EP3049733B1 - Fluid heater - Google Patents

Fluid heater Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3049733B1
EP3049733B1 EP15827258.3A EP15827258A EP3049733B1 EP 3049733 B1 EP3049733 B1 EP 3049733B1 EP 15827258 A EP15827258 A EP 15827258A EP 3049733 B1 EP3049733 B1 EP 3049733B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
fuel
fluid
wafer
tank
fuel mixture
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Active
Application number
EP15827258.3A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP3049733A1 (en
EP3049733A4 (en
Inventor
Andrea Rossi
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Individual
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Individual
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Publication date
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Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Priority to RS20171313A priority Critical patent/RS56749B1/sr
Priority to PL15827258T priority patent/PL3049733T3/pl
Priority to SI201530147T priority patent/SI3049733T1/en
Publication of EP3049733A1 publication Critical patent/EP3049733A1/en
Publication of EP3049733A4 publication Critical patent/EP3049733A4/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP3049733B1 publication Critical patent/EP3049733B1/en
Priority to HRP20171960TT priority patent/HRP20171960T1/hr
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Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24V—COLLECTION, PRODUCTION OR USE OF HEAT NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F24V30/00—Apparatus or devices using heat produced by exothermal chemical reactions other than combustion

Definitions

  • This disclosure relates to heat transfer systems, and in particular to devices for transferring heat to a fluid.
  • heat transfer systems use hot fluids as a heat transfer medium.
  • Such systems include a heat generator for generating heat, a heat transfer medium in thermal communication with the energy source, and a pump to move the heated medium to wherever the heat is needed. Because of its high heat capacity and its abundance, a common heat transfer fluid is water, both in its liquid and gas phase.
  • a variety of heat generators are in common use. For instance, in nuclear power plants, nuclear fission provides energy for heating water. There also exist solar water heaters that use solar energy. Also known in the art are self contained heat sources for heating food and drink wherein an energetic nanolaminate is electrically initiated via resistive heating, see for instance US 2008/0131316 A1 . However, most heat transfer sources rely on an exothermal chemical reaction, and in particular, on combustion of some fuel.
  • the invention features an apparatus for heating fluid, the apparatus including a tank for holding fluid to be heated, and a fuel wafer in fluid communication with the fluid, the fuel wafer including a fuel mixture including reagents and a catalyst, and a heat source in thermal communication with the fuel mixture and the catalyst.
  • the heat source is an electrical resistor.
  • the fuel mixture includes lithium and lithium aluminum hydride, those in which the catalyst includes a group 10 element, such as nickel in powdered form, or in any combination thereof.
  • the catalyst in powdered form has been treated to enhance its porosity.
  • the catalyst can be nickel powder that has been treated to enhance porosity thereof.
  • the apparatus can also include an electrical energy source, such as a voltage source and/or current source in electrical communication with the heat source.
  • the fuel wafer includes a multi-layer structure having a layer of the fuel mixture in thermal communication with a layer containing the heat source.
  • the fuel wafer includes a central heating insert and a pair of fuel inserts disposed on either side of the heating insert.
  • the tank includes a recess for receiving the fuel wafer therein.
  • the tank further includes a door for sealing the recess.
  • the tank includes a radiation shield.
  • the apparatus further includes a controller in communication with the voltage source. Among these are controllers that are configured to vary the voltage in response to temperature of the fluid to be heated.
  • a heat transfer system 10 includes a pipe 12 for transporting a heated fluid in a closed loop between a heat source 14 and a thermal load 16.
  • a pump 18 propels the heated fluid.
  • the fluid's own pressure is sufficient to propel the fluid.
  • a typical thermal load 16 includes radiators such as those commonly used for heating interior spaces.
  • the heat source 14 is a tank 20 having a lead composite shield, an inlet 22 and an outlet 24 , both of which are connected to the pipe 12.
  • the interior of the tank 20 contains fluid to be heated.
  • the fluid is water.
  • other fluids can be used.
  • the fluid need not be a liquid fluid but can also be a gas, such as air.
  • the tank 20 further includes a door 26 that leads to a receptacle 28 protruding into the tank 20.
  • Radiating fins 30 protrude from walls of the receptacle 28 into the tank 20.
  • the receptacle 28 and the fins 30 are typically made of a material having high thermal conductivity, such as metal.
  • a suitable metal is one not subject to corrosion, such as stainless steel.
  • the receptacle 28 holds a multi-layer wafer 32 for generating heat.
  • a voltage source 33 is connected to the wafer 32 , and a controller 35 for controlling the voltage source 33 in response to temperature of fluid in the tank 20 as sensed by a sensor 37.
  • the multilayer fuel wafer 32 includes a heating section 34 sandwiched between two fuel sections 36, 38.
  • the heating section 34 features a central layer 40 made of an insulating material, such as mica, that supports a resistor 42.
  • insulating material such as mica
  • other heating sources can be used, including heat sources that rely on combustion of, for example, natural gas, as well as heat sources that rely on electrical induction. The use of gas thus avoids the need to have a source of electrical energy for initiating the reaction.
  • FIG. 4 shows an exemplary central layer 40 having holes 44 through which a resistive wire 42 has been wound. This resistive wire 42 is connected to the voltage source 33.
  • First and second insulating layers 46, 48 such as mica layers, encase the central layer 40 to provide electrical insulation from the adjacent fuel sections 36, 38.
  • Each fuel section 36, 38 features a pair of thermally conductive layers 50, 52 , such as steel layers.
  • Sandwiched between each pair of conductive layers 50, 52 is a fuel layer 54 that contains a fuel mixture having nickel, lithium, and lithium aluminum hydride LiAlH 4 ("LAH"), all in powdered form.
  • LAH lithium aluminum hydride
  • the nickel has been treated to increase its porosity, for example by heating the nickel powder to for times and temperatures selected to superheat any water present in micro-cavities that are inherently in each particle of nickel powder.
  • the resulting steam pressure causes explosions that create larger cavities, as well as additional smaller nickel particles.
  • the entire set of layers is welded together on all sides to form a sealed unit.
  • the size of the wafer 32 is not important to its function. However, the wafer 32 is easier to handle if it is on the order of 0,85 cm (1/3 inch) thick and 30,5 cm (12 inches) on each side.
  • the steel layers 50, 52 are typically 1 mm thick, and the mica layers 40, 48 , which are covered by a protective polymer coating, are on the order of 0.1 mm thick. However, other thicknesses can also be used.
  • the voltage source 33 can be turned off, as the reaction sequence is self-sustaining. However, the reaction rate may not be constant. Hence, it may be desirable to turn on the voltage source 33 at certain times to reinvigorate the reaction.
  • the temperature sensor 37 provides a signal to the controller 35 , which then determines whether or not to apply a voltage in response to the temperature signal. It has been found that after the reaction has generated approximately 6 kilowatt hours of energy, it is desirable to apply approximately 1 kilowatt hour of electrical energy to reinvigorate the reaction sequence.
  • the efficiency of the wafer 32 will decrease to the point where it is uneconomical to continually reinvigorate the reaction sequence. At this point, the wafer 32 can simply be replaced. Typically, the wafer 32 will sustain approximately 180 days of continuous operation before replacement becomes desirable.
  • the powder in the fuel mixture consists largely of spherical particles having diameters in the nanometer to micrometer range, for example between 1 nanometer and 100 micrometers. Variations in the ratio of reactants and catalyst tend to govern reaction rate and are not critical. However, it has been found that a suitable mixture would include a starting mixture of 50% nickel, 20% lithium, and 30% LAH. Within this mixture, nickel acts as a catalyst for the reaction, and is not itself a reagent. While nickel is particularly useful because of its relative abundance, its function can also be carried out by other elements in column 10 of the periodic table, such as platinum or palladium.
  • FIGS. 5-7 show a variety of ways to connect the heat source 14 in FIG. 1 .
  • the heat source 14 is placed downstream from a conventional furnace 56.
  • the controller 35 is optionally connected to control the conventional furnace.
  • the conventional furnace 56 will remain off unless the output temperature of the heat source 14 falls below some threshold, at which point the furnace 56 will start.
  • the conventional furnace 56 functions as a back-up unit.
  • first and second heat sources 58, 60 like that described in FIGS. 1-4 are connected in series. This configuration provides a hotter output temperature than can be provided with only a single heat source 58 by itself. Additional heat sources can be added in series to further increase the temperature.
  • first and second heat sources 62, 64 like that described in FIGS. 1-4 are connected in parallel.
  • the output volume can be made greater than what could be provided by a single heat transfer unit by itself. Additional heat transfer units can be added in parallel to further increase volume.
  • the reagents are placed in the reaction chamber at a pressure of 3-6 bar and a temperature of from 400 C to 600 C.
  • An anode is placed at one side of the reactor and a cathode is placed at the other side of the reactor. This accelerates electrons between them to an extent sufficient to have very high energy, in excess of 100 KeV. Regulation of the electron energy can be carried out by regulating the electric field between the cathode and the anode.

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
  • Instantaneous Water Boilers, Portable Hot-Water Supply Apparatuses, And Control Of Portable Hot-Water Supply Apparatuses (AREA)
  • Resistance Heating (AREA)
  • Heat-Pump Type And Storage Water Heaters (AREA)
  • Electrolytic Production Of Non-Metals, Compounds, Apparatuses Therefor (AREA)
  • Gas Burners (AREA)
  • Feeding And Controlling Fuel (AREA)
  • Feeding, Discharge, Calcimining, Fusing, And Gas-Generation Devices (AREA)
  • Pipe Accessories (AREA)
  • Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
  • Thermotherapy And Cooling Therapy Devices (AREA)
EP15827258.3A 2014-08-01 2015-07-28 Fluid heater Active EP3049733B1 (en)

Priority Applications (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
RS20171313A RS56749B1 (sr) 2014-08-01 2015-07-28 Grejač za tečnost
PL15827258T PL3049733T3 (pl) 2014-08-01 2015-07-28 Ogrzewacz do płynów
SI201530147T SI3049733T1 (en) 2014-08-01 2015-07-28 Heater liquid
HRP20171960TT HRP20171960T1 (hr) 2014-08-01 2017-12-19 Grijač tekućine

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US201461999582P 2014-08-01 2014-08-01
PCT/US2015/042353 WO2016018851A1 (en) 2014-08-01 2015-07-28 Fluid heater

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP3049733A1 EP3049733A1 (en) 2016-08-03
EP3049733A4 EP3049733A4 (en) 2017-03-22
EP3049733B1 true EP3049733B1 (en) 2017-09-27

Family

ID=55218222

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP15827258.3A Active EP3049733B1 (en) 2014-08-01 2015-07-28 Fluid heater

Country Status (22)

Country Link
EP (1) EP3049733B1 (es)
JP (1) JP6145808B1 (es)
CN (1) CN106133457B (es)
AU (1) AU2015296800B2 (es)
BR (1) BR112016013488B1 (es)
CA (1) CA2920500C (es)
CL (1) CL2016001856A1 (es)
CY (1) CY1119675T1 (es)
DK (1) DK3049733T3 (es)
ES (1) ES2652548T3 (es)
HR (1) HRP20171960T1 (es)
HU (1) HUE036258T2 (es)
LT (1) LT3049733T (es)
MX (1) MX348291B (es)
NO (1) NO2788577T3 (es)
PL (1) PL3049733T3 (es)
PT (1) PT3049733T (es)
RS (1) RS56749B1 (es)
RU (1) RU2628472C1 (es)
SI (1) SI3049733T1 (es)
WO (1) WO2016018851A1 (es)
ZA (1) ZA201604152B (es)

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
RU2709009C1 (ru) * 2019-01-31 2019-12-13 Борис Александрович Астахов Устройство для нагрева теплоносителя

Family Cites Families (18)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3083526A (en) * 1958-12-19 1963-04-02 Phillips Petroleum Co Hybrid method of rocket propulsion using tetranitromethane
CS178965B1 (en) * 1971-04-02 1977-10-31 Jan Mach Method of heating medium, and arrangement for utilization of this method
US3958625A (en) * 1974-07-01 1976-05-25 General Electric Company Transport of heat as chemical energy
US4288346A (en) * 1978-07-18 1981-09-08 Johnson Matthey Inc. Catalyst for catalytic heat exchange
SU1697280A1 (ru) * 1989-07-27 1991-12-07 Государственный научно-исследовательский и проектный институт лакокрасочной промышленности Индукционный нагреватель текучей среды
JPH08277207A (ja) * 1995-04-05 1996-10-22 G C:Kk 歯科レジン複合材料用接着剤
US5770838A (en) * 1996-09-11 1998-06-23 Drever Company Induction heaters to improve transitions in continuous heating system, and method
US20040065314A1 (en) * 2000-07-20 2004-04-08 Layer James H. Apparatus, systems, and methods for warming materials
JP3835368B2 (ja) * 2002-07-23 2006-10-18 株式会社デンソー 水素消費機器における加熱装置
ATE510174T1 (de) * 2003-05-21 2011-06-15 Alexza Pharmaceuticals Inc Schlag gezündete unabhängige heizeinheit
US7867441B2 (en) * 2006-12-05 2011-01-11 Lawrence Livermore National Security, Llc Low to moderate temperature nanolaminate heater
JP5265158B2 (ja) * 2007-09-05 2013-08-14 キネテイツク・リミテツド 水素発生器及び燃料スティック
ITMI20080629A1 (it) * 2008-04-09 2009-10-10 Pascucci Maddalena Processo ed apparecchiatura per ottenere reazioni esotermiche, in particolare da nickel ed idrogeno.
JP4869375B2 (ja) * 2009-03-27 2012-02-08 中国電力株式会社 温水システム
US9055841B2 (en) * 2009-04-07 2015-06-16 Heatgenie, Inc. Package heating apparatus
EP3441359A1 (en) * 2009-08-07 2019-02-13 Brilliant Light Power, Inc. Heterogeneous hydrogen-catalyst power system
DE102009055026A1 (de) * 2009-12-18 2011-06-22 Heete, Lars Christian, 46240 Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Temperieren einer exothermen Reaktion
DE102012023257B4 (de) * 2012-11-29 2014-10-09 C-Nox Gmbh & Co. Kg Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur thermischen Nachverbrennung von Kohlenwasserstoffe enthaltenden Gasen

Non-Patent Citations (1)

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Title
None *

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP3049733A1 (en) 2016-08-03
AU2015296800A1 (en) 2016-04-07
LT3049733T (lt) 2018-02-12
JP2017523369A (ja) 2017-08-17
CL2016001856A1 (es) 2017-03-24
CN106133457B (zh) 2018-07-27
BR112016013488B1 (pt) 2018-06-12
AU2015296800B2 (en) 2016-05-05
SI3049733T1 (en) 2018-02-28
HUE036258T2 (hu) 2018-06-28
HRP20171960T1 (hr) 2018-02-23
JP6145808B1 (ja) 2017-06-14
CN106133457A (zh) 2016-11-16
MX348291B (es) 2017-06-05
EP3049733A4 (en) 2017-03-22
BR112016013488A2 (pt) 2017-03-21
DK3049733T3 (en) 2018-01-02
CY1119675T1 (el) 2018-04-04
ES2652548T3 (es) 2018-02-05
WO2016018851A1 (en) 2016-02-04
PL3049733T3 (pl) 2018-03-30
NO2788577T3 (es) 2018-07-28
ZA201604152B (en) 2016-11-30
CA2920500A1 (en) 2016-02-04
RU2628472C1 (ru) 2017-08-17
RS56749B1 (sr) 2018-03-30
CA2920500C (en) 2016-09-06
MX2016002006A (es) 2016-08-03
PT3049733T (pt) 2017-12-22

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