shows a reduction in LSPI by 98% compared to Comparative Example 3.
  • the lubricating engine oil formulations in Figs. 7 and 8 are combinations of additives and base stocks and are anticipated to have kinematic viscosity at 100°C around 7.5-8.5 cSt and high temperature high shear (10 -6 s -1 ) viscosity at 150°C around 2.5 to 2.9 cP.
  • the lubricating engine oil formulations of Examples P1, P2, P3 are expected to have boron to dispersant nitrogen ratios of 0.05, 0.15, and 0.51, respectively.
  • the total boron content in these formulations is expected to range from 50 ppm to 800 ppm.
  • the (Mg+Ca)/(B + Ndisp) ratio is expected to range from 1.28 for Example P3 to 2.91 for Example P1.
  • Examples P1, P2 and P3 are expected to be between 1.99 and 4.53.
  • the lubricating engine oil formulations of Examples P4 and P5 are expected to have magnesium content of 300 ppm to 600 ppm.
  • the lubricating engine oil formulations of Examples P6, P7, and P8 are expected to have magnesium content of about 300 ppm to 900 ppm and a magnesium to calcium ratio of about 0.12 for Example P6 to 1.21 for Example P8.
  • the TBN of these examples is varying from 6.8 for Examples P8, to P9 for Example P6.
  • the sulfated ash content in Example P4, P5, and P6 is varying from 0.3 wt% to 1.2 wt% ash.
  • the other ratios identified in Figs. 7 and 8 are also changing as indicated therein.
  • the lubricating engine oil formulations of Examples P9 and P10 are expected to have magnesium to calcium ratio of about 0.06 and 3, respectively, at a constant TBN.
  • the lubricating engine oil formulations of Examples P11, P12 and P13 are expected to have zinc content ranging from about 96 ppm for Example P13 to about 635 ppm for Example P11.
  • the lubricating engine oil formulations of Examples P11, P12 and P13 are expected to have phosphorus content ranging from about 87 ppm for Example P13 to about 570 ppm for Example P11.
  • the ([Mg]+[Ca])/([Zn]+[P]) ratio ranges from about 2.5 for Example P11 to 16.5 for Example P13.
  • the ([Zn]+[P])/([B]+[N] dispersant ) ratio ranges from about 1 for Example P11 to 0.15 for Example P13.
  • the ([Mg]+[Ca]+[Zn]+[P])/([B]+[N] dispersant ) ratio ranges from about 3.4 for c Example P11 to 2.6 for c Example P13.
  • the lubricating engine oil formulations in Figs. 9 and 10 are combinations of additives and base stocks and are anticipated to have kinematic viscosity at 100°C around 5.5-7.5 cSt and high temperature high shear (10 -6 s -1 ) viscosity at 150°C around 2 to 2.5 cP.
  • the lubricating engine oil formulations of Examples P14, P15 and P16 are expected to have boron to dispersant nitrogen ratios of 0.05, 0.15, and 0.51, respectively.
  • the total boron content in these formulations is expected to range from 50 ppm to 800 ppm.
  • the ([Mg]+[Ca])/([B] +[N] dispersant ) ratio is expected to range from 1.28 for Example P16 to 2.91 for Example P14.
  • the ([Zn] + [P])/([B] + [N] dispersant ) ratio is expected to range from 0.71 for Example P16 and 1.62 for Example P14.
  • the ([Mg]+[Ca]+[Zn]+[P])/([B]+[N] dispersant ) ratio of Examples P14, P15 and P16 is expected to be between 1.99 and 4.53.
  • the lubricating engine oil formulations of Examples P17 and P18 are expected to have magnesium content of 300 ppm to 600 ppm.
  • the lubricating engine oil formulations of Examples P19, P20, and P21 are expected to have magnesium content of about 300 ppm to 900 ppm and a magnesium to calcium ratio of about 0.12 for Example P19 to 1.21 for Example P21.
  • the TBN of these examples is varying from 6.8 for Example P21, to 9 for Example P19.
  • the sulfated ash content in Example P17, P18, and P19 is varying from 0.3 wt% to 1.2 wt% ash.
  • the other ratios identified in Figs. 9 and 10 are also changing as indicated therein.
  • the lubricating engine oil formulations of Examples P22 and P23 are expected to have magnesium to calcium ratio of about 0.06 and 3, respectively, at a constant TBN.
  • the lubricating engine oil formulations of Examples P24, P25, and P26 are expected to have zinc content ranging from about 96 ppm for Example P26 to about 635 ppm for Example P24.
  • the lubricating engine oil formulations of Examples P24, P25, and P26 are expected to have phosphorus content ranging from about 87 ppm for Example P26 to about 570 ppm for Example P24.
  • the ([Mg]+[Ca])/([Zn]+[P]) ratio ranges from about 2.5 for Example P24 to 16.5 for Example P26.
  • the ([Zn]+[P])/([B]+[N] dispersant ) ratio ranges from about 1 for Example P24 to 0.15 for Example P26.
  • the ([Mg]+[Ca]+[Zn]+[P])/([B]+[N] dispersant ) ratio ranges from about 3.4 for Example P24 to 2.6 for Example P26.
  • the lubricating engine oil formulations in Figs. 11 and 12 are combinations of additives and base stocks and are anticipated to have kinematic viscosity at 100°C around 9-11 cSt and high temperature high shear (10 -6 s -1 ) viscosity at 150°C around 2.9 to 3.4 cP.
  • the lubricating engine oil formulations of Examples P27, P28, and P29 are expected to have boron to dispersant nitrogen ratios of 0.05, 0.15, and 0.51, respectively.
  • the total boron content in these formulations is expected to range from 50 ppm to 800 ppm.
  • the ([Mg]+[Ca])/([B] + [N] dispersant ) ratio is expected to range from 1.28 for Example P29 to 2.91 for Example P27.
  • the ([Zn] + [P])/([B] + [N]dispersants) ratio is expected to range from 0.71 for Example P29 and 1.62 for Example P27.
  • the ([Mg]+[Ca]+[Zn]+[P])/([B]+[N] dispersant ) ratio of Examples P27, P28, and P29 is expected to be between 1.99 and 4.53.
  • the lubricating engine oil formulations of Examples P30 and P31 are expected to have magnesium content of 300 ppm to 600 ppm.
  • the lubricating engine oil formulations of Examples P32, P33, and P34 are expected to have magnesium content of about 300 ppm to 900 ppm and magnesium to calcium ratio of about 0.12 for Example P32 to 1.21 for Example P34.
  • the TBN of these examples is varying from 6.8 for Example P34, to 9 for Example P32.
  • the sulfated ash content in Example P30, P31, P32 is varying from 0.3 wt% to 1.2 wt% ash.
  • the other ratios identified in Figs. 11 and 12 are also changing as indicated therein.
  • the lubricating engine oil formulations of Examples P35 and P36 are expected to have magnesium to calcium ratio of about 0.06 and 3, respectively, at a constant TBN.
  • the lubricating engine oil formulations of Examples P37, P38, and P39 are expected to have zinc content ranging from about 96 ppm for Example P39 to about 635 ppm for Example P37.
  • the lubricating engine oil formulations of Examples P37, P38, and P39 are expected to have phosphorus content ranging from about 87 ppm for Example P39 to about 570 ppm for Example P37.
  • the ([Mg]+[Ca])/([Zn]+[P]) ratio ranges from about 2.5 for Example P37 to 16.5 for Example P39.
  • the ([Zn]+[P])/([B]+[N] dispersant ) ratio ranges from about 1 for Example P37 to 0.15 for Example P39.
  • the ([Mg]+[Ca]+[Zn]+[P])/([B]+[N] dispersant ) ratio ranges from about 3.4 for Example P37 to 2.6 for Example P39.
  • the concentrations of metal used in the preceding examples are in units of total % by weight in the finished lubricant.
  • [N]dispersant refers to the nitrogen concentration contributed to the finished lubricant by the dispersants only.

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Claims (9)

  1. Utilisation d'une huile lubrifiante pour la prévention ou la réduction du préallumage à faible vitesse dans un moteur à combustion interne lubrifié avec une huile lubrifiante, dans laquelle l'huile lubrifiante est une huile formulée comprenant une huile de base d'huile lubrifiante en tant que constituant principal ; et au moins un composé contenant du bore et au moins un détergent, en tant que constituant mineur ; ledit au moins composé contenant du bore étant présent en une quantité de 0,1 à 20 pour cent en poids par rapport au poids total de l'huile lubrifiante et comprenant au moins un dispersant boré, ou un mélange d'un composé contenant du bore et d'un dispersant non boré, et ledit détergent étant présent en une quantité de 1,0 à 6,0 pour cent en poids par rapport au poids total de l'huile lubrifiante et comprenant au moins un sel de métal alcalinoterreux d'un acide organique et ledit au moins un sel de métal alcalinoterreux d'un acide organique comprenant au moins un sel de magnésium d'un acide organique ; et le moteur présentant un préallumage à faible vitesse réduit de plus de 50 %, sur la base du nombre compté normalisé de préallumages à faible vitesse (LSPI) pour 25 000 cycles de moteur, une marche du moteur à 2000 tours par minute (tr/min) et une pression effective moyenne au frein (BMEP) à 18 bar, par comparaison avec une performance de préallumage à faible vitesse réalisée dans un moteur utilisant une huile lubrifiante qui ne comprend pas au moins un dispersant boré, ou un mélange d'un composé contenant du bore et d'un dispersant non boré.
  2. Utilisation selon la revendication 1, dans laquelle le constituant mineur comprend en outre au moins un composé contenant du zinc ou au moins un agent antiusure, dans laquelle ledit détergent comprend au moins un sel de métal alcalinoterreux d'un acide organique et ledit au moins un sel de métal alcalinoterreux d'un acide organique comprend au moins un sel de magnésium d'un acide organique et dans laquelle ledit au moins un agent antiusure comprend au moins un composé dialkyldithiophosphate de zinc dérivé d'un alcool secondaire.
  3. Utilisation selon la revendication 1 ou 2, dans laquelle l'huile de base d'huile lubrifiante comprend une huile de base du groupe I, du groupe II, du groupe III, du groupe IV ou du groupe V ; l'huile de base du groupe V comprenant une huile de base à base d'esters ayant une viscosité cinématique à 100 °C de 2 cSt à 8 cSt en une concentration de 2 % à 20 % et l'huile de base du groupe III comprenant une huile de base GTL.
  4. Utilisation selon les revendications 1-3, dans laquelle le composé contenant du bore ou le dispersant boré sont choisis dans le groupe constitué par un succinimide boré, un ester de type succinate boré, un amide d'ester de type succinate boré, une base de Mannich borée et les mélanges de ceux-ci ; et le dispersant non boré comprend un succinimide ou ester de type succinate dérivé d'anhydride succinique avec un agent de couplage, l'agent de couplage comprenant un composé contenant du bore.
  5. Utilisation selon les revendications 1-4, dans laquelle le bore est fourni à l'huile lubrifiante par un mélange d'un composé organique ou inorganique contenant du bore et d'un succinimide boré, d'un ester de type succinate boré, d'un amide d'ester de type succinate boré, d'un ester de base de Mannich ou de mélanges de ceux-ci ; le succinimide boré étant un monosuccinimide, un bis(succinimide) ou un mélange de ceux-ci.
  6. Utilisation selon les revendications 1-5, dans laquelle le sel de métal alcalinoterreux d'un acide organique est choisi dans le groupe constitué par un sulfonate de métal alcalinoterreux, un carboxylate de métal alcalinoterreux, un phénate de métal alcalinoterreux, un phosphate de métal alcalinoterreux et les mélanges de ceux-ci.
  7. Utilisation selon les revendications 1-6, dans laquelle le détergent comprend (i) au moins l'un d'un sulfonate de magnésium, d'un phénate de magnésium et du salicylate de magnésium et de mélanges de ceux-ci, et éventuellement au moins l'un d'un sulfonate de calcium, d'un phénate de calcium et du salicylate de calcium et de mélanges de ceux-ci ; (ii) au moins un sel de magnésium d'un acide organique qui est choisi entre un sulfonate de magnésium, un carboxylate de magnésium, un phénate de magnésium, un phosphate de magnésium et des mélanges de ceux-ci ; ou (iii) un sulfonate de magnésium, un mélange de sulfonate de magnésium et de salicylate de magnésium, un mélange de sulfonate de magnésium et de phénate de magnésium ou un mélange de sulfonate de magnésium et de carboxylate de magnésium.
  8. Utilisation selon les revendications 2-7, dans laquelle le composé contenant du zinc est choisi dans le groupe constitué par un carboxylate de zinc, un sulfonate de zinc, l'acétate de zinc, le naphténate de zinc, un alcénylsuccinate de zinc, un sel de type phosphate acide de zinc, le phénate de zinc et le salicylate de zinc.
  9. Utilisation selon les revendications 2-8, dans laquelle le composé dialkyldithiophosphate de zinc est représenté par la formule

            Zn[SP (S) (OR1) (OR2)]2

    dans laquelle R1 et R2 sont indépendamment des groupes alkyle en C1 à C8 primaires ou secondaires, à condition qu'au moins l'un de R1 et R2 soit un groupe alkyle en C1 à C8 secondaire.
EP15725928.4A 2014-05-09 2015-05-08 Utilisation d'une composition lubrifiante à réduire ou prévenir le préallumage à vitesse basse Active EP3140379B1 (fr)

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US14/706,190 US20150322368A1 (en) 2014-05-09 2015-05-07 Method for preventing or reducing low speed pre-ignition
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JP2017514983A (ja) 2017-06-08
US20150322368A1 (en) 2015-11-12
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