EP3064765A1 - Moteur à combustion - Google Patents

Moteur à combustion Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3064765A1
EP3064765A1 EP15157315.1A EP15157315A EP3064765A1 EP 3064765 A1 EP3064765 A1 EP 3064765A1 EP 15157315 A EP15157315 A EP 15157315A EP 3064765 A1 EP3064765 A1 EP 3064765A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
combustion chamber
wall
microwave
ring space
waveguide
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP15157315.1A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Erfindernennung liegt noch nicht vor Die
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
MWI MICRO WAVE IGNITION AG
Original Assignee
Mwi Micro Wave Ignition AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Mwi Micro Wave Ignition AG filed Critical Mwi Micro Wave Ignition AG
Priority to EP15157315.1A priority Critical patent/EP3064765A1/fr
Priority to US15/043,818 priority patent/US9964094B2/en
Priority to MX2016002671A priority patent/MX368661B/es
Priority to JP2016040188A priority patent/JP6280943B2/ja
Priority to KR1020160025614A priority patent/KR101769240B1/ko
Priority to CN201610122206.0A priority patent/CN105937474B/zh
Publication of EP3064765A1 publication Critical patent/EP3064765A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02P—IGNITION, OTHER THAN COMPRESSION IGNITION, FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES; TESTING OF IGNITION TIMING IN COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINES
    • F02P23/00—Other ignition
    • F02P23/04—Other physical ignition means, e.g. using laser rays
    • F02P23/045—Other physical ignition means, e.g. using laser rays using electromagnetic microwaves
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B1/00—Engines characterised by fuel-air mixture compression
    • F02B1/02—Engines characterised by fuel-air mixture compression with positive ignition
    • F02B1/04—Engines characterised by fuel-air mixture compression with positive ignition with fuel-air mixture admission into cylinder
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B23/00—Other engines characterised by special shape or construction of combustion chambers to improve operation
    • F02B23/02—Other engines characterised by special shape or construction of combustion chambers to improve operation with compression ignition
    • F02B23/06—Other engines characterised by special shape or construction of combustion chambers to improve operation with compression ignition the combustion space being arranged in working piston
    • F02B23/0603—Other engines characterised by special shape or construction of combustion chambers to improve operation with compression ignition the combustion space being arranged in working piston at least part of the interior volume or the wall of the combustion space being made of material different from the surrounding piston part, e.g. combustion space formed within a ceramic part fixed to a metal piston head
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B9/00—Engines characterised by other types of ignition
    • F02B9/02—Engines characterised by other types of ignition with compression ignition
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02F—CYLINDERS, PISTONS OR CASINGS, FOR COMBUSTION ENGINES; ARRANGEMENTS OF SEALINGS IN COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02F1/00—Cylinders; Cylinder heads 
    • F02F1/18—Other cylinders
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02F—CYLINDERS, PISTONS OR CASINGS, FOR COMBUSTION ENGINES; ARRANGEMENTS OF SEALINGS IN COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02F7/00—Casings, e.g. crankcases or frames
    • F02F7/0085—Materials for constructing engines or their parts
    • F02F7/0087—Ceramic materials
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B23/00—Other engines characterised by special shape or construction of combustion chambers to improve operation
    • F02B23/02—Other engines characterised by special shape or construction of combustion chambers to improve operation with compression ignition
    • F02B23/06—Other engines characterised by special shape or construction of combustion chambers to improve operation with compression ignition the combustion space being arranged in working piston
    • F02B23/0603—Other engines characterised by special shape or construction of combustion chambers to improve operation with compression ignition the combustion space being arranged in working piston at least part of the interior volume or the wall of the combustion space being made of material different from the surrounding piston part, e.g. combustion space formed within a ceramic part fixed to a metal piston head
    • F02B2023/0612—Other engines characterised by special shape or construction of combustion chambers to improve operation with compression ignition the combustion space being arranged in working piston at least part of the interior volume or the wall of the combustion space being made of material different from the surrounding piston part, e.g. combustion space formed within a ceramic part fixed to a metal piston head the material having a high temperature and pressure resistance, e.g. ceramic
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B75/00—Other engines
    • F02B75/16—Engines characterised by number of cylinders, e.g. single-cylinder engines
    • F02B75/18—Multi-cylinder engines
    • F02B2075/1804—Number of cylinders
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02P—IGNITION, OTHER THAN COMPRESSION IGNITION, FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES; TESTING OF IGNITION TIMING IN COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINES
    • F02P15/00—Electric spark ignition having characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F02P1/00 - F02P13/00 and combined with layout of ignition circuits
    • F02P15/02—Arrangements having two or more sparking plugs

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an internal combustion engine with at least one cylinder with movable piston in an engine block in which the microwaves pass through a microwave window in a combustion chamber, which is formed by the piston crown and a cylinder head.
  • an ignitable mixture is compressed in a conical cylinder head and caused to react / oxidize by a spark plug.
  • the chemical oxidation spreads spherical from the place of ignition in the form of a pressure and reaction front (laminar Brenngangsphase).
  • the pressure front moves faster than the reaction front and therefore reaches first the cylinder edge. At this it is reflected and runs counter to the reaction front. If both fronts meet, the reaction can come to a standstill, resulting in losses of efficiency and pollutants.
  • Remedy creates the replacement of the local ignition by a space ignition by means of microwaves. Before ignition, the mixture should be excited as homogeneously as possible over the entire volume, which requires an absorption distributed over the combustion chamber. In this case, the absorption capacity of microwaves, described by a material parameter tan ⁇ (t) and the penetration depth associated therewith, play an essential role.
  • the reaction front should run from outside to inside. It is therefore to find a microwave feed, which generates a field distribution in the circular cylindrical combustion chamber, which increases along the entire circumference homogeneous and along the radius as homogeneously as possible or preferably monotonically at larger radii.
  • the homogeneity of the field distribution should be as weak as possible depending on the absorption behavior of the mixture.
  • the invention is therefore based on the object to achieve the most homogeneous, ignition distribution in the entire combustion chamber or to produce local ignition nuclei at least at the edge region of the combustion chamber.
  • the microwaves are guided around the circumference of the combustion chamber and are coupled radially into the combustion chamber via at least one region of a combustion wall acting as a microwave window.
  • a combustion wall acting as a microwave window.
  • at least a part of the combustion chamber wall, for example of the cylinder be made of a suitable material that takes over the function of the microwave window for the coupling of the microwaves but at the same time is suitable for the combustion chamber due to its strength and temperature stability.
  • This can be, for example, a ceramic material preferably having a purity of> 99%.
  • the microwaves can be guided in one plane or in different planes in opposite directions or concurrently around the combustion chamber and coupled into these over the combustion chamber wall.
  • the microwaves are introduced via at least one arranged on the circumference of the combustion chamber waveguide ring space with at least one directed toward the combustion chamber outlet opening into the combustion chamber.
  • the microwaves are guided in a waveguide ring space for optimal waveguiding while avoiding mode jumps and reflections, the cross-section of which can be formed rectangular with the special variant square, round or oval.
  • the cross section is square in order to avoid flashovers in the waveguide ring space.
  • the microwaves can be passed at an angle into the combustion chamber at the end of the waveguide ring space in order to avoid or at least largely mitigate reflections of the microwaves already passed around the combustion chamber at the end of the waveguide ring back to a microwave source.
  • the microwaves are introduced at a frequency of 25 GHz to 90 GHz, preferably 36 GHz, since it has been shown that the desired space ignition takes place in the combustion chamber at these frequencies.
  • the microwaves can also be introduced in pulse packets, wherein preferably the pulse packets are maintained even after ignition of a fuel-air mixture has already taken place.
  • the ignition of the fuel-air mixture is optimized and also already made ignition and possibly already magnifying combustion chamber further the combustion of the fuel-air mixture excited.
  • the combustion chamber at least partially on a combustion chamber wall acting as a microwave window, which by a wall layer of a preferably ceramic material or another solid microwave-permeable material is formed, in which at least one circumferential waveguide ring space is arranged with at least one inlet opening for the microwave, and which has at least one outlet opening for guided in the waveguide ring space of the wall layer microwave.
  • the waveguide ring space is formed in the manufacture of the wall layer, which expediently has the form of a sleeve, and far forcibly metallic walls.
  • a prefabricated metallic waveguide ring space with corresponding inlet opening and at least one outlet opening can be used or the waveguide ring space can be designed by inserting and applying metallic surfaces in and on the wall layer.
  • the waveguide annular space is formed in the radial and axial direction of the wall layer by metallic surfaces, wherein the combustion chamber to-facing surface at least one opening for the outlet and the engine block facing surface has an opening for the entry of microwaves.
  • the metallic surfaces can be formed by metallic inserted strips or also, at least on the radial walls of the wall layer, by externally applied metallic coatings. On the engine block side, the metallic engine block can also take over the metallic surface.
  • the waveguide ring space is limited at least in the axial direction of the wall layer by metallic strips.
  • the waveguide ring space can be prepared at least in the axial direction.
  • metallic strips can be inserted or subsequently applied at least on the combustion chamber wall as a metallic layer.
  • the waveguide ring space in the radial direction of the wall layer is advantageously limited at least partially by a metallic layer applied, introduced or doped onto the respective wall (combustion chamber wall or radial outer wall), but at least the combustion chamber wall.
  • a thin metallic layer (at least 3 microns) is applied to the combustion chamber wall to prevent the microwaves arrive at undesirable locations in the combustion chamber or optionally to delimit the waveguide ring space to the outside.
  • the metal layer on the combustion chamber wall becomes, and where an entrance port is desired, the layer on the radially outer wall is etched away.
  • the wall arranged at an angle may be formed metallic and preferably adjacent to the inlet opening simultaneously with the other side.
  • the internal combustion engine can have a circumferential gap, a gap which enlarges with the length of the path of the microwave in the waveguide ring space or, particularly preferably, a multiplicity of gaps arranged perpendicular to the propagation direction of the microwave between waveguide ring space and combustion chamber wall a combination thereof.
  • These measures serve to concentrate microwave energy in sufficient quantity at as many points in the combustion chamber as possible to generate a space ignition in the combustion chamber there by a multiplicity of ignition germs.
  • the gaps may preferably vary with the length of the path of the microwave in the waveguide ring space.
  • another, preferably identical, hollow ring space can be provided following the other hollow ring space, for example is arranged offset with the outlet openings with respect to the outlet openings of the other waveguide ring space and having an oppositely arranged feed.
  • the combustion chamber in particular in the cylinder head even more tips for local field enhancement and production of ignition nuclei may be provided.
  • at least one additional microwave spark plug according to the parallel application EP 15157298.9 be arranged in the cylinder head.
  • the mathematical description of the coupling is based on a cylindrical coordinate system r, ⁇ , z .
  • the distribution of the electromagnetic waves along the circumference obeys sine or cosine functions and, along the radius, cylinder functions, also called Bessel functions.
  • the associated eigenmodes TE mn or TM mn modes are called.
  • the first index m corresponds to the number of azimuthal
  • the second index n to the number of radial maxima.
  • High azimuthal and low radial index modes are called Whispering Gallery Modes (WGM).
  • WGM Whispering Gallery Modes
  • Their power essentially oscillates at the edge of the hollow cylinder. With increasing radial index, the oscillating power shifts into the interior of the combustion chamber.
  • a field distribution proportional to e im ⁇ * H m 2 k r r describes a mode whose performance propagates spirally inwards. The associated phase fronts become steeper with decreasing radius.
  • an ignition which is as homogeneous as possible along the circumference, optionally in the outer region of the cylinder, or in the entire volume is achieved by either deliberately exciting a rotating Whispering Gallery Mode or a volume mode in the combustion chamber.
  • a feed waveguide preferably rectangular waveguide, wound around the combustion chamber in the form of Hohlleitererringraumes. From the theory it is known that the waveguide wavelength of its modes can be changed by the transverse geometric dimensions.
  • the feed waveguide and the cylindrical combustion chamber are therefore interconnected in one embodiment by periodic openings through the combustion chamber wall acting as a microwave window, thereby coupling power from the waveguide into the combustion chamber.
  • the fed-in power directly reaches the opposite wall and can already be coupled back into the tortuous feed waveguide. The distance traveled in the combustion chamber thus corresponds to its diameter. With poor absorption of the ignition mixture, a significant portion of the power is coupled back into the feed waveguide and reflected back to the microwave source.
  • a slightly different period of the openings is chosen according to the invention alternatively. This tilts the phase fronts.
  • the power propagates spirally into the combustion chamber, which allows a high path length and thus a tan ⁇ largely independent absorption of the microwave power.
  • the width of the openings is varied so that the power coupled into the combustion chamber is constant along the circumference.
  • the areas of constant phase are more inclined to the radius the smaller the radius becomes.
  • the animated modes correspond to the already mentioned Whispering Gallery fashions. This coupling is achieved particularly efficiently if the wavelength in the spiral waveguide is shortened compared to the free space wavelength.
  • the waveguide is filled with a non-absorbing dielectric.
  • the excitation of the fields at the edge of the combustion chamber can also be controlled in time. First, a frequency is selected, is coupled by the feed waveguide in the entire combustion chamber stimulating volume mode. The frequency can then be changed to couple into a grounding WGM.
  • a polarization rotating 45 degrees inclined plate can be introduced or doped.
  • the microwave power reaching the end of the tortuous conductor is then reflected in a rotated polarization.
  • the polarization rotated in the 90 ° coupled into the combustion chamber Power will not interfere with the forward coupled power.
  • the invention thus allows precise control of the beginning of a space ignition of a fuel-air mixture in a combustion chamber, so that an optimal low-emission combustion of the fuel is achieved with an over conventional reciprocating internal combustion engines increased efficiency.
  • This is u.a.
  • Also achieved by the microwave are introduced angle angle controlled with respect to a crankshaft, so that a precise control of the ignition can be performed.
  • the invention enables the safe ignition of lean fuel-air mixtures, which does not require additional enrichment for ignition and leads to lower fuel consumption. Pollutants and their formation can be regulated by the combustion temperature and by the mixing ratio of air and fuel.
  • the combustion according to the invention proceeds faster than in conventional ignitions. This results in a "colder" combustion, so that the efficiency increases.
  • the individual figures are described below together, since it is only an embodiment with different representations.
  • the figures show a schematic representation of the section of an internal combustion engine 1 with a cylinder head 2 and an engine block 3.
  • the engine block 3 is a cylinder 4 with a movable piston 5 and a cylinder 4 located above the cylinder 4 partially in the cylinder head 2 combustion chamber 6 between the Piston bottom 5 'and the cylinder head 2.
  • the combustion chamber 6 opens a schematically indicated inlet 7 for the fuel-air mixture.
  • outlets for the exhaust gas which may be formed in the conventional manner known in the art.
  • the schematically indicated cylinder head 2 with a central inlet 7 for the fuel-air mixture can of course also additionally have spark plugs or outlets for the exhaust gases.
  • an additional inner wall 8 is provided, which consists of a material which is suitable for the function of a microwave window. This may, for example, be a ceramic material, preferably of a high purity, or another suitable microwave permeable, abrasion resistant material.
  • the combustion chamber wall 8 is formed by a wall layer arranged in the cylinder 4 in the form of a sleeve-shaped bush 9 made of a ceramic material, in the wall of which a waveguide ring space 10 is arranged.
  • the waveguide ring space 10 is connected to a feed 13 for the microwaves, which can be connected outside the engine block 3 to a source of energy, not shown, and whose end facing the waveguide ring space 10 forms the inlet opening 11 in the waveguide ring space 10 for the microwaves.
  • pre-sintered metal strip 14 may also be doped.
  • an inclined partition 16 is disposed at the mouth of the feed 13 in the waveguide ring space 10, which serves to deflect the incoming microwave into the waveguide ring space 10 and after passing through the waveguide ring space 10 into the combustion chamber 6. In addition, with this, back reflections of the microwave are avoided.
  • the radial walls of the Hohleiterringraumes 10 are formed on the radial outer wall of the liner 9 through the metallic wall 17 of the engine block 3 and on the combustion chamber wall 8 by a metal layer 15 applied by conventional methods. This metal layer 15 is etched away at the points where the microwaves are to emerge.
  • a plurality of outlet openings 12 are shown in the form of columns, which are distributed uniformly over the length of the waveguide ring space 10. As a result, a coupling of the microwave energy takes place in the form described above.
  • the parts of the engine such as engine block, cylinder head, etc. are made of a commonly used material, usually metal, and the material can be selected according to the application.
  • the limitation for the microwaves in the waveguide ring cavities shown is metallic, although measures can additionally be taken to optimize the conductivity, for example by surface coating with a highly electrically conductive material.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Combustion Methods Of Internal-Combustion Engines (AREA)
  • Cylinder Crankcases Of Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)
  • Constitution Of High-Frequency Heating (AREA)
EP15157315.1A 2015-03-03 2015-03-03 Moteur à combustion Withdrawn EP3064765A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP15157315.1A EP3064765A1 (fr) 2015-03-03 2015-03-03 Moteur à combustion
US15/043,818 US9964094B2 (en) 2015-03-03 2016-02-15 Internal combustion engine
MX2016002671A MX368661B (es) 2015-03-03 2016-02-29 Motor de combustión interna.
JP2016040188A JP6280943B2 (ja) 2015-03-03 2016-03-02 内燃エンジン
KR1020160025614A KR101769240B1 (ko) 2015-03-03 2016-03-03 내연기관
CN201610122206.0A CN105937474B (zh) 2015-03-03 2016-03-03 内燃机

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP15157315.1A EP3064765A1 (fr) 2015-03-03 2015-03-03 Moteur à combustion

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP3064765A1 true EP3064765A1 (fr) 2016-09-07

Family

ID=52595214

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP15157315.1A Withdrawn EP3064765A1 (fr) 2015-03-03 2015-03-03 Moteur à combustion

Country Status (6)

Country Link
US (1) US9964094B2 (fr)
EP (1) EP3064765A1 (fr)
JP (1) JP6280943B2 (fr)
KR (1) KR101769240B1 (fr)
CN (1) CN105937474B (fr)
MX (1) MX368661B (fr)

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US10465618B1 (en) * 2018-10-24 2019-11-05 Southwest Research Institute Microwave enhanced combustion with dynamic frequency, power, and timing control and with power sensor for power feedback
US10801464B2 (en) * 2018-10-24 2020-10-13 Southwest Research Institute Microwave enhanced combustion with dynamic frequency, power, and timing control and with transmission coefficient for power feedback
CN115045752B (zh) * 2022-06-30 2023-06-20 东风柳州汽车有限公司 一种发动机燃烧系统

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EP2065592A1 (fr) * 2006-09-20 2009-06-03 Imagineering, Inc. Dispositif d'allumage, moteur à combustion interne, bougie d'allumage, appareil à plasma, appareil de décomposition de gaz d'échappement, appareil de génération/stérilisation/désinfection d'ozone et appareil de désodorisation
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EP2687714A2 (fr) * 2011-03-14 2014-01-22 Imagineering, Inc. Moteur à combustion interne

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Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE10356916B3 (de) 2003-12-01 2005-06-23 Volker Gallatz Verfahren zum Zünden der Verbrennung eines Kraftstoffes in einem Verbrennungsraum eines Motors, zugehörige Vorrichtung und Motor
EP2065592A1 (fr) * 2006-09-20 2009-06-03 Imagineering, Inc. Dispositif d'allumage, moteur à combustion interne, bougie d'allumage, appareil à plasma, appareil de décomposition de gaz d'échappement, appareil de génération/stérilisation/désinfection d'ozone et appareil de désodorisation
US20110030660A1 (en) * 2008-03-14 2011-02-10 Imagineering, Inc. Multiple discharge plasma apparatus
EP2687714A2 (fr) * 2011-03-14 2014-01-22 Imagineering, Inc. Moteur à combustion interne
DE102011116340A1 (de) * 2011-10-19 2013-04-25 Heinz Brümmer Vorrichtung zur Durchführung von hochfrequenten Mikrowellen in einen Hochdruckbehälter

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
MX2016002671A (es) 2016-10-10
MX368661B (es) 2019-10-10
KR101769240B1 (ko) 2017-08-17
JP6280943B2 (ja) 2018-02-14
US9964094B2 (en) 2018-05-08
US20170002788A1 (en) 2017-01-05
CN105937474B (zh) 2018-09-25
JP2016176463A (ja) 2016-10-06
KR20160107122A (ko) 2016-09-13
CN105937474A (zh) 2016-09-14

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